India is the second most populated country in the world with nearly a fifth of the world’s population. According to the 2019 revision of the World Population Prospects population stood at 1,352,642,280. Population Growth is becoming a huge issue in our country and world today. The reason that it has become such a pressing issue is that our growing population needs a growing economy and has growing needs. As our population grows, the needs of the population become bigger. Very large population becomes a problem when there isn’t enough space to live, and not enough food and supplies to live off of. We can predict population size in the future by examining the recent past. This can give us good ideas about what we will have to do to accommodate all of the people in the India.
Present Scenario
The increase of the population in India country 1.350 million inhabitants and more specifically on New Delhi its capital city whose large population is expected to be larger than China population by 2030. This study used the inductive approach to research to analyze the globe cities and its many problems which must become business and migration centers from populations focused on single cities which are making economic poverty, public health, education system and jobs a problem difficult to cope with. This approach allows to be in line with the current demographic scenario which uses the international organization data to monitor the global overpopulation. The results showed that a timely control over birth rates and the citizen´s education might minimize the demographic impact that the world currently experiences. In short, this situation should be regarded as the problem of the century one due to the negative consequences that should be efficiently treated in the ethics, social, politics and human.
Key Issues & Challenges
To fully understand the phenomenon, in this essay on population growth we will discuss some of its causes. Understanding the reasons for such exponential growth will help us better understand how to plan for the future. So let us begin with one of the main causes, which is the decline in the mortality rate. Over the last century, we have made some very significant and notable advancements in medicine, science, and technology. We have invented vaccines, found new treatments and even almost completely eradicated some life-threatening diseases. This means that people now have a much higher life expectancy than their ancestors. Along with the decrease in mortality rate, these advancements in medicine and science have also boosted the birth rates. We now have ways to help those with infertility and reproductive problems. Hence, birth rates around the world have also seen massive improvements. This coupled with slowing mortality rates has caused overpopulation. This exponential population growth that our planet has experienced over the last 150 years has had some severe negative effects. The most obvious and common impact is that overpopulation has put a great strain on the natural resources of the earth. As we know, some of the resources available to us come in limited quantities, for example, fossil fuels. When the population explosion happened, these resources are becoming rarer and will one day run out completely.
Solutions & Suggestions
Better Education: One of the first measures is to implement policies reflecting social change. Educating the masses helps them understand the need to have one or two children at the most. Similarly, education plays a vital role in understanding latest technologies like Cloud Desktop Online that are making huge waves in the world of computing. Families that are facing a hard life and choose to have four or five children should be discouraged. Family planning and efficient birth control can help in women making their own reproductive choices. Open dialogue on abortion and voluntary sterilization should be seen when talking about overpopulation.
Tax Benefits or Concessions: Government of various countries might have to come with various policies related to tax exemptions to curb overpopulation. One of them might be to waive of certain part of income tax or lowering rates of income tax for those married couples who have single or two children. As we humans are more inclined towards money, this may produce some positive results.
Knowledge of Sex Education: Imparting sex education to young kids at elementary level should be must. Most parents feel shy in discussing such things with their kids which result in their children going out and look out for such information on internet or discuss it with their peers. Mostly, the information is incomplete which results in sexually active teenagers unaware of contraceptives and embarrassed to seek information about same. It is therefore important for parents and teachers to shed their old inhibitions and make their kids or students aware of solid sex education.
Conclusion
We, however, have to excel in many fields by making the most imaginative use of our large human resource. Their overall inefficiency and inability to put to good use the available modern methods and techniques have led to poor agricultural yield time and again. The situation is more or less similar in some other fields as well. If this huge rural population was suitably educated, trained and equipped in agricultural knowhow, the nation would achieve excellence in agriculture of an unforeseen kind. Last but not least, the government must realize that people are the biggest assets of a nation and provide suitable opportunities to them for turning them into valuable assets. Even though lately, some efforts are being made in this direction, a lot more still needs to be done. For starters, by emphasizing more on vocational and technical education , Indian could turn our educated people into a more productive human resource. The effort in general requires identification of areas and developing strategies and skill to put the cast human resource we possess to effective use. This way the burden on the economy will ease and the nation will have significant role to play in the nation-building process.
The word population is defined as “all the people of a particular type or group who live in one country, area, or place” (dictionary.cambridge.org). As we all know, nowadays, humans on our planet are ever increasing so rapidly at a very scary rate. In the past, the number of lives and the number of deaths were more or less equal, having the Earth’s population at a fixed rate. This was before the humans really started farming and other agricultural activities. After it was discovered, the numbers started to increase due to the fact that more food was easily available for more people. During the recent centuries, the numbers jumped dramatically reaching three times the world’s population, which was unheard of. The world’s population increased by 4.6 billion people in just the last 100 years! This huge increase in number quite obviously consuming lots of the Earth resources at a very quick rate increasing the chances of humane issues and scarcity of food and water.
Until the year 1750 our population was growing very slowly. There was even a time when there was no actual increase in the number of people till the 1000s BCE. This was mainly because of the spread of plagues, famines, poverty and unsanitary residing issues. The numbers of deaths balanced the excessive growth and lifestyle expectancies became very low. The high number of deaths were not directly linked to the fact that they were caused by diseases, but on the contrary they were actually caused by the scarcity of food. After the 1750s the world’s population jumped to a staggering number of 80 million people. This was mainly due to people’s effort trying to decrease the numbers of deaths per year. Which was mainly caused by the discovery of many types medicine that can be used to help treat those dying patients. This was due to the scientific breakthrough in the 1950s by the discovery of the Penicillin. In addition to that other enhancements have been made, such as the availability of food, better housing, cleanliness of water sources, non-public hygiene and public sanitation. During the twentieth century, huge clinical advances, in particularly the discovery of vaccinations which helped destroy infectious diseases. This also contributed greatly to the decline in the number of deaths. In the years between the 1950s and the 1990s the world witnessed an extremely rapid boom in population numbers comparing it to the last 250 years. As the numbers of deaths were only limited to infectious diseases and its victims were mostly young children.
This outrageous increase just many issues, such as the most important issue of overpopulation. It is basically defined as “to fill with an excessive number of people, straining available resources and facilities”(dictionary.com). Overpopulation is mainly caused by multiple factors which includes the reduced death rates and the huge improvements in the medical areas. These advances ongoing in every generation has definitely affected the humanity in multiple approaches. Such a has been the capacity to keep lives and make better logical treatment for all. A prompt final product of this has been extended life expectancy and the expansion of the populace. In the past fifty or so years, the development of people has blasted overpopulation. Every species, its life and death cost have constantly been fit for equalization each and hold a masses development expense that is supportable. One of the plain fundamental driver of overpopulation is the tremendous decrease in death rates. The results of overpopulation are truly outrageous. The most essential of these is the exhaustion of sources. The Earth can just deliver a limited amount of water and suppers, which is falling brief of the cutting edge wishes. Most extreme of the natural mischief being seen inside the staying fifty atypical years is because of the growing wide assortment of people on the planet. They are decreasing down woodlands, looking natural life heedlessly, delivering toxins and building up a large group of issues. The ones occupied with talking roughly overpopulation have seen that demonstrations of savagery and hostility outside of a war quarter have hoisted particularly while vying for assets. The other is the enhancement in therapeutic offices. Following this came the modern transformation. Innovative advancement transformed into maybe the greatest reason why the parity has been for all time exasperates. Science also transformed into a ready to deliver method better for assembling suppers, which enabled families to bolster more noteworthy mouths. Clinical mechanical knowledge made numerous disclosures approach to which they had possessed the capacity to crush a whole assortment of sicknesses. Sicknesses that had guaranteed loads of lives till presently were restored in view of the revelation of immunizations. Consolidating the blast in nourishment convey with less methods for mortality tipped the solidness and turned into the begin line of overpopulation. In any case, overpopulation has likewise caused its extreme impacts on our Earth. The most essential being the expanded an unnatural weather change and environmental change. in accordance with the center for natural assorted variety, ‘the greatest unmarried risk to the biology and biodiversity of the planet inside the quite a while to come may be overall atmosphere interruption due to the amassing of human-produced ozone depleting substances inside the climate. people around the field are beginning to manage the issue by utilizing diminishing their carbon impression through less admission and higher period. anyway unsustainable human populace development can overload the ones endeavors, driving us to infer that we no longer handiest need littler impressions, yet less ft.’ Every national institute of mechanical expertise of each prevalent nation in the universal has a similar feeling. Every expert restorative society in each subject identified with the circle of atmosphere supports it. Ninety seven to ninety eight percent of all researchers that are greatest vivacious in distributing in the zone of climate innovation think about it. The accord is unequivocal: human exercises are delivering climate substitute. The results of climate substitute are significant and far-achieving. Picking up learning of the most difficult way possible that we can’t separate the monetary framework from the biological structures that guide it, climate exchange, conceivably the best endeavor and risk humankind has ever confronted, has been left to a great extent unchecked by universal pioneers to hold unabated undermining the premise of progress itself.
A further huge hindrance led to with the help of the substantial population of the world is that the lack of latest water. The association between a progress in plenty that desires a traditional name for overwhelming water and water for developing functions demonstrates that the insufficiencies of water which can even be needed to impact distinctive zones of the globe might have pleasant results at the lives of many persons, which world pioneers ought to discover styles thus it’s visiting make certain and shield water assets for his or her international locations, or notice elective methods to seek out new assets of water, around chemical process. Headways at intervals the adjacent and round the world, persons can in like approach outcome in accelerated precedents of water spoiling. starting at intervals the time of 2013, there are a typical seven-hundred and eighty million men and girls WHO do not procedure reliable feeding water, the between time as around 2 billion people shouldn’t have correct water sanitation. Metropolis zones have associate excessive shot of water contaminations. Surge will carry oils, prodigious metals, and numerous controls, within the meanwhile as waste material water will spill into flooring water, conveyance very little scale creature, nitrates, phosphorus and indisputable designed manifestations. Squander merchandising will in like technique dingy gift assets of fresh with unsafe substances and prejudices unreal materials. it’s miles assessed that among forty to fifty level of all obtainable fresh belongings on this planet are dirtied (living Lakes Partnership). the entire of the standard full-check sweetening of men and girls staying in town districts and therefore the earlier dangers of water harms in town settings, can incite associate rise within the share of water that is not expendable in lightweight of debasements. it’s most significant that framework to confinement fresh contamination is about resources into at intervals the longer term, with the guide of each advanced and spirited nations. The weights which could be placed on water resources by means that of population can intent natural and every one matters regarded combat concerning keep observe of obtainable bits. Records of squabbles and battles concerning weaken resources dates reclaim to 600 before Christ, at the identical time Assyrians would harm, have, and eradicate water provides as a method to regulate musical organisation their foes beneath strike. America has recorded water need, and organized outcome of population and native weather trade, as a danger to the state over safety, understanding the foremost vital social and political disarray that saved water access will intent (bureau of defend). to assist shield countries from attaining organized war over water assets, government pioneers should see however water is associate obligated paying plus, and therefore the results that may occur at the identical time a restrained plus is abused.
As we all know the population of our Earth is in an ongoing rapid increase in the number of people. And this caused overpopulation which has lots of different disadvantages on our Earth as a planet by mainly sucking up and degrading its resources. This might leave us in only a few years with very limited resources left such as food and the availability of fresh water. Wars between countries might break out just to fight over what is left from these extremely limited resources. Legislations must be put into place to help preserve our naturals minerals and resources. Otherwise we will be left out with a dead planet drained of every natural resource possible. We need to work together to help prevent this from happening in order for us and our future generations to live a safe and healthy lifestyle without worrying about finding food to eat and fresh water to drink.
When I think about population control, I first think of overcrowding but further thought leads me to consider resources and life quality. The size of a country’s population affects many aspects of life in that country, such as the amount and distribution of resources, labor force, and ability to care for the aging population. Populations are becoming older worldwide as mankind has become more conscious and active in population control. China, Thailand, and the United States have had very different approaches to population control. These approaches have presented benefits and challenges in each of their respective countries. The way each population has addressed change and will change is also interesting.
Throughout history, China has taken a hands-on approach. When the population needed to be increased, they banned the import of contraceptives and publicly used propaganda to condemn their use. When the population grew and resources became limited, laws restricting reproductive rights were put into effect, along with punishments, including mandatory abortions or sterilizations for anyone having more than the allowed number of children. Being from a country that takes pride in its Bill of Rights, I have always felt this was an oppressive policy, but I must admit it was somewhat effective in China. This policy, in addition to the population becoming more focused on personal success, has also led some to choose not to have children at all. Population growth has now slowed to the point that China now has an aging population and more males than females. China’s one-child policy is coming to an end. The challenge of the future, even with change, becomes what to do when about one-fourth of the population leaves the labor force before replacement laborers are of age.
Thailand’s government while hands-on was less regulatory and more public relations influenced in their approach. I find this approach more acceptable. Using humor, constant information, and availability of contraception, something that was once taboo has become a common topic in public and resulted in the largest decrease in population growth. Allowing individuals and communities to take control of improving their lives, showed improvements in health and a decrease in infant mortality. Overall, it has been a successful and popular approach to population control that has yielded additional benefits to the country.
Birth rates in the US are low and the average age for women to have their first child has increased due to women seeking a career first. Birth control is a personal choice, but contraception is provided for free through some government programs, and information is readily available. Like Thailand, discussing birth control in public has led to greater public awareness, and like China, the goals of personal success have led some to choose to postpone child-bearing. The U.S has seen an increase in the aging population, however, even though the birth rates are low, the population is not likely to decrease due to present immigration policies. Population changes predicted for the US, based on current rates indicate that there will be no minority or majority. By 2065, eighty-eight percent of the US population will be immigrants or immigrant decedents (Gonzales, 2015).
Each of these three countries has controlled their populations and has seen a decrease in birth rates. China has unexpectedly found a potential imbalance in those leaving and entering the workforce. The United States also has a decrease in birth rates, but the imbalance has been offset by immigration. The current policy will change the makeup of the national population so that one ethnic group will no longer be in the majority. I think that is ok, as long as the Bill of Rights remains protected regardless of who makes up our population. If an aging population becomes more of a problem, as it is in China, the United States may need to consider setting a limiting percentage of people who are unable to eventually join the workforce, from immigrating here.
Controlling population growth is about more than just being concerned with a country’s birth rate. It requires considering the effects it will have on the makeup of a population. It also involves considering the availability and distribution of resources and the ability to maintain an active and productive workforce. I found the comparison and contrast of these three countries’ approaches to population control interesting and it made me more aware of other considerations, particularly in terms of how I would vote when I’m old enough and when considering future policies in my own country.
The Victorian era witnessed a snowballing rise in population. This unpredictable phenomenon was unique down the corridors of British history. Britain was sailing through a new technological revolution with novel scientific discoveries. They proved a good omen for the society and it became more civic and learned. Disraeli popularized the phrase ‘the workshop of the world’ to denote Great Britain at that juncture of history.
There were myriad reasons that added to Britain’s flourishing population in the 19th century. One amongst them was the in-migration from Britain’s rustic lands and other countries’ people as the Industrial Revolution was ongoing. Better job opportunities and better wages urged people to approach the cities which eventually lent the workforce to the cities and paved the way for the revolution to continue for an extended time. Similarly, industrialization and mainly the cotton industry also played a vital role in this dilemma. The burgeoning population and therefore the progressing industrialization were significantly interlinked. Firstly, workforces flooded to facilitate add factories, intensive agricultural jobs, and coal mining. Secondly, a growing marketplace for the necessities of life was provided, encouraging entrepreneurs to experiment with new techniques to enable them to supply more, rapidly, and cheaply. The expansion in population had its impact because it occurred within the realm of an economy that was already dynamic with ample resources and new development in steam power.
Post-revolution England had big cities producing huge quantities of business commodities which would then be exported off to Europe and other countries. This factor also made Britain make its mark within the world. People found a great opportunity for business there and it enticed the businessman round the globe, like a lighthouse, who began to settle there.
Furthermore, during the 19th century, Britain introduced a welcome policy towards immigration. The Irish were the greatest in number to settle there. Their immigration into England boomed after 1815 but drastically swelled when they came across the potato famine of 1845-1849. By 1861 the Irish-born population in England had touched 602,000 (3 percent of the population). Another cohort of individuals arrived to settle in Britain who hailed from continental Europe. In 1871, the Germans, after the Irish, were the subsequent biggest group in Britain with a gaggle of 33,000 people. However, after 1880, Jewish immigrants started settling in Britain in an effort to flee economic changes and political despotism in Russia and Eastern Europe and by the 1890s, they had surpassed the German community in size. Around 120,000 and 150,000 Jew immigrants settled in Britain mainly in east London and Manchester at that point. Other immigrant groups of note (albeit of small sizes) that settled and lived in Britain during the nineteenth century included Italians and Lithuanians, Americans, Indians, and Africans.
The population increase could be attributed to internal factors as well such as changes in marriage age, improvements in health, allowing more children to measure to adulthood, and increasing birth rates. Mortality rates began to fall and people lived longer and so did life-expectation at birth improve. Advancement in healthcare facilities, better food production, and livable wages encouraged better health of the people living in Britain and reduced the probabilities of death there. Death rates started stabilizing at around 22 per 1,000 between 1820 and 1870 which only became possible for the higher living conditions within the industrial towns at that point. The general public health campaigns of the 1840s started succeeding in their aim which resulted in a very drastic 40% fall in death rate.
In the half of the 18th century, the wedding age of Britons was relatively high compared to the remainder of Europe, and a large percentage of individuals never married at all. Surprisingly, during this time period, people started marrying at younger ages, and therefore the number of individuals choosing never to marry also fell. This eventually led to more child-births. Urbanization was growing more prominent and traditionalism was declining and this influence is believed to be the sole reason for growing out-of-wedlock births which also successively added up the population. Finding partners became easy as young people started crowding cities and had more meeting opportunities. This was barely possible within the sparsely populated rustic areas. Marriage and child-raising became attractive for the people because of the revolution. Growing economic prosperity allowed people to feel comfortable while starting families.
In a nutshell, the major contributory factors for the skyrocketing population were the state of the art living standards; more food, clean clothes, improved urban environment, high birth rate, low death rate, health service, jobs, and other economic areas.
Population dynamics can be a challenging topic of study for a variety of reasons. In any given ecosystem, there is a variety of density-dependent and independent factors at play (Peterson 1977). It can be difficult to analyze the relationship between only two variables, because the confounding effects of other factors in the ecosystem may influence the relationship. For example, birth, death, immigration, and emigration are four of the most significant influences on population size (Peterson 1977). However, immigration and emigration are difficult to measure in a natural habitat. Isle Royale, an island located on Lake Superior, is an excellent field study site for population dynamics because its isolated territory effectively eliminates the influence of immigration and emigration on island populations.
Climate change is impacting the growing seasons of the Great Lakes area (Wuebbles et al. 2010). In the 1900s, the growing season length in the Great Lakes was around 150 days in a year; however, in recent years this has increased to around 170 days (Wilson and Baldocchi 2000). This increase in the growing season means that plants have more opportunity to reach maturity, which translates to an increase in food for herbivorous species living in the area.
In this study, we examine the effects of the growing season on the carrying capacity of moose (Alces alces) populations on the island. Isle Royale is a small island that is inhabited by only a few types of dominant species– the moose, the grey wolf, and plants including grass, balsam fir, and maple (McLaren and Peterson 1994). In previous simulations of Isle Royale, it was observed that as the length of growing seasons increased, so did the maximum possible number of individuals. However, it is unknown whether this increase in population size is sustainable; therefore, the question is posed about how the carrying capacity, a measure of population sustainability, is affected by differences in growing season length. We hypothesize that as the growing season increases, the carrying capacity of moose populations will also increase, due to the increase in the availability of food and resources in the form of plants.
Methods
SimUText, an interactive textbook software, was used to stimulate the population ecology and ecosystem of Isle Royale. In the Isle Royale Playground module, factors such as the number of moose and wolves present, as well as the length of the growing season, were able to be manipulated in order to determine the relationships between specific biotic and abiotic factors on the island. There was also the option of running the stimulation for a desired number of years. The stimulation provided a comprehensive line graph that displayed the simultaneous changes in plant, moose, and grey wolf populations across time, and stopped until the indicated time interval had passed.
In this experiment, only the length of the growing season was manipulated. Five trials of carrying capacity were measured for each of the three growing seasons– short, normal, and long. This was done to ensure the consistency of values for each trial, and so that there would be enough data for later ANOVA testing. The short growing season was characterized by a decrease in overall temperature on the island, while the long growing season was characterized by an increase in temperature, compared to normal conditions. For each trial, a population of 100 moose was placed on the island, and the simulation was run for 50 years. A population size of 100 was chosen because the relatively large size means that carrying capacity would be achieved faster. After 50 simulated years, the population of moose had been stabilized and the carrying capacity had been achieved. To determine the carrying capacity of the moose population, the number of moose at the beginning of the stabilization and at the end of the 50 years were recorded, then averaged. This process was repeated for each trial for each growing season, for a total of 15 trials.
To analyze the data, descriptive statistics of the carrying capacities, including the mean, standard deviation and mean confidence interval, were determined through the software Statistica. Using this data, graphs of carrying capacity against growing season length were constructed. Finally, a one-way ANOVA test was run. This test is used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the means of three or more independent categories. In the case of this experiment, the single, testable variable was growing season, which was then divided into three independent categories– short, normal, and long. In the ANOVA test, the mean carrying capacity of each growing season was compared with each other. If the ANOVA test yielded a statistically significant difference, then the null hypothesis stating no relationship would be rejected, in favor of the alternate hypothesis, which states that at least two of the three growing seasons are statistically significantly different from each other.
Results
The mean carrying capacity of moose populations for the short, normal, and long growing seasons were 247, 583, and 868 individuals, respectively (Table 1). The confidence interval levels, based on 95% confidence of the mean, were 247 ± 2.37, 583 ± 3.58, and 868 ± 4.76 for the respective growing seasons (Table 1). The mean carrying capacity of moose populations showed a statistically significant increase from the short to normal growing seasons, as evidenced by the non-overlapping of their standard error bars and p-value (discussion
Analysis of the impact of growing season length on the mean carrying capacity of moose populations suggests a significant increase in the carrying capacity as the growing season turned from short to normal conditions. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the moose carrying capacities during normal and long growing season conditions. This conclusion is corroborated by the data because based on the ANOVA analysis, a p-value of less than 0.05 was achieved (overall, the results did not completely support the original hypothesis that carrying capacity will consistently increase as the length of the growing season increases. The non-relationship between normal and long growing seasons was unexpected because it was originally believed that an increase in temperature during the growing season should allow for more plant growth and therefore more nutrients and resources for moose populations (McLaren and Peterson 1994). Knowing this, there may be two possible explanations– one being that there truly is no correlation between normal and long growing seasons, or that some experimental errors may have occurred while sampling or designing this study.
Previous studies suggest different but not necessarily mutually exclusive conclusions about growing season and moose population dynamics in an ecosystem. In a study investigating the effects of growing seasons on sexual dimorphism, Garel et al. (2006) found that during shorter growing seasons, there was a greater difference in male and female body sizes. This suggested that under harsh conditions with fewer nutrients, the body size of male and female moose was more variable. In addition, the sex ratio was more skewed during this time, with the number of males in the population decreasing while females stayed relatively the same. Both of these imbalances may lead to challenges during mating and reproduction, which translates to fewer offspring being born in the generation and a lower carrying capacity for the season. The results of this study indirectly support our original hypothesis and some of our results. As previously mentioned, there was indeed an increase in carrying capacity when comparing short to normal growing conditions. This could be explained by a significant increase in food availability per individual moose. However, because the study on sexual size dimorphism did not specifically examine the effects of atypically long growing seasons on moose physiology, it is unknown whether it affects moose populations in a significant manner.
In a separate study on the relationship between climate and moose reproductive synchrony, Bowyer et al. (1998) found that the temperature levels during the growing season affected moose foraging availability, but not the synchrony of female reproduction. The study concluded that for some shrub species consumed by moose, a decrease in temperature and an increase in the shade was actually ideal for growth. If this were the case, it would go against our previous belief that an increase in temperature during longer growing seasons will facilitate plant growth. However, it is important to note that the researchers only carried out this study for five years, which is likely not sufficient enough for a time interval for truly significant trends to be established. Furthermore, moose primarily feed off of the leaves, twigs, and bark of trees, not shrubs (Wilson and Baldocchi 2000). In fact, the most favored plant species include balsam fir, willows, and maples (Peterson, 1977). To put this in the context of our own experiment, although this study may have found that some shrubs grow better in conditions similar to short growing seasons, it’s entirely possible that moose do not preferentially feed off of these shrubs in the first place. For this reason, although the conclusions of this study do not support our original hypothesis, it does not contradict it either.
Based on the conclusions of our study as well as references to previous studies (Bowyer et al. 1998, Garel et al. 2006), we maintain our original hypothesis that an increase in growing season corresponds to an increase in moose carrying capacity. The inconclusive relationship between normal and long growing seasons was surpseasonrising, but may be due to flaws in the experimental design, which may have skewed the results of the study. However, we propose ways to improve upon the design. First, running the stimulation for only five trials for each growing season may have not been sufficient to ensure that the data is reliable; if this study were to be revised, we propose to carry out more trials and sample more carrying capacities for each season. In addition, there were no conclusive statements in the SimUText stimulation about the exact range of growing seasons, in terms of days or variances in temperature. This means that while our original hypothesis may be correct, the difference in time between the normal and long growing seasons may not have been statistically significantly different, leading to null results when comparing the two categories. For this reason, a possible future extension of this study is to determine the approximate length of the growing season as well as the temperature range in which carrying capacity is significantly impacted. Then, referencing the current and projected growing season lengths as established in the research of Wuebbles et al., we can estimate the number of years it may take for temperatures to reach this level of carrying capacity in the Great Lakes area. This has practical applications, as it is known that instability in density-independent factors can eventually lead to instability in populations living in an ecosystem (McLaren and Peter 1994). By developing an accurate model of rising temperatures and moose carrying capacities, predictions can be made about when a species may face destabilization and possible extinction due to highly variable environmental factors. Subsequently, appropriate measures can then be taken to maintain at-risk populations.
Our experiment found that the moose population carrying capacity on Isle Royale significantly increased from short to normal growing seasons, whereas carrying capacity did not change significantly from normal to long growing seasons. The results from this study shed light on how moose populations are impacted by changes in the climate. While some may take the conclusions of this study as support that increasing global temperatures is beneficial for certain species, the fact remains that ecosystems are complex networks that are dependent upon the interactions of many types of organisms, not only herbivores such as moose. Future applications of this study can help model the influence of climate on many different populations, and facilitate the prediction of populations at risk of destabilization in an ecosystem.
One of the fastest growing tourism destinations in the world, Vietnam is known for its long coastline, old French colonial architecture, and vibrant, modern cities. Tourism has become an essential part of Vietnam’s economic growth as it moved from heavy reliance on agriculture to a service economy in recent years. The number of international tourists arriving in the country in 2019 was one of the highest in the Asia Pacific region, and the country’s tourism receipts are set to increase every year until 2020. Most international tourists in Vietnam come from East Asian countries. In particular, China is not only the largest outbound travel market in East Asia, but it is the largest outbound travel market in the world (Yang, 2019). Vietnam is the third most popular international destination for Chinese travelers, making it a prime spot for the location of One-Day Resort (Yang, 2019). Vietnam’s unique culture and natural environment make it a particularly enticing location for Chinese travelers. 54% of Chinese outbound tourists stated the reason for their last trip as “see natural, cultural, historical attractions” (Bing et. al, 2016).
In the meantime, domestic tourist arrivals are increasing rapidly, although inbound tourism receipts continue to surpass domestic ones. Especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to ensure that our market will not disappear if international travel is suspended. Since the domestic tourism market in Vietnam is still growing, One-Day Resort can make gradual efforts to capitalize on that market while still keeping most of the current focus on inbound tourists.
Targeting Market
We will be primarily targeting the market of Chinese international travelers, since they make up the largest global travel market (Yang, 2019). We will have a secondary focus on the domestic tourism market in Vietnam. Chinese outbound tourists tend to be younger, with 72% in the 25-44 years old age range and 90% in the 18-44 years old age range (Bing et. al, 2016). Two-thirds of Chinese outbound tourists opt for escorted group tours which can help bridge the gap between tourists and unfamiliar cultures. However, independent travel is on the rise and is most popular amongst the youngest, wealthiest, and most experienced travelers (Bing et. al, 2016). Therefore, One-Day Resort should seek to target both of these groups.
As stated previously, the most popular reason given by Chinese outbound tourists for their choice to travel abroad is “see natural, cultural, historical attractions”. A close second at 53% is “get away, take a break, relax” (Bing et al, 2016). One-Day Resort can attract tourists for both of these reasons due to its location in the culturally, historically, and naturally significant Vietnam and through its offerings within the resort. In terms of lodging, 3-star (or mid-tier) lodging options are most popular with Chinese tourists. The features that Chinese tourists find most important in their choice of lodging are security, cleanliness, value for money, convenient location/proximity to key attractions, and free WiFi. Chinese-speaking staff is lower on the list, at 20%, but it is still an important feature to consider (Bing et. al, 2016).
Chinese international tourists increasingly use online sources to gather information and make decisions on travel destinations. According to a 2019 Oliver Wyman survey, 80% of Chinese travelers share their experiences on WeChat, a social media and instant messaging app (Wyman, 2019). Additionally, Chinese social media site Weibo has around 573 million monthly users, making it the most popular social media platform in China (Thomala, 2021).
The Vietnamese domestic tourism market is much smaller than the Chinese international tourism market. However, it is rapidly growing, particularly during the period of economic growth pre-pandemic and in non-lockdown periods of the pandemic. A 2011 survey of Vietnamese travelers found that “a sense of family togetherness” and a need for relaxation were key motivators for travel. Additionally, employer sponsored travel and corporate travel were top incentives for domestic travel (Bui and Lee, 2011). These are areas which can be focused on in domestic promotion.
Situational Analysis
Economic Environment and Financial Environment
First we must state that Vietnam’s key source of income is tourism. This means that the organization will be able to enter the market, gaining a foothold in the quality implementation of business goals. In addition, the question is a developing one, where prices for rent or goods differ from European or American ones for the better. At the same time, a large number of tourists come to the territory of the state every year, bringing financial flows. This means that One Day Resort will be a profitable and efficient business in Vietnam. It is also worth emphasizing that there are a large number of attractions located in different locations in the country, therefore the main competitive advantage of the corporation will be the ability to stay just for one night, in order to continue the journey later.
At present, the hotel industry in any state is actively developing, which applies to Vietnam. In addition to other challenges, the areas must take into account the specificity of Chinese tourism in other countries in order to remain competitive. Due to overpopulation, as well as the fashion factor for places, tourist flows to Vietnam are changing in proportion, and Chinese citizens take the lead. At the same time, the tourist flow from Europe and America has sharply decreased (Majeed et al., 2018). The leader among Asian tour exporters to Vietnam is China, so it is necessary to take a closer look at the features and subtleties of this aspect. It is necessary to understand how exactly the hotel management should regulate cultural differences and domestic preferences in a way that is beneficial.
After the transition from a traditional economy to a market economy, many hotels began to apply the tradition of European service. However, in real conditions, due to the growth of Chinese tourist flow, it would be the best solution for One Day Resort to adopt a dual standard business model, one of which will comply with the standards of the PRC (Majeed et al., 2018). Thus, China is significantly ahead of other countries in terms of tourist flow to Vietnam and Asian tourist countries in general. This dynamic will only increase every year. So, in 2018, compared to 2017, 14% more Chinese tourists visited numerous places in the tourist part of Vietnam, where One Day Resort will be located (Kang and Du, 2020, p. 78). This is the largest figure compared to other countries, since, in turn, the number of tourists from Finland and Poland has decreased.
Cultural Environment
The cultural environment of Vietnam is authentic, distinguished by food and the mentality of the local population. However, many foreigners prefer to combine new experiences with habits, so this area offers potential benefits. However, the addition of foreign elements to the interior and cuisine of One Day Resort may be of interest to the local population, who will stay overnight at the establishment. Thus, it is realistic to unite the interests of foreigners and Vietnamese, having recommended the corporation in the local market. However, it is important to take into account religious and cultural influences in such a way as not to create a potential conflict on this basis. Like any Asian country, Vietnam belongs to the philosophical type of society, so there is an institution of the face. In other words, creating a misunderstanding or conflict can completely destroy the entire corporation in such a way that it will be rejected by society without the right to rehabilitation. As a result, for the implementation of the project it is necessary to involve specialists in cultural studies.
Mostly Chinese tourists come in groups, this is confirmed by statistics published on the official websites of many hotels. Since 2016, the gap in the number of Chinese groups and individual tourists has remained significant (Majeed et al., 2018). Therefore, when studying the characteristics of a Chinese tourist, it is important to understand that they prefer to travel in groups. This trend is unlikely to change in the near future, as there are many benefits for both the tourist side and the hotels.
First of all, it is necessary to study the social portrait and cultural characteristics of the Chinese. The main consumers of the Vietnamese tourism product are people over 35 years of age with a high income, mostly the average age is 50 years (Kang and Du, 2020, p. 47). When traveling to Vietnam, they are mainly interested in sightseeing (73%), local cuisine (64%) and shopping (56%) (Kang and Du, 2020, p. 134). An important driver of Chinese tourist flow is family: 54% travel with a spouse and children, and 46% with a relative (Kang and Du, 2020, p. 137). Therefore, One Day Resort should focus on providing family rooms.
As for cultural differences: firstly, the Chinese population has a more pronounced language barrier; secondly, the need for Chinese cuisine, TV channels, information services in Chinese, and the observance of their traditions. Finally, thirdly, the culture of behavior and the basic understanding of tourism (Majeed et al., 2018). The Chinese have a different way of thinking, imperial, it is characteristic of many ancient Asian civilizations (Kang and Du, 2020, p. 77). They have peculiar tastes, upbringing, and habits in everyday life, a completely different culture and a different mentality. For example, wiping hands on a tablecloth is quite normal and acceptable in Chinese society, as it is a sign of gratitude based on tradition (Majeed et al., 2018). In addition, tourists have very special ideas about history, culture and religion. Given all these features, One Day Resort, if it decides to massively accept Chinese tourists, needs to adapt its services to their needs. First of all, the hotel should have information in an accessible language. Since most tourists do not speak English well, and do not study Vietnamese at all, it is better to have information materials in Chinese.
Political and Legal Environment
The political situation in Vietnam is quite stable, despite the fact that certain sections of the population express their dissatisfaction. The main problem of the country is high poverty and COVID-19, so it is necessary to take sufficient measures to prevent these areas from spreading to business. In the first case, it is necessary to set average prices in order for the organization to be accessible to the majority. In the second, it is necessary to observe the necessary precautions regarding the virus, then the Vietnamese government will not have claims. It should be emphasized that the business niche under consideration is tourism, which is apolitical in nature and is not connected with the legal situation, therefore, with proper planning, any contradictions can be avoided.
Vietnam and China are constantly cooperating. Back in 2000, an agreement was adopted between the Government of Vietnam and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on group tourist trips, according to which tourists can mutually enter according to the lists in groups of 5 to 50 people (Majeed et al., 2018). For Chinese tourists, unique routes have been developed that are aimed at traveling to places of key events in the country. About 30 routes have been developed, including more than 100 objects (Kang and Du, 2020). That is why the issue of studying the characteristics of a Chinese tourist is relevant.
Technological Environment and Competitions
It is necessary to start with the fact that Vietnam is a developing country, therefore European and American technologies can create a noticeable advantage over competitors. For example, the introduction of robotics, fast Wi-Fi and household innovations can attract an additional audience. At the same time, as already indicated above, the corporation plans to set an average price and introduce a mixture of cultural characteristics of different countries. Together with the high technology of equipment in One Day Resort, the company’s competitiveness will be at a high level, but it must be taken into account that the niche in Vietnam is already occupied. This means that in addition to only integrating all schemes, it is necessary to ensure a high level of quality both in the services offered and in the conduct of business. The fact is that entrepreneurs in many states have already founded corporations on the territory of the state, so their weaknesses should be investigated. One of these is the lack of opportunities for a profitable stopover for one day. Therefore, the emphasis should be on this specific aspect of One Day Resort.
One Day Resort needs a website in Chinese, which will increase the recognition of the hotel among tourists from China and lead to an increase in Chinese tourist flow, and, as a result, will bring additional income. An important addition will be signs, information brochures, business cards, guest questionnaires, TV channels (Majeed et al., 2018). One of the hotel staff must speak Chinese or it is important that there is a technical possibility of translating from Chinese into other languages. Now there are different Chinese language courses for hoteliers. To create an incentive for the development of a specialist, this can be interpreted as a way to improve the skills of the hotel industry staff. In turn, this should provide a higher salary for the employee. Finally, another criterion for a hotel to be adapted to Chinese tourists is the availability of a convenient payment method for them.
One Day Resort must have in the list of services:
Free Wi-Fi;
Adapters or electrical sockets conforming to Chinese standards;
Breakfast adapted to Chinese cuisine (Majeed et al., 2018);
Slippers in the room.
Since the Chinese have their own specific cultural characteristics, it is important for the hotel to pay attention to these differences and take into account the mentality of such tourists. For example, a separate block or floor can be allocated for Chinese guests so that there are no noise complaints from other visitors (Kang and Du, 2020, p. 83). Constantly check the numbers of the Chinese and impose fines for damage to property. An important condition is the placement of signs in Chinese warning about the ban on smoking in the rooms. Taking into account all these aspects related to Chinese characteristics will allow One Day Resort to increase its competitiveness. In turn, this will allow the organization to take a leadership position, since the flow of tourists is very large and therefore profitable. Finally, it is important to emphasize that among the other organizations based in Vietnam, there is no Chinese thematic, which means niche freedom.
Marketing Plan
After careful consideration to implement this service One Day Resort, we will equally assess how to market it.
Market Entry Strategy
One-Day Resort plans to enter the market by offering a soft-opening to invited groups/individuals only. These invitations will go out to selected influencers (also part of our promotion strategies) where they can enjoy a stay for free, then share their experience online. Travel agencies will also get the chance to invite their valuable clients to this trip at a discounted rate. We will open up more availability as we make more appearances on social media and TV advertisments.
Product Decision
One-Day Resort is an all-inclusive stay with many more features and amenities other than a place to sleep. As mentioned earlier, 20% of the Chinese travelers find it is essential to have Chinese-speaking staff available and we want to be able to provide this service to them. Not many resorts in Vietnam have this option which is a big inconvenience for non-English or non-Vietnamese speaking travelers. This will offer a smooth check-in process and positive customer service for all visistors.
Karaoke is the most popular entertainment in China, offering 24-hours private and public karaoke rooms can attract more travelers into booking. Karaoke in China is seen as a family-orientated activity where family and friends can gather together and enjoy hours of sessions where they can sing, laugh and eat all at the same time. Besides all the fun in-door activities, we consider a beautiful outdoor space to be valuable to our customers. During the day, it can be used as a space to meet new people, hang out and relax with an outdoor bar and live music performance. At night, it can be transformed into a hip nightclub or swanky lounge for the nightlife-lovers.
Pricing Decision
As mentioned in the targeting market, One-Day Resort wants to be able to offer affordable pricing at a comfortable 3-star environment. Our stays will be offered at a competitive rate with membership holders. By offering one flat rate, visitors will be able to enjoy all the amenities without leaving the resort. Amenities include spa, cafe, restaurants, entertainment, and many more. While cash and credit cards have been the assumed payment method for travelers, global travelers are increasingly embracing alternative payment methods. And same with Chinese travelers. One-Day Resort will introduce the most popular alternative payment method, Alipay to all Chinese travelers booking directly.
Alipay is payments affiliate of China’s Alibaba ecommerce group and China’s leading alternative payment method with an active user base of over 450 million, according to the company—may not be a popular payment method for travelers outside of Asia, but these travelers expect to be able to use it no matter where they are in the world. Worldpay found that 30% of Chinese travelers want the ability to use Alipay for taxis, while 14% want to be able to use it for attraction tickets, even while traveling abroad.
Distribution Decision
We will begin by opening a single One-Day Resort location in Vietnam to test the viability of our service. It will be located in an area outside of a major city with an airport, for ease of the guest’s transportation to the resort. An area in central Vietnam would be ideal for the “one day” concept as it can act as a stopover for tourists who tend to travel from Hanoi to Ho Chi Minh City by air, skipping the middle of the country. For example, an area close to the city of Da Nang would be perfect. Da Nang is one of the biggest cities in Vietnam with a unique culture of its own. It also has immense natural beauty, from pristine white sand beaches to forest-covered mountain ranges. This fulfills the top travel motivators of Chinese international travelers as mentioned previously. If the flagship resort proves to be successful, other locations can be opened in similar areas to Da Nang.
Promotion Decision
Since One-Day Resort is targeting mainly Chinese travelers to Vietnam, we will want to make appearances on the Chinese social media. With the rising use of social media in China, One-Day Resort will be marketing itself on Douyin (Chinese tiktok), doing collaborations with reputable influencers/celebrities, and devloping a loyalty program. In the past couple years, especially during the pandemic, Douyin has become one of the most effective marketing platforms for many starter businesses by utilizing famous influencers to promote goods or services. TikTok’s Chinese original version Douyin has gained a massive popularity in China. As of August 2020, Douyin achieved a total of 600 million daily active users. TikTok was the third most downloaded non-gaming app in the world in 2019. The short-video content format allowing users to share videos with vibrate music and effects immediately distinguishes Douyin from traditional Chinese social media platforms like WeChat and Weibo, in which the content still focuses on text, images, and longer videos.
In order to reach Chinese audiences, creating fun content on Douyin is important by inviting travel bloggers to get a first-hand experience on our resort and share it with their followers. This will help make One-Day Resort a must-go spot when visiting Vietnam.
Conclusion
In conclusion, after careful analysis of the market in Vietnam and popularity of Chinese tourism, the opening of One-Day Resort will create an opportunity offering Chinese travelers a one-stop stay that can fulfill all their needs in vacation. Through creative marketing strategies and special accommodations at the resort, One-Day Resort wants to become the top choice for foreign travelers looking for comfortable, safe, relaxing resort. One-Day Resort has plans to expand its brand to other east-asia countries like Thailand, Japan, and South Korea in the next few years by continuously increasing our market shares and becoming available to more foreign travelers.
Thus, in the context of constantly developing tourism cooperation with China, the adaptation of One Day Resort to the needs of the Chinese consumer is a profitable economic solution for tourist facilities. This requires a competent approach on the part of hotels and joint efforts with government programs aimed at attracting guests from China. It is important to remember that a standard package designed for the average Western tourist will not be able to satisfy the needs of the Chinese tourist. It is necessary to pay attention to the behavior of Chinese tourists and the specifics of their consumption of the tourist product. It is important for individuals to feel at home, watch Chinese TV channels, eat authentic food, speak their own language. All this should be taken into account by hotels that include Chinese tourists in their target audience.
References
Kang, N. & Du, X. (2020). Discovering Chinese culture in traveling. American Academic Press.
Majeed, L., C., Majeed, M., & Shahid, M. N. (2018). Health Resorts and Multi-Textured Perceptions of International Health Tourists. Sustainability (Basel, Switzerland), 10(4), 1063–. Web.
Automated teller machines (ATMs) are computerized devices that are used by financial institutions to provide their esteemed customers with the ability to transact without the help of the institution’s employees (Schmitz & Wood, 2006). ATMs came about after the credit and debit cards were introduced in the banking sector. However, this was not the case during the early 1980s. During this time, payment services were quite simple. It mainly involved bank giros, cheques, and cash (Baumol, 1952). Therefore, cash was mainly distributed through banks and other financial institutions. When ATM machines were introduced, they replaced the bank offices and provided the same services (Snellman & Viren, 2009).
Main
The number of automated teller machines has been on the increase since their inception and this has reduced the need of establishing more banking offices. The services provided by these machines are diverse and new uses come up as technology improves (Batiz-Lazo & Wood, 2002). Customers are able to access cash and make balance inquiries. Making money transfers and deposits are also made possible with the use of these machines. New technology has also enabled clients to transfer their stocks, dispense post stamps, and perform sale of concert tickets, among many other uses (Latour, 2002). The importance of ATMs may also be seen in the way they provide banking services 24-hours in a day and during holidays (unlike bank offices).
Despite the fact that ATMs have provided convenience to a customer and enhanced customer satisfaction, they have also posed risks to the customers and the banks (financial institutions) (Introna & Whittaker, 2006). There are several challenges faced by banks that affect the quality and effectiveness of ATM services. These challenges have affected the banks’ ability to integrate and maintain fast and reliable ATM machines (Alvin & Loebbecke, 1988). These challenges also cause the banks to provide poor financial services posing a risk to their financial standing and affecting their reputation. These are usually translated into losses that may hinder the growth and sustainability of the banks.
The issues may be both internal and external. One of the external issues that are associated with the use of ATMs includes ATM fraud. ATM fraud comes in various forms and may include distraction theft or skimming, cash trapping, shoulder surfing, phishing, pin interception, viruses and malicious software, network attacks, and pin cash-out attacks (Hamelink, 2000). Another issue that affects banks includes ATM crime attacks. These include physical ATM attacks. Examples include theft at the ATM, ram raid attacks, safe cutting and breakage, smash and grab at the ATM, and explosive attacks (White, 2004). Internal issues include ATM errors. These errors may affect the quality of services at the ATM. Some computer errors at the ATMs cause the machines to decline deposits and dispensation of cash to the clients. As the ATM functions are affected, customer satisfaction is affected as customers are unable to deposit or withdraw. Another issue faced by banks is their inability to serve a portion of the potential client base. This includes persons with disabilities. Some individuals may not be able to use the standard ATMs due to their inability.
Another error that has been identified as a human error is whereby the individuals loading the machines with money perform incorrect denomination of the notes. When notes of different values are placed inside the cassettes, the ATM machines would remove the incorrect banknotes leading to over-withdrawal or under-withdrawal. When this occurs, the bank may incur huge losses if the machine ends up dispensing more money than required. On the other hand, the customer may be inconvenienced if the machine dispenses a smaller amount from the required amount. In summary, the errors may be categorized as follows:
Mechanical – failures of the keypads, failures of the hard drives, envelop deposit mechanisms
Software related – ATM application, operating system (OS), device drivers
Communication issues
Operator error – caused by the customer
Another cause of concern for the banks using ATMs is the possibility of the customer receiving counterfeit notes in cases where the money is not checked properly. Several cases have been identified in different areas where ATMs dispensed fake banknotes. When this happens, this poses risks to both the bank and the customer. If the customer is unaware of the fake banknotes, he or she might use it elsewhere and end up getting into trouble with the authorities. On the other hand, if the customer quickly realized that the notes are fake, he or she may lose trust in the bank due to the unreliability of the ATM machines (Hatta & Iiyama, 1991). This might lead to the loss of valuable customers and gaining back their trust may be difficult or impossible especially due to the presence of many other financial institutions.
All these issues affect the ATM services in that they influence their efficiency and reliability (Boeschoten, 1992). ATMs are supposed to ensure 24-hour access to clients’ accounts in order to make banking convenient for them. It has been argued that ATMs are not only used for generating revenue and saving on costs but have also become the face of many banks’ needs (Kalakota & Whinston, 2001). The ATMs have also become the only form of interaction between the bank and some of its clients. Therefore, the failures of the ATMs to provide efficient and reliable service may cost the bank its reputation among its customers. However, the financial institutions that maintain their ATMs and ensure that they are reliable manage to maintain a good face and maintain their customer base. The increase in the use of ATMs among many different banks has led to the use of ATMs as a competitive mark. Competitive banks are those that strive to ensure that the customers perceive their banks as safe and secure. Studies also indicate that many of the customers are depending on and trusting the ATMs to provide financial services (Rasiah, 2010). Therefore, financial institutions have intensified their efforts to manage the risks associated with ATMs.
There are other specific errors associated with the ATMs. They may occur due to mechanical failures at the terminals. When this occurs, it causes several problems that include the following:
The errors may cause the ATMs to dispense less cash to the client. Despite this, the account is debited correctly.
The errors may also cause the client’s account to be debited twice with a single withdrawal.
n other cases, the account may be debited during the withdrawal request but the cash is not dispensed.
Banks need to perform management risk analysis in order to determine whether it is necessary to put in place control measures in order to curb the financial implications associated with ATM losses. This usually includes the formulation of a plan that comprises several functions. It would highlight how the bank intends to identify the particular risks and the methods it would employ to overcome the risks. It would also provide information about the estimated loss to be incurred in the event that fraud or errors occur and the recovery plan after the event.
Risks associated with the ATMs are usually placed at the highest risk category. This is due to the fact that such online transactions may be revoked once they occur. Another factor that makes such cases riskiest is the fact that an attack over the network does not require the fraudster to be present at the site being attacked (Damar, 2006). In order to curb some of the criminal activities, banks have implemented two-factor authentication during login. This is applicable to all types of internet banking services that require authorization. This initiative has ensured the protection of the confidentiality of the clients’ financial data. Management risk analysis also assists in the estimation of the costs of implementing control measures required to enhance the security of ATMs (Essinger, 1987). There are four main steps involved during risk analysis and they include the following:
Review of the environment where ATMs are located
Identify the crucial information processes performed by ATM applications
Estimate the value of the information used by the applications that require protection
Estimating the amount of loss to be incurred in case of fraudulent issues or system errors
During the installation of the ATM machines, management should ensure that the risks involved are identified and put in place (Boeschoten, 1998). Follow-ups and maintenance must be done in order to ensure that the control measures are functional at all times. Page and Hooper (1987) suggested that compliance testing was necessary. This involved the determination of whether the necessary controls were in place. It also provided assurance that the control measures were fully functioning. Banks also perform ATM risk management that involves the identification, monitoring, and management of the possible risk factors (Martin & Jan 1986). The three areas that are involved include general supervision, system administration, and transaction processing.
It has also been identified that many banks fail to employ the available technology to ensure that the ATMs are also applicable to the disabled (Rogers, Gilbert, & Cabrera, 1997). They seem to assume that all customers will be able to reach the site, see and read whatever is on the screen, and input the necessary details. Some disabled individuals may not be able to perform one or more of the requirements above. Some may argue that the affected individuals (the disabled) constitute a relatively small portion of the population. However, Van der Heiden (1990) disagrees with this notion. He argues that about 20% of the entire population is made up of individuals who have a form of disability that may make them face difficulty or become unable to use the standard ATMs.
Conclusion
One form of disability may be in form of illiteracy. In South Africa, for example, more than 30% of adults are unable to use the text-based ATMs due to their level of illiteracy (Thatcher, Shaik, & Zimmerman, 2005). Other individuals with disabilities include the blind and poorly sighted. Some financial institutions in the U.S. saw the need to put in place measures to ensure that the disabled also access finances using ATMs (Adams & Thiehen, 1991). This led to the introduction of talking ATMs (Johnson & Coventry, 2001). This ensured that individuals with vision impairments could transact easily.
References
Adams, A., & Thiehen, K. (1991). Automatic teller machines and the older population. Applied Ergonomics, 22(1), 85–90.
Alvin, A., & Loebbecke, J. (1988). Auditing an integrated approach (4th ed.). New York: Prentice hall Int.
Batiz-Lazo, B., & Wood, D. (2002). A historical appraisal of information technology in commercial banking. Electronic Markets, 12(1), 192–205.
Baumol, W. (1952). The transactions demand for cash: An inventory theoretic approach. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 66 (1), 545–556.
Boeschoten, W. (1998). Cash management, payment patterns and the demand for money. De Economist, 146(1), 117–42.
Boeschoten, W. (1992). Currency use and payment patterns. Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, 23(1), 244.
Damar, H. (2006). The effects of shared ATM networks on the efficiency of Turkish banks. Applied Economics, 38(1), 683–697.
Essinger, J. (1987). ATM Networks, Their organization security and finance. Elsevier: Elsevier Int.
Hamelink, C. (2000). The Ethics of Cyberspace. London: Sage.
Hatta, K., & Iiyama, Y. (1991). Ergonomic study of automatic teller machine operability. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 3:295–309.
Introna, L., & Whittaker, L. (2006). Power, Cash and convenience: Translations in the political site of the ATM. The Information Society, 22(1), 325-340.
Johnson, G., & Coventry, L. (2001). You talking to me: Exploring voice in self-service user interfaces. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 13(2), 161–186.
Kalakota, R., & Whinston, B. (2001). Electronic Commerce: A Manager’s Guide (2nd edn.). Harlow: Addison Wesley.
Latour, B. (2002). Morality and technology: The end of the means. Theory, Culture and Society, 19(6), 247–260.
Martin, R., & Jan, Y. (1986). Computer and Security Risk Management. A key to security in Electronic Funds Transfer System. Elsevier: Elsevier Science publishers.
Page, J., & Hooper, P. (1987). Accounting and information system, compliance testing in a computer environment. New York: Prentice Hall.
Rasiah, D. (2010). ATM risk management and controls. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 1450(20), 161-171.
Rogers, W., Gilbert, D. K., & Cabrera, E. F. (1997). An analysis of automatic teller machine usage by older adults: A structured interview approach. Applied Ergonomics, 28(1), 173–180.
Schmitz, S., & Wood, G. (2006). Institutional Change in the Payments System and Monetary Policy. London: Routledge.
Snellman, H., & Viren, M. (2009). ATM networks and cash usage. Applied Financial Economics, 19(1), 841-851.
Thatcher, A., Shaik, F., & Zimmerman, C. (2005). Attitudes of semiliterate and literate bank account holders to the use of automatic teller machines. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35(2), 115–130.
Van der Heiden, G. (1990). Thirty-something million: Should they be exceptions? Human Factors, 32(4), 383-396.
White, S. (2004). Thin newlines to end cashpoint muggings. The Express, 30(1), 20.
Winner, L. (1986). The whale and the reactor: A search for limits in an age of high technology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Population aging occurs when fertility declines and life expectancy increases leading to increased dependency because of an overall decrease in labour force. It, therefore, means that population aging is an economic crisis because it affects labour force participation in society.
When population ages, the number of dependants increases due to increased life expectancy, while productive population of young people declines. Hence, consumption capacity outweighs productive capacity of population in the society. Statistics has shown that, in the past century, labour force participation in the United States for men over the age of 65 has changed tremendously from 75% during late 1800s to 16% in late 1900s.
However, in the 20th century, labour force participation among older women increased, thus compensating for the decline in labour force participation of older men. Given that the retirement age is the determinant of labour force participation, increased retirement age would significantly reverse economic crisis due to population aging.
Although population aging has been an impending economic crisis in the United States due to the increasing dependants and decreasing productive capacity of workforce, trends in labour force participation have considerably lessened the economic effect of population aging. In the United States, several factors have led to increased retirement age among older people.
Firstly, technological and skill changes among workforce have significantly increased labour force participation since employees have high job satisfaction due to technology and earn a decent salary because of their skills, making them not to retire early. Secondly, couples who work together yet having different ages do not retire early because an older spouse has to wait for a younger spouse to reach retirement age so that they could retire together.
Thirdly, Social Security reforms, which led to increased retirement age, abolition of penalty at recommended retirement age, and elimination of tax on retirement earnings have made many employees opt to retiring at the age of 67. Lastly, increased life expectancy due to improved health status has made many employers retain their employees even at the ages of 70s because they are physically strong and able to work.
Budget Constraint for US Tax Structure Based on Income Brackets
The United States of America comprises of citizens from different racial and cultural backgrounds. The main objective of this research paper is to deeply analyze, compare and then contrast the customs, values and the lifestyles of the St. Croix Chippewa Ojibwa Indians and the Somali population in Wisconsin, USA. This research paper will discuss the two communities’ traditions, religions and foods.. Even in the face of modernization and civilization, it is impressive how they have managed to hold onto their traditions.
Results
The St. Croix Chippawa Ojibwa Indians
According to Barnouw (1977), the Ojibwa are among some of the largest Native American groups. They are a constituent of the Anishinaabe which falls under the Algonquian family. The total population of the Ojibwa in the United States of America numbers over fifty six thousand. Records of ancient history trace the origin of the Chippawa to the eastern parts of North America (Loriene, 2010). Their earliest homeland is believed to be on an island off the east coast called Turtle.
Tradition
The Chippawa were traditionally canoe makers as they lived alongside rivers and along the coast. Apart from their incredible talent in craft work, they also practise hunting, fishing and cultivate wild rice(Treuer, 2001). The Chippawa traditionally waged war using copper arrows until 1745 when they used guns acquired from the British(Densmore, 1979). The use of guns ensured their victory over the Dakota nation which saw the latter pushed further south.
The Ojibwa or Chippawa traditionally lived in localized groups mostly known as bands (Warren, 1984). While men went about with canoe making, the women’s place was in the field where they cultivated a wide variety of food crops ranging from maize to squash. Because they were settled in a place with favorable conditions for their existence, their main type of settlement was sedentary(Loriene, 2010).
The Ojibwa have managed to keep their tradition in various forms. For instance, they have composed songs that highlight the day to day activities that take place in their homesteads (Barnouw, 1977). They speak of the way things were done in the old days and the way they should be done.
These songs help to pass on the tradition of the community from one generation to another. The fire of their culture is therefore kept burning by any one of them who has learnt and memorized the songs by heart. Moreover, these people are extremely social and very welcoming to strangers (Treuer, 2001).
The Ojibwa have also preserved their tradition using rock paintings. Since they were skilled craftsmen, the Chippawa were in a position to record major events of their community on rocks especially those in caves (Office for state, tribal, local and territorial support, n.d).
Some of the things that these paintings depict are the dream articles (objects that interpret or represent visions or dreams), some of their iconic leaders and animals and birds that they treated sacred. The rock artifacts were always intricate, symbolic and rarely secular. According to Warren (1984), this ensured that the secrets of the subculture were not let out to strangers who may happen to come across them. The security of the community was therefore ensured.
Religion
The Ojibwa believe in the existence of a supreme being who created the earth and everything that is in it(Treuer, 2001). They believe that this creator, called Gi’-tchie Man-i-to,’ gave man the authority over the entire universe. In the Ojibwa’s religion, the earth is believed to be the mother, the sky the father, the sun the grandfather and the moon the grandmother.
Man (Way-na-boo-zhoo) was created when Gi’-tchie Man-i-to took four parts of the earth, namely fire, water, wind and dust, and blew them into a special sacred shell. This took place in the sky and after man’s formation, he was lowered down onto the earth where he was given the task of naming all living and non-living things including body parts (Densmore, 1979).
Man is said to have travelled across the world on foot naming all that he came across. In this most significant journey, the creator gave man a companion, a wolf. After their mission was complete, the creator ordered the separation of man from the wolf for unknown reasons. Because the two had both been part of this mission, the creator commanded that man should always treat the wolf as his brother (Barnouw, 1977).
In fact, according to the religion of the Ojibwa, man and wolf have more than this trip in common. According to them, they possess a tribe and a clan system, were once hunted for the sake of their hair, have been deprived of their land and have once come close to destruction but are luckily recovering (Treuer, 2001).
The Chippawa worship their creator by offering burnt offerings to him. The sacrifices are offered by specialized people who have been set aside and trained for this sole purpose. The whole process of burning offerings is a sacred event that requires total concentration and attention of everyone present (Warren, 1984).
The amount of value that this subculture puts on offerings is bewildering. They believe that everything happens and is the way it is because of the appeasement of their creator. This appeasement is achieved through the sacrifices they offer. For instance, it is believed that a medicinal plant would not serve its purpose unless a sacrifice such as tobacco is offered to their supreme being (Loriene, 2010).
One notable peculiar thing is that in the event of an offering, a dog is not supposed to be around (Treuer, 2001). This dates back to the relationship that man had with the wolf while on their assigned trip around the earth.
Since a dog is almost similar in every aspect to a wolf, the command by the creator about the separation of the wolf and Way-na-boo-zhoo also applies to it. The presence of a dog near a place of offering is believed to bring bad luck to the Ojibwa people (Warren, 1984).
Food
The Ojibwa eat different types of food during different climatic seasons. During winter, some of the conservative population confines itself in hunting camps where the Ojibwa organize themselves into hunting units.
They hunt for animals like dears, beavers, muskrats, raccoons and elks. The organized hunting groups remove possibilities of arguments about hunting territories (Office for state, tribal, local and territorial support, n. d). At the onset of spring, the Ojibwa population moves to maple syrup camps where they set up wigwams and collect maple syrup.
The maple syrup is added to main meals such as rice and bread. The maple syrup is also used to make small-cubed candies. Spring is also a time for fishing and planting. Some of the crops planted include corn, pumpkins, potatoes and squash. The Ojibwa also gather wild fruits, berries and vegetables. Above all, rice is the staple food of this community (Loriene, 2010).
The Somali
The immigration of the Somali into America has been propelled by war, hunger and government instability in their home country for two decades (Castagno, 1975). Thousands of Somali nationals escaped this civil war and came to the United States of America to look for jobs and even to study. In Baron, a small town in Wisconsin, the Somali make up 12% of the total population (The United States Commission on Civil Rights, 2011). This high percentage is caused by a turkey plant which provides employment to the subculture.
Tradition
The Somali tradition is generally an amalgamation of other traditions from Yemen, Ethiopia and Persia (Drysdale, 1964). The Somali are well known for their excellent skills in poetry.
The tradition of the Somali has also lived on as a result of storytelling. The stories keep the norms and virtues of the community fresh on their minds. One major characteristic of the Somali is the ubiquitous chewing of khat. Almost all Somalis who have been brought up in a traditional setting have this habit.
It is among their most treasured practices because it brings them together especially during recreation time. Their passion for khat has seen them seek appeals to law agencies in Wisconsin to have the illegal drug legalized at least for their sake (Somalianinfo, 2010).
The Somali have a rich musical background (U.S Department of State, 2011). They are great composers of rhythmical music which is majorly based on traditional folklore.
Their cherished musical heritage has been a key factor in their worship (Castagno, 1975). The Somali are also talented in art works. For instance, most of them, especially women, are outstanding potters. Moreover, they are privileged to have talented wood carvers amongst them. The products of wood carving have in the recent past received a wide market from the international community.
Religion
Except for a handful minority, the Somali people are Muslims by faith. They keenly observe the Islamic culture which is the backbone of their faith. The Somali believe in the existence of a supreme being, Allah. Allah is the creator of heaven and earth. Prophet Muhammad is a religious figure who acts as an intermediary between the people and Allah (U.S Department of State, 2011).
Their spiritualism is characterized by whirling, chanting, falling into a trance and chewing khat. Somali religious leaders are highly respected as they are believed to have special powers which enable to them to pronounce both curses and blessings on people (The 30-days Prayer Network, 2011).
The Somali also believe in the existence of certain mortal spirits called jinnis. These spirits are said to have originated from a heavenly spirit that fell down on earth. The spirits have the capability of bringing sickness and misfortunes to people as well as blessings and good luck (The 30-days Prayer Network, 2011).
The Somali religion encourages the assistance of the poor by those who are in a position to because these very poor people have been granted spiritual powers by Allah which they can use against them at their own will. The conservative dress codes of the Somali women say much about their religious rigidity (Drysdale, 1964).
Food
Somali meals consist of a wide variety of indigenous meals. Generally, they are light meals which are prepared using a lot of spices and other ingredients. Most Somalis take a type of bread (canjeera) that resembles a pancake for breakfast and some tea (shaah). Rice is the main meal for lunch. The rice is spiced with cloves, sage and cumin. The rice may be served with meat stew, bananas or fish. Whatever the accompaniment, the meal always comes out as spicy (Drysdale, 1964).
A common meal for dinner among the Somali is cambuulo, which is basically a dish of beans mixed with sugar and butter. An alternative meal for dinner time can be sliced bread and gelatinous confection and sliced cornbread mixed with sugar and accompanied by black tea. Somali meals are unique in such a way that they are not easy to come by in any other place. In fact, the food may not taste as delicious to other people as it is to them (Somalianinfo, 2011).
Discussion And Conclusion
The two cultures of Ojibwa and Somali in Wisconsin have a lot of similarities as well as differences between them. One notable similarity is the fact that both of them have managed to conserve their culture and norms despite the modern age of civilization. The Ojibwa have managed to maintain their language, religious and social practices, staple food and tradition (Densmore, 1979).
They have not been infiltrated by the wave of modernization that has been sweeping massively in every part of the world. The Somali have also managed to stage up a fight against the infiltration of their culture by modernity. This is shown majorly through their maintenance of their code of dressing, especially among women. The hijabs have never ceased to be the standard accepted dress for Somali women (Drysdale, 1964).
Another similarity between the subcultures of the Ojibwa and the Somali is their acknowledgement of the existence of a supreme being who controls their daily activities. They agree on the fact that this Supreme Being is the one who made the earth and all that is in it. The Ojibwa and the Somali also agree on the existence of spirits that control nature.
For example, in Medicine song of an Indian lover (n.d), the poet speaks of a spirit which has the ability to control the ripples of a river. Among the Ojibwa, there are spirits that are in charge of virtually every aspect of their daily life (Treuer, 2001)
However, there are also major differences between these two subcultures. First and foremost, the Ojibwa offer sacrifices to their creator (Treuer, 2001) while the Somali do not. While the former offer burnt offerings to their supreme being, the latter insist on the fulfillment of the laws of Allah on earth.
The second difference is about socialization. The Ojibwa are a friendly people that socialize openly with anyone irrespective of their background(Warren, 1984). On the contrary, the Somali have some restrictions on the level of socialization (Castagno, 1975). For instance, a Somali woman is not allowed to shake hands with any man or come in contact with him unless they are married.
The last difference is about their creation stories. The Ojibwa believe that their creator made man from four parts of the earth namely fire, water, wind and dust by blowing them into a sacred shell(Loriene, 2010). On the other hand, the Somali believe that God practically created man. According to Drysdale (1964), the Somali believe that Allah created everything on the universe with his own hands.
The above information can help schools appreciate the dress codes of Somali women. Through this study, the entire school population would learn to accept the hijab as an accepted Somali dress. The information about the types of food can be used to improve the learning conditions of students from both cultures.
If students are given food to which they are accustomed, chances are that they will perform better than when given foreign foods. Furthermore, the author of this paper will be able to relate the various types of foods in the two communities with the major food categories. For instance, instead of giving maize meal as an example of a carbohydrate food, the author can mention wild rice for the Ojibwa and canjeerafor the Somali students.Thiswill help the students to get a better understanding of the same.
Furthermore, the way of life of the Ojibwa and the Somali can be taught in class. For instance, the way of life of the two subcultures can be studied and compared with the cultures of other communities in the United States of America. It would be significant to identify the differences and similarities between the two subcultures and other communities in the nation. This will in turn contribute to the eradication of culture bias and the appreciation of racial differences to both the writer and the students.
Materials And Methods
The resources used in this research were accessed by the author through two main methods. First and foremost, the author visited a senior library in Wisconsin state.With the guidance of the librarian, the author accessed volumes of ancient history on the two subcultures.
This is the place where the writer gained most of the information presented in this research paper. The book History of the Ojibway People by Warren W. was the most significant resource that the author used. This is because it contained a detailed account of the history of the Ojibwa people from the eighteenth century to the present. The book also provides an insight on the culture of the Ojibwa.
Another book The Somali disputeby Drysdale J from the same library was also an important part of this research. The book clearly outlines the reason behind the conflict and civil war that led to the immigration of thousands of Somalis into the Wisconsin state of the United States. The book points out that lack of government stability and a good constitution are the major factors that led to a series of wars in the country to this day.
The information in this research paper was also accessed from the internet.The writer made use of search engines such as Google and Bing to arrive at credible sources of information. The author also avoided personal websites that could be containing inaccurate information.
During the study, the writer made notes from books and other sources in print. He also made an effort of seeking the translation services of native speakers of either subculture. While on the internet, the writer extensively read the information and then made notes in his own words. The data from the two sources was then analyzed and compiled under relevant titles and subtitles.
The information collected in this research paper is of much significance to the author and his future as a teacher. The author has learnt to appreciate people and their cultures. Above all, the author has realized the need to teach these cultures in schools. Personally, the information from this research will help the author in overcoming the bias that he had against the Somali. The author has acquired a deeper understanding of the subculture and learnt to see them as fellow citizens.
Reference List
Barnouw, V. (1977). Wisconsin Chippewa myths and tales and their relation to Chippewa life. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. [Secondary, Ojibwa].
Castagno, M. (1975).Historical dictionary of Somalia.New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. [Secondary, Somali].
Densmore, F. (1979). Chippewa customs. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society. [Secondary, Ojibwa].
Drysdale, J. (1964). The Somali dispute. New York: Praeger. [Secondary, Somali].
Loriene, R. (2010). Ojibwa. Countries and their cultures. [Primary, Ojibwa]. Web.
Medicine song of an Indian lover. In documents in history – A primary view. Canadian History. [Primary, Ojibwa]. Web.
Office for state, tribal, local and territorial support. (n.d). Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [Primary, Ojibwa]. Web.
Somalianinfo. (2010). Somalis in the United States. Somalian infor. [Secondary, Somali]. Web.
The 30-days prayer Network. (2011). Somalis in the USA Dream of Peace. Prayer Network. [Primary, Somali]. Web.
Population density is defined as the number of people living in a specific geographical area (Rylander, 2006). The higher the population density there is, the higher human activity that geographical activity will have. This explains why densely populated areas exert more pressure on the immediate environment, which includes the natural resources and the infrastructural resources.
Some of the growing concerns associated with population density include heightened pollution, decreasing territorial space and crime as different people try to use the resources in the specific environment to cater for their respective needs.
Noise is simply defined as the unwanted sounds that people are exposed to in their immediate environment (Oomen & Zhao, 1998). With some people living in noisy areas, the effect that the noise has on them is usually detrimental to their long-term hearing capabilities. Evaluating the hazards associated with noise pollutions are determined by several measures; 1) the loudness of the noise; 2) the period of exposure; 3) type of the noise (continuous, intermittent or impulse.
The admissible noise levels in most countries are rated at 90 decibels. In most populated areas, the noise levels falls well below the 90 decibels mark. The subway noise is rated at 90 decibels, while city traffic produces 85 decibels of noise. A normal conversation between two or more people produces 60 decibels of noise, while one’s living room, with some of the media moderately adjusted to the right noise volumes is rated as having 40 decibels of noise.
Excessive noises in densely populated areas could include jet engines which can produces as high as 140 decibels of noise while travelling at 75 feet, chainsaws (110 decibels). At 120 decibels, the ear becomes irritated by the noise and one could even experience some pain (Oomen &Zhao, 1998).
There is evidence that people exhibit negative responses such as dissatisfaction, annoyance and disturbances) when subjected to noise (Job, 1996). However, it is notable that people have different tolerance levels to noise and hence react differently to the same intensity of noises.
The effects of noise on the health of people within the same geographical area depend on the noise type. According to Job (1996) impulsive noise creates more reaction from people as opposed to non-impulse noise, while intermittent noise was found to have a greater effect than loud, continuous noise.
Individuals exhibit both psychological and physiological responses to noise. However, Rylander(2006) notes that an individuals reaction to noise are influenced by a person’s susceptibility to the same. That means that people who are highly sensitive to noise are more attentive to the same, tend to discriminate different noises more, and also find specific types of noises more threatening (Veitch, 1995). As a result, they are slower in adapting to noisy environments when compared to people who are less sensitive to noise.
Some of the demonstrated health-related noise effects include hearing loss and stress induced-outcomes. According to Rylander (2006), stressed-induced outcomes are known to be more common among high density populated areas, where people tend to develop annoyance tendencies, cardiovascular diseases, sleep disturbances and immune effects. According to Thompson (1996), there appears to be an association between sleep disturbances and lowered immune responses.
Noise reduction strategies at work or home
Noise reduction at home or in the office can be done through two forms of controls; 1) engineering controls and 2) administrative or personal-protective controls. Engineering controls are practices and methods put in place in order to reduce the amount of noise released to the people working or living in a specific environment. Such include enclosing noisy fans, machinery or motors in order to muff the noises they produce.
Noise can also be reduced by controlling the vibration in machinery by lubricating, isolating or tightening vibrating parts. Loud machines can also be replaced with quite ones, while living areas can be fitted with sound barriers or constructed using sound-absorbing materials.
Administrative controls are most effective in the workplace, where the managers move workers away from the noise source by rearranging the working area. Further the work tasks and schedules can be rearranged in order to reduce exposure of individual workers to noise (Rylander, 2006). On a personal level, an individual can purchase hearing protective devices such as earplugs or earmuffs in order to have a shield against the excessive noise.
Territoriality, Privacy and Personal Space
Territoriality refers to a geographic area, which has an identifiable owner. The owner has the right to defend his territory against invaders (Rylander, 2006). In relation to human density, Oomen & Zhao (1998) states that “territoriality insures the propagation is the human species by regulating density.” This means that territorial boundaries provide the human population with identified place to play, learn, socialize and engage in leisure activities. This then means that activities within a group are well coordinated.
Although there is no universally acceptable of the word privacy, Rylander (2006) notes that privacy can be defined as the set limits which an individual is not obliged to accept any intrusions from outside . With increased human density, and increased monitoring systems however, Privacy, though an alienable human right is diminishing fast.
This is especially so, with policies that gives governments the right to tap into telephones of the citizenry or monitor their emails for security reason. In Offices, privacy is enhanced by giving individual workers their own personal working stations, while at home, siblings are given their own beds, or bedrooms depending with the resources available to a family.
Personal space refers to the unconscious distance that people maintain when they interact. It serves three purposes as identified by Oomen & Zhao (1998): The protective function, where the personal space offers a buffer zone, which protects individuals against physical and emotional threats.
The second function is regulating the amount of sensory input that a person gets from others, while the third function serves as a communication function, whereby an individual regulates personal space depending on the level of intimacy or closeness they have with other people (Rylander ,2006).
According to Oomen & Zhao (1998), over stimulation is one of the notable consequences of too much noise, and little privacy on individuals. This result from too many people occupying the same space, too many modes of communication being used at the same time by different people and close proximity between people thus denying individuals the personal space they would want to have.
It is also notable that social density and the decreased personal space lead to insecurity and aggression. According to Oomen & Zhao (1998), this comes from the different perceptions that people occupying the same space have regarding their environment.
References
Job, R.F.S. (1996). The Influence of Subjective reactions to noise on health effects of the noise. Environmental International 22(1), 93-104.
Oomen, V., Knowles, M. & Zhao, I. (2008). Should Health Service Managers embrace Open Plan Work Environments? A Review. Asia pacific Journal of Health Management. 3(2), 37-44.
Rylander, R. (2006). Noise, Stress and Annoyance. Noise Notes Journal 5(4), 35-40.
Thompson, S. (1996). Non-auditory health effects of noise: updated review. Proceedings of internoise 2177-2182.
Veitch, R. D. (1995). Environmental psychology. New Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
