Category: Problem Solving

Introduction

Can we imagine a life without Electricity? Electricity is a very basic amenity in today’s world. Apart from the basic requirement of electricity, electricity is one of the basic pillars of the economic development of the country. The country cannot progress without electricity consumption in today’s world as every economic activity needs electricity, for example, all Industrial activities whether it is small scale or large industrial establishments require electricity.

The availability of electricity at an affordable cost and environment-friendly is important for the sustainability of all economic activities. That power is pivotal to the realization of the socio-economic goals — of individuals and nations. Access to electricity becomes equitable only when the reliability of the power supply is ensured

The environment-friendly renewable energy sources are competitive in price due to promotion under the Electricity Act, of 2003 and various promotion policies by Central & State Governments. Also, the Government of India has set an ambitious target of 175 GW of renewable power by 2022.

Today’s problem before us is the seamless integration of renewable energy resources (like, solar, wind, Small Hydel, Biomass & bagasse Cogeneration) into the grid to achieve the 175 GW RE target, the major contributors to renewable energy are solar & wind, which are variable natural .in turn has to ensure the effective utilization of renewable in order minimize the carbon footprint, ensuring the reliability of the grid and economical cost in supply and passing the benefits to society. The distributed generation helps the social benefits like rural income by the generation of solar energy or biogas energy.

To address this problem, we have to look for innovative solutions using emerging technologies i.e. Hyper automation in integrating various system components of the grid with the variable nature of renewable energy generators in the Smart Grid.

Problem Statement

The Indian government has set an ambitious target of 175 GW installed capacity Renewable energy by 2022, this includes 100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind energy from current capacities of 9 GW and 29 GW. The variable nature of renewable energy from solar and wind going to see huge growth as per the target by the Government and in addition to the statutory provisions for the promotion of renewable energy as per the Electricity Act, 2003. The real challenge is, how to integrate the infirm nature of RE power into the grid, and how to balance the grid with this uncertain RE power in the grid as we are not sure when it comes in to or goes out of the grid within 15-minute operational time blocks.

In addition to technical challenges for grid operations in the integration of RE power, also it has various financial implications on the finances of Distribution companies, consumer tariffs, and incumbent power generating companies, especially coal-based thermal power plants. That variability can lead to increased cycling of dispatchable, fossil-fuel-fired generators, which burns more fuel and increases mechanical wear on those machines. Sometimes those cycling costs are significant enough that energy prices go negative when there is an excess of wind. This is because it’s more cost-effective to pay someone to take your surplus capacity than to shut down a generation source.

Despite the Must status for RE power, many states are resorting to curtailment as some state grid operators are unable to balance in real time due to a lack of information flow between the generators, Grid operators, and end users(Domestic and Industrial/Commercial users).

Analysis of existing solutions available:

There are a few existing solutions are there, which are below

• (a) Forecasting wind &Solar: The forecasting of solar and wind energy can help Grid the operators to enhance the utilization of RE power to the maximum. However, there can Forecast errors typically range from 3 to 6% of rated capacity one hour ahead and 6 to 8% a day ahead
• (b) Operational Practices: Fast Dispatch and Larger Balancing Authority Areas: Fast dispatch helps manage the variability of RE power as it reduces the need for regulating resources, improves efficiency, and provides access to a broader set of resources to balance the system. With faster dispatch, load and generation levels can be more closely matched, reducing the need for more expensive regulating reserves.
• (c) Reserves management: Modified reserve management practices can be used to help address the variability of wind and solar power. This includes a). putting limits on wind and PV power ramps to reduce the need for reserves and b). enabling variable renewables to provide reserves or other ancillary services such as regulation, inertia, etc
• (d) Interconnecting more distributed resources: The impacts of intermittence of RE power can be minimized by interconnecting a large number of small distributed resources spread over a larger geographical area instead of a large unit concentrating in one area. Fluctuations in the total output will be minimal as the local variations affect only small units, not the total output power
• (e) Energy Storage: with increased levels of renewable penetration, energy storage is a standard solution to minimize generation curtailment. An alternative to expensive storage systems is large “overbuilding” (200- 300%) and curtailment.
• (f) Wind-PV hybrid systems: Since wind and solar PV outputs are complementary types, the hybrid arrangement of these two resources will improve the overall power fluctuations to some extent.
• (g) Demand Response: Flexibility on the demand-side is a good option to reduce the impacts of fast ramps. Demand response can be used to supply reserves and ancillary services as well as peak reduction. The use of demand response to balance the system during infrequent events in which there is a substantial under- or oversupply of renewable generation can lead to cost savings compared to continually maintaining additional reserves.

Proposed innovative solution using hyper-automation

All the above existing solutions in isolation mode are not effective in the vast and complex grid in achieving the goal of seamless integration of REpower.

The real solution is to combine all the above solutions and Integrate the grid system components like Renewable Generators (RE), other generators (Coal Nuclear, hydro & Gas), Transmission networks, and End users (Industrial & Domestic consumers), with the installation of IOT equipment like smart meters, sensors and devices in the Grid to generate the data via Home area network (HAN) and Wide area network (WAN).

An integrated, cloud-based IoT platform with AI and machine learning technology gives us visibility, i.e foresight on how much & when RE power is available (forecasting tools for RE generation) and in which subnetwork of the grid, with which we can proactively take action to control other sources of generation or users demand to balance the grid without compromising the safety and security of the Grid.

Also with the usage of above said technology, the next effort is to optimize the cost with the integration of additional data on economics, the cost variable nature of renewable power, cost of curtailment /ramp-up cost of coal generating station, economics, and contractual issues in supply, cost of battery storage, storage pump hydro stations, payments or compensation mechanisms to states that bear a disproportional burden for RE, Time of Day pricing, consumers affordability, Regulatory implications like Must run for RE etc

Hyperautomation will successfully integrate tools to cover the spectrum of automation itself (discover, analyze, design, automate, measure, monitor, and reassess).

With combination of technical and economical data integration with IoT coupled AI and Machine learning technology helps us to achieve our aim of seamless integration of REpower in the Smart Grid

Road Map for Hyper automation- Integration of renewable energy in Smart grid

• Desired Business Outcome: Integration of infirm/variable nature of energy from renewable energy sources
• Increase in RE % : Increasing level of RE penetration from—- to —–
• Total Cost of power: Reduction in cost of power
• Costs: Cost of reserve and cost involved in integration
• Risks: No certainty on the availability of power throughout the day

Optimize the Process

Assess/Right Size: Analyse the availability of different sources of renewable energy, and the quantum of energy availability using the different forecasting tools that match with demand cycle of the grid. Encourage the demand for power shifting, when renewable power supply is available by giving incentives or saving energy produced through pump hydro power storage or battery storage etc.

Industrialise and Scale: limited impact on tariffs, minimized curtailment rates, and stable grid operations will require careful technical studies and discussion of tradeoffs, instruments, and risk allocation.

Enhance:

Assemble DigitalOps Tools with others

• DitigitalOps Toolbox
• iPaas
• AI

Novelty of the proposed innovative solution :

This is augmenting human beings through Artificial intelligence by connecting with all the system components effectively, which will help us to integrate RE economically and Safely in the vast grid system with advanced data collection, analysis, and control of the existing system without making any changes in physical infrastructure (like Transmission lines ) of the Grid.

Viability of implementing the proposed innovation

The proposed innovation is viable with the presently available system components and also technology-wise i.e. Hyper automation. The cost involved in the installation of data collection devices and their integration with the usage of technology i.e hardware, Software, Internet, and networks is very minimal compared to the savings on the integration of RE power in terms of its cost and benefits to the Environment and Social benefits due to RE power projects

Yes, 175 GW RE can be integrated at a national level without major storage needs, but even this will involve more transmission across longer distances. The real challenge comes after, when RE grows far higher. The 175 GW target is mostly one that relies on the low-hanging fruit of variable RE. Further scaling, towards deep decarbonizing of India’s electricity system, is a hard task, and one that will require a host of technical, policy, and regulatory improvements spanning storage, time of day pricing, and flexibility of both operations and power purchase agreements.

How Hyper automation technology helps in the seamless integration of renewable in Smart Grid

Hyperautomation will successfully integrate tools to cover the spectrum of automation itself (discover, analyze, design, automate, measure, monitor, and reassess).

To understand how the hyper-automation will help in integrating renewable energy sources, let us understand what a is grid and how it works

In the vast grid, for reliable grid operation, the response time for changes in demand or supply should be very quick. Whenever variable renewable energy comes into the grid, the other generating power like coal/Hydro/gas generation needs to be back down quickly to match Demand and supply for the security of the grid, and similarly, whenever, the supply reduces on renewable energy, the Load from other generation Coal/hydro/ gas need to pick demand or shed the load to match the supply and demand.

The simple automation can be programmed to match the supply & demand for conventional energy generations alone, integrating the variable nature of renewable energy in the grid requires Artificial Intelligence and machine learning tools for smooth integration of this renewable energy

Assessing the different renewable power generators connected and their power availability using the forecasting tools and at the same time the demand curves of the grid are mapped with the renewable energy generator, coal generators/Hydro /gas generators, any variation of renewable energy i.e whenever low renewable energy supply can be compensated with quick response hydro/gas generators and whenever excess energy, the surplus energy can be used in storage pump hydro power generators or the advanced battery storage systems.

Hyperscale automation and analytics will be required to also generate new revenue from the new energy-related business models that will emerge in the massive-scale distributed generation era. The energy networks of the future will increasingly rely on virtual power plants instead of traditional bulk generation. Virtual power plants carefully orchestrate distributed generation, storage, and consumption, turning renewable energy resources in homes and enterprises into a networked source of reliable power. New value will be created by those companies that figure out how to seamlessly and continually match electric supply and demand in this massively distributed system

Analysis of the proposed innovation from the perspective of three pillars of sustainability (Economic, Environmental, and Social)

The smart grid is a suite of information-based applications made possible by increased automation of the electricity grid, as well as the underlying automation itself; this suite of technologies integrates the behavior and actions of all connected supplies and loads through dispersed communication capabilities to deliver sustainable, economic and secure power supplies”

In the longer run, handling 175 GW of RE and subsequently, more RE requires a stronger grid with improved signaling. Solutions such as time-of-day pricing (starting at the wholesale procurement level, before retail consumer time of day) will help incentivize improved supply options, including speakers, storage technologies, and load shifting including through smart grids (demand response). Electric vehicles can also synergize with RE, especially if the pricing signals are right. Of course, India needs a stronger and smarter grid regardless of higher RE, and not all the burden of grid improvements should be placed on the shoulders of RE

One study shows that “Student loan borrowers are central to financing a college education, yet millions of borrowers are in default.” (Dynarski par. 1). (into) This quote states the default issue for student loan borrowers, however, we can solve this crisis. In addition, solutions to student loan debt include following a payment plan, being educated about loans, living on a budget, finding jobs that offer forgiveness, and lastly saving money. Consequently, failing to repay student loans can ruin future choices such as buying a car or house due to a bad credit report. Nevertheless, those kinds of situations can be preventable.

One solution, to avoid the student loan crisis is to follow a payment plan. (inter) According to the New York Times, “How To Clean Up The Student Loan Mess,” Susan Dynarski points out that we could make it easier for borrowers to manage the loan system. She explains, that when borrowers fall back on their payments, they should be automatically enrolled in an income-based program (par. 11). Furthermore, Dynaski reports, that enrolling in an income-based repayment program simply cuts down the loan default from 21 percentage points to considerably zero points (par. 7). Similarly, all income-based plans offer to reduce monthly payments due to low income. Alternatively, if the borrower happens to experience financial calamity or unemployment, the borrower can apply for deferment. As a result, this allows borrowers to postpone payments for up to three years. Also, the borrowers can explore cost-reduction alternatives by taking advanced classes in high school, and earning those advanced credits can reduce college expenses (Johnson et al 195). However, this allows the borrower to graduate sooner which saves the borrower money. In addition, another online resource that can be helpful to students may be the Federal Student Loan Estimator, which allows the student to calculate payments.

Another solution is to be educated about student loans. According to the article, “The Right Way To Borrow For College” Sandra Block suggests discovering loans with advantageous terms and reducing the act of borrowing money (par. 2). For instance, being educated about loans has many advantages. Such as being eligible for repayment plans and getting debt forgiven. In addition, choosing federal government loans first allows borrowers student loans to be discharged if the borrower passes on (Block par. 3). Alternatively, Perkins Loans allows undergraduates to receive up to $5,000 per year for a maximum of $27,000, also borrowers get a nine-month period to repay and have up to 10 years to pay them off after graduating or leaving school (Block par. 5). Similarly to Perkins Loans, Direct Subsidized Loans also includes borrower’s interest being paid for by the government while in school (Block par. 8). In contrast, Direct Unsubsidized Loans does not include government paying interest while in school (Block par. 9). Furthermore, A previous study (Andruska et al., 2014) states the lack of knowledge about different types of loans and options for college, many students stated they did not question what loans they were getting or even asked about other types of loans. Another student stated they knew nothing about student loans and would be graduating with a lot of debt. Also, the student knew of subsidized and unsubsidized, but could not be able to explain if the student was asked what it was. (Johnson et al. 191). Alternatively, students rely on their parents, and their decisions are influenced by them. Furthermore, one student stated that she just signed the loan contract because she trusted her parents and did not educate herself about loans. (Johnson et al. 191). Also, many students feel obligated to choose careers that are chosen by their parents. As a result, the student ends up switching careers and starting all over. Consequently, this can result in more debt and a waste of money (Johnson et al. 185). Furthermore, educators and financial aid advisors can be helpful to students by giving them alternatives and helping them choose what loan best suits the borrowers (Johnson et al. 194).

One of the best solutions is to live on a budget. For example, according to the article, “Navigating The Student Loan Mess” Anne Smith argues that millennials prefer to pay monthly bills for gym memberships or cable services but would not save up for college (par. 6). This attitude shows students need to live on a budget and prioritize college. Furthermore, living the “college lifestyle” benefits the borrower in a lot of ways, Such as borrowing as little as possible. As a result, this allows the borrower to repay on time due to money being affordable. One way to budget is to explain in the article, “Navigating The Student Loan Mess,” written by Anne Smith, who states keeping track of all finances on a dashboard, helps the borrower to track their progress (par. 4). Therefore, students knowing how much they owe can help them keep track of how their monthly payments.

In the meantime, students can find jobs that pay some percentage of debt or offer forgiveness. Besides, borrowers who worked 10 years for the government or a nonprofit may qualify for debt forgiveness (Block par. 17). More importantly, pay as you earn that way you qualify for debt forgiveness faster. Also under any circumstance, federal loans qualify for forgiveness. Similarly, working full-time public service with Perkins loans can get debt forgiven fully (Block par. 5). In addition, most forgiveness programs do not have the same requirements or conditions make sure to research the forgiveness program before pursuing. Furthermore, According to USA Today, full-time undergraduate employees can receive up to $3,000 each year and up to $5,250 for graduate courses. Also, workers who work at Walmart or Sam’s Club and who studied at American Public University may be eligible to receive a grant that covers 15% (Shawn par. 2) Similarly, Chipotle employees receive up to $5, 250 per year for educational expenses (Shawn par. 3) Also, the company offers programs and degrees from many universities in partnership with Guild education. However, in most cases, students need to be employed for a certain period with their company to receive tuition and must maintain average grade points (Shawn par. 3)

Lastly, students could put away money towards student loans. As soon as borrowers start saving from early adulthood, they can save up to six figures worth of wealth. (Johnson et al. 195). Alternatively, students can use money from savings if they do not qualify for loans. Also, students should avoid using student loan money for non-school-related expenses. While that might be the only option they have. As a result compound interest works against them when debt is overdue (Johnson et al. 195). In addition, several students mentioned until their student loans are repaid, they may be unable to save (Johnson et al. 195). However, educators should mention to students in high school that saving can be a lifesaver. Also, students can use online calculators that show their interest, this may be helpful to students visually.

In conclusion, even though student loan borrowers are in default it is preventable and can be solved. However, as I mentioned before following a payment plan, living on a budget, being educated about students, finding jobs that offer forgiveness or pay debt, and lastly saving money. Thus all I mentioned above regard student loan debt solutions.

Work cited page

1. Administrator, dallasnews. “Navigating the Student Loan Mess.” Dallas News, Dallas News, 27 Aug. 2019, www.dallasnews.com/business/personal-finance/2014/10/04/navigating-the-student-loan-mess/.
2. Block, Sandra. “The Right Way to Borrow for College.” Kiplinger’s Personal Finance, 10 Sept. 2014,www.kiplinger.com/article/college/T014-C000-S002-best-college-values-2019.html
3. Carter, Shawn. “These Companies Will Help You Pay to Go to College.” CMBC Make it, 23 Aug. 2017, www.cnbc.com/2017/08/23/these-companies-pay-for-college-tuition.html
4. Dynarski, Susan. “How to Clean Up the Student Loan Mess.” New York Times, 6 Apr. 2018,www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/business/how-to-clean-up-the-student-loan-mess.html
5. Johnson, et al. “What are Student Loan Borrowers Thinking?” Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, vol. 27, no. 2, 2016, pp. 184-198, doi: 10.1891/1052-3073.27.2.184

Abstract

This paper talks about the way students respond to university workloads. Programs offered in a university can be very demanding, in terms of classes, assignments and other tasks not scheduled throughout the semester. In response to this heavy schedule, students often depend on unhealthy ways to complete the tasks in time. Students consume caffeine to stay alert while doing their work, but sometimes they use excessive amounts of caffeine in order to meet the deadlines. Even though overconsumption of caffeine allows students to stay awake and complete their work, it affects their health negatively. For instance, cardiovascular health, anxiety, and sleep deprivation are some of the health problems caused by caffeine overconsumption. Therefore, in order to avoid negative effects on health, a better solution is to train students to manage their time and avoid working late. Moreover, the transition from high school to university life can be difficult; therefore, training programs should be conducted before students enroll in a university.

Work, Health and Time: Overuse of Caffeine in University Students

The fastest-growing population of caffeine users is adolescents. Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world, which is available in different types of drinks. Apart from coffee, caffeine is generally consumed through soft drinks, tea, chocolate, and particularly energy drinks. Caffeine increases mental alertness and relieves physical and mental fatigue. This mental alertness and relief from fatigue is appealing to students. One of the most important responsibilities of university students is to prioritize their activities in order to manage their time and maintain a congruous and balanced lifestyle. It gets challenging for students to juggle these priorities, such as family, work, and academic studies. Furthermore, having a lot of work piled up for students can affect their physical and mental health, for instance, students often don’t get enough sleep, which causes poor eating habits and also leads to stress. Due to time constraints and poor planning, university students look for unhealthy ways to complete their work. Thus, this negative consequence begs the question: To what extent are students pressured by universities, how do students react to this pressure and what can be a better solution for tackling the academic objectives? In this paper, I will argue that student expectations from the university make it difficult to manage time efficiently. Therefore, they often turn to overconsumption of caffeine, which has a negative effect on their health. Hence, students should be told about time management skills, which can change their routine to avoid negative effects on health for students.

Workload from the University

In a student’s academic life, the transition from high school to university is marked as a major step. In this transition, the student changes from a dependent to an independent learner with a highly regulated schedule. Students’ learning processes depend on decisions made by them in a more responsible manner. University students often find it difficult to manage their time and complete tasks prior to their deadlines, due to the increased academic workload. One way to understand workload is the number of hours worked or time spent on independent studying (Kember, 2004). According to the Course Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ), the workload is defined as pressure caused by the demands of the syllabus and assessment tasks on students (Kember, 2004). However, the perception of workload for students is influenced by the time spent working on it, which makes them feel tired and results in having a negative influence on understanding workload. During the semester, the tension gradually builds up for students, as there are a lot of deadlines that must be accomplished as well as approaching tests and exams. Therefore, students look for shortcuts and undesirable study methods in order to cope with the excessive amount of work that is piled up.

As a result of having an excessive workload, students face a problem maintaining a balanced lifestyle. Commonly, students sleep less, juggling with various responsibilities to manage their time and complete the requirements. Statistics show that 74% of adolescents go to bed after midnight (Henriques, 2009). As stated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), adults need seven or more hours of sleep every day. However, assignments, accountabilities, and schedules for students can be highly demanding and can lead the student to set a lower priority for proper sleep. Students probably are aware that sleep deprivation is unhealthy; nevertheless, they willingly sacrifice sleep to finish the assignments. However, along with health, poor sleeping patterns are correlated with poor academic performance. A recent report by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2017) found out that having a lower GPA is common in students who pull an “all-nighter”, or a full night spent studying and working on assignments. The dreaded “all-nighter” is portrayed as an elementary pillar in the occurrence of university life.

Students React to the Problem by Depending Highly on Caffeine

In order to complete the academic workload, students depend on the consumption of high levels of caffeine, which allows them to stay awake by activating their brains. Students who consume high caffeine sleep less compared to students who have a low intake of caffeine (Caine-Bish, 2014). Sleep can be disturbed by the consumption of caffeine. By little consumption of caffeine, students may feel energetic but over-excessive intake can cause withdrawal symptoms. Students in the university are reported to consume high levels of caffeine (Lvyers et al., 2014). One of the reasons for overconsumption is that students usually are not aware of the consequences challenged by drinking caffeinated beverages and the input of caffeine in common beverages (Mackus et al., 2016). Beverages that caffeine has been added to such as energy drinks, usually have their caffeine content labeled. However, products that naturally contain caffeine, for instance, tea and coffee, do not state the caffeine concentration, so students over-consume caffeine. Moreover, overconsumption of caffeine affects a student’s health negatively.

Caffeine is ingested to reboot alertness and prevent tiredness, however, when consumed in high doses like 300mg or more (Lvyers et al., 2014) it can contribute to anxiety symptoms such as nervousness and jitteriness. Anxiety is a response that activates the “flight or fight” response in our body that makes an individual overreact. High level of anxiety and being sensitive to anxiety can lead to alexithymia, which is defined as “difficulties in identifying, describing and regulating one’s own emotional feelings” (Lvyers et al., 2014, para.1). Students who over-consume caffeine are more prone to have alexithymia compare to those who do not consume caffeine (Lvyers et al., 2014). Thereby, consumption of caffeine results in a psychological effect on health.

Caffeine is effective and addictive due to its intense effect on brain chemistry, which could lead to a negative impact on cardiovascular health and kidneys. Adenosine is a chemical formed in the brain and its function is to bind to the adenosine receptor and decrease the activity of the nerve cell, which would cause drowsiness. The nerve cell accepts caffeine to bind instead of adenosine; however, when caffeine binds to the adenosine receptor it does not decrease the cell activity. Instead, caffeine leads the brain to release hormones that would affect the blood vessels and blood pressure, which would cause an increase in heartbeat. An increase in blood pressure can escalate to a stroke and a heart attack due to the damage to arteries (Meija & Mares, 2014). Also, high levels of caffeine can affect the digestive system and can lead to rhabdomyolysis, the damage to muscle fibers, which results in kidney failure and further health problems.

A Better Solution is Time Management

On the other hand, time management is the key to better health and good organization of work. In this era, with advanced technological development, students are required to multitask and overwork in order to meet deadlines effectively. A better way to handle the workload and care about one’s health is to replace caffeine with time management. According to Alberti and Benjamin Franklin, in the 15th and 18th centuries, time was valuable and a utilized and respected resource (Green & Skinner, 2005). Time management is about prioritizing tasks, creating goals, and keeping track of the usage of time. The aim of every student is to complete the assignment in the given timeframe. However, students fail to complete goals because of poor time management. This leads to cramming for tests and students trying to complete their work overnight, which contributes to individual stress and poor academic performance (Kember, 2004). Also, the decreased quantity and quality of sleep can affect the concentration level during the daytime. Furthermore, students fail to adhere to their schedule as planned because they try to work on various tasks at a given time and some students procrastinate. Therefore, students should be provided with guidance regarding time management to avoid negative consequences.

Time management can be considered, as the duration of time students are willing to spend on their assignments. Thereby, there is a correlation between time management and conscientiousness (MacCann, 2012). Poor academic performance is common in students who cannot utilize their time sufficiently and this can be altered with the help of training programs. Training programs can be helpful for students to increase their work efficiency and reduce stress. Students are assisted to improve conscientiousness towards their work and develop their planning skills through training programs as time management has the possibility to be trained and can be changed over time (MacCann, 2012). Time management is important because it is an example of a coping strategy that helps to handle stressors. Training programs bring a positive change in students’ lives as they are taught about the ways to increase the ability to control time and prioritize work, as well as help decrease their stress levels (Hafner et al., 2014). Therefore, students who have no or minimal amount of experience with stress tend to benefit more from the training program compared to students with more experience in stress (MacCann, 2012). Consequently, training programs on time management help to improve planning and coping with stress.

Training programs related to time management should be held for students before they are enrolled in the university as there is a positive influence noticed on the academic performances of students after taking the training program (Goodwin & Califf, 2007). That occurs since; the GPA has a positive correlation with the time spent on working and in planning the day properly. Also, cognitive skills are developed through the training, which helps the students to analyze situations and react to the problem; likewise, it has a positive influence on learning outcomes designed for students. After attending the training programs, students reported using time management strategies frequently (Hafner et al., 2014). This portrays that time management training contributes to a positive change and the contribution of time and achievements received in a course will change throughout the semester. Moreover, having better control of time and a few changes in the routine can help to change the working style of studying. Students can have personal organizers as simple as a diary and a focused timetable that would help remind them about the upcoming deadlines and allow them to prepare for them beforehand.

Challenges Faced by Students in Universities

Students often find university education challenging as the curriculum differs from high school. In comparison to high school education, the university’s culture covers a broad course in a time span of three to four years, and students find it difficult to cooperate with the demands of every course. Even after giving their full potential, most students fail to achieve the particular target (Kember, 2004). In order to be able to cope with the workload, students spend their nights working on assignments with the help of caffeine. However, when caffeine is overconsumed, it has negative effects on the body, and acts as an addictive substance, just like any other drug. Even though caffeine is legal, it is dangerous when taken in high doses or mixed with other substances, like, alcohol. Various health-threatening incidents and deaths have occurred among students due to the overconsumption of caffeine, therefore, universities should consider putting a ban on caffeine on campus. Ban of caffeinated beverages will allow students to opt for healthier solutions in order to meet the deadlines. Even though there hasn’t been a lot of research done on how the university can improve its educational system, universities can make students’ learning experience less demanding and healthy by setting a coherent assignment rather than giving multiple and time-consuming tasks. Hence, students will be able to focus on particular assignments and avoid working overnight.

The curriculum and workload of the university are not the only cause of students’ unhealthy habits, financial management has also been an issue for students. Tuition fees have been rising due to the increase in credit card debt by the students. Student loans are not enough to cover the cost of university expenses. Nowadays, an increasing number of students drop out of university because they cannot afford the fees, and it has been difficult for students to graduate debt-free. Therefore, the expenses at university force students to look for a part-time job, as everything from materials required for coursework to food costs money. Students opt for higher education and expect that the university courses will increase their academic prospects as well as allow them to become independent. However, students who are also working focus less on learning. Employed students attempt to do their assignments in order to merely complete them rather than engaging fully with and understanding the assignment. Thus, the expenditure makes it difficult for students to manage their time, as they have to be responsible for their assignments and jobs together, which often causes anxiety. To avoid financial anxiety among students, universities should present various options for financing student’s education and make them aware of the emotional impact of carrying the loan debt.

Conclusion

How do universities pressure students with workloads? To what extent is health affected by caffeine consumption, and what can the alternative to caffeine be, in order to help students manage their workload? Caffeine is treated as a boost in students’ lives, a study aid, and a motivator at work. Nowadays, having work piled up and working on an assignment overnight by consuming caffeine has been a rising issue. One of the healthier solutions to cope with this situation for students is to be aware of time management skills. The purpose of this paper is to inform students about the negative consequences of caffeine on health. Also, as prevention from the negative side effects of caffeine, the goal is to spread awareness of the healthier solutions possible for students to accomplish in managing their workload. For further research, a survey could be conducted on the amount of caffeine consumed by students in universities. To add on, the survey could reveal the reason behind the consumption of caffeine by students and the effect of it on their health. Furthermore, more research should be done in exploring better solutions for students to complete their tasks prior to the deadline and a suggestion on how a university can alter its culture in order to decrease the workload for students, hence, allowing students to have a smooth learning experience in the university.

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10. MacCann, C., Fogarty, G., & Roberts, R. (2012). Strategies for success in education: Time management is more important for part-time than full-time community college students. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(5), 618-623. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.09.015
11. Mackus, M., Van de Loo, A., Benson, S., Scholey, A., & Verster, J. (2016). Consumption of caffeinated beverages and the awareness of their caffeine content among Dutch students. Appetite, 103.
12. Mejia, E., & Ramirez-Mares, M. (2014). Impact of caffeine and coffee on our health. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 25(10), 489-492. doi:10.

Description of the first problem

The first problem situation is about the use of cell phone while driving. The use of cell phone while behind the wheel has proved to very catastrophic to road users.

The habit has led to the death of many people. The common practice disorients the attention of the driver and endangers the lives of other individuals using the road (Cain & Burris, 2000). Cell phone use while driving reduces the driver’s level of proficiency to take control of the vehicle in a situation when an emergency takes place. More so, it increases the response time in such an instance.

Talking on a cell phone while on the road for an extended period puts the driver at risk of experiencing mood changes. Moods are essential in determining the ability of someone to accomplish duties efficiently. Thus, if someone driving is engaged in a disturbing conversation, then his or her moods will reflect this and he or she will tend to be more hostile and forceful to other road users.

It is important to note that the role that has been endowed to drivers is enormous since their actions have a direct effect on the lives of other people. Thus, using a cell phone while driving makes the drivers to treat such an enormous responsibility with impunity and ignore the dangers related to the practice.

Description of the second problem

The second problem situation is about the adoption of genetic engineering technology in food production. This technology involves the direct human exploitation of the genes of a plant material, using recombinant DNA techniques, in a manner that does not take place in natural conditions so as to give it modified or novel genes with beneficial characteristics (Parekh, 2004).

Genetic modification of plant material has been undertaken quite strongly over the past years as a way of solving the problem of food shortage in the world. This technology has been used to build intrinsic plant resistant attributes to pests, cold, drought, and other infections.

Thus, the technique has been employed to increase the production of food so as to meet the demands of the world’s growing population. In addition, to solve the common problem of malnutrition, the technology has been used to ensure that crops have adequate levels of beneficial nutrients.

Even though genetic modification of plant material has led to a major breakthrough in food production in the world, the adoption of this technology has aroused a number of controversies. Several individuals are concerned about the safety of foods produced by this technology because their possible health effects on other organisms have not been thoroughly investigated.

In addition, the use of this technique to increase food production poses some threats to the environment. Some of which are the unintended transfer of transgens by means of cross-pollination and the likelihood of plants developing increased pest resistance traits.

Using persuasive thinking to solve the first problem

Persuasive thinking can be employed to find a solution to the first problem particularly due to the increased dangers that using a cell phone while driving poses to the driver as well as to other road users.

This eases the process of convincing people particularly those who are in leadership positions to search for ways of solving this problem, even if it means passing stringent rules to curb the deadly practice. It is even easier to persuade people to stop using cell phones while driving, as they will remain focused on the road and their attention will not be deteriorated by any outside interference.

Persuasive approach to solving problems enables the concerned individuals to analyze the advantages involved in pursuing a particular course of action. Additionally, this approach makes it possible for individuals to analyze the disadvantages that are derived from their actions.

And, after looking at both sides, individuals can decide on the best direction to take. In the problem of the use of cell phone while driving, the negative effects of the action precede the advantages. Thus, it is easier to persuade individuals to stop using the devices while on the road.

Using scientific thinking to solve the first problem

Scientific approach to problem solving entails facts that are provable by means of conducting tests and evaluating their effect in the lives of people. Although the technology of genetic modification of plant material has aroused much debate, it is evident that it has led to increased benefits in terms of increasing food production to care for the world’s booming population.

More over, the technology has led to environmental sustainability and has reduced the dependence on pesticides and herbicides during crop production.

Since the merits of the adoption of this technology can lead to increased benefits to the society, the concerns that have been raised regarding its use should be tackled positively. As a result, advances towards its complete adoption should be made, but cautiously, in order not to ignore its long-term safety and environmental effects.

Reference List

Cain, A. & Burris, M. (2000). Investigation of the use of mobile phones while driving. Collingdale, Pa: DIANE Publishing.

Parekh, S. R. (2004). The GMO handbook: genetically modified animals, microbes, and plants in biotechnology. Totowa (New Jersey): Humana Press.

Complexity is now not what it used to be in the past; problems of today cannot be solved using the old ways of thinking. People who solve problems in face lots of challenges when it comes to decision making having to go through a large amount of information that they need to look at.

Words are the most commonly used form of communication. They are used to express ideas and it’s important for people who have information to understand the internal processes and mental models which shape the communication process and the ideas thereof.

Ideas pass through several phases before they are fully conceptualized. At first, they are fuzzy or vague and are difficult to visualize at this stage, graphic tools which use six simple shapes can be used to bring the idea to life. There are several graphical languages and notation systems in use with examples such as international travel signage and symbols for currencies of different countries.

It can be argued that words are not the only form of communication and they can be highly ambiguous leaving interpretation to context and to the receiver’s prerogative. Graphical communication begins early in life with babies and children using gestures, sounds and images to communicate right up until they have developed their vocabulary in school.

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniack’s use of icons and graphics in the Macintosh were the first to bring functional graphic which have become an integral part of computers and computing generally. We constantly face an information overload with more information than our minds can process.

Because this information comes to us in words which are organized linearly, it’s difficult for us to grasp all the information we come across. However these words that are representative of ideas and concepts can be stored in the mind and displayed in the form of word maps as our brains are able to discern that there is something useful in what we perceive to be only clutter, disorder and chaos.

It has been demonstrated that for ideas or concepts must be made visible as opposed to just being verbalized in words for them to produce detectable and visible patterns whose meanings we can understand. Information overload which occurs to all people at different times can indeed be very stressful probably because we don’t know how to organize and categorize the information and ideas in ways that we can use it to help us solve our day to day problems.

Graphics aid in all manner of applications where computer systems developers can use different shapes i.e. circles, squares, rectangles during the model building process to better manage the flow of information and to offer a much better cognitive response that by the use of verbal communication.

To manage the complexity, disorder and information overload we experience, the way we do things has to change part of which must be to free ourselves from the ‘verbal’ mentality and explore other ways to simplify communication. To go back to the visual world that we seem to have given up as kids acquires an integrative synthesizing dynamic.

When a graphical model is used, data, ideas and even invisible processes can communicate the structure of the complexity. When we use graphics, we are able to radically change how we interact and understand information that we receive and are also able to free ourselves from the narrowness of words, labels and classification systems.

The mind can visualize emerging patterns and linkages in seemingly random and apparently chaotic evens or ideas. Perceiving an emerging pattern is not necessarily voluntary and usually happens subconsciously. One sees something, dismisses it as an accident, the next time something similar happens, it’s dismissed as a coincidence but on the third occurrence, the mind perceives a pattern out of something that before that was considered random and chaotic.

This helps us perceive patterns we may not have seen. Similarly, when we use graphics to build sketched or models, the diagram is able to show us the big picture just by looking at it and by focusing on one part or sequence of drawings, we’re able to zoom in while still remaining cognizant of the big picture.

By using graphics in conjunction with words and phrases, we are able to see relationships and structure in among data items that would be obscure in text only situations. Detecting patterns in a text only situation is virtually impossible partly because reading and analyzing a large amount of text requires a powerful memory and the ability to absorb, store and categorize information as opposed to when graphics are used.

The use of graphics ensures that ideas and concepts are given form and shape and the relationship between the different elements is easier to see as they are well marked and visible. The use of visual information to enrich the graphics triggers long term memory and even more information can be added without leading to an information overload.

The use of graphics is also an excellent tool to capture our own thoughts and ideas as opposed to putting them down in words only. When we put down our thoughts and ideas graphically, we are able to alter how we perceive the information and this usually leads to greater insights. There are many obstacles to the use of graphical representations as a bona fide mode of communication in business.

Some people feel that graphical representations are a form of art and since they are not artists, they shouldn’t be using them in their communication. Others have learnt through the school system not to use them after being punished for drawing them during class. The majority of the resistance however, comes from individuals who believe that words and phrases are superior to graphics and are more intellectual.

To overcome this resistance, Graphic Tools which provide the mental and problem solving aids needed to generate multiple levels of understanding are used. The graphic tools can help identify the structure of concepts and ideas no matter how chaotic, messy or non-routine they are.

They help us to perceive the essence of an issue earlier before it becomes compartmentalized by the use of words and verbal communication; at this point the ideas and concepts might get lost in a text. There are six graphic tools with each having a different shape; circle or curvoid, square with right angle, square with curved corners, triangle, line, point and fuzz. They are a visual language that can be used to construct a model or a diagram.

Graphic tools can be used in group meetings where the traditional roles of facilitator and recorder are combined into one-graphic facilitator who takes two roles just that they use graphic tools along with key words to record what members say regarding the problem.

Introduction

The increased applicability of the suggested problem-solving method comes from its universal character (Five-step problem solving approach n.d.a). Crosbys five-step process presupposes the existence of similar stages needed to analyse any problem and find the most appropriate solution. Additionally, it introduces peculiar schemes for a person to remember the algorithm and use it in different situations (Five-step problem solving approach n.d.b). For this reason, the whole problem-solving process could be easily visualized by every individual who faces a challenge. The simplicity of the suggested approach and its understandable character along with the clear logic contribute to the enhanced results and the high applicability of the proposed pattern.

Advantages of the Suggested Method

The offered problem-solving approach has several advantages that precondition its usage in adverse situations. First of all, it remains one of the most straightforward and understandable methods that are applied to elaborate an efficient solution to the existing problem. Moreover, the Crosbys approach demonstrates the clear logic of the problem-solving process as it emphasizes the necessity of the comprehensive investigation of the issue and the main processes that contribute to a particular result (Watanabe 2009). Additionally, the advantageous character of the suggested method is preconditioned by the existence of the unified algorithm that is applicable to all situations. Furthermore, the use of Crosby approach does not demand any additional skills from an individual as it rests on basic analytical skills which every person possesses.

Disadvantages of the Suggested Method

However, there are also several disadvantages that come from the nature of the method and its focus on the broad audience. The lack of additional skills among individuals who use the Crosbys approach results in the impossibility of its application to cases characterized by the increased sophistication of the problematic issue (Lehoczky & Rusczyk 2006). Moreover, the character of the suggested solutions could also be too generalized because of the lack of in-depth analysis. Usually, numerous factors impact a certain situation and promote its further evolution. Their consideration is crucial for the improved outcomes. However, in case the Crosbys five method is used by an ordinary individual, the lack of his/her competence might deteriorate the final result (Lewis n.d).

References

Five-step problem solving approach n.d.a.

Lehoczky, S & Rusczyk, R 2006, The art of problem solving, vol. 1: the basics, AoPS Incorporated, Alpine.

Lewis, M n.d., Five problem solving steps – process & strategies for success.

Watanabe, K 2009, Problem solving 101: a simple book for smart people, Portfolio, London.

Videos and other audio-visual aids are referred to as postsecondary instruction. They help to support students’ learning and build on their knowledge through step-by-step explanations. Problem-solving videos (PSVs) are Internet-based resources that are used to assist learners in revising their knowledge of general chemistry. They can be utilized to replace out-of-lecture review meetings and other activities that prepare students for their chemistry exams.

One of the most crucial benefits that this method can bring is that learners can brush on their knowledge at the time that is convenient for them. In addition, they can watch PSVs repeatedly to dwell upon the assignments or tasks that are more difficult for them. Therefore, such learning experience becomes more valuable since students receive an opportunity to tailor it based on their needs.

PSVs are helpful to boost students’ understanding of algorithms during the second semester. The curriculum of general chemistry classes becomes more intense and requires multiple postsecondary instructions. Since it includes mathematical equilibrium problems, many students become confused with the growing body of the theoretical construct. Therefore, PSVs assist in avoiding the confusion since students can make allusions to their previous knowledge and by solidifying their comprehension of multiple themes. It is assumed that watching PVSs can be equated with having a private tutor.

Many students re-watch videos to further their knowledge before the examination and gain control over their understanding since such instructional tools enable the provision of systematic explanations. Apart from that, educators benefit from PSVs as well since they can allocate more time to other activities during classroom sessions. For instance, they can have more time for teamwork and active learning. The effectiveness of PVSs lies in the fact that they activate two channels of perception. In particular, students use audio and visual receptors to comprehend the information. In addition, they can analyze the information from verbal and pictorial patterns. It has been evidenced that the use of two channels simultaneously results in better memorization compared to the use of only one channel.

Introduction

It is important to note that Jo Boaler is a writer and educator who has received many prizes and awards. At the same time, the woman leads a movement that aims to change the way teachers and students think about mathematics and perceive it. Thus, during her speech at TEDx, she talked about the experiment she conducted at Stanford. Moreover, the speaker immediately announced that her students cried in order to interest people to listen and capture their attention. Hence, the experiment was performed with students who spent a lot of time studying algebra and really tried to improve their knowledge. However, the innovation was that Jo Boaler did not use standard tests to check their knowledge, but showed them a virtual picture with squares and assigned tasks.

Discussion

Interestingly, the students’ opinions were different, they believed that the squares grow horizontally, vertically, or proportionally. However, the speaker notes that two people in the group cried because they realized that the simple principle that explains the algebraic progression. Moreover, the tears were caused by the fact that these people spent many hours studying higher mathematics using standard methods, but most of them could not explain the arrangement of squares in the picture.

Then, the woman began to share her experience of studying at school, where children constantly learn new symbols and formulas, which makes them tired and afraid. Therefore, most of the students do not have enough knowledge of mathematics, because they consider this subject extremely difficult and boring. Instead, as a solution to this problem, Jo Boaler proposes to apply knowledge about the brain to make it easier to learn mathematics. Therefore, the speaker demonstrates a picture of the human brain and shows that two of the five brain pathways are visual. Thus, she showed that the brain can more easily perceive information that is difficult for it, which is presented with the help of pictures. In order to explain her argument, she gives an example of a rectangle and suggests using bright pictures to find all the rectangles depicted on them. The results show that this way is easier for perception and students offer many possible solutions. Thus, the use of visual mathematics is available to explain various topics, and resources for teacher or parent training can be found on the website of the university where Jo Boaler teaches.

In addition, the expert cites statistics as an argument for the effectiveness of virtual mathematics. Accordingly, a section with an attachment for studying visual mathematics appeared on the university’s website two years ago, and now almost three million teachers per month view these materials. This is because, in practice, teachers have become convinced that visual mathematics is a way to explain educational material to students in an accessible manner and to arouse their constant interest. Accordingly, this method allows to unlock the potential of even those students who believe that they do not have mathematical abilities. This is due to the fact that with the help of visual learning of mathematics, it is easier to solve complex problems and correct mistakes made, which provokes an increase in self-belief and self-confidence.

Thus, Jo Boaler explains why math can be such a difficult subject for some people, while other people can easily complete tasks. Moreover, she also shares the latest scientific research on the brain to demonstrate how mathematics is processed by the human brain. At the same time, the speaker demonstrated the importance of visual learning and the need for such a concept as self-confidence to obtain a positive experience of learning mathematics.

A Technique to Eliminate Math Anxiety

It is significant to mention that Dr. Katie Nall, who holds a PhD in philosophy, addressed the TEDx platform. At the same time, the speaker also has a mathematical education and received a doctorate in mathematics from the Florida Institute of Technology while working full-time. Therefore, the woman’s advice is extremely practical, because Dr. Katie Nall’s scientific research was based on the problems she faced in practice. Accordingly, the speaker, while writing her dissertation, studied the behavior of students who felt fear and anxiety in mathematics classes.

During the speech, the speaker with the use of humor notes that since childhood she loved and respected mathematics, but her students, even those who worked hard to pass the subject, hate this science. Hence, the speaker tried to give them mathematical advice, but this method did not bring the desired results. After that, the woman decided to explore a technique that helps to escape from anxiety caused by any other factors. The woman chose the technique of emotional freedom, which is a psychological method that enables people to get rid of negativity and unnecessary frameworks. Thus, they help to achieve the stated goal. At the same time, emotional freedom techniques are easy to use and require little time, although it is strictly individual. Dr. Katie Nall suggested her students apply this method in order to reduce fear and anxiety caused by mathematics.

The technique was to admit their mistakes and try to accept themselves with them. For this purpose, it is necessary to repeat the problematic moments, and in the end to note that you are safe. At the same time, it is crucial to tap on the points, moving along the same line, for example, the inner edge of the eyebrow, the outer corner of the eye, under the eye, under the nose, at the top of the chin, the junction of the collarbones, the top of the head. This is because there are harmonizing, calming, exciting, and signal points on the line, which all need to be activated. In addition, students who previously could not pass the subject, but now used this technique were able to overcome fear and received a satisfactory grade. Furthermore, Dr. Katie Nall notes that the students continued to use this tactic during their further studies, as they received successful outcomes.

Meanwhile, the speaker recalls cases when students thanked her for suggesting they try this technique. Some students hugged her, while others said that they also used her method outside the classroom. During the speech, the speaker also noted that this practice is common in many educational institutions, for example, in California, in some schools students and teachers allocate six waves a day to reduce stress and increase the ability of students to successfully complete school tasks. Moreover, the use of this technique is beneficial for students’ health. Since a large number of visits to doctors are associated with stress factors.

Conclusion

Hence, on the TEDx platform, Dr. Katie Nall offered a solution to eliminate math anxiety. At the same time, the speaker explained the importance of basic methods of dealing with other fears and worries. The emotional freedom technique is a powerful method of dealing with emotional problems that students often face when studying mathematics. Therefore, using the advice of a female is extremely valuable for people studying mathematics.

Problem solving is the practice of working through the “facts” of a problem or situation to get a solution. Problem solving entails the systematic use of “operations” to measure thinking abilities and skills. Problem solving practices help children to develop cognitive skills.

Polya’s model offers four principles for solving different mathematical problems. The first principle is to “understand the problem”. At this stage, the learner thinks of the best “strategy” to find a solution. The second principle is “devising a conceptual plan”.

The stage helps learners to consider the best strategies to get a solution. The third stage is “carrying out the plan”. This stage entails using the selected plan or choosing a better strategy. The fourth principle is “looking back”. At this stage, the learner examines what he or she has done to obtain the “solution”.

Problem solving in mathematics is vital because it helps learners develop high-order thinking and analytical skills. The learners also become critical thinkers and address the problems encountered in life.

Learners use various strategies to solve mathematical problems. The first one is “model drawing”. The strategy involves the use of visual effects. For example, learners required to add 5 to 2 would draw 5 and 2 cars to get 7. The other strategy is “drawing a picture”.

A learner can draw pictures when adding numbers. For example, a child can draw three and two pens to get five. The third strategy is “making a systematic list”. Systematic “lists” can help learners memorize numerical numbers. For example, a child expected to write numbers 1 to 10 could make a systematic list of items from one to ten.

The fourth strategy is “working backwards” as explained in this example. Jimmy spent five dollars to remain with five dollars. How many dollars did he have in total? The child will work from $5 and add 5 to get $10.

Learner in different grades will use these strategies differently. The first strategy is “drawing a picture”. A second grade science learner can use the method to solve mathematical problems as follows: A carpenter makes four pieces from a wood. How many cuts does she make?

The learner will draw a piece of wood and divide it into four pieces. The child will get three “cuts”. A sixth grade learner can use the strategy as follows: In a party, there were three couples. Every person shook each one’s hand once. What was the total number of handshakes? The learner will draw letters to represent the couples and handshakes made.

The second strategy is “working backwards” as presented below. A child had saved some money. His father gave him 10 dollars. He spent 13 dollars to remain with 7 dollars. How much had he saved? From this problem, the learner will begin with 7 dollars. The next thing is to add 13 to get 20. The learner will then subtract the $10 obtained from the father to get 10 dollars.

A sixth grade learner can work backwards to solve the problem below. Agnes, Ann, and Angel had some coins. Agnes gave Ann 12 coins. Ann gave Angel 10 coins while Angel gave Agnes 4 coins. They all had 20 coins. What is the number of everyone’s coins at the beginning? The learner can work backwards from 20 coins to get the answer.

In conclusion, teachers should incorporate problem-solving activities into instruction because they help sharpen the learners’ skills and competencies. The methods can also make the learning process easier. The learners can use these strategies to achieve mastery and proficiency in mathematics problem solving.

These general heuristics for problem solving are important because they can help people become critical thinkers. Such activities can help learners develop the best interactional and decision-making skills. They also provide skills for dealing with challenges in life.

The purpose of this study was to relate the model of problem solving process to Jung’s theory of personality types which identifies certain techniques to support individual differences (Huitt, 1992, 1). The study proposes that individual differences determine their approaches towards solving certain problems.

The author recognizes several phases involved in decision making. That is, the input phase, processing phase, output phase and the review phase. He has clearly elaborated on what happens in every step in the decision making process. However, the output phase and the review phase are not clearly distinguished.

These phases can be merged since they are addressing similar processes which are used in implementation of a problem solving process. This is according to the information provided in the article. In other words, there is a need for further clarification between these phases.

Another weakness of this paper lies on its assumptions. Huitt has based his study on Jung’s theory of individual preferences and their approach to solving various problems. This identifies different categories of people and their approaches in solving various problems.

For instance, the sensing individuals are said to pay attention to details and facts and select best solutions which have succeeded before (Huitt, 1992, 13). However, this study did not consider the fact that individuals may display different reactions to similar problems when exposed to different environments. The assumption that the prevailing environment has no impact on the people is critical.

In this study, the researcher has indicated that people who are mainly interested in their inner thoughts takes time to reason and to analyze ideas before they say anything (Haitt, 1992, 12). They take their time to reason and meditate on the situation in order to come up with the best solution. However, this may not always be the case.

We may encounter people who are less sociable and willing to have fewer friends but who may not be patient enough to take time in case of problems. This may be determined by the prevailing situations or other factors. For instance, incase of a big problem which poses a danger to an individual or another person, less time may be taken to react without taking time to weigh the situation.

Huitt’s definition for the problem solving process is questionable. According to Haitt, problem solving process can be seen as the process through which we try to remove obstacles which hinder us from reaching our destination (Haitt, 1992, 5). Haitt defines the problem solving process as the process through which we resolve a gap between the present situation and a certain desired goal, where the path to that goal is blocked by obstacles (Haitt, 1992, 5).

His definition is narrow and need expansion. He claims that the situation under question may not have been encountered earlier or there may not have been any known solution earlier. However, similar problems may reoccur but the previous solutions may fail to resolvable the situation due to changes in other factors. Haitt did not consider such situations. Since the world is dynamic rather than static, there is a need to recognize the fact that these changes affect how people handle different situations.

In order to come up with comprehensive findings, there is a need to take time to search what other scholars have written about the topic. This can only be done through evaluation of the previous literature. This study has failed to emphasize on this aspect of research. It has concentrated on one idea which was raised by Meyer. An intensive review of previous work which has been conducted on effects of individual differences in their problem solving process is vital in this study.

Another shortcoming with this study is that it draws a symmetrical line in people’s behavior with different temperaments. For instance, people oriented towards NT and SJ temperaments are said to be structured, linear, rational and goal oriented while solving problems (Haitt, 1992, 24).

On the other hand, people with NF and SP temperaments are perceived to be tactical creative and more parallel and holistic in problem solving. However, it is not realistic to draw a symmetrical line in the human behavior. There is a need to recognize some cases where we may have people with similar temperaments but having different ways of approaching problems. Haitt did not recognize such situations.

In conclusion, these shortcomings clearly indicate that this study has loopholes which need to be filled in order to make the article more reliable. The article has a satisfactory title which gives the reader an insight of what he or she should expect to find in the body. The abstract provided is also satisfactory and has clearly summarized the content of the research which readers can use to judge whether to read the full, article.

However, this discussion has indicated that there are a number of fields where study suffers shortcomings. These shortcomings are based on the assumptions as well as the key facts proposed by the study. There is a need to re-evaluate the study in order to validate its content. Otherwise the content will be unreliable.

Reference

Huitt, W. (1992). Problem solving and decision making: Consideration of individual differences using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Journal of Psychological Type, 24, 33-44.