Category: Procrastination

Introduction

Northcentral University in Arizona USA is planning to conduct a study that aims at examining the link between procrastination and the effects it has on the general attitude of individuals towards life. This research will try to answer the following questions:

1. How do people view the problems and challenges that they face in life?
2. What methods do they use to solve such problems?

To ensure that the study is conducted effectively and efficiently, some considerations have to be put in place. Due to the nature of the research questions of the study, open-ended questionnaires and interviews will be used to gather the required information for the study. As such, the research design will be qualitative in nature. The study will also consider professional ethics to ensure that conflicts of interest are avoided. The aim of this document therefore is to critically analyse these considerations to ensure that the results reflect a true and fair view of the study.

Research Methods

The participants of this study will be individuals between the ages of 18 to 65 years. This age group is composed of individuals with a lot of responsibilities and face a lot of challenges in life. As a result, they form the highest proportion of individuals who procrastinate. This sample group will thus ensure that the attitudes and perceptions of the individuals contained in this age bracket are captured (Creswell, 2009). As a result, the data that will be collected for the study and the inferences that will be made can easily be generalized to reflect the trends of the entire population.

The study will be conducted within Northcentral University of Arizona and its environs. The data will be collected in places where there is a high concentration of people such as common rooms, gymnasiums and student centres within the university and shopping malls, bus stations and subways outside the university. Random sampling technique will be applied while selecting the individuals to be interviewed. This will ensure that the interviews that will be conducted are not biased.

The study will aim at gathering the attitudes and perceptions of individuals with respect to procrastination. Due to this fact, a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods will also be used. These methods will ensure that all the aspects of the study are covered. This will increase the validity of the results. The data from the respondents will be collected with the use of questionnaires, interviews and observations. This data will be analysed using a computer software package called SPSS version 16.

Ethical Considerations

Any research that is conducted at Northcentral University involving human beings or any other living organism as its subjects must include ethical considerations that ensure that their rights are respected. These considerations are in accordance with the federal regulations, rules, and guidelines of NCU (Trochim and Donnelly, 2008). Therefore, any research conducted by members of the faculty, staff, students or any other affiliated party to the institution has to be approved by the IRB committee. This review makes sure that all the factors that are required to undertake the research have been adhered to.

To achieve all this, the study has to ensure the confidentiality of the information that is provided by the respondents. In the course of the study, the questions that may be asked may inquire about personal information of the respondent and to ensure that the respondent gives information that is true, he/she has to be assured about the confidentiality of such information. The respondents also need to be aware of the nature of the study that is being conducted, its requirements and the role that they will play in the research before they decide to participate in the study. The risks that a respondent may face include social sanctions, public humiliation, termination of employment and other detrimental consequences. This may occur if the information that he/she provides in the study is made public or falls in the wrong hands. However, if the respondent is assured about his/her confidentiality, then the chances of him/her to participate in the study will be increased. Assurance of confidentiality will also increase the chances of the respondent giving out honest answers. As a result, the validity of the research outcome will be increased.

Conclusion

All the above requirements have to be attained so that the research is carried out professionally. Having in place valid research methods, participants and sticking to professional ethics will ensure that all these requirements are achieved.

References

Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Trochim, W., and Donnelly, J. (2008). The research methods knowledge base. Mason, OH: Cengage.

Abstract

Cause and effect, in laymans language mean that for every reaction there is always a precedent of an action. It is a condition whereby the occurrence of one event leads to the occurrence of another event. It is important to mention that cause and effect are typically associated to response and changes or events.

The two events are normally associated with each other whereby one event is directly proportional to the other. This topic covers cause and effect pattern under the topic of procrastination. It analyzes how procrastination develops under cause and effect.

Introduction

Cause and effect discussion in most western philosophical traditions goes back to Aristotle. Aristotle came up with two modes of causation: proper, which is also referred to as prior causation and accidental also referred to as chance causation. All causes in reference to proper and accidental can be said to be either particular or generic. To be able to understand cause and effect better, let us look at a topic like procrastination.

Procrastination

Procrastination is said to be the avoidance of starting or going through on a task that is deemed to be important and necessary. Procrastination involves postponing the occurrence of events or failing to perform an event in the name of waiting for the perfect time. There are various reasons as to why people may opt to procrastinate, and some of these may include feeling lazy, fear of the unknown, not knowing what one want to do and not wanting to seek help.

Procrastination can also be caused by having a low self esteem that causes a feeling of cowardice to take action. From such, it becomes evident that it produces an effect towards ones work in form of academics, professionalism and sometimes personally (Reid, 2010). One of the given reasons that cause people to opt choosing to do things at a later time is mainly because they are of the thought that they have enough time to do everything.

It is crucial to note that there is basically nothing wrong with trying to relax and really taking your time to do nothing unless the person really has very important matters to attend to. Having the assumption that there is enough time left to engage in the important things does not mostly leave enough room for unforeseen interruptions and unplanned events that may arise along the way .

It is always paramount to finish first things first that can be done in the mean time rather than waiting for the last minute and encountering various problems along the way. Again, it is necessary to mention that doing things at the last minute takes too much effort compared to doing it at a personal pace since one has to cram a lot and rush everything at once (McWhorter, 2009).

Another major cause for procrastination is fear of failure. In fact, nearly all forms of procrastination have an aspect of fear that is deep rooted. Fear of failure is quite common to all of us. Most human beings generally believe that they are not designed to fail and instead they are meant to consistently progress in the positive and also improve on the shortfalls.

The fear of failure leads to procrastination as a way of keeping one from performing the actual event to avoid failing. If you dont act upon an opportunity, then it is difficult to get an opportunity without challenges as it is difficult to determine which opportunity is free from challenges unless one tries to seize it.

It is generally accepted that we all possess a limited mental and emotional capacity mind which is not in the form of high and low I.Q. but there is limitation in just like in physical capacity as to what one can absorb at any given time, and one only knows what that limit is.

When an individual overwork or over engages himself physically, there is usually break down in one form or another of the body system. In some cases one may be saturated mentally and emotionally, in this case the mind may step in to intervene through procrastination to keep one from experiencing a mental overload or saturation. In this kind of procrastination, individuals avoid important tasks which must eventually be done.

Perfectionism is another form of mindset that may lead to procrastination. The belief that every task assigned must be performed perfectly is a recipe for stress. Generally ones mind associate that stress with the task at hand and thus condition ones to avoid it. A stressed mind by a given condition will always shy away from performing a challenge.

Conclusion

In conclusion some of these measures stated are challenging to put into practice, but they are suitable and effective because the problem of procrastination is not going to go away on its own. One must take the initiative. Procrastination yields tremendous personal growth and to overcome it, one become determined and focused. One must keep on trying no matter the outcome of the results as this eventually leads to better performance of a given task.

References

McWhorter, K. (2009). Successful College Writing: Skills, Strategies, Learning Styles. New York: Bedford/St. Martins.

Reid, S. (2010). The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers. London: Longman.

Procrastination refers to deliberately postponing the implementation of the planned actions, even though this will entail specific problems. Academic procrastination is a common problem that results in a delay in finishing schoolwork and is linked to poor organizational skills, forgetfulness, and general rigidity of behaviour. However, procrastination is not related to the fear of failure since postponing tasks is simply a natural manifestation of a persons desire to experience short-term pleasures.

Procrastination is a result of personal character traits and psychological conditions. Inability to control ones emotions and lack of drive might make someone more vulnerable to getting sidetracked by opposing action impulses, risking the effective completion of the intended action (Fathima et al. 2568). The authors of the study prove that the primary source of procrastination with some indicators of the big five personality traits. This study demonstrated that while procrastination and fear of failure are founded on distinct personality qualities, there is no correlation between the two (Fathima et al. 2570). Hence, people must build on traits like emotional stability and conscientiousness to overcome procrastination.

It is frequently argued that procrastinators are inherently certain types of people, making them impossible to change. However, the speaker stated that while procrastination is ingrained in everyone, only one person can be self-disciplined enough to make rational decisions, while others are predisposed to amusement (Urban 12:48). Procrastination frequently has an impact not only on tasks at work or school but also in daily life, which causes people to suffer. According to the author, delaying the completion of those tasks that do not have a deadline, but that people set for themselves to live better is the worst thing they can do (Urban 11:13). People should remember that their time is limited and not postpone personal tasks.

In conclusion, procrastination is a widespread phenomenon typical of college students. It is not the fear of failure that keeps people from taking on assignments, but their personality traits and desire to have fun instead of putting in the effort. Postponing tasks at work or school leads to the fact that this is set as the norm for people, and, as a result, they become unable to achieve even their own goals.

Works Cited

Fathima, Shabiha, et al. Procrastination, Fear of Failure and Personality of College Students. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, vol. 03, no. 12, 2022, pp. 25672570.

Urban, Tim Inside the Mind of a Master Procrastinator. YouTube, uploaded by TED, Web.

Student age is an important period in a person’s life, during which a person determines his professional choice, acquires feelings of maturity and identity, plans for the future. Educational and professional achievements that firmly believe in themselves and their abilities for productive activities, and at the same time lay the foundation for successful self-realization in the future. However, a barrier to such achievements may be procrastination in which a person postpones other relevant issues and tasks that are most important until the deadline, as well as decision-making. According to the American Psychological Association, 80 to 95 percent of college students procrastinate their daily and academic affairs(American Psychological Association, 2010). Although procrastination is more or less characteristic of all ages, it is most common among students. There are three main types of procrastination, such as daily, academic and neurotic procrastination. Procrastination may be negatively affected to physical and mental health, academic success and self – development, but this can be solved by the right planning of affairs, self-control, and use several tips.

Procrastination in everyday life affects the increase in incomplete chores and dissatisfaction with yourself, but in combination with what you like to do and what you procrastinate on can be a solution to the problem. Many of the students live independently in a dormitory or a rented apartment. Most of the day they learn, practice and hone their skills. After a replete day, having arrived at home, thoughts and a prediction will appear that tomorrow it will be easier to do household things. Day by day, students deceive themselves, wait that day to finish all their chores, believing in future changes. Students feel dissatisfaction because of uncompleted chores but still, procrastinate on. By that time, a lot of unfinished things will be accumulated, such as unwashed clothes, dirty home, accrued garbage. All of this can be a reason for some health issues and decreasing self-conception. Research to date has demonstrated that procrastination is linked to problems with low immunity since procrastinators fall sick more often. This can be related to poor wellness behaviors such as a reluctance to eat right, exercise regularly, keep clean a house, or sleep on time(Procrastination, Health, and Well-Being., 2016). But follow the right lifestyle can be easier in combination with what you like to do and what you procrastinate on. For example, only watch your favorite show while ironing or doing household chores; only listen to audiobooks or podcasts you love while exercising(Verywellmind.com, 2019).

Putting off things is considered the most common problem that occurs among students, because of routine or a busy schedule of education and daily emotional condition, but by splitting your task and manage your time wisdomly can be easier to achieve targetted results thereby emotional encouraging yourself. Students procrastinate on academic assignments and tasks till the deadline. Some of them believe that they have a lot of time and will be in time to submit their tasks. By the end of time to submit their assignments, students have big stress and fear of being late. According to scientific studies, frequent stress has 77% of the impact on physical health, 73% affects mental health and 48% on sleeping (Therecoveryvillage.com, 2020). Projects and tasks created in a short time have a different quality from those produced by the big responsibility and practice. Some of the students, console and assure that reason for low grades or poor quality of the projects is lack of time, where the cause of this can be poor knowledge or bad practice. Procrastination affects your concentration on doing tasks or solving problems, the ability to meet goals and challenges, which considered main skills in the digital century(Lifehack.org, 2019). However, we can solve this problem by splitting our assignments into small tasks, thereby make goals more achievable. Often most of the students procrastinate because of the large size of affairs. Finished small tasks give positive thoughts to do remaining matters(Jamesclear.com, 2015).

Neurotic procrastination is considered as fear of everything that is associated with any changes in life, and the way of solving this problem can be learning from the experience of others and take responsibility for own choices and decisions. People, who get used to living in the accustomed habitat, with the flow of life, afraid of the consequences of changes and trying to procrastinate this issue as long as possible. Because of this, they can stay at the same level in the whole of their life and set aside from the world. The solution to this problem is to analyze the experience of others and do not afraid to fail and learn from it (Jamesclear.com, 2015).

A lot of people putting off their future goals such as go to the gym and do exercise to keep good health form, learn foreign languages, improve needed skills, not including current affairs, because of this we do not have deadlines and society does not oblige, but these things important for self-realization and development. We find different excuses to do not to solve our matters, while successful people ready to pay big money to control finishing their affairs and do not allow them to procrastinate. Daily, academic and neurotic procrastination requires work with self-discipline, time-management, self-motivation to achieve the result, and objective view on own work. Procrastination may be the reason for health issues, productivity, development, emotional stability. However, it can be overcome by using previous tips and the right planning. In our century, most of the people practice good habits to achieve their life goals. After some years, the percentage of non-procrastinate people will be increased. Procrastination is a common problem in all ages, but overcome this in our hands to live independently and in all colors.

As of January 2019, around 42% of the world’s population uses social media actively, and it is predicted that this number increases by 13% every year (Kemp, 2018). Society nowadays is no stranger to social media. Social media platforms such as Instagram and Facebook are prominent in this technology-saturated society due to it being a cost-free resource that enables individuals to stay connected through both long-distance and short-distance communication; creates an advantage in business marketing as advertisements reach a wider audience, and provides instant access to global and local news sharing outlets. Many countries are experiencing this epidemic and are finding ways to overcome issues associated with social media. The large percentage of the population that is constantly exposed to social media addresses the question of the extent to which social media has negatively impacted society. In this report, I will be identifying the effects that social media has had on society through local, national and global perspectives. Some significant issues I have chosen to discuss further are overuse, cyberbullying and the impact of cyberbullying on mental health.

Overuse

The first issue is social media overuse and addiction. Though not a medically diagnosed condition, social media addiction is a serious and growing issue in society. People spend excessive numbers of hours scrolling through social media, obsessively updating their feeds for new information. Furthermore, addictive triggers found in social media apps such as the likes feature causes the production of Dopamine, which has an addictive drug-like effect so users will continue to use social media. From a psychological aspect, people fear missing out which is another aspect that drives social media addiction (Elgan, 2015). As a result, the consequences provoked by social media addiction and overuse are having severe impacts on academic performance, interference with sleep as well as many other components of life.

The first consequence of social media overuse is the impact on academic and work performance through procrastination. Procrastination affects virtually everyone to some degree; however, the majority of people who are affected the most by procrastination are teenagers and young adults. A report by Common Sense Media in 2015, found that teenagers on average spend nine hours on social media excluding the hours doing school-related work online (The Common Sense Census: Media Use by Tweens and Teens, 2015). The report also found that 50% of the teenagers surveyed said that they often multitasked doing both schoolwork and checking social media. Out of those who multitasked, only 13% said it had benefits to the quality of work, and 31% said that it impacted the quality of their work (Homework and multitasking, 2015). While this source is valid, it must be taken into consideration that the statistics might have increased by 2019 as the percentage of people that overuse social media is continuing to rise at a fast rate. As opposed to doing homework, study or projects, students are spending countless hours succumbing to the addictiveness of social media. Procrastination means valuable time for homework and study is wasted on doing something that might seem more enjoyable in the short term; however, the long term effects of procrastinating are drastic on academics.

In a recent survey done by Stop Procrastinating app, 1,500 American university students were surveyed on how procrastination affects their studies. Out of those 1,500 students, 76% of the surveyees agreed that social media was a form of procrastination to a worrying or damaging level (Burke, 2018). The survey results from Stop Procrastinating app supports the results from the study by Common Sense Media which validates the claim that academic performance is affected when procrastination takes place through social media. A similar report by the Journal of Dental Education was conducted in 2013 to find the relationship between procrastination and academic performance. It was found that there was a significant negative correlation between procrastination and academic performance among the students surveyed. These findings of a negative correlation between procrastination and academic performance are in agreement with the results of the study conducted by the Stop Procrastinating app, emphasising the implications of procrastination on academia.

A solution to combat procrastination is the use of an app similar to ‘Stop Procrastinating’ on various devices that will block selected websites and apps for a chosen period. This method is very effective in preventing procrastination through social media and in keeping people focused on the task at hand. Personally, I use anti-procrastination apps to remove distractions from my work, and I find that they are beneficial resources to prevent procrastination.

Not only does spending hours on social media have an impact on academic performance, but also on sleep. One of the leading causes of sleep insomnia is the use of technology. The blue light emitted by technology stalls the production of melatonin, the hormone that controls and regulates sleep cycles. If melatonin is not produced, you are less likely to become tired resulting in sleep insomnia (Gordon, 2019). Sleep insomnia can significantly impact the quality of life and can lead to depression due to a hormonal imbalance. A poll by Digital Awareness UK found that 45% of young adults in the UK go on their phones after they have gone to bed. Of those youths, 94% are on social media rather than asleep mainly due to the fear of missing out or being excluded (Sellgren, 2016). As a result of this, students and workers are losing sleep which is ultimately reducing the ability to concentrate on work which could result in average work performance as they are too fatigued impacting either academics or the productiveness in the workplace.

To limit the impact of social media on sleep, it is advised to remove all devices that emit blue light at least 30 minutes before to ensure that the body is producing enough melatonin. Additionally, there is a non-profit global organisation called Common Sense Media that advocates safe use of media in children to limit social media overuse, as well as misuse such as cyberbullying. Therefore, the repercussions of social media and overuse issues are damaging to the user in terms of work performance and sleep.

Cyberbullying

Through a report conducted by the National Crime Prevention Council (NCPC), 43% of teens have experienced cyberbullying and online harassment at some point. Cyberbullying through a medium, such as a phone, creates a barrier between the phone and the user meaning the bully no longer needs to face the victim, removing empathy. Furthermore, the reaction of the victim is not seen by the bully, so the bully does not recognise the extent of the damage to the victim. Research has shown that teens who engage in cyberbullying have less empathy as opposed to people who don’t participate in cyberbullying (Nortonx, 2016). Some cyberbullies may think their behavior is normal and socially acceptable, especially when friends or peers encourage it. Another reason people Cyberbully is because it is harder to detect by third-party sources such as a parent, teacher or peer, so it creates the illusion that the bully won’t get caught. Research done by the Cyberbullying research centre in 2016, found that around half of young people have experienced some form of cyberbullying, and 20% of those experience cyberbullying regularly. The most common types of cyberbullying are degrading comments posted on private chat rooms or publicly; as well as spreading rumors through social media and body shaming which can lead to a magnitude of issues including the impact on mental health.

Moreover, cyberbullying has been found to decrease the self-esteem of the victim and in some cases lead to mental health disorders and the development of suicidal tendencies. When vitriolic comments are posted online they have a major impact on the mental health of the victim. Victims tend to feel more vulnerable and helpless as cyberbullying is a form of bullying that is inescapable as it can happen at any time or constantly. Cyberbullies are often anonymous on apps such as Sarahah, an anonymous website where people can write messages to the targeted user without leaving a traceable digital footprint, which increases the feeling of helplessness and inescapability for the victim. This ultimately increases the risk of developing depression and potentially suicidal tendencies. Research conducted by the pediatrician, Dr. Gregory Plemmons, found that there was a significant increase in the number of children admitted to hospitals for attempted suicide or expressing suicidal thoughts between 2008 and 2015. Much of the rise is linked to an increase in cyberbullying (Scutti, 2017). More teen suicides are also now attributed in some way to cyberbullying than ever before. The rise in suicide rates as a result of social media influence demonstrates the extremity of social media misuse and the consequence it is having resulting in the loss of many lives.

In Australia, one in four children from Year 4 to Year 9 experience cyberbullying on a regular basis (Facts and figures, 2009). While this statistic is from a valid source, the statistics may have increased by 2019 as more children are exposed to social media at a younger age due to a rise in social media use and technological advancements; thus, there is potentially more exposure to cyberbullying. To decrease cyberbullying in Australia, the government has set up a digital awareness program called ‘eSafety’ as a way to educate teachers, parents and children on methods to reduce the amount of time spent on social media, promote online safety and provide counselling for victims of cyberbullying. Young Australians can report a case of cyberbullying, and they have access to a wide range of websites as well as call lines that provide immediate online counselling.

At the Australian International School Singapore, there are programs developed called RUOK? which informs students of ways to fight cyberbullying and overcome it. The students are taught about online safety and promote awareness of the content posted online to prevent it from harming yourself or others. These programs are an opportunity to speak up if they are a victim or know a victim of cyberbullying to create a bully-free environment both in and out of the classroom.

Another concept that could prevent cruel posts and comments being uploaded onto social media applications is to create a filter that removes comments or posts that appear to be hateful content. Instagram has already started a similar initiative with the removal of inappropriate and offensive content such as nudity, terrorism-related material and child exploitation using Artificial Intelligence and algorithms; however, this initiative must be adapted and applied to cyberbully cases across all social media platforms.

Conclusion

In conclusion, through conducting research I have established the many aspects of social media that are a detriment on society on a global, national and local scale. When misused, social media can lead to a magnitude of issues that have severe consequences to not only mental health and internet safety, but also to the quality of life. While these issues are being advocated to an extent, there is still a lack of education in younger years and initiatives to combat the flaws of social media.

My perspective on the negative impact social media has had on society has remained the same. I now have a stronger belief that social media is having a negative impact on society. While social media has been beneficial in communication, marketing and many other aspects, I believe the negative issues outweigh the positive as the consequences are severe in most cases. Nonetheless, I believe removing social media is unrealistic as the positive outcomes are still extremely beneficial to society; it is simply a matter of how you manage the tool in a safe way to overcome the flaws.

Essay Example #1

Procrastination is a behavior that can have far-reaching consequences, both in our personal and professional lives. It can lead to feelings of guilt and anxiety, while also limiting our ability to achieve our goals. But what causes procrastination and how can we overcome it? In this essay, I will explore the psychological and emotional factors driving procrastination, exploring strategies that can help us break the cycle of delay. I will examine the cost of procrastination and discuss how a shift in mindset can help us overcome our delaying habits, so we can lead more fulfilling lives.

Exploring the Causes of Procrastination: Is It Reasonable?

Procrastination can lead to stress, frustration, and dissatisfaction with life in general. There are many reasons why people procrastinate: fear, perfectionism, lack of motivation, and lack of focus are just a few. These reasons are explored below.

Fear Rules

One of the main causes of procrastination is fear. People may be afraid of failure, rejection, or the unknown, and so they put off tasks to avoid confronting these fears. For example, someone who is afraid to talk to his crush might put off doing so until he feels more confident about asking her out. This fear can interfere with task completion because it distracts you from your work – you’re so busy worrying about the outcome that you forget what it takes to get there in the first place!

While some people are fearful of failure, others fear success. They view it as an opportunity to be more in the public eye and have more responsibilities. They don’t want to let the people they love down and they worry that they won’t be able to keep up with what others expect of them. They just don’t feel like they’re good enough or that they deserve all of the accolades that come their way. Both types of procrastinators are essentially avoiding taking action because they’re afraid.

The truth is that you can only control your own actions, not how others react to them. If you want something badly enough, don’t let your fear hold you back from doing something positive toward achieving your goal, whether it’s failing or succeeding.

Bad Is Better Than Nothing

Other people find it easier to do a bad job than no job at all. These people are often perfectionists who have trouble getting organized and starting or finishing tasks, so they put off their work until the last minute. The problem with this approach is that perfectionism isn’t always possible, especially with time limits. So delaying until the last minute means there’s less time available for improvement and refinement of your work product before presenting it as finished. And if you’re continually putting off getting started on projects because they aren’t perfect yet, then eventually nothing will ever be finished!

People who strive for perfection may delay starting a task because they want to ensure that it is done perfectly, which can lead to paralysis by analysis. They may spend hours trying to figure out the best way to do something instead of just jumping in and learning along the way.

Always Later

If you like to put off work until the last minute, there’s a good chance that you don’t see what’s the point of working now if there’s more work coming up soon anyway. It’s not that you want to procrastinate — it just doesn’t seem worth it to start something when there’s so little time left, and when it’ll just be followed by more of the same. The word “procrastination” comes from Latin pro (“forward”) + crastinus (“of tomorrow”). Some people do this on purpose, but most don’t realize they’re putting things off until it’s too late.

How To Escape From Procrastination?

Procrastination can be an extremely frustrating and disruptive problem. It can interfere with work and school, as well as with our personal lives. Fortunately, there are strategies for overcoming procrastination. One of the most effective strategies is to break tasks down into smaller, more manageable steps. This can make the task feel less daunting and more achievable. Another strategy is to set clear goals and deadlines for each step of the task. This can help to create a sense of urgency and motivate people to get started.

Furthermore, people can try to eliminate distractions and create a focused work environment. This may involve turning off electronic devices, finding a quiet space to work, or using time-management techniques such as the Pomodoro Technique.

Conclusion

Therefore, procrastination can have significant negative impacts on our personal and professional lives. As explored in this essay, the causes of procrastination can range from fear of failure to lack of motivation and poor time management skills. However, the consequences of procrastination are clear: stress, anxiety, decreased productivity, and poor performance.

Fortunately, there are strategies that can help us overcome procrastination, such as breaking tasks into smaller, more manageable parts, setting specific goals, and creating a supportive environment. By taking action and overcoming procrastination, we can achieve our goals, increase our productivity, and lead fulfilling lives. The cost of delay is high, but by recognizing the causes and consequences of procrastination, we can break the cycle and become more productive, successful, and fulfilled individuals.

Essay Example #2

Picture this: I’ll get homework on a Friday, maybe some maths questions and a practice essay for English, doable, right? I won’t do it that Friday night because well plain and simple, I don’t want to. The next morning I’ll wake up and spend the whole Saturday doing things and by the time I sit down it’s 6 pm and well it’s too late now so I push it to Sunday. Bad decision, fast forward to 10 pm Sunday, and I’m stuck on the thesis of my essay, so I automatically go into panic mode and I am instantly filled with feelings of regret and anger towards myself. I begin to hope that the teacher for some miraculous reason won’t collect them the next day and ill be fine, from experience this is never the case. This is what I like to call the art of procrastination.

An example. In the 5 weeks that I had to write this speech, I thought it smart to leave it until the last minute and write it 3 days before it was due placing immense stress on myself to get it done and have it memorized on time. Why ? because I’m really good at procrastinating, id even go as far as to say it’s one of my skills.

Procrastination is the action of delaying or postponing something, in other words baking a batch of cookies and binging a whole season of a show on Netflix all instead of writing that essay that’s due in 2 days simply because you believe you’ll get it done on time, spoiler alert, you probably won’t. The word procrastinate literally comes from the Latin word procrastinare, which directly translates to ‘put off until tomorrow.’ On very rare occasions I’ll start the assignment early or I’ll leave the assignment till the day before and stay up all night finishing it only to be filled with an instant feeling of regret asking myself why I hadn’t just used my time wisely.

We can look at procrastinating like this, our brain is divided into 2 characters, our future self, and our present self. We make goals for our future selves like learning a new language, starting that health kick, or finishing that book so we, therefore, get excited over long-term rewards, but when it comes down to it, our present self is the one that actually has to take the action so we can eventually get there. So because our present self wants instant rewards and our future self wants long-term rewards they don’t really blend well together. In a realistic scenario, the future self wants to go to the gym, whereas the present self wants to lay in bed and eat a Krispy Kreme donut. Or we’ll give our present self rewards that they don’t really deserve, for example thinking that because you’ve opened a new google document and written the title of your essay, you deserve a break to go on your phone for 2 hours.

Although there are many reasons why we procrastinate the main ones are a lack of time management, lack of desire, and lack of motivation. Someone like me, with horrible time management skills, often starts never-ending cycles of planning to do things, putting them off then instead spending hours scrolling through Tik Tok only to realize that it’s too late so I push it to tomorrow. It’s difficult to manage your time, and if you’re one of those strange people who can, then I’m jealous, but we need to learn how to because it’s the key to getting things done and getting them done effectively.

Another reason we often push things to do later is that we have formulated the idea that we need to be in a so-called ‘mood’ to complete mandatory things, which is why we often don’t do things since that ‘mood’ doesn’t show. As well as this, a lack of desire is what most commonly causes us to not do things because we may just simply not feel like doing it. This is understandable because I feel like everyone would rather spend their weekend outside having fun with their friends rather than writing their speech, unless they started it early and were smart, unlike me. Lastly, a lack of interest in the topic could cause you to procrastinate reading into it, which is often a situation I find myself falling into, because I mean, who really wants to write an essay on To Kill a Mockingbird? Even though this may be the case sometimes we are required to do things that we don’t particularly want to do despite how boring or mundane the subject is.

Mainly it’s just that huge tasks overwhelm us. We know that the task will be too big and time-consuming, so we push it to the back of our minds. There are three main ways to solve this problem. One is to break the time you spend on the assignment into small increments, for example, here is a possible schedule for a student who is told on February 1 that he has to hand in a scientific OEI paper by May 1: From February 1st to March 1st, we can think about the paper. From March 2nd to April 1st, we can think about it some more. Then April 30, the day before it’s due, we can pull an all-nighter, including all the research and writing.

Solution number 2, in my opinion, a much simpler alternative, is to just forget about doing the paper then shortly before it’s due go on one of those very trustworthy websites like freeessaysamples.com to find a very original essay. Or if all else fails, you could always just drop out of school, I mean Bill Gates did and I’d say he’s doing pretty good for himself, but he did drop out of Harvard so I think he had to be just a bit smart to get in, so I don’t really recommend option number 3.

Yes, procrastinators put off doing work, and at times just staring at the wall for up to 30 mins that do not mean they are lazy. There is a stark difference between laziness and procrastination. Lazy people choose not to do anything and are fine with it, procrastinators are aware that they have things to get done but simply do not have the motivation to get started with them. Although we often look at procrastination as being a bad thing, because of the overwhelming stress it puts on us, I happen to think that it’s actually a good thing.

I mean we have to start that assignment at one point or another, and yes it would’ve been smart to start it earlier but weirdly I find there’s something thrilling about starting it at the last minute, there’s almost a sudden rush of adrenaline because the pressure of having to do it finally builds up and that’s when all the ideas start to come and you end up working better in an emergency than what you would have done if you had started earlier. I like to justify my actions by simply reassuring myself that I will work faster and more efficiently if I wait till the last minute, which is sort of a fancy way of saying I don’t want to do it now so I’ll do it later.

After all, a quote that sums up my point perfectly is “Never put off till tomorrow what may be done daily.” I’ll have to look into who said that but not today though, I’ll do it tomorrow, or maybe next week.

Introduction

Procrastination, the act of postponing or delaying tasks, is a prevalent behavior that affects individuals across all walks of life. It is a deceptive habit that may provide temporary relief or escape, but ultimately hinders personal growth, productivity, and success. With the increasing demands and distractions of modern life, understanding the nature of procrastination and its detrimental effects is essential for individuals seeking to overcome this pervasive behavior. This essay will explore the concept of procrastination, its underlying reasons, the harmful consequences it poses, and practical strategies to avoid falling into its grasp. By examining the causes and consequences of procrastination, individuals can gain insights into their own behaviors and take proactive steps towards more effective time management and goal achievement.

About Procrastination

Procrastination is a common phenomenon that affects individuals of all ages, backgrounds, and occupations. It is the act of delaying or postponing tasks or activities that require immediate attention. While it may seem harmless or even momentarily satisfying to put off responsibilities, procrastination can have far-reaching negative impacts on various aspects of life.

Procrastination often stems from a combination of psychological, emotional, and environmental factors. One of the main reasons people procrastinate is the fear of failure or the fear of not meeting high expectations. This fear can paralyze individuals and lead them to avoid taking action altogether. Additionally, poor time management skills, lack of self-discipline, and a tendency to prioritize short-term gratification over long-term goals can contribute to the habit of procrastination.

The harmful effects of it cannot be overlooked. It can lead to increased stress levels as tasks pile up and deadlines loom closer. The constant pressure of unfinished responsibilities can have detrimental effects on mental well-being, leading to feelings of anxiety, guilt, and self-doubt. Moreover, it negatively impacts productivity and efficiency, resulting in rushed or subpar work, missed opportunities, and a decrease in overall performance.

Procrastination can also strain personal and professional relationships. Unmet commitments and delayed tasks can erode trust and credibility, causing frustration and disappointment in others. This can hinder collaboration, hinder career growth, and create unnecessary tension in personal connections.

I am a procrastinator myself, I have no doubt saying that you all are a procrastinator too. When I procrastinate, I tend to draw random stuff on all my homework, textbooks, and even my desk while I’m trying to finish my assignment. However, the most common way of me procrastinating is binging YouTube videos, then realize I’ve wasted an hour watching videos without doing or learning everything. I procrastinate on all my assignments and task on a daily basis. In fact, I even finished up my speech at the last minute. When I was in primary school, I barely ever finishes any homework assigned to me that I’m not required to hand in. But still, I managed to ace my quiz and tests in primary school. The comment I get the most from my teachers on my report card is ‘she’s a smart kid, however, she’s a bit lazy. She could have gotten a better result if she spends more time on revising’. At that time, I gradually became overconfident in myself, and truly believe that I’m a ‘not-hardworking genius’.

Reasons for Procrastinating

Procrastination can stem from various reasons, including the fear of failure, lack of motivation, poor time management skills, perfectionism, overwhelm, instant gratification, and a lack of clear goals or direction. The fear of failure can paralyze individuals and lead them to postpone tasks to avoid potential disappointment. A lack of motivation and unclear goals can make tasks seem unappealing or directionless, resulting in a tendency to procrastinate. Poor time management skills and a preference for instant gratification can also contribute to delaying important responsibilities. Recognizing these underlying factors and implementing strategies to address them, such as setting realistic goals, improving time management, seeking accountability, and cultivating discipline, can help individuals overcome the habit of procrastination and enhance their productivity.

Procrastination is Harmful

Procrastination is a harmful behavior that can have detrimental effects on various aspects of life. It perpetuates a cycle of stress and anxiety as tasks accumulate and deadlines approach, leading to increased pressure and a decreased sense of well-being. It also hampers productivity and efficiency, resulting in subpar work quality and missed opportunities for personal and professional growth. Moreover, it strains relationships as unmet commitments erode trust and credibility. Recognizing the harmful consequences of procrastination is crucial in motivating individuals to take action and make a change.

How to Avoid Procrastinating?

To avoid procrastinating, individuals can adopt several effective strategies. Setting clear and realistic goals provides a sense of purpose and direction, making it easier to prioritize tasks. Breaking down tasks into smaller, manageable steps helps overcome feelings of overwhelm and allows for steady progress. Implementing time management techniques, such as creating schedules and prioritizing tasks based on importance and urgency, helps individuals make efficient use of their time. Minimizing distractions, practicing self-discipline, and seeking support and accountability from others can also aid in avoiding procrastination.

Why Do We Procrastinate?

There are several reasons why people procrastinate. Fear of failure is a common underlying cause, as individuals may be afraid of not meeting high expectations or experiencing disappointment. Lack of motivation or interest in the task at hand can also contribute to procrastination. Poor time management skills, perfectionism, and a lack of clear goals or direction can further exacerbate the tendency to delay tasks. Understanding these reasons helps individuals gain insight into their own behaviors and identify specific areas for improvement.

Benefits of Procrastination

People always ask how to stop procrastination and what’s the main cause of procrastination. But do you know that there are actually hidden benefits to procrastination? I’ve heard a lot about the negatives of procrastination, including how it can cause stress and anxiety, how you’ll fail in meeting deadlines and etc. In fact, it’s totally opposite, research from Harvard mentioned that the ideas that came up from procrastinators are actually 28% more unique and creative.

So how can procrastination increase your creativity, as I mentioned I love doodling everywhere when I procrastinate, so I guess that’s one way to show that procrastinators are more creative. However, according to research shown from Harvard, it mentioned that as procrastinators spend more time doing other stuff, they’ll subconsciously think about the task that has to be done. This is beneficial as you have the time to think about different ideas, plus when you’re in different environments it tends to boost your creativity and to think more out-of-the-box. For example, Leonardo da Vinci who drew the world-known piece ‘Mona Lisa’, spent 16 years finishing this masterpiece, between these 16 years he spent time improving his painting skills and exploring different fields like engineering, chemistry, geology, etc.

Secondly, Procrastination can instead help you focus and be productive. Yes, you heard me right. Procrastination can help you save time, it might sound a bit contradictory as most people think that you’re being lazy and spending time on everything else other than the task. However, in my own perspective when I do things in advance, I am actually in a hurry-up mode leading me to not processing information deeply, but when I procrastinate, I am actually thinking about the question or task over and over again to find the right way to absorb the information. In addition to that, when I start to realize the deadline is approaching, anxiety and anxiety can help me finish the task more productively.

Last but not least, the biggest benefit of procrastination is that you live in the moment. This also means paying attention to doing things you are enjoying doing, like spend time listening to music or spend time staring out the window. Perhaps you might think that you’re wasting time on things other than the work you’re supposed to finish, but by procrastinating you actually have the time to do different stuff that you prefer doing and try not to stress about too much on your current tasks.

How Can You Stop Procrastination?

To stop procrastination, it is essential to develop self-awareness and actively work on changing habits. This can involve setting realistic goals, breaking tasks into manageable steps, improving time management skills, overcoming perfectionism, managing distractions, cultivating self-discipline, seeking support and accountability, and adopting a positive and growth-oriented mindset. By consistently applying these strategies and making a conscious effort to take immediate action, individuals can break free from the cycle of procrastination and experience increased productivity, reduced stress, and greater personal fulfillment.

Short Essay on Procrastination

Procrastination, the act of postponing or delaying tasks, is a behavior that affects individuals across various aspects of their lives. While it may offer temporary relief or escape, procrastination has harmful consequences that hinder personal growth, productivity, and success. Understanding the reasons behind procrastination and adopting effective strategies to overcome it is crucial for individuals seeking to break free from its grip.

Procrastination can stem from various factors such as the fear of failure, lack of motivation, poor time management skills, perfectionism, and a lack of clear goals or direction. These underlying causes contribute to the tendency to delay tasks, resulting in increased stress, compromised work quality, missed opportunities, and strained relationships.

To avoid procrastinating, individuals can implement practical strategies such as setting clear and realistic goals, breaking tasks into manageable steps, improving time management skills, managing distractions, cultivating self-discipline, seeking support and accountability, and adopting a growth mindset. By adopting these strategies and taking immediate action, individuals can overcome the habit of procrastination and unlock their true potential.

In conclusion, procrastination is a harmful behavior that impedes personal progress and hinders success. By understanding its detrimental effects and implementing strategies to address the underlying causes, individuals can break free from the cycle of delay. Overcoming procrastination requires self-awareness, discipline, and a commitment to change. With determination and consistent effort, individuals can overcome procrastination, enhance their productivity, and ultimately achieve their goals and aspirations.

Conclusion

Procrastination is a pervasive and harmful habit that can hinder personal growth, productivity, and success. Its negative consequences go beyond missed deadlines and unachieved goals, impacting mental well-being, work quality, and relationships. The fear of failure, lack of motivation, poor time management skills, perfectionism, and a lack of clear goals all contribute to the propensity to procrastinate.

However, it is possible to overcome procrastination by implementing effective strategies. By setting clear goals, managing time efficiently, minimizing distractions, practicing self-discipline, seeking support, and fostering a growth mindset, individuals can break free from the cycle of delay and enhance their productivity and overall well-being.

Overcoming procrastination requires self-awareness, commitment, and a willingness to take immediate action. It may not be an easy journey, and setbacks may occur along the way, but with perseverance and dedication, individuals can develop new habits and overcome procrastination’s grip.

By addressing the underlying reasons for procrastination and adopting proactive strategies, individuals can unlock their true potential, achieve their goals, and lead a more fulfilling and successful life. It is within our power to conquer procrastination and create a path towards personal growth and productivity.

When someone struggles with procrastination but has strong perseverance to put forth the efforts they can chuck it forward and succeed! I also feel that it is still possible to have good writing even if one procrastinates until the last minute. It adds more stress and higher anxiety and I have firsthand experienced this but it is achievable. So to get the answer to these questions and accurately attain this, I have done the research and I truly believe that time is of the essence and if it is poorly managed then it will show in the work. None the less you can still succeed!

This semester has taught me so much about procrastination and how it has affected me both positively and negatively. On the negative side of it, it has put more stress and anxiety on my shoulders, and on the positive side of it, it has taught me the patience I need for a paper to come together. But with active procrastination studies show that they are more successful at acceding in academics. (Schraw et al., 2007, p. 24) While the active procrastinator works better under the added pressures, they also lack the inspiration to learn. Thus far they will still preserve.

Throughout studies it is found to be “three major themes about active procrastination: Purposeful delay facilitated greater efficiency (I’m good at it); was done systematically (I’ve learned I can); and was reinforced by appealing academic and social outcomes (It’s worth it).” I’m good at it is said to be they work best the closer the deadlines reach. I’ve learned I can is also an I can but may not always be the smartest decision to make thus far probably not the best one. And lastly but not least! Is it’s worth it meaning I’m not worried about it and the outcome was worth putting off. What I take from that last one is the “it is what it is” kind of thinking. I also want to add that it is probably not the best choice.

I’m not saying that procrastination is all bad or even that it is fantastic because the fact of the matter is that is far from that. And for most, it won’t work. If one has strong academic and higher grades, they may squeak by and succeed with procrastinating. But for most, it will not be the same case. The stress, the anxiety, the pressure it creates, is the worst feeling when it comes to academics. Not knowing if you’re doing something right or not so you procrastinate. Feeling like you could fail at any moment so you procrastinate. Which in reality you would think would motivate one to start way before the given due date.

“It really has nothing to do with time-management,” he says. “As I tell people, to tell the chronic procrastinator to just do it would be like saying to a clinically depressed person, cheer up.” (Joseph Ferrari, a professor of psychology at DePaul University) With that, this has sufficient meaning, and I hold hearteningly agree with this. The first time I had read that, I was like WOW! That is insane to put in perspective, that while procrastination is common in many young adolescents and young adults it’s not the same for everyone. Procrastination does not define the procrastinator.

Let’s talk about the negative effects of procrastination, It can have major effects on one’s health. Depression is one illness that links with procrastination which can lead to high anxiety and many other stressors on top. Causing poor focus, poor learning, and overall poor academics thus far it still does not mean procrastinators are all failures! On the flip side, the positive of procrastination – When in the right scenario, it can have positive attributes. Like more time to come up with ideas for a given project or assignment. To research, and conduct. With extra time, it allows one to be more creative. In conclusion to this, I do believe that procrastination or no procrastination you can still succeed at whatever you put your mind to! Whether you set goals to achieve them, or you just wing it.

Procrastination if usually seen as a negative habit, but sometimes it can actually be beneficial. The Cambridge Dictionary defined procrastination as “To keep delaying something that must be done, often because it is unpleasant or boring” (Cambridge University Press 2019). Procrastination is considered a bad habit that we all do at some point, in fact I’m doing it right now while I’m writing this essay. Procrastination means leaving everything for the last moment, and although this can cause stress and further delays, I believe it has many advantages. Some of them are the following; it provides time to reflect what is more important for yourself, you can work better under pressure, and it forces you to revise what you do at the moment; otherwise when you do an assignment with a lot of anticipation you may say that you will revise it later but you end up not doing it.

It’s crucial to identify what the most important things in your life are when you have limited time. By procrastinating, you are forced to prioritize tasks, so you will not end up doing things that aren’t urgent. Procrastination can be helpful regarding time management, for example, sometimes people have many things to do and they can’t decide what to do first or what is more important for them, instead they can feel overwhelmed.

Some people work better under pressure. The reason for this is that they don’t second guess the task at hand and instead they just do it. In other words, they don’t have too much time for thinking if what they are doing is correct or not. One of the main reasons why people procrastinate is because of the fear of failure and doing things wrong. Meanwhile by procrastinating, they just go for it, and try their best in the very last moment. Another thing to highlight is the importance of revising what you write. When you work under pressure, you have to revise what you have written right after you finish writing it; otherwise, you won’t have time to do it later.

According to scientists, when you procrastinate an assignment, your results would be worse than if you do it with anticipation. Doing things with anticipation helps you work more patiently and efficiently. But Adrienne Branson of Canva says: “Unfinished work is hard for your mind to let go of — in a good way. Your mind keeps churning, considering other options, creative solutions to the problem.” This process that your subconscious make while you are doing other activities; I believe increases the quality of the work or task, since your brain is thinking all that time about different alternatives and methods to accomplish successfully the assignment.

In conclusion we can say that procrastination can be beneficial for some people; those who work well under pressure, those who can’t decide what’s more important, or those who forget to revise their work. Although procrastinating might not be the best idea for others, I strongly believe that if you finish all your assignments on time and they are of quality, there is no problem with procrastinating.

Work Cited

1. “Procrastination.” Cambridge University Press, The Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/procrastinate. Accessed 22 January 2019.

For a period of time, abundance of stress literature has attested to the negative influences of stress on employee’s behaviour and performance (Rodell & Judge, 2009; Stroud, 2008). They predominately concentrated on the causes of stress (noted as stressors) with the supposition that minimising them will improve physical and psychological well-being (Searle & Auton, 2015; Widmer et al., 2011). However, the nature of stress became obscure as multiple empirical studies displayed little or no direct association between stress and negative work-related outcomes (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000). Due to this inconsistency and deficit in work stress-related research, this report intends to assess the relationship between stressor appraisals and work outcomes. Specifically, the focus will be to observe the change in the outcomes of job demands such as time pressure depending on the employees’ cognitive appraisals of the specific job demand.

Recent studies show a converging proposal that work stress can be both good and bad in terms of their impacts on work achievements, attitudes and behaviours (Webster, Beehr, & Love, 2011). According to the transactional stress theory, an individual’s stress level is determined by one’s cognitive evaluations of the situation or demand (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Webster, Beehr, & Love, 2011). This process is achieved by using a primary appraisal: situations perceived as a potential for growth and reward refers to “challenge appraisals” and perceived situations that focus on the harms and losses refer to “threat appraisals” (Searle & Auton, 2015; Webster, Beehr, & Love, 2011). Thus, this explains why different levels of stress is experienced by individuals with the same stressor (Searle & Auton, 2015; Webster, Beehr, & Love, 2011).

Furthermore, challenge related job demands such as time pressure and responsibilities are closely related to a concept of eustress, a type of stress that stimulates strain yet a feeling of accomplishment (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000; Selye, 1982). For instance, one self-report survey of U.S managers demonstrated that although the managers felt pressured and overloaded by the job demand, a feeling of satisfaction was experienced (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000). This is consistent with the idea that while the physical effects of stress may still occur, challenge appraisals bring a positive and inspiring feeling hence, making a stressful demand worth the inconvenience (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000; McCall et al., 1988).

Based on Lazarus and Folkman (1984)’s notion, the challenge-hindrance stressor framework also distinguished challenge stressors from hindrance stressors (Prem et al., 2018). With a stronger emphasis on occupational stress rather than traditional stress, it used a two-way categorisation to divide stress measures such as “time pressures I experience” (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000; Sandman, 1992) into challenge stressors or hindrance stressors (Webster, Beehr, & Love, 2011). Interestingly, the result postulated that both challenge and hindrance stressors are related to organisational attitudes and behaviours but in opposite directions (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000). For instance, challenge stressors are positively associated with work qualities such as job satisfaction and negatively correlated with job search (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000). In contrast, the relationship between job satisfaction and hindrance stressors were significantly negative while displaying a positive relationship with job search (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling, & Boudreau, 2000).

However, Cavanaugh et al. (2000)’s framework also exhibited the ambivalence of challenge-related stressors due to its simultaneous association with physical strain (Widmer et al., 2011). Prem et al. (2018) defines procrastination as a lack of self-regulation characterised by unnecessary delays of incomplete tasks, despite the anticipated negative outcomes (Steel, 2007). This behaviour is stimulated by stressful job demands such as task difficulty and is commonly engaged by many working employees (Steel, 2007; Prem et al., 2018). Indeed, their research demonstrated the effects of ambivalent stressors on the level of self-regulation, hence showing its significant relationship with workplace procrastination. As a result, it has been suggested that the opposite relationship between favourable work outcomes and challenge stressors is only observable when masking the strain-related variance (Widmer et al., 2011).

Conversely, other studies emphasised on the promising abilities of challenge stressors that bring out motivation and a feeling of enjoyment thus, counteracting the negative effects of strain (LePine, Podsakoff, & LePine, 2005; Podsakoff, LePine, & LePine, 2007). Given this inconsistent and changing findings, we postulate the coexisting of both good and bad effects of challenge stressors. In this study, we used time pressure as the challenge stressor as it produces high pressure for employees to work at a faster pace. My first hypothesis is that more time pressure will be positively associated with higher challenge appraisals. However, acknowledging that challenge stressors are potentially ambivalent and is still affected by strain, second hypothesis is that more time pressure will also be positively associated with higher procrastination.

Reference

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