Category: Population

Urban planning is needed for facing the issue of the rapidly growing population, climate changes, as well as unsustainable manufacturing and consumption. Through the use of urban planning, it is possible to design, control, and manage the layout of the urban and suburban areas. Furthermore, it is possible to analyze the compatibility of land uses or negotiate the outcomes of such use; assess current trends with regards to environmental, social, and economic factors. The responsibilities of urban planners may vary between jurisdictions (sometimes they can vary even within the coverage of one jurisdiction). However, the key obligations are related to land use and regional planning, strategic urban planning, renewal and preservation of heritage, transportation, and environmental planning, economic development, urban design, and infrastructure planning.

The key ramification for more rubber on the road is the reduction of cases of vehicle crashes due to its durability and safety. However, there are other reasons for why rubberized roads can be beneficial for urban planning. For example, a rubberized surface has noise reduction qualities. Apart from absorbing more sound, a rubberized road surface will be more environmentally friendly since it is often produced from scrap tires taken from landfill disposals. Moreover, rubberized road surfaces are much more cost-effective and could cost from thirty to fifty percent less to be produced compared to conventional asphalt surfaces. It requires less maintenance, which is another ramification for using more rubber on the roads.

System Dynamics modeling is widely used by urban planners to get a better understanding of different behaviors and processes that occur within cities for extended time periods. System Dynamics models for urban planning can become significant components for predetermining future political decisions. For example, when such models reflect certain features of a city, they can be used as guides in urban planning policies. The extensions of System Dynamics models can also be used for resolving specific issues that concern the urban areas, like, for example, social integration or education. Lastly, system dynamics can provide urban planners with a better understanding of how different characteristics of the city interact and affect one another.

Placemaking is a valuable approach for capitalizing on the assets of a local community in order to create public spaces for promoting health and overall wellbeing. With regard to urban planning, the concept of smart growth is also currently on the rise due to the need to reduce the impact of industrialization and ensure that cities are being developed in a smart way. Placemaking and smart growth are useful tools for urban planners that can implement compact building design, create safe neighborhoods, preserve natural resources, and protect the most important environmental areas such as lakes, rivers, and forests. By combining placemaking and smart growth, urban planners will be able to build and expand cities without a threat to the environment but with a significant benefit for the community.

If to compare European practices of urban planning with the American procedures, the key difference is that European cities manage to stay compact while dealing with development, expansion, and the increase of population. On the other hand, while the population in the U.S. does not grow as rapidly as in other countries, the territory of built-up land increases with each year. For example, in 20 years, the population of Chicago increased by only four percent when the built-up land in the urban and suburban areas increased by forty-six percent. The reason for the distinction between European and American practices is the fact that European municipalities are more independent, so the decisions to expand are made on a lower governmental level; smaller budgets contribute to smarter development solutions as well. Another practice of urban planning spread in some European cities relates to the establishment of joint ownership plans through the involvement of private stakeholders interested in preserving the architectural integrity of the city with the help of smart urban planning.

The city of Phoenix is currently dealing with the process of planning and restructuring of the way the urban area will develop and grow. The key components of the plan include the future smart land use, transportation, safe housing, and neighborhoods, as well as natural resources. The issues surrounding the new developments in the city of Phoenix include the necessity to deal with the rapid growth of built-up land while implementing smart adjustments to urban life in the city. Moreover, the issue of finance limits the implementation of the plan (to proceed with the General Plan, voters were asked to approve the budget proposal for thirty-two billion dollars). It is expected that the population of Phoenix will double in numbers in twenty years, so it is crucial for the city to be prepared for the changes and look into smart growth for preserving natural resources and using the land in such a manner that would be the most beneficial for the community.

General plans refer to the policies connected with the acceptable usage of land within a specific jurisdiction. Therefore, every city or state (county) creates, adopts, and updates a General Plan for the region in order to monitor and regulate the development of the land within a specific period of time. Overall, general plans are created for guiding a city or a county towards the achievement of the goals and objectives regarding the smart use of land. Furthermore, such plans are also beneficial for establishing a unified framework for approaching various activities (zoning, smart growth, placemaking, etc.) in a way that would be the most effective and beneficial for the region as a whole. When discussing general plans, it is important to mention Green General Plans as measures for promoting sustainable practices that will be implemented by the entire community.

Values and visions of Regional Planning usually coincide with the goals of creating a region that will fulfill the needs and the desires of the community. Through the identification of available assets, specific characteristics, and objectives for the future, the community is able to implement the most appropriate practices for efficient growth. The key objective of a Regional Plan for a specific community is the articulation of what citizens value the most. By determining the core beliefs and ideas, the region will work on the preservation of those practices that the community already values while trying to develop new practices that will be beneficial in the long run. Since Regional Planning is a broader-scaled type of urban planning, the core values and visions revolve around the smart usage of the land, preservation of natural resources, the achievement of sustainability, protection of farmlands, and the optimization of infrastructure within the cities.

Introduction

The Middle East is a diverse region, and this statement can be supported by many provisions. They are basically related to major events in all spheres of life, such as cultural, ethnic, religious, and political, and can be examined separately for determining their informative power for analysis. From this perspective, diversity can be summarized as a combination of the mentioned factors, affecting the varying positions of its countries.

Cultural Differences

Cultural differences in the Middle East are primarily reflected by the languages and, more specifically, the existence of their numerous dialects in the area. For example, according to Fisher (2015), the speech of residents of the region is not only diverse but also does not necessarily correlate with political borders. Map 12 allows to clearly see their variety, thereby supporting this conclusion (Fisher, 2015). This standpoint is also verified by scholars, who emphasize the need for developing online filters to determine where online messages in Arabic are originally from (Abdelali et al., 2021). In this way, even within a single language, diversity is established.

Ethnic Differences

Ethnic diversity in the examined region is mainly confirmed by the fact that many nationalities inhabit the area. According to Fisher (2015) and Map 14 in particular, they include Arabs, Jews, Turks, Persians, Afghans, and Kurds, and the presence of conflicting interests is determined by this factor. For instance, Kurds are known to have more problems due to the lack of their own territory, and the selected piece of evidence supports the above example by providing actual reasons for the challenge (Fisher, 2015). Researchers also state that international businesses are affected by the lack of balance between the needs of ethnic groups (Salloum et al., 2019). From this perspective, diversity is attributed to all populations of the Middle East.

Religious Differences

Religious differences in the Middle East are shown by the existence of various groups, distinguished by their beliefs. For example, Fisher (2015) states in Map 21 that in Syria, alongside Judaism and Christianity, there are Sunni Muslims, Shias, and Druze as other faiths. This image supports this provision as it debunks the myth of these inhabitants principal belonging to major religions (Fisher, 2015). Scholars also claim that in conflicts, no belief gains more influence than the others regardless of the number of followers (Gurses & Ozturk, 2020). Therefore, the above example explains the diversity of the region in terms of religion.

Political Differences

The political situation is presented by the varying accessibility of resources, such as oil and gas. For instance, as follows from Map 32, they are mostly concentrated in Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia, which have many conflicts and, therefore, do not act efficiently in exporting them (Fisher, 2015). This example supports the standpoint that complications in the historical development of the region are directly linked to its relative favorability of position. Indeed, the fight for power is explicitly highlighted by researchers, striving to explain the progress of this area on the world arena (RANE, 2013). Hence, political diversity is an outcome of the mentioned factors, determining benefits and drawbacks regarding the location of resources.

Conclusion

To summarize, the above examples demonstrate that the population of the Middle East is diverse in many ways. They face numerous difficulties of cultural, ethnic, political, and religious nature, which means that the obstacles to general wellbeing of the population are their varying views. In addition, historical struggles and economic interests are added to these challenges, and their resolution depends on the capability of leaders to find a compromise.

References

Abdelali, A., Mubarak, H., Samih, Y., Hassan, S., & Darwish, K. (2021). QADI: Arabic dialect identification in the wild.Proceedings of the Sixth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop, 1-10. Web.

Fisher, M. (2015). 40 maps that explain the Middle East. Vox. Web.

Gurses, M., & Ozturk, A. E. (2020). Religion and armed conflict: Evidence from the Kurdish conflict in Turkey. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 59(2), 327-340.

RANE. (2013). George Friedman and Robert D. Kaplan on the rise of sectarianism in the Middle East [Video]. YouTube. Web.

Salloum, C., Jabbour, G., & MercierSuissa, C. (2019). Democracy across gender diversity and ethnicity of Middle Eastern SMEs: How does performance differ? Journal of Small Business Management, 57(1), 255-267.

Population density is a problem in every city where people migrate from different parts of the country or state. This paper presents the major problems related with population density and crowding. America also experiences the problem of population density and the writer tells his own experience when he had been in such a situation.

Cultural perception and attitude of the people are significant in population density. Culture influences each activity of the people and it becomes the attitude of the people. It is true in the case of population density also. Human groups rarely exploit all the resources available to them. Actual consumption is determined by cultural choices, which in turn are based on a variety of factors: food preferences, nutritional needs, prestige, labor costs, and activity preferences. Thus population pressure need not take the form of exhausting resources or approaching carrying capacity. (Moore, 1983, Does culture have no K, para.1).

There is a decrease in poverty where culturally homogeneous people live together. Culturally homogeneous people share values, beliefs, language and other ways of life.

At the same time poor people are more among culturally heterogeneous groups because they will not cooperate irrespective of beliefs, languages, values etc.

American cities are becoming more and more crowded. There is vast area in America, so space is not an issue, but more than half of its population live in cities.

US is going to face a new problem of old age because one out of eight people are above sixty five in US. The elderly population will increase more and more in future. Whenever population increases, the risks of developing AIDS also increase. Another challenge along with population density is various pollutions like water pollution, air pollution, sound pollution etc. Diseases may spread very easily in an over populated society. As a force in the demographic and health transition, urbanization is associated with falling birth and death rates and with the shift in burden of illness from acute childhood infections to chronic, noncommunicable diseases of adults. (Dye, 2008, para.1).

While I was doing post graduation, I hired a house in a colony. There I experienced the difficulties of population density. I had to reach at college by 9 a.m. but I could not reach in time. I lost classes frequently because I was depending on public water where many people came to collect water in the very morning. Even though I waited for hours, I could not collect even a drop of water on many days. Then I started thinking why it was so. People told me that they were not facing such problem till last three years. There was an increase in population density because numerous people migrated from different parts. The government could not supply sufficient water and it resulted in water shortage. Another problem was traffic-jam because of the increase in the number of vehicles. I faced a lot of other problems along with it, like air pollution, water pollution, and sound pollution. This is what happens in all over-populated cities.

No one feels better in crowding irrespective of rich and poor. Other population factors like urban crowding and our increasingly congested traffic on the roads influence Americans toward believing that they are not better off. (Carey, 2006, para.7). But wealthy people can control and prevent the challenges of overcrowding. We live in a world where everything is commercialized. People can buy anything with money. Wealthy people can hire a large house; they can go anywhere driving the latest and sophisticated vehicle. So, their problems due to crowding and population density are less when compared with the poor people.

The people who live in crowd experience more problems in life. The writer shares his experiences when he lived in such an atmosphere. All people irrespective of rich or poor face the same situation, but the rich people can control the challenges posed by population density.

Reference

Carey, J E. (2006). American population passes 300 million; despite great wealth average American is unhappy. Peace and Freedom: Policy and World Ideas. Web.

Dye, C. (2008). Health and urban living. Science, 319(5864), 766-769. doi: 10.1126/science.1150198

Moore, J. (1983). Carrying capacity, cycles, and culture: Does culture have no K. J. Hum. Evol., 12, 505-514. Web.

Introduction

The present-day global economy setting offers a variety of opportunities for developing states to improve their performance and create healthier economies, thus, gaining the status of developed ones. In turn, differences in population characteristics often serve as indications of a states economic performance and the efficacy of its trade regulations. Therefore, by comparing the differences in the population of the U.S. and Nigeria, one will infer crucial aspects of effective economic performance. Although the levels of mortality appear to be significantly higher in Nigeria than in the U.S., the rest of the indicators of the U.S. belonging to countries with a different development index are less pronounced.

Analysis

The analysis of the available information indicates that the differences in the population of Nigeria and the U.S. concerns the key characteristics that are defined by the influence of numerous economical factors. Specifically, the issues such as poverty and the lack of vital healthcare-related resources shape the current characteristics of the U.S. and Nigerian populations to a significant extent, as most researchers claim.

For example, the levels of health and the rate of disease development and management re significantly less optimistic in Nigeria than they are in the U.S., mostly for the reasons outlined above. Furthermore, the emergence of the pandemic combined with the lack of access to basic healthcare options has defined a drastic decline in the health rates across the state. According to Al-Raeei (2021), the current rate of COVID-19 cases in Nigeria constitutes 164.6 million. Although the U.S. has been showing massive problems with the management of the coronavirus recently, the rates of health among the American population has been slightly better. Namely, Taquet et al. (2021) explain that the rates of COVID-19 development in the American population have been at the 30,000,000 mark recently. Although the specified number is also tremendous, especially compared to other developed states, the U.S. population has still been receiving better healthcare services, including both medication options and consultations. As a result, the rates of COVID-19 development have been slightly lower in the U.S. setting. Nevertheless, both states require immediate management of the coronavirus problem since the issue has reached a tremendous scale in both countries. While the absence of awareness has been the main factor in the U.S., and the lack o resources has defined the drastic situation in Nigeria, the population in both countries has been experiencing increased exposure to the virus.

Additionally, the levels of mortality among the members of the Nigerian population have shown to be subjected to a significant recent decline. Specifically, the research by Hassan et al. (2020) shows a trend toward a drop in the population rate in Nigeria recently due to a rise in their mortality rates. Namely, the Nigerian 55% of the population meeting the bare minimum of the standards for life expectancy compared to the 77% shown by the U.S. indicates the doubtless advantages.

The differences in fertility are also quite evident when comparing the U.S. population and that of Nigeria. Specifically, the levels of fertility have proven to be lower in the U.S. since, in Nigeria, the awareness concerning contraception is very low (Ojo et al., 2021). As a result, the rates of childbirth are significantly higher in Nigeria, which, in turn, causes the population rates within the country to increase exponentially, causing a further rise in poverty and an increase in the extent of infant and maternal mortality levels (Ojo et al., 2021). Overall, the lack of appropriate healthcare services that would allow patients to receive the necessary care and obtain information about managing key health concerns, appears to be prevalent in the Nigerian setting, which defines the difference between its population characteristics and those of the U.S.

Finally, the migration patterns within the U.S. and Nigeria need to be discussed as the key factors that affect eh rate of population density and the number of residents in both states. According to Akanle et al. (2021), the levels of migration have proven to be slightly higher in Nigeria despite the recent decline, having reached a crude net of -0.288 per 1000 citizens in 2021. The observed tendency can be explained by the challenging living conditions observed in Nigeria. Indeed, as the previous analysis has indicated, the Nigerian socioeconomic environment cannot be considered ideal for its residents. Moreover, a range of factors represents a significant threat to the Nigerian population from the very moment that they are born, given the current rates of infant mortality (Akanle et al., 2021). For this reason, opportunities for improving the living conditions in Nigeria should be sought.

In turn, the migration rates in the U.S. are also quite high. In fact, the studies indicate that the current migration rates in the U.S. are even higher than those in Nigeria, having reached 2.857 per 1000 citizens in 2021 (Núñez-López et al., 2021). However, it is worth noting that the difference in the migration rates between the two countries is defined not only by emigrants but also by immigrants; specifically, while in Nigeria, the described rate can be explained by people moving from the state, in the U.S. the migration trends appear to be geared toward immigration (Núñez-López et al., 2021). However, given the recent rise in the threat of coronavirus to the U.S. citizens and the increase in the number of COVID-19 patients, as well as death rates caused by the disease, the migration patterns are expected to show even lesser dynamics due to the absence of people willing to migrate to the U.S. (Núñez-López et al., 2021).

Overall, the analysis of the essential demographic characteristics of Nigerian and American citizens has shown that both countries have significantly different levels of population mortality, life expectancy, and other vital factors defining the well-being of the target demographic. Thus, the analysis has proven that the Nigerian population suffers significant issues compared to U.S. citizens, mainly due to the absence of vital resources. Patient education has also proven to be one of the key contributors to problems in the current levels of mortality and other major population characteristics. Therefore, to address the situation and improve the levels of well-being among Nigerian citizens, an awareness campaign should be used.

However, the observed issues do not suggest that the changes in demographics seen in the U.S. on the pacified time slot are entirely positive. For instance, the drop in the population density rates also indicates the presence of a problem within the U.S. community (Núñez-López et al., 2021). Although overpopulation in Nigeria leads to the scarcity of resources, the failure to address the low birth rates in the U.S. affects the issues such as the prevalence of the aging population within the American community compared to younger citizens (Al-Raeei, 2021). Arguably, the described issue concern the problems of immigration and the difference in the socioeconomic conditions observed in both countries, underlying socio-cultural factors are not to be ignored, either. The described issue could be explained by the increasing presence of aging citizens, as well as the lack of a social support system that would assist the specified demographic in addressing their health concerns, reducing the extent of tension to which they have been subjected due to the recent socio-cultural changes, and similar issues.

Overall, the current population factors identified and observed in Nigeria are significantly worse than those in the U.S. Although population density as one of the crucial characteristics of the target areas demographics is higher in Nigeria, the specified trend does not prove that Nigeria offers a better environment for the increase in the number of citizens. Instead, it suggests that Nigerian people know very little about contraception and the related ideas, therefore, making zero effort to control the birth rate within the state and address the problems of infant and maternal mortality within the country (Al-Raeei, 2021). However, arguably, the described factor is not the only one contributing to the sad statistics of the Nigerian population.

Conclusion

Despite the fact that the U.S. and Nigeria belong to different economic statuses, the U.S. is classified as a developed country, and Nigeria is referred to as the developing one, both countries have been struggling to manage their demographic-related problems. Specifically, the issue of population health has been one of the major sources of concern recently, mostly due to the coronavirus. While Nigerians have been suffering from the absence of resources, U.S. citizens have been experiencing the effects of low awareness and are in compliance with the set standards for COVID-19 prevention. However, the rest of the demographic characteristics are quite different in the U.S. and Nigeria. Namely, the levels of mortality and birth rate are incomparable due to the differences in the quality of healthcare. Likewise, there is a noticeable gap between emigration rates in both states due to the rise in immigration to the U.S. Overall, the current demographic situation in Nigeria indicates the need for immediate assistance.

References

Akanle, O., Fayehun, O. A., Adejare, G. S., & Orobome, O. A. (2021). International migration, kinship networks and social capital in Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 36(2), 319-332. Web.

Al-Raeei, M. (2021). The basic reproduction number of the new coronavirus pandemic with mortality for India, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United States, Yemen, China, France, Nigeria and Russia with different rate of cases. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 9, 147-149. Web.

Núñez-López, M., Ramos, L. A., & Velasco-Hernández, J. X. (2021). Migration rate estimation in an epidemic network. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 89, 1949-1964. Web.

Ojo, I. E., Ojo, T. O., & Orji, E. O. (2021). Why do married women procure abortion? Experiences from Ile-Ife, south western Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 21(1), 327-37. Web.

Taquet, M., Luciano, S., Geddes, J. R., & Harrison, P. J. (2021). Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: Retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(2), 130-140. Web.

The types of actions engaged in by large but loosely structured individuals or groups are referred to as collective behavior. Collective behavior occurrences are generally spontaneous, stemming from a common experience among the group members. A social movement is a broadly based attempt by a large number of people to attain a certain objective, usually one of social significance. Social change is the process through which human interactions and connections affect cultural and social values over time, resulting in societal change. As a consequence, social transformation entails a shift in the social order. Shifts in social institutions, social behaviors, and social relationships are all possible.

In various ways, the worldwide spread of social media is already influencing how individuals pursue and define social change. The number of people who use social media sites, including Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, is increasing due to technological development and the reduction of the digital divide problem. Numerous local social movement initiatives have reached a wider audience due to advancements in digital communication tools (Xiong et al., 2019). Individual users can organize groups around certain issues and events via hashtag activism, a type of participatory culture (Xiong et al., 2019).

During the #MeToo campaign, social movement groups played an important role in online engagement by enticing hashtags (Xiong et al., 2019). As an example of analyzing social movements, social change, and the media, Hashtag activism provides an opportunity to establish virtual communities that would strive for real beneficial transformations. To my mind, this type of social movement in the media sphere can be both positive and negative. Hashtag activism, for instance, provokes collaboration and communication, but at the same time, some misunderstandings can occur, resulting in disinformation and fake initiatives.

Reference

Xiong, Y., Cho, M., & Boatwright, B. (2019). Hashtag activism and message frames among social movement organizations: Semantic network analysis and thematic analysis of Twitter during the# MeToo movement. Public Relations Review, 45(1), 10-23. Web.

Introduction

Technology is a term that has been used to refer to the development and usage of human knowledge to improve their lifestyle. It involves the practical usage of human knowledge to create new things and it requires the application of both the mental and the physical efforts of the individuals. Technology from the ancient times has developed over time in the human race and this has resulted to change in the way people do things, (Holdren, p17). What existed in the earlier centuries has now remained history since knowledge of the human race continues to create new innovations and developments over time leading to abandoning of the older technologies. This has affected the human race in a number of ways. Through the use of technology the populations of the world have been able to modify the order of various things. Through the technological knowledge, the human race today has been able to modify the various systems that revolve around us such as the communication systems, transportation, construction and also manufacturing sectors. The use of new ideas has helped to influence various strategies and approaches to life and this has greatly contributed to population growth of the modern societies, (Boserup, p. 32). This paper takes an analysis of the invention of technology in the ancient times and how it has developed over time into the 21^st century. It also analyses how the various changes in technology have contributed to the growth of the human populations and also how it facilitates its existence as compared to the ancient times

History of technology

The history of technology can be traced back to the ages where tools and also techniques were invented by the human race. The social evolution of the human can be analyzed by looking at the various technological advancements such as the Stone Age, discovery of fire, the age of pottery, the bow, the domestication of animals, alphabets and writing, discovery of medicine and also the metal work. Looking at the Stone Age, the human race had limited number of tools and most of them were not even permanent. This has been referred to as the most important stage in the development of the human race because it saw the discovery of the stone stools, fire, clothing and also weapons. The stone stools were made from materials such as the flint, jadeite, and green stone among others which were some form of hard rocks. This greatly evolved the mining industry as the humans turned to look for materials from the earth tunnels to make the stones. The Stone Age period also saw the discovery of the certain metals such as bronze, tin and copper. These metals were molten and they used them to make various tools that were now more permanent than the tools they used in the earlier period, (Helpman, p48). The tools that were made from the metals enhanced their weapons especially those used for hunting. Agricultural revolution has been traced to the Muslim community during the 8^th century. The Muslims were traders in the global markets and they enabled the spread of the innovation of farming. With time, the diversity of plants and crops spread among the human race beyond the discovery of the Muslims. This brought various changes within the human race as individuals started to relocate to other areas that were productive for their crops. There was massive population distribution and vegetation became the main economic activity for most individuals. Farming was made much easier through continued discovery of the tools that were incorporated into the farming business. The human race now evolved from being hunters and gatherers and most of the animals were domesticated. This expanded the farming motives for most individuals who owned farms. The British agricultural revolution later followed in the 17^th century. The agriculture of the British was basically individual and it involved enclosed farms. Agricultural revolution in Britain led to massive growth of the population which reached to about 5.7 million by 1750, (Carry p76). The developments of agricultural technology enabled such a population to be sustained and as more methods were discovered, the more the population continued to increase. With the increasing population, there was increased demand of other commodities which were deemed as a necessity to the community. This led to the increase in the production of items such as food and clothing. The landless laborers of the period discovered the cottage industry and this acted as a good basis for the industrial revolution another stage of technological advancement. Many industries started to come up in the major cities and most individuals relocated from the farms and went to the cities to seek employment from the factories. In the 18^th century as technology in Britain advanced, new methods of production were discovered and this led to increased out put per worker within the farms. The industrial revolution saw major developments in the textile industries, the mining industry and the transport industry. The transport industry enabled the individuals to move to other regions to such more resources. The development of the steam engine was a major source of energy for many industries especially the mining industry, (Holdren, p. 32).

In the 19^th century, major developments emerged in the laid down sectors such as the transportation industry, construction and also communication. Within the transport sector there was the construction of the railway line which simplified the means of transport for both individuals and their goods. There was development of other forms of energy such as electricity and petroleum. There was also discovery of many chemicals that were incorporated into the industries. Technology in the 21^st century took a new course of scientific methods. There was massive research on these methods which helped individuals to gain more knowledge. There was an especially new technology developing in electronics which was propagated by the war. During this century there was the discovery of the radio, automobiles, computers, mechanized agriculture, nuclear power, health technologies among others. Today the agricultural development has greatly been mechanized. There is introduction of the crop rotation and also interbreeding of crops. The 21^st century has seen the continued use of the genetically modified crops which has increased the production of food for the population, (Helpman, p. 57).

Demographic changes as a result of technological advancements

One of the major ways that technology has aided the growth of populations is by enabling the different means of food production that is essential to maintain the human race. The technologies that are incorporated into agriculture have led to the massive production of food. Looking at the 17^th century, the population figures were not as high as in the 21^st century. The means of food production were low and un-mechanized, (Sherman, p36). Today food can easily be produced without much effort of the human energy. Use of machines has made every thing very easy. With increased food supplies, this has facilitated the massive growth of populations across the world. The technologies that led to the development of industries gave good job opportunities for the human race and these acts as another source of income. For those who are not able to own land for farming, they can easily purchase food from the farmers using the earnings they get from the industries. In the 19^th century the developments in the agricultural sector enabled the human population in the world to increase from 2.5 billion to 5 million and by the 20^th century the emerging technologies have increased the population further to 6 billion. In the current century the human population is estimated at 8 to 12 billion. With technology in the 21^st century, globalization has also emerged and this has enabled the emergence of new technologies and job opportunities. Many of the tasks that were done manually are now done using machines and thus they are done faster and in a more efficient way, (Boserup, p. 37).

Effects of technology on the Human race

The continued demographic development in the world has been blamed on the increased fertility rates of the human race. Fertility on the other hand is controlled by the economics of the world and also the aspirations of individuals. With technology, the human effort has continually been diminishing in its use in achieving various goals. This means with the use of machinery, most individuals needed not to work and this contributed to the large number of families. In the earlier centuries, the agricultural sector required laborers and this led to the creation of large families which created labor for the family. Today most families have discovered that having few children improves their economic status. In Europe, the birth rates and the death rates were very high in the early centuries, (Boserup, p. 40). During this time modern medicine had not been discovered. Establishing the demographic rates was very difficult since it kept fluctuating because of the two factors. The technologies in medicine have brought new methods of family planning such that families are now able to plan their families better than in the old centuries when such technology was not available. As the human race predicts a more expensive economy in the future the fertility rates are bound to reduce and thus a dropped population

Another factor that has been affected by technology of medicine is the reduction of the mortality rates. Since the industrial revolution the death rates have continually decreased contributing to the growing populations. Modern medicine has played a major role in ensuring personal hygiene for the individuals. The infections that the individual may have contacted were now easily treated thus reducing the number of deaths. Modern medicines and antibiotics have greatly been used to cure and prevent diseases in the human race. The combination of good sanitation and the modern medicine have played major roles in changing the world demographic figures. The cost of getting medical attention has also reduced with the developments in the medical field. The new technologies have also enabled the treating of various complications in the human life thus prolonging and sustaining life for a longer period. Today there are various ways of dealings with the medical complications such as chronic diseases and terminal illness besides advanced treatment for various diseases. Technological advancements have led to the massive urbanization of the human race. This has affected the economic status of most individuals. This is because the cost of supporting big families is very high. The products that are produced from the modern technologies are very expensive and the needs of the human race have continually increased as technology continues to evolve new ventures for the humans. Europes birth rates have tremendously reduced almost catching up with the death rate owing to the economic status, (Carry p. 93). Technology also triggered the immigration of individuals from one region to another. This acts to increase the demography of some regions than others. There is continuous shift of individuals from rural to urban areas while others migrate to other countries.

Technological advancements have led to the increased economic developments in the world. This made many things to be available to the human race. The ability of the economy to sustain its citizens through the advanced technologies lays a good background for population growth. The technological developments in other countries have also influenced the changes in the numbers of individuals in other regions. The availability of more resources to individuals may trigger an increase in the population. Increase in the food supplies is especially a major factor contributing to growth of the human population.

Technology in sustaining human existence

Today the many technological developments that are in place enable easy sustaining of the human race. The transport sector enables the individuals to relocate to places very easily and at their convenience. There are a variety of transportation methods including water, air, roads and also the railway. Another major technological advancement is in the information sector. This has enabled the individuals to enhance the working environments by the use of computers. This makes it very convenient for the individuals to work fast and efficiently and this has enabled rapid economic developments for most nations. Individuals can also be able to communicate effectively without the hindrance of distance. Businesses are very easy to sustain since people can communicate effectively. There is diversification of resources owing to the global markets enabling individuals to interact with other nations in aspects such as business and also education, (Helpman, p68). All this factors have made life very comfortable for individuals in the world today. Other developments that help to sustain the existence of the human race are the mentioned developments in medicine. Individuals can now be able to acquire medical attention at cheaper rates and it is also readily available. Technology has enabled the medical field to grow and by its use in the field, the doctors are now able to sustain life for longer periods than in the earlier centuries. By use of technologies, many individuals are able to earn a living just by making use of their knowledge to create goods and services that are marketable. Technology therefore increases the job opportunities for most individuals. Most of the basic needs that we rely on today such as food, clothing and also shelter are products of technology

Conclusion

In conclusion, without technology, the many developments that are present today would not be the same. The products of technology have enabled to sustain and prolong the human race. From the earlier centuries there have been great transformations in the way people do different things in their lives. People used to rely on agriculture and hunting as their main economic activities. The tools and methods of production that they used were not permanent and the production rate was very low, (Sherman, p48). The medical field was not very diversified and the mortality rates were very high. However technology has made every thing so different that people are able to rely on the diversified economic activities owing to technology. As the technology advanced, the population of the world has continually increased. Technology has helped to sustain the human existence over the past centuries and it will always play this role even in the coming centuries.

Works cited

1. Ester Boserup. Population and Technological Change: A Study of Long Term Trends. University of Chicago Press, 1981, pp. 32-66
2. Helpman E. Innovation and population growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge University press, 2004, pp. 45-76
3. Michael Carry. New Patterns: Process and Change in Human Geography. Nelson Thornes, 1997, pp. 56-104
4. PR Ehrlich, JP Holdren. Impact of technology on population growth. Prentice hall press, 2005, pp. 17-37
5. William E Souder J and Daniel Sherman. Managing New Technology Development. McGraw- Hill publishers, 1993, pp. 23-49

Introduction

Over the past centuries, the number of people inhabiting the planet has rapidly increased. Growing population consumes more energy, food, and water, thus exhausting the environment. The loss of resources emerges as a severe threat on the social, economic, and political levels due to the influence of climate change. Consequently, the two central global problems that include increasing population rates and global warming are concerned to be the most acute ones for the contemporary world community. Many researchers study the impact of global warming and uncontrolled population growth in the developing countries on the resources accessibility and, therefore, on the quality of life (De Silva & Tenreyro, 2017; Urry, 2015).

Rapid population growth in the world combined with the emerging global warming effects imposes threats to the environment reducing the quantity of natural resources and their accessibility. The case study concentrates on South Africa as an example to show the impact of population rate growth and climate change on social and economic spheres in developing countries.

What Are Greenhouse Gases? How Do They Contribute to Global Warming?

Research of the climate change problem concerns various effects human activities cause to the planet. It mainly involves some irreversible atmospheric transformations generated by pollution. Different gas emissions stimulate air pollution damaging the atmosphere of Earth. Such gasses are called greenhouse gases because their emissions stimulate the emergence of the greenhouse effect. They include carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrous oxide, and other combinations that produce radiant energy.

The increased amount of such gasses emerged upon industrial advancement of the last centuries (Urry, 2015). These gases are the products of production, transportation, processing and consumption of fossil fuels, heavy industry, deforestation, and other human activities.

The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere exceeds the absorbing possibilities of Earth. Indeed, carbon dioxide is not completely absorbed into the oceans and the seas causing the increasing temperature in the atmosphere which is similar to the thermal conditions in a greenhouse (Urry, 2015). Thus, the presence of harmful gasses in the air that causes the greenhouse effect is the result of adverse anti-climate human activities in the field of industry. These changes lead to the increase of the temperature on the Earth and provoke the development of a phenomenon called global warming.

Global warming as the result of greenhouse gasses emission is one of the main concerns of the worldwide community. The more industries operate around the globe, the more emission they cause. This fact means that the earth was being irreversibly changed by unprecedented human activities (Urry, 2015, p. 45). Consequently, this progression is even amplified when viewed on the background of population growth. If the number of people increases, the number of cases causing harm to nature will grow, thus damaging the resources that will not be enough for the humanity.

What Kinds of Economic, Security, Political, and Other Challenges Do These Emissions Pose to the People of the Developing World, and Who Are the Biggest Offenders?

The phenomenon of global warming affects all the countries of the world. The biggest offenders contributing the most amounts of emissions are the countries with the economies concentrated around heavy industries. However, since greenhouse gas emissions significantly change the climate and, therefore, resources of the planet, developing countries face more difficulties. South Africa as one of the developing countries listed by the United Nations Organization faces global warming threats, as well as the rest of the world (Country classification, 2014). Climate change has an inevitable damaging impact on natural resources.

The economies of the developing countries are crucially dependent on the industries and agriculture that utilize the resources as their main source. Thus, the economy of South Africa greatly depends on the number of available fossils. According to Conway et al. (2015), physical and socioeconomic exposure is high in many areas and in crucial economic sectors (p. 837). The decreasing tendency in resource accessibility imposes consequent political challenges due to the need to control the use of the resources.

Similar concerns are relevant for water and food resources in developing countries. Africa faces severe challenges in this respect, and global warming only worsens the situation. The economy of South Africa develops on the basis of agriculture, which will fall into a decline under the influence of climate change (Hall, Dawson, Macdiarmid, Matthews, and Smith, 2017). Therefore, the countrys well-being is at stake when it comes to global warming. The analysis of the world-wide tendencies allows concluding that the availability of water will adversely affect agriculture causing problems with food in southern Africa and other developing countries (Conway et al., 2015).

The analysis of the current state of the primary resources availability in the African countries is conducted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Hall et al., 2017). The results show that one in four people in Africa lack adequate food to sustain an active and healthy (Hall et al., 2017, p. 125). Thus, global warming adversely influences economic, social, and political spheres of developing countries. In a long-term perspective, such changes will result in constant competition for resources and energy and will cause dangerous instability in the world.

What Are the Ways to Control the Growth of Population on a Global Level?

The discussion of global warming shows how human activities damages the planet causing harms to people themselves. It is evident that the growth of population on Earth only amplifies the hazardous outcomes and leads to the lack of resources. The increasing population and the threats it might present to the availability of resources have been of great concern for scientists and analysts for the last century (De Silva & Tenreyro, 2017). Since it is impossible to enlarge the resources reserves, it is necessary to regulate the population growth on a global level.

Many population-control programs were implemented on an international level in the twentieth century. It was discovered that high fertility rates that led to rapid population growth rates were observed in the developing countries with weak economies and insufficient resources (De Silva & Tenreyro, 2017, p. 205). It seems relevant to proceed with the earlier introduced policies targeting the reduction of birth rates in the developing countries including South Africa.

The primary way of population growth control might be found in different informational policies aimed at raising awareness about the problem. International organizations including the United Nations should take charge in the implementation of the programs based on the most effective approaches.

During the second half of the twentieth century, the governments of many countries developed family planning programs directed at the resolution of the issue. Such organization as the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the Population Council presented their guidelines. The Presidential Committee made one of the suggestions to eliminate the rising problem of birth rate growth in the developing countries in 1959 (De Silva & Tenreyro, 2017).

It was proposed to the government to help the developing countries involved in economic aid programs in planning to deal with the problem of rapid population growth (De Silva & Tenreyro, 2017, p. 210). Thus, the developed countries are potent to assist other states to reach the goals concerning population control.

One of the possible approaches to implement such control is the informational policy. When using the achievements of the earlier presented family planning programs, it is possible to raise awareness about the importance of contraception (De Silva & Tenreyro, 2017). Also, the supply of appropriate birth control products to the target countries could contribute to the effective control of the population growth on the global level. However, only supply will not be enough to ensure the willingness of their usage. It is vital to inform and teach people about the outcomes of the increasing population rates.

Conclusion

In summary, the growing population rate and the emerging threats of global warming impose severe hazards to the future of humanity. The estimates of the recent global tendencies show that developing countries encounter many challenges in economic, social, and political spheres because of climate change. For example, the economy of South Africa dramatically depends on agriculture and heavy industry. These spheres are concentrated around the available fossils and other natural resources the amount and accessibility of which is endangered by global warming and the growth of population.

The reserves of water and energy-producing minerals exhaust presenting a threat for the economies of the developing countries. It is essential for the global community and responsible international organizations to implement special family planning programs and informational policies to reduce growing birth rates and ensure stability for humanity in the future.

References

Conway, D., Van Gardener, E. A., Deryng, D., Dorling, S., Krueger, T., Landman, W., & Dalin, C. (2015). Climate and southern Africas water-energy-food nexus. Nature Climate Change, 5, 837-846.

Country classification. (2014). World economic situation and prospects. 

De Silva, T., & Tenreyro, S. (2017). Population control policies and fertility convergence. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(4), 205-228.

Hall, C., Dawson, T.P., Macdiarmid, J.I., Matthews, R.B., & Smith, P. (2017). The impact of population growth and climate change on food security in Africa: Looking ahead to 2050. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 15(2), 124-135.

Urry, J. (2015). Climate change and society. In J. Michie & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Why the social sciences matter (pp. 45-60). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Despite the civilization conditions, the economic wealth of any country, and some other factors, the vulnerable population will always be present in society. Many people became vulnerable during various dangerous natural or manmade disasters and catastrophes. The following paper is to cover different reasons that make populations vulnerable under the variety of circumstances, to examine some events that may cause it, and to discuss methods that might prevent or save ones life during such vital accidents.

What Makes the Population Vulnerable?

To obtain a full image of the papers topic, it is essential to define the vulnerable population. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2015) define social vulnerability as a capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of the discrete or identifiable disaster in nature or society (p. 1). To assess a degree of social vulnerability, CDC uses parameters such as socio-economic status, age, gender, language proficiency, and ethnicity (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).

In turn, World Health Organization (WHO) (2017) has a similar definition of a vulnerable population, but, at the same time, it provides examples of groups that require utmost care such as elderly people, children, pregnant women, and impaired individuals. Disregarding slight differences in definitions, generally speaking, the vulnerable populations are representatives of different social and health groups that require assiduous attention and paramount care during natural and manmade disasters.

As for non-profit organizations, the American Red Cross (2012) underlines differences in socio-economic status, age, and gender but also highlights the lack of English proficiency as one of the major characteristics. Disregarding slight differences in definitions, generally speaking, the vulnerable populations are representatives of different social and health groups that require assiduous attention and paramount care during natural and manmade disasters.

Therefore, the vulnerable population consists of people who were obliged to abandon their dwellings by a particular disaster. Due to the new habitation region, culture, requirements, and environment, these individuals struggle to survive among the local population. The factors of living by low standards and having a low quality of life make such people look and feel awkward among others. Besides, the vulnerable population might be discriminated against by the local people because they do not want others to inhabit their region and to use particular conveniences due to the unfair dispensation of resources.

Despite all the definitions mentioned above, the main issue of vulnerable individuals lies in the fact that they are not allowed to make major choices in their lives. Besides, these people were usually treated like slaves during the last three centuries because they could not obtain a good job to cover all their vital expenses and support their children. As the following paper is to discuss refugees during wars, it would be proper to define a refugee as well.

It is essential to stress that refugees remain one of the biggest categories of the vulnerable population in general. Hence, a refugee is a person who was forced to leave his or her country due to some dangerous factors, which could have influenced ones health and life. Moreover, refugees cannot usually return safely to their native towns or cities because of continuous menace.

World War One Refugees

One of the most suitable events that describe and demonstrate vulnerable populations is Word War One. As it is already known, Germany occupied the northern part of France, Belgium, Lithuania, and Poland in 1914, which forced the local populations to escape. Various peoples of non-Russian ethnical backgrounds, such as Jews, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Latvians, and Poles, were obliged to stay in the western part of the conflict territory. Hence, these people became vulnerable after multiple attacks by Austria and Germany. The largest and the most significant refugee minorities were formed of Belgian, Serbian, and Armenian citizens due to the conducted warfare in their lands territory in 1918.

The majority of people from Belgium were given jobs and places to stay in the United Kingdom. The local government always held these people under the control of the police, generals at their workplaces, and so on (Jenkinson, 2016). Even when their homeland was not a dangerous place to stay anymore, the refugees from Belgium preferred not to depart from the United Kingdom and to build their new lives there.

The British government did not like the fact that this minority found a way to socialize and to earn more money, to afford new housings, and so on because this factor made Britains economic system worse. Belgian refugees were expecting support due to their previous help in this country. As it is possible to witness, the Belgian population found a way of being independent of government and from other infrastructures. Although they socialized and became a part of The United Kingdoms society, the local population was displeased with their presence and behavior among others, which also offended native inhabitants of the island.

Refugees from Serbia were obliged to leave their country as well due to the multiple attacks by Austrian soldiers. In this case, only children were brought to the United Kingdom with the help of the Serbian Relief Fund. Other people made their way through the Montenegro Mountains and settled on various territories of such Commonwealths as Tunisia, Corsica, and Corfu. It is estimated that circa two hundred thousand Serbian people died during the escape from their motherland.

This planning was not the best for the Serbian refugees. Although the minor part of the local population was rescued, the majority were killed during the warfare. Nevertheless, the lack of such plans as preparation and forecasting of these actions could not prevent the deaths of thousands in this battle. Besides, Serbian refugees did not have a certain plan  they just went away and inhabited various lands. Their major mistake was to segregate themselves from one another, which made an enemy aware of the populations panic. Despite what was mentioned above, the Serbian refugees were accepted by other governments and cultures, which did not turn them into servants, but provided them with the required help.

The population of Armenia escaped the country due to the multiple attacks and massacres from the side of Turkey, which made these people move to the Middle East and different regions of Russia. Armenian refugees were supported in Russia by other people of the same ethnic background (Okkenhaug, 2015). People from Armenia had a plan that worked the best for them. They knew that they would always be accepted by Russia, which allowed their children to obtain a primary education, whereas adults from Armenia obtained proper medical treatments and jobs. Due to such hospitality from the Russian government and citizens, Armenians decided to stay there even after the war came to an end. Therefore, Armenians make one of the biggest Diasporas in the territory of Russia nowadays.

When World War One was over the majority of the Belgian refugees decided to return to their motherland, whereas the Serbian population had a chance to return to the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was a newly-formed Commonwealth back in 1918. This state is also known as Yugoslavia nowadays. The western borderlands of such countries as Serbia, Russia, and Poland were demolished by various attacks during the civil war. Besides, the war conflict between Poland and the Soviet Union ended in 1921.

World War Two Refugees

According to the Oxford American English Dictionary, a refugee is a person who was obliged to leave his or her dwelling or country to escape truculent warfare, persecution, and possible natural disasters that might affect ones life or health condition (Carruth, Ehrlich, & Flexner, 1980). As it is already known, many people and families with infants were forced to escape their permanent habitat by German soldiers. During World War Two, many people from all over Europe were persecuted according to such criteria as national background, race, and religious path. The most vulnerable populations were Poles and Jews because their countries were situated the closest to Nazi Germany.

German soldiers and tanks invaded the territory of Poland on the first of September in 1939. The strength and powerfulness of the Nazi army gave them the ability to destroy the most significant and populous cities of the neighboring country. Furthermore, the western lands of Poland became a part of Germany due to the total control of that territory by the Third Reich. Moreover, the eastern lands of Poland appertained to the Soviet Unions government.

Therefore, Polish people were left without homes and without any peaceful place to stay. Due to the German soldiers mercilessness, the Polish population was forced to run towards the lands of the former Soviet Union. Nevertheless, circa one million and two hundred thousand Polish refugees, were deported from the occupied territory to other peaceful regions of the Soviet Union. Approximately five hundred thousand former Polish citizens were relocated to the severe region of Siberia and Kazakhstan because they were labeled as people that were socially dangerous to other communities. Besides, the Polish refugees were considered anti-Soviet elements.

As the Polish population became vulnerable in the territory of the Soviet Union, they were doing only dirty jobs, and their quality of life was at the lowest level possible. Moreover, polish citizens who became prisoners in Russian jails were forced to do construction and other hard work, despite their physical health condition, their age, and possible diseases that one might obtain under such circumstances. Moreover, all the children were responsible for gathering various supplies and cutting wood. The Polish population could not bear such conditions. Due to their hard work and extremely cold weather, thousands of refugees died day by day.

Nevertheless, in the year 1941, German forces attacked the Soviet Union for the first time. After the Sikorski-Mayski agreement between the Polish Prime Minister and the Soviet Unions ambassador was signed, all refugees were allowed to return to their motherland, where they were allowed to form a national army with the Soviet Unions help and administration. Therefore, the new-made Polish army fought against Germany on the Red Armys side.

In turn, the government of Iran welcomed the Polish refugees and made the best conditions for them to stay, regardless of the countrys poor economic situation at that time. It is estimated that circa one hundred and sixteen thousand Poles were evacuated to Irans territory in the year 1942. Besides, almost two percent of relocated people were of Jewish ethnic background. Although Iran tried to support refugees from Poland, the majority of the venerable population died due to such permanent and incurable diseases as malaria and typhus.

Another community that suffered from the German soldiers persecution were German Jews. Before the mass persecution was established the Jewish Diaspora in Germany reckoned circa five hundred and twenty-three thousand people, the most of which inhabited Berlin. When fascist initiated the extirpating of that whole nation, Jews started migrating to neighboring Commonwealths like France, Denmark, Belgium, Holland, and so on (Friedlander, 2014). The German Jews were considered a vulnerable population in Germany for a long period because they were not allowed to receive any governments support and were restricted to use governmental services.

Due to such unviable and harsh circumstances, the United Kingdom took responsibility for relocating circa ten thousand Jewish children to the safe territory of their country. In the year 1939, almost two hundred and eighty-two thousand people of Jewish ethnic background escaped Germany to find their new habitats in such countries as the United States of America, Palestine, the United Kingdom, and other parts of Southern America. Moreover, some refugees also found their new dwellings in such Asian countries as Shanghai and China.

To compare the events during World War One and World War Two, it is essential to remember that all the refugees, in both cases, were outlived under different circumstances. As people from Serbia and Armenia were forced to leave their dwellings due to the menace to their safety, Jews and Poles were persecuted because of the Nazis ideology. During World War One, refugees were accepted to other countries, whereas people, who escaped warfare during World War Two, were neglected and humiliated by both attacking and hosting nations. Unfortunately, various vulnerable populations cannot decide their destiny and do not have many choices in their future actions. Therefore, it was difficult to blame these people for their decisions and actions during their escapes.

It is an interesting fact that when World War Two was about to end, some German citizens from eastern regions were obliged to leave their dwellings due to the Red Armys attacks. As a consequence of this, many Germans that found their shelters in such states as Romania and Yugoslavia became slaves in the territory of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that almost fifteen million ethnic Germans were deported to slavery, whereas another two million people died due to multiple attacks by the Red Army. After the end of World War Two, approximately five million Russian citizens happened to stay in different parts of Western Europe.

Ethical Dilemma

It would be proper to define an ethical dilemma to cover its particular issues in the following paragraph, which is to discuss and identify various problems of refugees and some reasons that influence vulnerable populations. An ethical dilemma is a variety of paradoxes, which makes people decide between two unacceptable and not preferable outcomes. This paradox explains the state of peoples minds who sometimes become obliged to choose between death or persecution and tremendously awful quality of life. It is evident from the history that the majority of refugees always prefer to escape warfare or another type of conflict, instead of staying in dangerous territory.

The main problem of the vulnerable population is that these people usually have no rights and freedoms just because they happened to leave their houses and to live in another country for their safety and the safety of their children.

The Necessary Facts about Refugees

One of the biggest problems is that people, who come from a wealthy country, usually hold refugees in contempt, which is an inhuman quality. The most important thing to remember is that all humans can be in such a situation, where other individuals help might be essential for ones to receive. My recommendation, in this case, would be to remain kind and generous to all the refugees under any circumstances because these peoples quality of life does not reflect the consequences of their previous life. On the other hand, different governments should help and share resources with the vulnerable populations of their countries.

Some refugees do not even have any rights to obtaining a job or medical treatment due to their financial ruin and citizenship of another Commonwealth (Long, 2013). Unfortunately, many successful countries do not even discuss this problem and do not develop any laws that would provide refugees with at least rights for minimum wage jobs. Therefore, another recommendation for the governments of multiple countries is to prefabricate such cases and emergencies.

To show and to prove that refugees are humiliated and neglected in todays world, the following paragraph is to provide some confirmative facts. According to the official statistics of refugees in the world, the most hospitable country is Turkey, which accepted approximately two million seven hundred and seventy-three thousand people from other countries or regions (Baban, Ilcan, & Rygiel, 2016).

Almost ninety-eight percent of Turkeys vulnerable population relocated from neighboring Syria due to the menace of war in the territory of this country. The Turkish government provides refugees with citizenship as quickly as possible. Moreover, the United States of America also allows these people to become American residents by giving them an appropriate status. Comparing todays situation among refugees from various countries, the differences with World War Two become evident.

Todays governmental leaders are more loyal to the people who have no place to stay. Nevertheless, there are multiple problems that the government faces when it comes to supporting the vulnerable population because people often go to countries with a poor economic system to have an advanced quality of life with their financial savings. Therefore, the hosting country sometimes has a lack of resources and professional services to meet the primary needs of its refugees. For instance, such African countries as Ethiopia, Uganda, and Kenya are overwhelmed with vulnerable populations of various ethnic backgrounds.

A wise recommendation to the hosting countries would be to limit the number of citizenships for people from other countries and to send people with particular needs to other states or Commonwealths with the same quality of life. This will reduce the overpopulation problem in poor countries and will make the refugees rights equal. Despite all the difficulties that such countries as Turkey and Ethiopia face due to the millions of people seeking help, they stay kind and welcome refugees from different countries, which goes vice versa with the same situation during World War Two. Another wise recommendation for all the refugees to follow is to consider the economic system of the hosting country and to seek for the less popular places to inhabit, such as New Zealand, Chile, Russia, Greenland, and so on.

Recommendations

After researching and exploring some credible sources, this paper is to continue with a shortlist of viable recommendations of what has to be done to improve the future response and planning when dealing with refugees:

• The first recommendation for the governments or people who are responsible for the territories that are likely to host refugees in the nearest future. It would be advantageous for both the hosting site and its refugees to prepare shelters or at least vital living accommodations for the ones who might need them. This step will prevent the problem of homelessness and mass diseases, which affect the native populations health and the quality of life as well. If there is a lack of finances or other resources that are required for this measure, the shelters are to be alternated by citizens who might let people with needs in their houses. The analysis of the consequences of this alternative showed that the level of robbery is likely to increase. Therefore, the hosting families should be acquainted with a person that needs shelter. A recommended plan of action for the aforementioned governments is to gather all the necessary information about potential refugees in their countries, to prepare for an increase in population, to provide these people with appropriate dwellings, and to respect their rights and freedoms.
• The second recommendation would be to address the governments of the countries that might be obliged to provide refugees with safety during the next few years. As it was mentioned above, it is crucial not to overcrowd a particular country, whereas spreading refugees among other Commonwealths might be beneficial for both sides of the problem. The ethical dilemma, in this case, is that refugees always relocate to the places that they consider safe and wealthy. In turn, they do not see any benefits of living in other countries that have a lack of population and have free vacancies for foreigners. As it was mentioned above, the majority of the worlds refugees stay in Turkey and Ethiopia because these countries are situated near to dangerous places that outlive people. If there is no such opportunity, refugees must be equally allocated all over the world, regardless of their wishes. The consequences of such actions might dissatisfy refugees, but would be beneficial for their lives and safety. A recommended plan of action for the governments is to give a certain amount of visas to people who need shelters, to provide them with any jobs that would give them an ability to survive, to keep the number of refugees conformable to a certain percentage of the local population and not to extend this number.
• The third recommendation is to address refugees that do not want to leave the dangerous area due to their values, dwelling, and lifestyle that they are comfortable with. The ethical dilemma is that such people rather die than seek a new place to live and overcome particular difficulties along with their families. Many cases in the world demonstrate mass deaths under such circumstances, which were especially common during World War Two and constant natural disasters in Japan. The only alternative solution is to rescue such people from risky zones. The consequences of such catastrophes might influence the lives of such peoples relatives. Besides, the mass deaths are disadvantageous for the countrys economic system because the number of workplaces might be reduced, and a particular country will not be able to trade at the worlds market anymore (Fakih & Ibrahim, 2015). Action plans to make potential refugees aware that they should prepare for departure beforehand. Nevertheless, the governments first imperative is to provide both citizens and residents of the country with safety as much as possible.

Conclusion

Vulnerable populations usually consist of people who do not have strong financial support, various ethnic, racial, and other minorities. In some countries, the government does not provide retired people, children, and students with a needed amount of money and medical treatment. People might be considered vulnerable if they do not have any dwelling if they have vital viruses or other illnesses that affect ones lifestyle. Refugees are people who were forced to leave their habitat due to some dangerous conditions or menace of a natural disaster or war. Refugees were often deported to slavery during World War One and World War Two. Nowadays, this issue is solved by the United Nations Organization, which also supports the countries that host refugees all over the world.

References

American Red Cross. (2012). Reaching out to L.A.s most vulnerable population at care harbor clinic. Web.

Baban, F., Ilcan, S., & Rygiel, K. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: Pathways to precarity, differential inclusion, and negotiated citizenship rights. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(1), 41-57. Web.

Carruth, G., Ehrlich, E., & Flexner, S. B. (1980). Oxford American dictionary. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Web.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Planning for an emergency: Strategies for identifying and engaging at-risk groups. Web.

Fakih, A., & Ibrahim, M. (2015). The impact of Syrian refugees on the labor market in neighboring countries: Empirical evidence from Jordan. Defence and Peace Economics, 27(1), 64-86. Web.

Friedlander, S. (2014). Nazi Germany and the Jews. The years of persecution, 1933-1939. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. Web.

Jenkinson, J. (2016). Soon gone, long forgotten: Uncovering British responses to Belgian refugees during the First World War. Immigrants & Minorities, 34(2), 101-112. Web.

Long, K. (2013). The point of no return: Refugees, rights, and repatriation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Web.

Okkenhaug, I. M. (2015). Religion, relief and humanitarian work among Armenian women refugees in mandatory Syria, 19271934. Scandinavian Journal of History, 40(3), 432-454. Web.

World Health Organization. (2017). Vulnerable groups. Web.

This lab aims to gather and analyze human population data using statistical methods to analyze data. The data used in this analysis was gathered from the Find a Grave website, which can be accessed at https://www.findagrave.com/. Calvary Allied Cemetery, commonly known as Calvary Cemetery, was used because it is one of the oldest and biggest in the country. It is worth noting that the cemetery used is located at 49-02 Laurel Hill Blvd. Woodside, Queens County, New York, 11377-7396 USA, and its ID is 64107 (Calvary Cemetery In Woodside, New York  Find A Grave Cemetery). I did a virtual visit to the cemetery because I could not go to the cemetery in person. Data collected from the virtual visit comprised six entries: initials of the person buried in a plot, their gender, year of birth, year of death, and whether they died before or after 1920.

The data was saved into a Microsoft Excel worksheet for analysis to determine the mean lifespan of females and males before and after 1920. The data was sorted using the Before and After and Gender variables as references to group the analysis into four groups. It was then analyzed, and the results were summarized in Table 1. The results show that females have a longer lifespan than men both before and after 1920. The average lifespan is longer after 1920 than before 1920, as shown in Figure 1, a visual representation of the results. The differences in lifespan before and after 1920 are possibly due to improvements in healthcare and medicine. Males have a shorter deadline which is attributed to biological and social differences.

Table 1: Summary of analysis of average lifespan before and after 1920 for both genders.

The only difficulty encountered while gathering the data was finding a cemetery that had accurate and reliable data. Some of the data on the virtual cemetery is incomplete thus less useful in analysis. The entries were limited to 500 pages which only covers surnames starting with A, B, and some of C. Calvary cemetery is one of the largest in the country and is located in the New York metropolitan area, which people from various backgrounds occupy. It is safe to assume the results are fairly representative of the state and the country to some extent.

Work Cited

Calvary Cemetery In Woodside, New York  Find A Grave Cemetery. Findagrave.Com, 2021, Web.

This photograph shows an ongoing housing project in a downtown neighborhood. The building project is a joint venture between private and public entities. This project is part of the public sectors efforts to address the shortage of humanitarian shelters within the state and the country at large. This project is a proposed shelter for abused women and young girls. The project might be scaled upwards to encompass other community-based needs in future. This project is similar to building projects that target the homeless population. The projects usually include structures that can be erected at a low cost and the ones that can support sharing. Governments, private entities, and charity organizations often implement these types of projects with the view of eradicating homelessness. It is important to note that the problem of homelessness is often inexplicable especially in the context of developed economies where governments have the ability to provide shelter to all citizens. Nevertheless, the combined efforts to eradicate homelessness are yet to yield any conclusive results. On most occasions, the homeless individuals who are offered shelters end up going back to their street or sidewalk abodes. This scenario has raised the question whether building shelters is the solution to homelessness.

Homelessness impacts our lives in a number of ways including matters to do with public health, public safety, and security issues. On the other hand, these issues are often in conflict with the homeless peoples ability to meet their basic needs. Among the homeless population, health matters are not a priority when they are compared with other pressing concerns such as a persons ability to obtain food and personal safety. Consequently, the health stability that comes with having permanent residence does not always appeal to the homeless population. In the realms of public health, the general population often considers the homeless demographic to be a lingering risk to public safety and health. For instance, whenever homeless individuals seek for a place to clean their clothes or bathe, it creates a public-health conflict. Consequently, most community-health stakeholders are of the view that shelters could solve the problems that are associated with homelessness. Homeless individuals often take issue with their portrayal as inadequate citizens and most of them take pride in earning their keep. For example, foraging for food among the homeless is an exercise that elicits pity among the general population but its success is fulfilling to the homeless. In terms of social justice, the homeless population would argue that it has a right to look for food just like the rest of citizens. The fact that one demographic finds food in the shelves of the grocery store and the other one in restaurant leftover-bins does not disqualify one group or justify the other.

The disconnection between shelters and the homeless population exists due to a number of reasons. First, most potential beneficiaries of the shelters for the homeless initiatives are likely to feel stigmatized. Consequently, most homeless individuals are not eager to be segregated and labeled. The problem of homelessness also exists because most shelter initiatives do not necessarily account for privacy and personal space. Most of the shelter-building initiatives are similar to the one represented in the picture above, where one roof provides shelter to various beneficiaries. On most occasions, privacy is only accorded through a simple cardboard partitioning. This scenario creates a myriad of issues for the homeless because it exposes them to direct health hazards due to overpopulation, lack of nutritious diet, and poor mental health.

One common misconception when it comes to the homeless population is that building shelters for this demographic is the ultimate solution. A closer analysis of the situations surrounding homelessness indicates that there is no absolute solution for this social problem. In future, it is important to form a tangible connection between homeless shelters, personal identity, and mental wellbeing. These factors form the core areas of contention when formulating policies to streamline shelters for the homeless initiatives. Shelter is one of the basic needs that human beings require in order to survive. When building shelters for the homeless all policy issues should be aligned with other humanity aspects. There have been occasions where individuals and families move out from provided shelters without any tangible explanations. Therefore, it would be futile to continue thinking about homeless people as a group that is solely in need of shelter.

The issue of the connection between homelessness and shelter provision continues to perplex various stakeholders including community health administrators. In the past, it has become clear that shelters are not enough to address the problem of homelessness. To address this problem, stakeholders need to encompass the broad factors into shelter provision. For instance, matters of mental health, nutrition, and communicable diseases need to be included into housing initiatives. At the end of the day, it is important for stakeholders to achieve some tangible progress into the problem of homelessness across the country. It is also important to employ respect and sensitivity towards this demographic when addressing the issue of shelter for the homeless.