Category: Pressure

Can group pressure only be bad or can group pressure also be good? In the article “Salvation” by Langston Hughes, Hughes uses a personal experience with group pressure which can be looked as bad. Author Langston Hughes wrote an article about how he conformed to group pressure at church and the after effects of conforming to group pressure (78-80). Langston Hughes overall tries to inform the reader about how group pressure is everywhere, causes people to do something that they do not want to do, and can make people feel differently.

Group pressure can be anywhere at home, school, and at work. In Hughes article, his personal experience of group pressure was at home and at church (79-80). Group pressure at home can be hard especially since that group at home is family. This can be hard since they are family and people do not want to let their family down. For instance, in the article Hughes is pressured by his aunt and uncle to go to church and believe in Jesus, which is what Hughes ends up doing (78-80). Group pressure at home does not only apply to family members; neighbors and communities can count as well. For example, the church Hughes went to was most of his neighbors and community expecting him to see Christ (79-80). Home is supposed to be a safe haven for people and not a place where people feel pressured all the time. There are other places like school and work that also, have a fair amount of group pressure as well. For instance, school group pressure can include friends and peers. In school, no one wants to stick out, so people end up conforming to group pressure when with friends. In addition, group pressure in school includes teachers too. Since teachers are authority figures in school; teachers can pressure students to act and behave a certain way. This leads to group pressure at work. The workplace group pressure is similar to school group pressure. Peers are coworkers and teachers are bosses. At work, if people do not listen and conform to the bosses they will get fired. Group pressure is everywhere not only in certain places, which is one of the ideas Hughes is trying to tell the reader.

Since group pressure is everywhere, group pressure can lead people to do things they do not wanna do: such as bad, good, and difficult stuff. When under a lot of pressure people do not really think straightly. If a group of people is pressuring only one person to do something bad they are more likely to do that activity. For instance, if someone is with a bunch of people who steal or lie, that person is likely to also steal or lie. For instance in the article “Salvation” Hughes lied about seeing Christ to everyone in the church (80). However, Group pressure can even lead people to hurt other as well. Although group pressure can make people do bad, group pressure can also, make people do good as well. For example, when a group has a common goal that is positive such as, succeeding in life the pressure from the group will make that person to do succeed as well. Group pressure is difficult, because of the amount of pressure that the person has on them. For example, Hughes ends up getting on stage, which is difficult for Hughes because he had so much pressure on him.

Living with the after-effects of conforming to group pressure can make people feel upset, happy, and confused. Feeling upset can make people feel angry because they wish they did not conform. For example, in the article “Salvation”, Hughes writes, “But I was really crying because I couldn’t bear to tell her that I had lied . . . ” (80). Being upset can make people sad as well. For example, in the article “Salvation” Hughes wrote “I cried, in bed alone, all alone” (80). Group pressure cannot make people upset, group pressure can also make people happy too. For instance, the people who have the positive group pressure might end up happy with conforming. Those people also, might wanna also continue to do whatever the group pressured them to do. Group pressure can also make people confused. For example, in the article “Salvation” Hughes was confused about why he had not seen god and started to question if there was a god at all. The after effects of group pressure overall can be difficult weather people feel happy or upset.

Overall, Hughes is trying to inform the reader about a small part of what group pressure can make people do, act and feel. Also, that the group pressure people should watch out for is the bad side and he supports this with his personal experience. Although Hughes personal experience can be looked at as the bad side of group pressure, Hughes does not write that group pressure is only bad.

She changed herself not because she wants to, she changes herself because of how society would want her to be like. Every time she stares in the mirror it’s a different person, the old Jane is far gone. Her old self has vanished, now she just looks like a copy of what a “normal” person should look like. Cosmetic surgery has changed her life forever, it has gotten rid of her “imperfections”. They cannot tease her because of her looks anymore. They will leave her alone just because she has changed her looks and her body shape to their standards of what perfect is. Has her life changed for the better? or the worse? This is society now. Is this society forever?

Firstly, young people are forced to pursue in education until 16 then they can go their own path if they chose to. They have to stay in school to make the best of their education, in S4 students have to take exams that will make their futures better. It was shown that 1,000 pupils were taking up counselling session due to stress for the exams, the students told the councillors they were worried about their exam results and how they think their parents would react to the results. Peter Wanless, NSPCC chief executive, said: “Waiting for exam results can be an anxious time for young people and can leave some struggling to cope.

“Pressure to achieve good grades and worries about securing further education places and jobs can be too much for some teenagers to deal with on their own. This makes it hard for pupils to concentrate on school work and for the exams they will be sitting, it also shows parents being involved, parents usally wants what is best for their child but they also care for them. Pupils are just expected to walk into exams halls and be able to everything in a click of a finger but in reality they have to think and try remember what they revised for, that what makes it hard for pupils to sit exams.

Another aspect of young people being under pressure is they are pressured to look a certain way because of the way society now. ‘During our focus group conversations, we learned that young people don’t think about nutrition when it comes to eating,’ Len-Ríos said. ‘They think more about calorie-counting, which isn’t necessarily related to a balanced diet.’

Nowadays mostly everyone wants to have a perfect body so they do not look at how foods they think would actually affect them, people may think some foods will make them thinner but they could also be damaging to health. 35% of girls age 11-12 from 1000 young people from girlguiding said that they compare themselves and lives with other girls. Ruth Marvel, deputy chief executive of Girlguiding, said girls had spoken of the “increasing pressure to live the ‘perfect’ life online and the negative impact this is having on their wellbeing”, adding: “We need to listen and take girls’ voices seriously to protect their happiness, wellbeing and opportunities in life, both online and offline.”

Social media is a major issue, often we are comparing lives and looks to super models or celebrities. On social media you can only see what has been shown on a screen but you do not know what’s behind the camera. A college student named Madison holleran committed suicide, even though her instagram feed did not show any signs of her suffering from severe depression.

You usually think what you see on social media is true so you try and live up to expectations without giving it a second thought. This can lead to mental illnesses. Is this really what the world we want to be living in? Do we want to be judged on everything?

Additionally due to stress and pressure on young people there have been numerous amount of suicide rates, there were 29 deaths by 10 to 19 year olds in 2015-16, compared with 14 in 2013-14 that is an increase of 107%. Dr Maxim de Sauma, the chief executive of the centre, which supports more than 600 young people with mental health problems each year, said: “When young people with crippling or disabling mental health conditions are not given the support they need, it wastes lives.“People are much more over-pressured here than they are in other parts of the UK. Parents are less able to prioritise difficulties because they are under a lot of stress. It goes on from one generation to another, so the damage is continuous.” Pressure on young people can hit to the point where they cannot take it anymore resulting to take their life’s to get out of it. It is a easy way out of pressure and stress also it is an easy way to end things. Yes it is an easy way to sort things out, but it is not the best thing to do, everyone has a life for a reason. Pressure can also lead to smoking as people thinks it helps them to deal with the stress. Smoking can also lead to lung cancer in which can lead to death.

However pressure is natural in a part of life, almost everyone will experience that. Sometimes you have to try you hardest to work above the stress, that sometimes follows onto good results and rewards. Sometimes putting someone on pressure can be good because it can help to make them achieve greater things and help boost their knowledge. But putting to much pressure can be very dangerous, everyone has to think before they speak or do because it can affect other people in good or bad ways.

In conclusion the way society is now is why young people are under pressure and believe they are not good enough appearance wise and knowledge wise. The effects of pressure could be life changing spending on the situation.

Procrastination is considered a business killer that had gone unnoticed until recently. Procrastination is defined as the deliberate act to postpone needlessly the necessary work that one aims to achieve regardless of expectedly negative consequences (Steel, 2007). Procrastination can take various forms from cleaning desks to using the Internet for non-related work. These seemingly harmless behaviors are found to cover a quarter of most employees’ working days and costing employers around 10,000 per employee annually (D’Abate & Eddy, 2007). Therefore, understanding the factors and mechanisms that influence procrastination should be of interest to both employees and their employers. Although procrastination is commonly associated with laziness, recent research suggests procrastination as a behavioral byproduct of stress (Prem, Scheel, Weigelt, Hoffmann, & Korunka, 2018). Due to the association between stress and work demand such as time pressure (van Eerde, 2000), a link is speculated between time pressure and procrastination. Not only does this present study set out to investigate this link, but also the mechanism underneath it.

Time pressure refers to how pressed and pushed for time, such that people feel the need to work at a faster pace, but having less sufficient time available to complete their tasks (Baer & Oldham, 2006). Time pressure is considered as part of a wider range of work demands, which is claimed to induce workplace stress (van Eerde, 2000). Workplace stress is reported to subsequently link to procrastination behaviors (Beutel et al., 2016). The proposed explanation is that people are likely to delay important tasks when being distracted by stress (Verešová, 2013). Yet by putting things off, employees may feel stressed and overwhelmed thinking about what has been left undone. This vicious stress-procrastination cycle, when connecting to time pressure, implies a possible role of time pressure on procrastination. However, it is worth noting the need for the present study to extend beyond this association by exploring its underlying mechanism. Only then, an adequate answer can be provided as to why some employees tend to procrastinate more than others, varying in their appraisals of time pressure.

Built upon the transactional stress model, the AAA stress theory explained that the effects of stress depend on whether the situations are appraised as either hindrance (stressors related to constraints) or challenges (stressors related to personal gain) (Mackey & Perrewé, 2014). In this respect, the impact of stress would be heightened if time pressure is appraised as a hindrance or lessened if appraised as a challenge. Considering this and the ties between time pressure and procrastination (Beutel et al., 2016), cognitive appraisals should be measured as mediators between time pressure and procrastination. Simply put, employees are likely to procrastinate less if they perceive time pressure as a challenge rather than a hindrance. Furthermore, the amount of time pressure is proposed as a determinant of whether time pressure is perceived as a challenge or hindrance (Baethge, Vahle-Hinz, Schulte-Braucks, & Van Dick, 2018). A high quantity of time pressure is experienced as overtaxing and more likely to behave as a hindrance rather than a challenge stressor (Schmitt, Ohly, & Kleespies, 2015). Despite their relevance to the workplace environment, empirical studies about these mechanisms are still sparse.

A growing body of research has explored the appraisal mechanism underlying the workplace demands-behaviors relationship. For instance, Chu and Choi (2005) found that the level of procrastination decreased if participants perceived time pressure as a last-minute challenge/opportunity and increased if perceived as strain/obstacle. However, this study used an academic setting which can limit its generalizability to real work settings. A study by Paškvan, Kubicek, Prem, and Korunka (2016), which utilized a real-world setting (i.e. banking industry), found cognitive appraisals as the mediator between job demands and work motivations. Nevertheless, both studies used cross-sectional data, which could potentially generate participants’ biases and ambiguous causal directions between variables and interfere with their study results. Besides these limitations, these studies have not tapped directly into the role of cognitive appraisals in mediating the effect of time pressure on procrastination. Only one research (Prem et al., 2018) directly investigated this mechanism in which a diary study was utilized to allow the recording of employees’ thoughts and feelings in their real work settings, hence makes it easier than cross-sectional/self-report to examine the causal effect of time pressure on procrastination through cognitive appraisals. However, the insufficient measurement between variables within the same day weakened their causality inferences. Moreover, none of the mentioned studies explored the effect of time pressure’s quantity on the mediator role of cognitive appraisal. These methodological drawbacks have left room for further research.

In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, there are many “moments” where the author uses literary devices to convey how a few characters rebel against and conform to authority figures and peers and the values and expectations of Puritan society as a whole. Ultimately, Arthur Miller is saying that societal pressure can make you believe very wild things; societal pressure also can make people do some crazy things that they wouldn’t normally do without the pressure being applied.

One example of one of these “moments” occurring is when Rev. Hale has to sign away a bunch of death warrants just solely based on false claims that have zero evidence to back them up. He says, “in all justice, sir, a claim so weighty cannot be argued by a farmer… Excellency, I have signed seventy-two death warrants: I am a minister of the Lord, and I dare not take a life without there be proof so immaculate no slightest qualm of conscience may doubt it… I have this morning signed away the soul of Rebecca Nurse, Your Honor. I’ll not conceal it, my hand shakes yet as with a wound!” (Miller, 92). Rev. Hale has conformed to society’s pressure of from these claims and has signed away many death warrants even though the claims have zero evidence; He also has signed away the lives of many innocent people just because of accusations. The quote’s language supports this because it shows Rev. Hale realizing that he is wrong for crumbling under society’s pressure and letting innocent people die. Rev. Hale shows that he has good morals, but because of the societal pressure he had to turn away from his good morals and participate in the witch hunt. He also ends up signing away innocent people’s lives simply because other people decided that that’s what the accused deserved; not Rev. Hale deciding the course of action they should pursue. This is a great example that shows just how evil society’s pressure can make someone be and how it can affect someone’s decision making completely even though they know it is wrong.

Another example of one of the “moments” is when John Proctor will not give up his pride and lie on his name for the sake of keeping his own life. He is given many chances to lie on his name and say that he participated in witchcraft, but his mental strength prevails and he does not give in. He says, “I can. And there’s your first marvel that I can. You have made your magic now, for now I do think I see some shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs. Give them no tear! Tears pleasure them! Show honor now, show a stony heart and sick them with it,” (Miller, 133). John Proctor does not break once. He does not give away his pride and just lie to keep his life. He is strong enough to say no and set an example for other citizens that are being accused as well; A great one at that. Society’s pressure tears Proctor down, but he does not crumble under it. Even though he dies from not giving into societal pressure, it makes him the better man for being willing to do such a courageous act for everyone else. The language in the quote supports this because it shows that John Proctor has thought about both options he had very thoroughly. Yet, he still decides to go through with it because he knows that it is the right decision to make. Again, this goes to show how societal pressure can just be really evil because the only way people would let him live was if he lied on his name completely and said that he participated in witchcraft. Which, he obviously had nothing to do with it and they were only executing him based simply off of accusations; and inevitably costs John Proctor his life and leaves his family without a father and husband.

In conclusion, Arthur Miller believes that societal pressure plays a heavy role in our decision making and can hindsight our judgement because it causes one to form the same outlook and opinions as others. Societal pressure is mainly a negative thing and that is portrayed in Miller’s novel by showing that no matter how good a person was or how highly trusted they were, they were still executed if they were accused of witchcraft. Also, it is shown how much of a negative connotation the pressure has to it by the people deciding as a whole that the only way to “prove your innocence” was to say that you did, in fact, participate in the acts of witches. Overall, Miller wanted to show that nothing good comes from society’s unfair pressures

Social pressures are now greater on young adults today than in the past. Nowadays, most of the young adults are experiencing the feeling of stress brought by the social. Social pressure has a big impact on young adults from late teens or early twenties to thirties. In this era of information and technology, social pressure is getting more and more common in their life. This is because that social pressure is hard to avoid in their life and they do not think about it while it is happening. Some pressure come from family, friends, environment and others and all those factors will cause social pressure. The word “social” is relating to society or can be define as a needing companionship for the best suited to live in communities. In the other way, social pressure can also define as the stress given by the society. Therefore, social pressure is needed to be concern so that young adults will facing less social pressure and problems. In this paper, three reasons of social pressure in form of parental pressure, misuse of social media such as cyberbully and peer pressure will be discussed.

Firstly, parental pressure is one of the reasons of social pressure. Almost all of the parents in this world want the best for their children. They always put high expectations on their children either asking for a good result in children’s academy or equip their children with skills needed as they want their children to be the best in the class. Nowadays, most of the parents tend to send their children to attend all kinds of extra classes such as piano class, swimming class, taekwondo class and others. When young adults were burdened with those high expectations, they will start to feel stress and tiring. This is because that they do not want to disappoint their parents who puts hope on them. In fact, parents have good intentions but sometimes they need to understand the emotional effect on developing of a young adults. When children have no confident in themselves, they have a high risk of depression issues. It is healthy to want to bring out the best in your child. But sometimes, parents put children under so much pressure to perform well that their children suffer serious consequences (Amy,2019). Young adults may suffer insomnia and depression as they might struggle to get sufficient sleep while thinking too many problems. It is clearly to be see that parental pressure is one of the causes of social pressure among the young adults.

Secondly, misuse or overuse of social media will also cause social pressure among the young adults. Young adults are relying on all kinds of social media such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and others which have powerful influence on people’s lives. It is easy to find that some content may not be appropriate like violent or hate speech which are not suitable to be seen by young adults. The mindset of young adults will the affected and polluted by negative issues. Moreover, cyberbullying will occur among young adults. They will feel stress if they felt disturbed by others by having their privacy and share to the public. As defined by the Cyberbullying Research Centre, cyberbullying is “…willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices.” This type of pressure can leave your teen anxious, depressed, or disinterested in social events or school, and the effects of bullying don’t stop there.”(Netsanity,2018) Young adults will become sensitive and stress all the time if they were one of the victim. In more serious case, they will even commit suicide if they were overwhelmed with pressure. Therefore, misuse of social media such as cyberbully is also one of the factors of social pressure among young adults.

Futhermore, psychological pressure from young adults themselves is also one of the causes of social pressure. Psychological pressure is because of something that has been said or expected which overwhelmed their mind and causes them difficult to think. For instance, young adults were uncertain about their future. They felt lost and scrambled sense of direction as they think that their future is an unknown. Moreover, they have no one to guide them and they do not dare to ask. They scared that when they have made their own decisions but others or the society tell them that they are young to know what is correct. Young adults do not dare to face the cruel reality too. According to Alice (2016) stated that “One of the hardest things in life is not to know what’s coming down the pike. Unpredictability can be enjoyable at times, of course, and it is sort of a given in life, but it’s different when you don’t know if something bad out there will befall you. That situation usually just leads to stress.” Obviously, when young adults were unthinkable and unpredictable towards their future, they will feel stress and this is also one of the reason that caused social pressure. The reason why they felt scared and unknown to their future is they might afraid that they will be jobless or they have no enough money to survive in this world. Hence, social pressure can be caused by the psychological pressure from young adults.

As conclusion, this essay has examined the relationship between parental pressure, misuse of social media such as cyberbully, and peer pressure are the cause of social pressure and getting serious on young adults nowadays. This research has clearly stated that social pressure are really occurs among young adults due to the reason of the stressful lifestyle in their life. However, this research may not be representative of all of the young adults in Singapore or even in this world as everyone’s situation is totally different. All words in one, social pressure is caused by a lot of reasons other than the reasons that are stated above. Therefore, it could be better if young adult’s social pressure were reduced and live in happier way.

Worker’s wellbeing is a crucial aspect of maintaining an organisations long-term efficiency. The main reason for deteriorating work performance amongst employees is typically due to stress. Stress has been defined as a psychological state that affects a person when they do not have the adequate resources or coping mechanisms to deal with a specific situation (Michie, 2002). Recently, employers have been held accountable for employee stress and therefore, many have developed procedures to help an individual adjust to stressful work situations. High stress contributes to long-term economic stressors for the employer, resulting in increased staff turnover, unsatisfactory work performance and reduced customer satisfaction. Due to these reasons, this area of study is especially significant in identifying what factors contribute to high stress, and to what degree they actually influence the worker’s wellbeing.

Lazarus and Folkman (1984) stated that how people react to a situation heavily relies upon how they interpret it. Research has greatly focused on two typical antecedents of stress, developed by the challenge-hindrance framework (Cavanaugh, Boswell, Roehling & Boudreau, 2000). Cavanaugh et al. (2000) identified stressors based on their ability to support or hinder employee performance. The first category is hindrance stressors, which are demands that hinder a person’s ability to perform. Hindrance stressors are described as causing negative-related stress to the worker (Nixon, Mazzola, Bauer, Krueger & Spector, 2011). On the other hand, challenge stressors are demands that are interpreted positively by viewing the task as an opportunity and providing a sense of achievement (Webster, Beehr & Love, 2011). These appraisals have been shown to differ in terms of their influence over attitudes, motivation and performance of a task (LePine, LePine & Jackson, 2004). Therefore, a factor such as time pressure can be viewed as either a hindrance or a challenge appraisal, depending on the individual’s interpretation of the job demand.

Time pressure also correlates positively with some aspects of work engagement. Work engagement is defined by having an optimistic outlook and a form of enthusiasm that involves strong identification with one’s own work (Kahn, 1990). According to Schmitt et al. (2015), time pressure should be appraised as motivating up to a specific threshold and appraised as hindering to work engagement once this threshold is passed. Similarly, Gardner & Cummings (1988) also predicted that moderate levels of time pressure produce the most optimal challenge appraisal. Feelings of boredom arise from low time pressure and high levels of time pressure cause high arousal leading to avoidance of the task. On the other hand, Ohly, Sonnentag and Pluntke (2006) deemed time pressure as a positive aspect that enhances performance and allows workers to use adaptive strategies that they usually would not. This is further expanded on by Hall and Lawler (1970), who found that it resulted in constructive pressure when the task was complex and demanding which produced more work engagement, as opposed to tasks that were easy or repetitive (Ivancevich & McMahon, 1977).

When an individual experiences low challenge appraisals whilst at work, it has been suggested that procrastination comes into play. According to Lay (1986), procrastination has been defined as a mechanism that allows an individual to postpone important work, delaying the required goal. Procrastination is seen as a negative behaviour, which often leads to low self-esteem and low levels of wellbeing (Sirois, 2007). Eddy, D’Abate and Thurston (2010) stated that almost 80% of employees admitted that they use the Internet for personal reasons whilst at work for things such as shopping, reading or using social media. This has been attributed to boredom and a lack of stimulation during business hours (Metin et al. 2016). Individuals who do not experience any challenge within their work will often turn to other types of distractions. Therefore, employees that are challenged by their work are likely to display better performance and less likely to participate in non-work related activities. However, Seo (2012) found no distinction on exam results between a group of Korean students who procrastinated and a group that did not. The effects of low challenge appraisals on procrastination need to be studied further to uncover whether it is detrimental to work attitudes.

Previous literature has heavily focused on one or two aspects related to wellbeing at work however, has failed in displaying how the different concepts interact with one another. Another limitation of previous research is that time pressure has gained popularity in the view that it contributes to low levels of wellbeing. However, time pressure has shown to challenge the worker, improve engagement and lower procrastination levels.

The current study’s aim is to examine the effects that challenge appraisals have on time pressure, work engagement and procrastination in relation to wellbeing. Three hypotheses were developed to guide the study. It was proposed that more time pressure would be associated with higher challenge appraisal, allowing workers to feel more motivated. The second prediction is that higher challenge appraisals would produce more work engagement because the employee is motivated by the possibility of reward. Lastly, it was suggested that low challenge appraisals would be linked to higher levels of procrastination due to workers being less cognitively stimulated, resulting to more participation in non-work related activities.

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