Category: Pollution

the dirt is a perplexing blend of minerals, trademark material, water, and differing living things. In its exceptional express, the dirt was an uncontaminated substance covering the earth. Regardless, people have intentionally and coincidentally poured harming things onto it in explicit zones. The waste can hurt the dirt and potentially human, plant, and creature flourishing. There are different explanations behind soil pollution that happen every day or even every minute.

For straightforwardness of reference, they are regularly part into two: man-made (anthropogenic) causes and ordinarily happening causes. Anthropogenic (man-made) soil tainting begins in a couple of sorts of methodology, some cognizant (mechanical) and some incidental. Human-caused soil pollution can business related to ordinary strategies to construct unsafe sullying levels in the earth for instance: coincidental spills and breaks in the midst of limit, transport or use of manufactured substances, foundry activities and collecting frames that incorporate warmers or diverse systems achieving the possible dispersing of contaminants in nature; mining practices including the staggering and getting ready of unrefined materials.

Concerning improvement practices they are: Agrarian activities including the scattering of herbicides, pesticides and furthermore bug showers and excrements; Transportation works out, releasing unsafe vehicle transmissions Compound waste dumping, paying little respect to whether adventitious or purposeful – , for instance, unlawful dumping; The limit of waste in landfills, as the waste things may spill into groundwater or make polluted vapors, and broken paint chips tumbling from building dividers, especially harmful paint. Common procedures can prompt an amassing of poisonous synthetics in the dirt. This kind of defilement has just been recorded in a couple of cases, for example, the amassing of more elevated amounts of perchlorate in soil from the Atacama Desert in Chile, a sort of gathering that is absolutely because of characteristic procedures in parched situations.

One case of characteristic makes driving soil contamination is Acid Rains. This wonder happens when the toxins present noticeable all around interface with the downpour water and fall ashore. The dirtied water from such precipitation blends with the groundwater in this way making it unfit for human utilization. a creating purpose behind concern is the way by which we dispose of our waste. While current waste is sure to cause spoiling, there is another way by which we are adding to the sullying. Every human makes a particular proportion of individual waste things by way or pee and fecal matter. While a considerable amount of it moves into the sewer the structure, there is moreover an enormous whole that is dumped clearly into landfills as diapers. Undoubtedly, even the sewer system closes at the landfill, where the regular waste debases the soil and water. This is in light of the fact that our bodies are overflowing with toxins and engineered substances which are as of now immersing the land and causing sullying of soil.

Oil breaks can happen in the midst of limit and transport of manufactured mixes. This can be seen at an expansive bit of the fuel stations. The manufactured mixes present in the fuel deteriorates the idea of soil and make them unacceptable for advancement. These engineered mixes can go into the groundwater through the earth and make the water undrinkable. The debasement or defilement of soils impacts energetically on the quality of plants. Individuals are in like manner impacted from different viewpoints either explicitly or roundaboutly. Dirtied soil can hurt individuals by achieving the earth or eating up vegetation produce from sullied soils. Children are much continuously powerless against the harms of soil tainting since they contribute most of their vitality playing in close contact with the earth. Thusly, soil pollution has a not immaterial once-over of effects.

Over 70% of the dirt contaminations are cancer-causing in nature, heightening the odds of creating malignant growth in the people presented to the dirtied soils. Long haul introduction to benzene and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), for example, is connected to the improvement of leukemia and liver disease individually. Soil poisons can likewise cause skin ailments, solid blockage, and focal sensory system issue. People can be influenced by implication because of bioaccumulation or nourishment harming. It happens when individuals devour crop produce that is developed in the contaminated soils or when they expend creature items that eat plants from dirtied soils. Thus, people experience the ill effects of intense sicknesses and may encounter sudden passing.

For instance, high centralizations of lead or mercury in the dirt can imperil the usefulness of kidneys and liver. It can likewise hamper mental health in youngsters and cause unfriendly neurological clutters. At the point when soils are over and again polluted and aggregate a lot of toxic materials and synthetic substances, the dirt achieves a point where it can’t bolster vegetation. Soil poisons meddle with soil science, science, and structure. At the point when these progressions happen, useful soil microscopic organisms, soil microorganisms, soil supplements, and soil synthetic procedures start to decay to a degree where they reduce soil richness. The natural equalization is lost totally. On this premise, the dirt winds up unsatisfactory for harvest survival or some other type of vegetation. In the event that the plants pass on, at that point it implies creatures subject to the plants will likewise kick the bucket. This prompts relocation of the bigger creatures and predators to different areas to discover nourishment supply, step by step prompting a decrease in untamed life and eradication.

Soil contamination can also change plant digestion and lower crop efficiency. Plus, when plants take up the dirt contaminants, they leave them behind the evolved way of life, jeopardizing the strength of creatures and people. Right when soil ends up being astoundingly dirtied, plants disregard to create. Subsequently, the earth winds up frail against the erosional forces of both breeze and water. Wind can get the soil contaminants, which remain perceptible all around as suspended contaminants. Precipitation washes soil harms into near to water bodies, and these unsafe substances render the water unfit for usage and private use. Green overflow that is affluent in pesticides and bug showers used in agribusiness in like manner end up in water bodies when farmland soil is broken down by water. As such, soil tainting can provoke air pollution and water sullying. Salinization of the soil is a run of the mill pollution issue achieved by water framework in dried and semi-very dry environments.

This water framework influences salts to create in the soil. This at last makes the earth feeble to grow by and large harvests. Salts are difficult to oust from the earth, so this is a poisonous issue. Herbicides are synthetic concoctions used to slaughter weeds and undesirable plants while pesticides are substances that murder undesirable creepy crawlies and bugs. Manures supply supplements to plants to enable them to develop however can contain substantial metals which can be unsafe to the creatures, including people, that eat the plant say the Food and Fertilizer Technology Center. Decreasing the utilization of or discovering regular options in contrast to dangerous substances can help forestall soil contamination, as per the National Science Digital Library. Contribute less waste to help turn away soil defilement.

Purchase glass and other reusable compartments rather than disposing of plastic or paper routinely. Reuse paper and plastic through your neighborhood misuse the board association to decrease the proportion of waste that is sent to a landfill. The National Science Digital Library, NSDL, reports that reusing and reusing things will help save standard resources and extra more land from sullying. Squander should be disposed of authentically to keep up a key separation from soil defilement. Lobby, your area to get ways to deal with treat misuse before disposing of it to hinder sullying. For example, the NSDL suggests that acidic and stomach settling agent squander be slaughtered before they are disposed of so they won’t corrupt the earth. Waste that is biodegradable should be isolated in a controlled space before being disposed of in light of the way that it is much speedier, resource saving procedure. The negative results of land tainting can be massively lessened with the support of everyone. By endeavoring to add to an increasingly secure condition, the prosperity and thriving of all can be guaranteed.

In the modern era, pollution is standing out as a commonly serious issue yet. Everyone acknowledges that it is raising day by day due to several resources of mankind and human-created machines. As a result, these sweeping changes are harming the environment and damaging the air, soil, and water. There are three main pollutants of air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. All the ways to diminish pollution is to practice the 3Rs concept namely reduce, reuse and recycle. In this essay on pollution, we will illustrate what are the effects of pollution and how to tackle this issue straightaway.

Firstly, carbon dioxide comes from solid and liquid particles, as well as certain gases the major thing that can cause air pollution. These all come from vehicles’ exhaust, burning of fossil fuels, industrial emissions, indoor air pollution, microbial decaying process, and wildfires. So directly does air pollution contaminate the surface of bodies of water and soil? In one research, if air pollution is not controlled, by 2030 the air toxins will increase and become so poisonous, which can result in an oxygen kit will be necessary to use, as well as premature aging will be caused.

In part of soil pollution, crops and trees are being damaged in a variety of ways, for instance, ground-level ozone not only can trigger reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields but also increase plant susceptibility to disease and pests. Water pollution has been occurring as a consequence of sewage systems, sanitation, disposal sites, and the creation of illegal rubbish dumps by directly releasing waste, plastics, and harmful products into the nearest water source. By 2020, researchers acclaim that there will be more plastic production, and plastic pollution continues to compound annually.

In fact, all types of pollution are linked in several methods they are hazardous and come with grave consequences. The most basic solution for pollution is to move away from fossil fuels, replacing them with alternative energies like solar, wind, and geothermal. Promoting shared mobility like carpooling, and public transport and shifting to electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles could reduce air pollution. All the citizens have to use less plastic, yet it is very difficult to break it down after it is produced. Another way is that people should replace and utilize more biodegradable products rather than plastics and plant more trees. The government must also limit the usage of fertilizers to maintain the soil’s fertility. In addition, industries must be banned from dumping their waste into oceans and rivers. Furthermore, one must always recycle what one can and make the earth greener.

Upon learning about the harmful effects of pollution, every kind of pollution leaves a huge negative impact on our environment, human lives, animals, and so on. As responsible citizens, to take some steps towards change ranging from individuals to industries in order to make this earth pollution-free.

Abstract

After intensive research with the data analysis, we concluded that land pollution would soon be an issue for the City of Windsor. The primary reason is the constant increase in the population. With the rise in the population, there is an inevitable increase in the garbage disposal, which in turn raises the fear of land pollution.

The following are the primary outcomes of our research:

Population Statics

Our team comprises individuals having industrial and research work experience in the field of Mechanical, Electrical, and Industrial engineering. A few of us did research specifically on Climate change and pollution during our bachelor’s degrees. This diversified experience enabled us to do effective research on Windsor’s climate and provide a workable engineering solution.

Windsor is a city located at the southern end of Canada in Ontario. It is a popular tourist destination as it is near the U.S. city of Detroit across the Detroit River. The city is also recognized for its Automotive Industry and cultural diversity [1].

Windsor is the third fastest-growing city with a 2.5 percent population spurt, according to the latest census data released by Statistics Canada. Windsor’s 2019 population statics, making it the third most populated city in Southwestern Ontario, after London and Kitchener [2].

The development of Windsor city is predictable with its growing industries and manufacturing legacy, with the census having been performed in 2016 which indicates that the population has risen since the earlier census in 2011 from 319,246 people to 329,144 in Windsor-Essex county. That is an increase of 3.1% over the five years [3].

Reasons for Increase in Population

Windsor is becoming the hub for landing new immigrants after Peterborough at 3.1% followed by Kitchener and Waterloo at 2.6% [2]. The unemployment rate in Windsor is 5.4%, which is lower than the 6.8% national unemployment rate. Real state prices in Windsor are slightly low compared to other cities in Ontario [4]. Windsor is also a home for those who commute daily to the USA for jobs or study purposes.

Land Pollution

Pollution is created by human activities and natural disasters. There are three types of pollution — land, air, and water. Primary sources of land pollution are industries, overcrowded landfills, construction debris, and solid waste [5].

Waste Composition

In 2010, Essex-Windsor residents generated 153,8193 tonnes of waste and diverted approximately 38.5% (or 59,229 tonnes) through its various waste management programs. The Annual Waste Diversion Report for the Essex Windsor Solid Waste Authority (EWSWA) presents the total waste generated in Essex-Windsor to be 151,653 tonnes. The waste composition consists mainly of organic materials (41%), other refuse (22%), recyclable paper (20%), and different recyclable types of material (18%) [5].

Each resident in Windsor generates approximately 471 kilograms of waste. Essex Windsor Solid Waste Authority is responsible for the overall management of solid waste and recycling; the City of Windsor staff is responsible for collection [6].

Causes of Land Pollution

Approximately 50% of Windsor Essex garbage is organic waste [7]. Organic wastes contain materials that originated from living organisms. There are many types of organic waste, and they can be found in municipal solid waste, industrial solid waste, agricultural waste, and wastewater [8].

Recent analyses show that coffee cup lids account for more than 104 million in number to the City of Windsor and Essex County. These are not recyclable and thus affect us. Also, 216 million plastic bags as throw away in Windsor- Essex in a year; these also fall into the category of non-recyclable items. Plastic bottle lids and caps, toilet bowl cleaner spouts, pump lids, plastic tubes such as hand lotion tubes, toys, patio furniture, and shovels, are all not recyclable. An estimated 10,000 tonnes of plastic waste end up in the Great Lake. Plastic straws are used in huge quantities all over Canada. About 57 million straws and used daily all over the country [9].

Effects of Land Pollution

Coming from different parts of Asia, where due to an increase in greenhouse gases the depletion of the ozone took place, which resulted in drastic climatic changes in a few countries. Therefore, arresting of these greenhouse gases in Windsor is necessary to prevent such detrimental effects.

An estimated 10,000 tonnes of plastic waste end up in Great Lake [9]. These wastes decompose and produce methane, which is a greenhouse gas that leads to global warming. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that landfills are the third-leading cause of methane emissions in the U.S., thus affecting their climate adversely, this could be the condition for Canada in the near future if we don’t control it [10].

Landfill gas contains many different gases. Methane and carbon dioxide makes up 90 to 98% of landfill gas. The remaining 2 to 10% includes nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, sulfides, hydrogen, and various other gases. Landfill gases are produced when bacteria break down organic waste. The amount of these gases depends on the type of waste present in the landfill, the age of the landfill, oxygen content, the amount of moisture, and temperature [11].

Windsor and London are the last two large municipalities in the province that don’t have organic waste collection. Environmental services manager Anne-Marie Albidone has said that they are planning to ban food and organic waste from reaching landfills by the year 2022 [12].

Necessary action must be taken toward Waste Management such that it improves health and creates a clean environment. Hence we are focusing on improving waste management in Windsor.

Recycling is something everyone can do daily; many of the things we use every day like paper bags, soda cans, and milk cartons, are made out of materials that can be recycled. The problem is that if we don’t recycle, we will increase the amount of pollution. We would destroy more habitats that can affect wildlife and sea life; also our water, air, and land will be polluted [5].

Solution—Abstract

To minimize the effect of land pollution happening Reduce, Reuse and Recycle items [5]. Converting organic waste into biogas and compost can be an effective way to deal with the problem. It is economical and easy to implement. Turning plastic into fuel is a way of dealing with plastic bottles and bags present in the garbage.

4 References

1. Z. Rush, ‘Let’s do something to combat pollution,’ 17 01 2013. [Online]. Available: https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/lets-do-something-to-combat-pollution. [Accessed 03 10 2019].
2. D. Battagello, ‘Windsor tied for the third fastest-growing city in latest StatsCan census data,’ 29 3 2019. [Online]. Available: https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsor-third-fastest-growing-city-in-latest-census. [Accessed 03 10 2019].
3. World Population, ‘Windsor Population 2019,’ 2019. [Online]. Available: http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/windsor-population/. [Accessed 03 10 2019].
4. Dangerous Real State Team, ‘Living in Windsor,’ 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.dangemus.com/town/living-in-windsor. [Accessed 03 10 2019].
5. exp, ‘Essex Windsor Solid Waste Authority,’ 12 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.ewswa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Essex-Windsor-Draft-Waste-Strategy-Dec-2011-for-review.pdf. [Accessed 3 10 2019].
6. The City of Windsor, ‘Waste Diversion Through Recycling and Composting,’ 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.citywindsor.ca/residents/environment/Environmental-Master-Plan/Goal-D-Use-Resources-Efficiently/Pages/Waste-Diversion-Through-Recycling-and-Composting.aspx. [Accessed 03 10 2019].
7. CTV News Windsor, ’50 percent of Windsor-Essex garbage is food,’ 04 10 2017. [Online]. Available: https://windsor.ctvnews.ca/50-per-cent-of-windsor-essex-garbage-is-food-1.3619072. [Accessed 02 10 2019].
8. Encyclopedia, ‘Organic Waste,’ 01 10 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/organic-waste. [Accessed 05 10 2019].
9. W. S. Sharon Hill, ‘Earth Day,’ 18 4 2019. [Online]. Available: https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/earth-day-windsor-essex-needs-to-get-off-the-plastic-bandwagon. [Accessed 4 10 2019].
10. J. Worland, ‘How Your Trash Is Contributing to Climate Change,’ 22 9 2015. [Online]. Available: https://time.com/4042559/trash-climate-change-landfill/. [Accessed 06 10 2019].
11. New York State, ‘Important Things to Know About Landfill Gas,’ 4 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/air/docs/landfill_gas.pdf. [Accessed 04 10 2019].
12. Brain Cross, ‘Windsor food waste to be banned from regular trash, starting 2020,’ 30 7 2018. [Online]. Available: https://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/windsor-food-wastes-to-be-banned-from-regular-trash-starting-in-2022. [Accessed 4 10 2019].

Do you think pollution is a problem? Now you know why pollution is a controversial topic and why solving the problem is so important. Think years from now, if we don’t stop pollution, it will have a serious impact on everyone and everything. It can destroy habitats and eliminate the survival of species.

Due to the industrial revolution and our need to make money and make our lives easier, chances are that people will not be able to survive, all because of. However, we can still live like this without having such a big impact on the environment. Simple things, such as switching to more energy-efficient fuels that pollute less than fossil fuels. Or by implementing simple techniques to help reduce the amount of pollution generated in your own home. If you really want to do something about pollution, there are many ways to help solve this problem. When you need a new car, buy a car that runs on electricity instead of natural gas, and use natural gas instead of oil to heat your house. If you live in a noisy environment, you can plant shrubs to help cover and reduce noise that can damage your hearing. Also write to the manufacturing company, urging them to use better environmental protection equipment to adapt their lives to the aquatic environment of the cooling equipment that they may dive into. How does pollution affect you?

Well, if you live on the coast, water pollution may kill or affect aquatic life in some way, and maybe it will affect the fish produced in your coastal city. You may be a fisherman, and pollution is affecting your livelihood and income. In the urban environment, hazardous waste pollution has a great impact on you, and noise pollution has a great impact on you too. Your hearing may be affected and the temperature in the city may be higher than in surrounding towns. In rural areas, water pollution generally affects you because fertilizers and pesticides used on the farm can contaminate the water source. When you think about pollution, unless you like a warm city environment or loud noises that can damage your hearing, pollution won’t have a positive effect on anything. If you don’t like it, pollution will have a very negative impact on your environment. It can wipe out entire species, thereby destroying ecosystems and affecting the food chain.

Things like acid rain come from air pollution, while the destruction of the ozone layer comes from many forms of pollution. Then, the chances of getting cancer and diseases that can lead to death or even hearing loss are higher, which may be the impact that pollution may have on you. I personally think that if everyone helps, pollution can be stopped and a crisis averted. Can you imagine a world where there is no pollution and everyone can live in peace? I believe that to achieve this goal, all we have to do is work together. Don’t you think?

What does society/governments say about Pollution?

Our society continues to state the obvious about the opinions of pollution” which is don’t pollute because it kills millions of people and living organisms in the world. The response to society’s words has not been seen nearly as much as it should. People seem to think to themselves that someone else will deal with the pollution and put the blame on others. But what people really need to start doing is taking a step back and really putting into perspective how much pollution they are producing. If we all did that many of us will be surprised because of how much we are individually ruining the earth. Societies’ main way of informing the harm of pollution is through social media and word of mouth. Although social media is the main source to get to people these days I think the government should start making more changes to stop pollution. Just like how it is illegal to kill someone it should be illegal to pollute our earth because essentially pollution is a killer. Since the harm done by pollution is proven by science that it is killing millions of people per year then there should become some laws to prevent pollution from happening. Many political leaders are afraid to propose big ideas to stop pollution because it can be costly to the country and if it doesn’t work it ruins their reputation. I think that it is a lousy excuse for lazy politicians who don’t want to make changes for the good; I believe that a good leader should take risks if it can lead to any positive change. Once one big leader makes a change for good many other leaders will follow in their footsteps and slowly make the world a better and safer place. But now politicians are more worried about themselves and their reputation that they are not willing to help the country in a positive way.

What does the church say about pollution?

The church sees pollution as a sin. But since pollution is so widespread across the world it is impossible for every catholic person to completely cut out pollution from their everyday lives. But a few years ago, Pope Francis proposed to add caring for the environment to the traditional works of mercy. Caring for the environment and not polluting is even seen many times in the Bible. For example, “You shall not pollute the land which you live, for blood pollute the land, and no atonement can be made for the land for the blood that is shed in it, except by the blood of the one who shed it. You shall not defile the land in which you live, in the midst of which I dwell, for I the Lord dwell in the midst of the people of Israel” (Numbers 35:33-34). This passage is not only talking about how killing is a sin because it pollutes God’s earth with blood, but it also relates to the pollution of harmful substances to God’s earth being a sin as well. The world is built around pollution so you cannot just stop polluting for the rest of your life because it is a sin; that is not what God expects from you, but He wants you to reduce the amount and also teach others that it is a sin and that they should reduce it as well. God built this world and died for our sins with the hope that we would teach His words and share His stories through scripture.

My thoughts on Pollution

I believe that many people in our world are very hypocritical and petty. They are hypocritical because I see so many people that post anti-pollution pictures and articles online but then those same people are polluting themselves. These people think that because they are “informing” others about the problem they don’t need to fix the problem themselves. Also, people are petty because many people say that they are too busy to worry about how much they are polluting and use that as their excuse. Paul Ricoeur Conceptual framework of Human Action can perfectly describe why people won’t help against pollution. We have “the agents” which are the people who intend to help. “The action”, is to take a step back and see how much pollution they are contributing to and reduce it. “The motive”, which is the reasoning of why they don’t do the action; which revolves around the agent’s priorities and thinking that someone else will stop polluting so I don’t need to. The agent does these actions because everyone else does this and that helps us see that our actions give us our identity. This framework with respect to pollution proves that many people are followers when it comes to preventing and reducing pollution and not very many people will step up and take leadership for their part of pollution.

Essay on Pollution for Students

An essay about pollution explores the detrimental effects of human activities on the environment and the urgent need for sustainable solutions. Pollution refers to the contamination of natural resources such as air, water, and soil, caused by various factors including industrialization, urbanization, and the excessive use of fossil fuels.

In this essay, we will delve into the wide-ranging consequences of pollution on both the planet and human health. Air pollution, for instance, contributes to the worsening of respiratory diseases, climate change, and the depletion of the ozone layer. Water pollution not only endangers aquatic ecosystems but also compromises the availability of safe drinking water for communities. Additionally, soil pollution disrupts agricultural productivity and biodiversity, posing significant challenges to food security.

The essay will highlight the different types of pollution, including air pollution from vehicle emissions and industrial pollutants, water pollution from sewage and chemical runoff, and soil pollution from improper waste disposal. It will emphasize the importance of recognizing pollution as a global issue that requires collective action.

Moreover, the essay will emphasize the role of individuals, governments, and industries in curbing pollution. It will explore potential solutions such as adopting renewable energy sources, implementing stricter environmental regulations, promoting sustainable practices, and raising public awareness about the importance of conservation and responsible consumption.

Pollution Essay 1 (100 words)

Pollution is a severe environmental issue affecting our planet. It refers to the introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the natural surroundings, resulting in adverse effects on living organisms and ecosystems. Pollution can take various forms, such as air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and noise pollution. These pollutants are often released from human activities like industrial processes, transportation, and improper waste disposal. Pollution poses significant threats to human health, biodiversity, and the overall balance of nature. To protect our environment and ensure a sustainable future, it is crucial to address pollution through awareness, regulation, and adopting eco-friendly practices.

Pollution Essay 2 (200 words)

Introduction

Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment, causing adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health. It takes various forms such as air, water, soil, noise, and light pollution.

What is Pollution?

Pollution occurs when pollutants exceed the natural capacity of the air, water, or soil to disperse or break down. Air pollution comes from industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and burning fossil fuels. Water pollution is caused by the discharge of chemicals, sewage, and waste into bodies of water. Soil pollution results from the contamination of soil with harmful substances like pesticides and industrial waste. Noise pollution comes from excessive noise levels, while light pollution is caused by excessive artificial lighting.

Conclusion

Pollution is a serious problem with far-reaching consequences. It leads to climate change, biodiversity loss, respiratory diseases, and other health issues. To combat it, we must promote sustainable practices like reducing emissions, conserving resources, adopting clean energy, and implementing effective waste management. Public awareness and education are crucial for changing behaviors and fostering environmental responsibility. By taking collective action to reduce pollution, we can create a cleaner and healthier planet for future generations.

Pollution Essay 3 (300 words)

Introduction

Pollution is a grave concern, posing a threat to the environment and human health. It involves the introduction of harmful substances into the natural surroundings. Various types of pollution exist, including air, water, soil, and noise pollution. Each type has unique consequences that require our attention. In this essay, we will explore pollution, particularly focusing on air pollution and its impact on my family.

Types of Pollution

Air pollution is a prevalent and hazardous form of pollution caused by harmful gases, particulate matter, and biological molecules released into the atmosphere. Sources include industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and burning of fossil fuels. Prolonged exposure to polluted air can lead to respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and premature death.

The Atmosphere in my Family

Living in a bustling city exposes my family to high levels of air pollution. Harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter are present in the air we breathe. These pollutants can result in respiratory issues, allergies, lung cancer, and heart diseases.

To reduce the impact of air pollution, my family takes several measures. We ensure proper ventilation, use air purifiers, maintain our vehicles, and support sustainable practices like carpooling and public transportation. However, collective action and government regulations are necessary for more significant changes.

Conclusion

Pollution, especially air pollution, poses a significant threat to our environment and well-being. The adverse effects of it on my family’s health emphasize the urgency of addressing this issue. It requires a collective effort from governments, industries, and individuals to reduce it levels, adopt sustainable practices, and promote cleaner energy sources. By taking responsibility for our actions and working towards a pollution-free world, we can create a healthier and greener future for our planet and future generations.

Pollution Essay 4 (500 words)

Introduction

Pollution is a pervasive issue that poses a significant threat to the environment and all forms of life on our planet. It refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural surroundings, resulting in detrimental effects on air, water, soil, and overall ecosystem health. Pollution is a global concern that requires urgent attention and concerted efforts to mitigate its destructive consequences.

What is Pollution?

Pollution encompasses various types, including air, water, soil, noise, and even light pollution. Each type has its unique characteristics and sources, but all share the common trait of causing harm to the environment.

Air pollution occurs when harmful gases, particulate matter, and toxic substances are released into the atmosphere by industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and the burning of fossil fuels. This leads to the deterioration of air quality, respiratory problems, and the formation of smog, which can have severe consequences for human health and ecosystems.

Water pollution refers to the contamination of rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater by the discharge of industrial waste, sewage, agricultural runoff, and improper disposal of chemicals. This contamination not only endangers aquatic life but also poses significant health risks for humans who rely on polluted water sources for drinking and other daily activities.

Soil pollution occurs when pollutants such as pesticides, industrial chemicals, and heavy metals infiltrate the soil, rendering it unfit for agriculture and damaging the delicate balance of soil ecosystems. This pollution disrupts the natural cycles of nutrients, affects the health of plants and animals, and ultimately threatens food security.

Effects of Pollution on the Environment

The effects of pollution on the environment are far-reaching and devastating. It disrupts the delicate balance of ecosystems, leading to the decline of biodiversity and the destruction of habitats. Plants, animals, and microorganisms suffer from the toxic effects of pollutants, causing disruptions in their growth, reproduction, and overall survival.

Pollution has a profound impact on air quality, leading to respiratory diseases, such as asthma and lung cancer, among humans and wildlife. The release of greenhouse gases contributes to climate change, resulting in rising global temperatures, extreme weather events, and disruptions in ecological patterns.

Water pollution has severe consequences for aquatic life. Pollutants can contaminate water bodies, leading to the death of fish, marine mammals, and other organisms. The destruction of coral reefs and depletion of oxygen levels in water bodies further exacerbate the issue.

Soil pollution not only affects agricultural productivity but also poses a threat to human health. Crops grown in contaminated soil can absorb toxic substances, which can then be passed on to humans through the food chain. This can result in serious health issues, including organ damage and various diseases.

Conclusion

The detrimental effects of pollution on the environment cannot be ignored. Urgent action is required to address this global crisis and protect our planet for future generations. Efforts must be made to reduce emissions of harmful pollutants, promote sustainable practices, and invest in clean technologies. Additionally, raising awareness among individuals and communities about the importance of environmental conservation and adopting eco-friendly lifestyles is crucial. By taking collective responsibility and implementing effective measures, we can curb pollution and create a healthier and sustainable environment for all.

Pollution Essay 5 (800 words)

Introduction

Pollution is a grave environmental issue that continues to plague our planet. It refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment, resulting in adverse effects on living organisms and the overall ecosystem. Pollution can take various forms, including air, water, and soil pollution, and its impact is felt globally. This essay examines the pollution levels in three cities: London, Detroit, and Delhi, highlighting the challenges they face and the urgent need for collective action.

What is Pollution?

Pollution encompasses a wide range of contaminants that disrupt the natural balance of ecosystems. Air pollution refers to the release of harmful gases, particulate matter, and chemicals into the atmosphere, primarily caused by industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, and burning of fossil fuels. Water pollution occurs when pollutants such as chemicals, sewage, and plastic waste enter water bodies, endangering aquatic life and rendering water unfit for consumption. Soil pollution involves the contamination of land through the accumulation of hazardous chemicals, pesticides, and heavy metals, rendering it infertile and unsuitable for agriculture.

Pollution Level in London

London, the capital city of the United Kingdom, has been grappling with significant pollution challenges. The primary concern is air pollution, primarily driven by vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and the burning of fossil fuels. According to recent studies, London consistently breaches the World Health Organization’s recommended limits for air quality. Fine particulate matter, known as PM2.5, poses a severe threat to human health, causing respiratory issues, cardiovascular problems, and even premature death. The city has taken measures to combat pollution, including implementing congestion charges, promoting electric vehicles, and expanding green spaces. However, sustained efforts are necessary to improve air quality and protect the health of Londoners.

In addition to air pollution, London also faces challenges in water quality. While the city has made progress in improving its water management and reducing water pollution, issues such as urban runoff and aging infrastructure contribute to occasional contamination. The Thames River, a prominent water body in London, has historically experienced pollution from sewage overflow during heavy rainfall, impacting aquatic life and recreational activities. To address these issues, investments in wastewater treatment facilities and the implementation of stricter regulations are essential.

Pollution Level in Detroit

Detroit, located in the state of Michigan, USA, has been grappling with pollution issues, particularly concerning water and soil contamination. The city has a history of industrialization, and past manufacturing activities have left a lasting impact on the environment. Water pollution is a significant concern due to the presence of toxic chemicals, such as lead, in the city’s water supply. The Flint water crisis, which affected nearby communities, highlighted the dangers of inadequate infrastructure and water management. The incident drew attention to the importance of ensuring access to clean and safe drinking water for all communities.

Additionally, soil pollution in Detroit poses challenges for urban agriculture and limits the potential for sustainable food production. Industrial activities and improper waste disposal practices have led to the accumulation of hazardous substances in the soil, affecting its fertility and posing risks to human health. Efforts are underway to address these issues, including infrastructure upgrades, water treatment initiatives, and urban revitalization programs. However, sustained investment and community engagement are essential to overcome the pollution challenges faced by Detroit.

Pollution Level in Delhi

Delhi, the capital city of India, grapples with severe air pollution, making it one of the most polluted cities globally. Factors contributing to Delhi’s pollution crisis include vehicular emissions, industrial activities, crop burning in neighboring regions, and construction dust. The city experiences hazardous levels of particulate matter, particularly during winter months, leading to significant health concerns for its residents. Air pollution-related illnesses, such as respiratory disorders and cardiovascular diseases, have reached alarming levels.

Apart from air pollution, Delhi also faces challenges in managing water pollution. The Yamuna River, which flows through the city, suffers from pollution due to untreated sewage discharge and industrial effluents. The river’s pollution not only affects the water quality but also impacts the health of aquatic life and the availability of safe water resources for the growing population. Efforts are being made to address these issues through the implementation of wastewater treatment plants, stricter regulations, and public awareness campaigns.

Conclusion

Pollution is a global crisis that affects cities like London, Detroit, and Delhi. To address this urgent issue, governments, industries, and individuals must take immediate action. By implementing sustainable practices, adopting cleaner technologies, and promoting awareness, we can work together towards a cleaner and healthier environment. International cooperation is crucial in combating pollution and ensuring a sustainable future. Let us join forces to preserve our planet for generations to come.

Pollution Essay 6 (1300 words)

Pollution is made from pollutants which are very tiny harmful particles that damage our atmosphere. Pollution is caused by human activities by deforestation, smoke from industries and burning fossil fuels, smoke from car exhaust pipes. Pollution can also cause naturally by volcanoes ash There are different types of pollution that are caused by humans which are air, water, soil, noise and many different types of pollution. The pesticides we use to spray on plants and crops to kill insects and weeds see to the canal and harm wildlife. Many animals and birds have been existing because of pollution. It is increasing day by day and we should stop to save our mankind from extinction. It is a serious concern for us to stop pollution if we do not do that now, the end is near. Everyone should reduce pollution because it will help to save our planet and our future and future generations to do it there are some steps that will help to reduce pollution.

To save our planet from the pollution which is rising continuously. There are some things that people can do to reduce pollution like they should follow the simple rule of 3Rs which means Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. When we throw garbage it will go to the dump yard and do not decompose and it will cause pollution. Many harmful gases are released from it which causes pollution. Reusing can be a portal to different types of ecological activism. At the point when we reuse materials, you redirect them from landfills or incinerators where garbage typically goes.

Regardless of whether consumed in incinerators or left to decay in landfills, materials in our rubbish can drain synthetic concoctions into the air, ground or water. Reusing decreases the waste that goes to dirtying landfills and incinerators, and diminishes the need to commit land and assets to customary waste transfer strategies. A property holder may begin by reusing and graduate to fertilizing the soil or introducing sun oriented boards. Reusing, especially in urban areas that offer curbside get of recyclables, is a simple method to accomplish something useful for nature and it can prompt other green way of life changes, as well.

“Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today” (Hopewell, Dvorak & Kosior, 2009). We should start reusing things like cans, bottles and much other stuff also. Recycling also prevents emissions of conservatory gases and saves energy and reduces pollution. Hopewell, Dvorak & Kosior, (2009) state that reusing gives chances to decrease oil utilization, carbon dioxide discharges and the amounts of waste requiring a transfer. We should stop using plastic bags because it does not decompose in the soil for many years.

Many countries have put a ban on plastic bags. Instead of that, we can use jute bags which are eco-friendly. The main root of pollution is industries and factories which are causing pollution by discharging fume and by throwing garbage in oceans and rivers causes pollution. Many water animals are dying because of chemicals that are discharged by factories through water into the oceans and it makes the water toxic. The water we use in our daily lives for drinking, bathing comes from the oceans and rivers. By using this water it causes many harmful skin diseases. The gases coming from factories have risen the level of greenhouse gases which is depleting the ozone layer which protects us from harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun and now there’s a big hole in the ozone layer and it is increasing day by day due to rising pollution. So strict laws should be made to stop this action otherwise the situation would be worse.

Moreover, to safeguard our fortune and our fortune generations from pollution we can do various things, for example, planting more and more trees and use eco-friendly things which do not cause pollution.

Firstly, by afforestation, it will help to reduce pollution because trees absorb chemicals like carbon dioxide and pollutants and give oxygen to breathe. Trees also help to reduce greenhouse gasses and make a balance in the environment. The pollution has risen because of forests are cut down very fast because of the increasing population. For now to stabilize the balance we have to plant more and more trees. There should be education campaigns to tell people about the benefits of trees and every person has to plant at least one tree in his life.

Second, half of the pollution is caused by cars and buses every day. It causes decreases in humans and animals most of the children are now affected by pollution. “In a study of ten European cities, 14% of the cases of incident asthma in children and 15% of all exacerbations of childhood asthma were attributed to exposure to pollutants related to road traffic”(Guarnieri & Balmes, 2014). There are some things we can do to reduce pollution which is caused by transport like we can use public transport instead of using our own cars. Another way is carpooling if a group of people are going to the same place the can do carpooling also which is very effective. The significant wellspring of anthropogenic discharges of nitrogen oxides into the environment is the burning of petroleum derivatives from stationary sources warming, control age and in the engine (Brunekreef & Holgate, 2002). Due to advancement in technology, there are their things in the market which cause no pollution like electric cars which do not cause any pollution. The solar energy can also be used instead of burning fossil fuels and make petrol and CNG which cause pollution. Solar Energy is very effective it is used for cooking. CNG causes pollution and dangerous for us while solar energy is safe and eco-friendly.

On the other hand, some people who are owners of factories say that using recycling products is not good for our health, they say that it will kill people faster than pollution because the recycled products may contain toxic elements which elements harmful for us. Some say that while doing recycling itemize more pollution than others in the environment. It is not true that recycling is dangerous. Recycling helps us in many ways to reduce pollution. Josephson, (2018) says that the vast majority concur that reusing has huge advantages, regardless of whether it is anything but an ideal answer for our natural issues.

In spite of the fact that maybe well maybe a touch of a burden, reusing has engaged family units and organizations to feel like they’re planning something for make their locale and their nation a more eco-accommodating spot. Moreover, some people who are doing nothing in their life and do not think about other people and just born to die, say that one person cannot make a difference in reducing pollution. If we start reducing pollution by any type like planting trees use fewer vehicles anything people will join us like NGO. For example, a person has open an organization to plant 1000 trees. In starting he was alone in his organization then he started planting trees alone after some time people started joining him and now the organization is off 100 members. We just need stardom. It will never happen If we always thinking about that one person cannot change anything. People also argue that solar energy is not better because its installation is expensive and unreliable availability. Yes, it is somehow a bit expensive but effective. Moreover, it is renewable sources of energy and free of cost and does not cause pollution.

To conclude, it can be said that we have to reduce pollution to save our planet also to live and to see our existence in the future. To tackle this problem there are various solutions which will help to secure our future. like recycling, use solar power, afforestation, strict laws should be made and use public transport systems which will cause less pollution. Now the time has come when everybody has to come in front to reduce pollution.

Introduction

In the past, the main source of energy was hydrocarbons, which have proved to cause a lot of pollution and environmental degradation. With the increase in technology, civilization has become a threat to the natural resources and the environment at large. A technology based on zero emissions should be established on all products especially in the automobile industry. This eliminates the wasteful use of energy and preserves the environment and nature. This energy is freely available from the atmosphere, and there is an option to store after compression to the desired pressure.

Zero pollution engines are effective in the current, industrialized generation where most of the transportation relies on the automobiles (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2004). Transportation has increased, and this translates into increased pollutant activities, not unless zero pollution motors are used. Compressed air is very sustainable since it has no vitality, temperatures, or any negative effects on the weather. Once the air is compressed, it can be used at the user’s convenience, and there is no probability of loss. The maintenance costs are also eliminated since it does not undergo the charging and the discharging cycle. This form of energy is cheap and beneficial in the long run (Singh & Singh, n.d). The following is a discussion on the introduction of the low pollution car engine and its benefits to the UAE.

Low Pollution Car Engine

Although diesel engines are durable, reliable, and highly efficient, the issue of pollution by nitrogen oxide and soot emissions cannot be ignored. This pollution affects the environment and human health. Elimination of these engines and replacing them with the compressed air engines will promote health in the UAE. The low pollution engine delays ignition through a lower level of compression, increased motion, and an injection of higher pressure. It also requires a considerable amount of cool exhaust gas, which recirculates continuously. Although it is not completely homogeneous, it utilizes the injection timing for it to be controllable in terms of combustion. Once the combustion rate is controlled, there is an advantage in that lubricant dilution is avoided. In such a case, the Exhaust Gas Re-circulation (EGR) together with the lower compression levels allow for adequate time for air and fuel to mix. Thus, the formation of nitrogen oxide is suppressed. The phasing of the combustion is also better leading to limited soot. The noise is also minimized by the decreased pressure rate and engine load (Kiplimo, Tomita & Yokobe, 2012).

This engine generates electricity and has a cylinder situated between two combustion chambers. The engine can burn several fuels. It can burn the natural gas and hydrogen. It offers a reliable replacement for the fossil fuel that has experienced a lot of shortages. It is also beneficial to the UAE because it hinders the anticipated climate changes. Since the low emission gas tubes have been in operation, they have saved a lot of time and energy. It is approximated that about 10,000,000 hours have been saved. This is a promise that in the future, if the low pollution engine is fully adopted, more time and resources will be saved. These can be redirected to other economic activities that help in improving the UAE’s economy (Blouch, Li, Mueller & Hook, 2012).

The air engine is also applicable on motor bikes. It will have a torque of about 10.45 Nm or between 6.85HP and 7.50HP. This low engine is beneficial to the UAE because the country has been experiencing a shortage in fossil fuel coupled with an increase in pollution. The compressed air cylinder is designed to run for 30 minutes with a maximum pressure of 200PSI. An aesthetic shape will be convenient for a motor bike installation. A double inlet and exhaust is recommended to ensure that at least 7500 to 8000 rpm is produced. Such a motor engine is efficient and offers a fossil free running. It substitutes the fossil fuel and thus saves the environment from pollution (Singh & Singh, n.d). According to Rahimi (2007), about 75% of the emission in Dubai municipality comes fro vehicle emission. This implies that, if the motor vehicles adopted the low pollution engine, the pollution issue in the UAE would decrease tremendously. The rest of the pollution is attributed to industrial plants. This is low as compared to the automobile emissions and should be addressed to fight pollution. The introduction of this engine will solve the pollution problems at a great length (Rao, 2006).

Experts are optimistic that the future hybrid car will solve the pollution problem. This will enable the car owners to go green while experiencing a great performance (Stern, 2007). Car owners are bothered by the cost of fuel, and this car will also solve this problem because the low pollution engine car is cheap to maintain. It also gives consumers the option to upgrade their cars without necessarily having to purchase a new car. This is a viable solution to the existing car owners who may raise concerns about the expenses of acquiring the new car. The promise by the automobile industries to come up with hybrid cars is a promise for the future. The UAE citizens will embrace change and adopt the use of low pollution engine cars (Khan, 2010). The low pollution engine will offer an environmentally friendly future for the UAE. In this case, the nationals will keep enjoying the transportation ease that comes with automobiles while ensuring that the environment is preserved for the future generations.

In the current global economy, pollution and climate change are the main challenges that have affected growth. Air quality in the cities should be improved to stop global warming. The low pollution car engine will help in solving this problem in the UAE. Since most of the pollution occurs in the cities through emissions, a replacement is a great solution. The World Health Organization expects nations to adopt low pollution strategies especially in the automobile transport. For the UAE, this standard can only be met if attention is directed towards the low pollution engine car. In addition, pollution and climate change will be a thing of the past (Duret, et al, 2004).

Conclusion

Given that the biggest percentage of pollution in the UAE comes from the automobile transportation, a change in the level of pollution in this industry is very significant. The emissions produced by fossil fuels are reduced by enhancing combustion, as well as reducing the heat produced. Consumers of these cars will also benefit in terms cost and performance. The low pollution car engine will help the country in a number of ways. In this case, it will save on the country’s cost of fuel. In addition, it will reduce air and noise pollution. Furthermore, it will contribute towards the fight against global warming and climate change. Most notably, it will improve the general health conditions for the residents since the quality of air improves.

References

Blouch, J., Li, H., Mueller, M. & Hook, R. (2012). Fuel Flexibility in LM2500 AND LM 6000 Dry Low Emission Engines. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 134 (5), 051503-8.

Duret, P., et al. (2004). Which fuels for low CO2 engines?: Proceedings of the International Conference held in Rueil-Malmaison, France, September, 22-23, 2004. Paris: Editions TECHNIP.

Khan, S. (2010). Hybrid car makeover to hit the road. Web.

Kiplimo, R., Tomita, E. & Yokobe, S. (2012). Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Low Emission and Highly Efficient PCCI Diesel Engine. Proceedings of 2012 Mechanical Engineering Conference on Sustainable Research and Innovation, 4, 180-186.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2004). Can cars come clean?: Strategies for low-emission vehicles. Paris: OECD.

Rahimi, S. (2007). Dubai to Study Car Pollution. Web.

Rao, C.S. (2006). Environmental pollution control engineering. New Delhi: New Age International.

Singh, B.R. & Singh, O. (n.d). Study of Compressed Air as an Alternative to Fossil Fuel for Automobile Engines. Web.

Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: Stern review on the economics of climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

E-mail

Dear reader! In writing you this e-mail, I wish to attract your attention to the state of environmental protection in the petroleum industry. As it stands, it is one of the industries that define human society by providing fuel and materials for its continued existence. At the same time, it threatens nature and creates many long-term issues related to pollution of air, soil, water, the weakening of the ozone layer, and the facilitation of the greenhouse gas effect. However, these issues can be mitigated through technology

Introduction

The petroleum industry is one of the major energy producers in the world. According to Doric and Dimovski (119), petroleum power plants produce more than 40% of humanity’s entire energy pool. At the same time, the petroleum industry is one of the most significant environmental pollutants in the world. Almost every aspect of its existence poses a danger to the surrounding environment. Oil spills cause harm to animals, plants, water, and soil. Flares release smoke and chemicals into the air, as shown in Fig. 1 (Gates). Making benzene and other high-octane fuels from crude oil involve many environmentally unfriendly processes. Some of them include catalytic residue processing, delayed coking methods, and HF isobutene alkylation. Also, fuel refinery plants require plenty of water and oxygen to function.

These facilities are resource-intensive and potentially dangerous to life around them. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. oil refining industry releases over 22000 tons of pollutants into the air every year. Actual numbers may be even higher due to widespread underreporting. The purpose of this paper is to examine the construction of technologically advanced refineries as a means of reducing pollution and improving the economic and environmental feasibility of the enterprise.

Solution: Environmentally Clean Fuel Refineries

Due to various regulations imposed upon the petroleum industry, many companies see the construction of new petroleum refineries as unprofitable. Instead, the companies upgrade the existing plants, which use environmentally unfriendly processes at the core of their operations. These plants pass the current regulations on safety and emissions, but just barely. To improve efficiency and eco-friendliness of the industry, it is necessary to implement new technological processes (Han et al. 292). Chen (17) identifies four conditions essential for a clean fuel refinery:

• Preventing heavy metals from entering the feed streams for the catalytic processing units.
• Removing heavy metals from feed streams using thermal processes.
• Converting coke into simple elements and chemicals (H2, CO, H2S, NH3, and metal oxides).
• Removing sulfur and nitrogen impurities from the feed stream by using advanced hydrogenation catalysts.

According to Sardameli (103), one of the potential solutions to satisfy all four criteria is a light olefin-based refinery plant. Light olefins are some of the primary raw materials used in the petrochemical industry. The new refinery will utilize thermal processes to eliminate solid catalyst waste, thus resulting in cleaner and more efficient production. An example of such a plant can be seen in Fig. 2 (SCG Chemicals).

New technologies, as proposed by Chen (17) differ from the existing practices in several ways. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) remains the primary fuel production process. However, the combustibles derived from it are light olefins, electricity, gasoline, and distillate. The bottom fraction, which is the most contaminated by heavy materials, is recycled and utilized as fuel for the hydrotreater. Increasing the hydrogen content of the FCC feed to match the carbon mole ratio should facilitate olefin production. The process of deep hydrotreating would satisfy the 1:1 H2/C balance, minimize the production of toxic waste, and reduce the plant’s gas solvent disposal (Chen 18). In addition, it requires fewer catalysts to facilitate the FCC process, thus reducing the production of solid waste and catalyst consumption. As it is possible to see, olefin plants provide a sustainable and ecologically-friendly solution to oil-refinery-related pollution.

Discussion

Olefin-based production has several advantages over the standard hydrocracking processes. According to Salkuyeh and Adams (489), olefin production can be facilitated using polygeneration processes, which involve the use of petroleum coke and natural gas. This process allows for zero carbon emissions while using pet coke and shale gas to produce methanol, DME, FT liquids, electricity, and olefins. The use of thermal processes helps remove nickel and vanadium from the feed streams, while hydrotreating significantly reduces the production of toxic emissions, catalyst consumption, and solid waste production. Salkuyeh and Adams (486) also propose four models of operational optimization to make olefin-based production economically viable. Due to low resource costs, consumption efficiency, and the multitude of produced products, the polygeneration process using shale gas and pet coke is financially feasible.

Amghizar et al. (171), however, claim that the availability of cheap propane, ethane, and methane are the primary determinants of the economic viability of the proposed solution. Shale gas and shale oil depositories provide the industry with these core elements. The economic viability of the proposed solution depends on how much it would cost to extract and transport these materials to the refineries. In order to maintain economic efficiency, the plants would need to process at least 120,000 bbl. A day. Steam cracking, as seen in Fig. 3, is the primary process currently in use for olefin production. It produces a wide range of air pollutants into the atmosphere. To achieve a better environmental impact, new oil refinery plants must forego steam cracking in favor of other methods of olefin production.

Works Cited

Amghizar, Ismael, et al. “New Trends in Olefin Production.” Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, 2017, pp. 171-178.

Chen, Nai Y. “An Environmentally-Friendly Oil Industry.” Chemical Innovation, vol. 31, no. 4, 2001, pp. 10-21.

Doric, Barbara, and Vlado Dimovski. “Managing Petroleum Sector Performance – A Sustainable Administrative Design.” Economic Research – Ekonomska Istrazivanja, vol. 31, no. 1, 2018, pp. 119-139.

Gates, Sarah. Tesoro Flaring. 2017. Azavea, Web.

Han, Jeongwoo, et al. “A Comparative Assessment of Resource Efficiency in Petroleum Refining.” Fuel, vol. 157, no. 1, 2016, pp. 292-298. Web.

Sadrameli, Saeed M. “Thermal/Catalytic Cracking of Hydrocarbons for the Production of Olefins: A State-Of-The-Art Review I: Thermal Cracking Review.” Fuel, vol. 140, 2015, pp. 102-115.

Salkuyeh, Yaser K, and Thomas A. Adams. “Integrated Petroleum Coke and Natural Gas Polygeneration Process.” Energy, vol. 91, 2015, pp. 479-490.

SCG Chemicals. Eco factory. 2018. SCG Chemicals Co. Web.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). “Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.”EPA, Web.

An American writer decides to take a test to determine the level of foreign substances in his body. Laboratory test results indicate that some substances, some of which are used to reduce flammability of materials, are present in his blood. The level of concentration of these compounds is many times higher than the level that would be found in an average American.

The writer says that an average person would not afford to take the tests since they cost more than fifteen thousand United States dollars. His tests are sponsored by National Geographic. He also notes that there are only a few laboratories in the world where one can be tested for the compounds. A high level of concentration of an organic compound of bromine, PBDE, known to cause numerous disorders in rodents, is found in his blood.

The writer wants to know the source of the contaminants in his blood. He speaks to Ake Bergman, a doctor, and together they identify the interior furnishing of airliners as the possible source of the chemicals in his body. The writer continues to describe the nature of the chemicals found in his body.

Most of the chemicals are usually found in small doses that are harmless to a human being. Despite these facts, the number of ailments related to toxic contaminants is increasing with time. Very small amounts of some chemicals have a negative effect on the development of an individual.

Despite the increasing number of new chemicals being used in industry every year, only a few thousand of them were tested for harmful effects in the United States. The writer recalls one dump he often visited as a child, and describes how it could have played a role in contaminating his blood with the foreign substances. Some chemicals found in his body date back to when he was a child playing at the dumpsite.

The dumpsite has since been cleared and a cleaner environment restored. The writer recounts the pollution of the Hudson River with PCBs and the inevitable consequences the communities living nearby suffered. He then explores the effect of modern pollutants such as bisphenol A, which is found in many modern synthetic materials. Many of the chemicals that the writer considers dangerous are not proven to be dangerous to human beings, but are known to adversely affect other living things.

The ability of mercury to move through food chains after reacting with an organic compound is explained. However, the writer notes that the levels of mercury in his blood were insignificant. Mercury is normally present in fish products from contaminated areas. The writer goes to the extent of investigating the sources of mercury by engaging in a risky behavior while being routinely tested.

Although some chemicals pose a significant degree of danger to human life, it is not possible to ban their use. Their use is absolutely necessary since failure to incorporate them in some manufacturing processes poses higher risk to human life than trivial contamination of blood.

If substances such as those used to reduce flammability of fabric are not used in some manufacturing processes, more lives could be put in the direct danger presented by events such as accidental infernos. The only solution to the problem is to ensure that the chemicals that people are deliberately exposed to have more benefits than negative effects.

The writer’s results show that there are many other foreign substances in his blood. However, the doctor does not know whether they have any adverse effect on his health. Finally, the doctor advises that he should not worry since he did not show any signs of ill health.

The Hudson River had always been the cultural icon of New York, an essential feature of the city’s natural landscape, and a distinguishing element of its history. Unfortunately, the Industrial Revolution and the subsequent advancement of the local and national economy have turned the River into an object of environmental pollution.

Since the 17th century, the Hudson River had served as a transportation route for the European settlers who came to America in their search for a better life (Simon, 2012). Today, it is severely polluted with polychlorinated biphenyls and other chemicals, having horrific impacts on the quality of environmental functioning. From the economic perspective, the Hudson River is an important public good, whereas pollution itself is a negative externality.

The absence of market incentives makes organizations less motivated to improve the situation. Numerous attempts have been made to solve the problem of Hudson River pollution, including criminal charges and command-and-control mechanisms, but market-based incentives and civil action remain the most promising ways to deal with the issue.

The history of Hudson River pollution dates back into decades. Since the beginning of the 20th century, polychlorinated biphenyls had been actively used in industrial manufacturing. They are well-known for their cancer-causing capacity and are often linked to developmental and reproductive health problems (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2013).

Between 1947 and 1977, General Electric, one of the leaders in the American energy market, dumped more than 1.3 million pounds of polychlorinated biphenyls into the Hudson River (NRDC, 2013). In 1977, the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in industrial processes was legally banned (NRDC, 2013). However, even today, these dangerous substances keep leaking into the Hudson River, making its water dangerous for consumption and living.

Certainly, General Electric cannot be solely responsible for the immense pollution of the Hudson River and its far-reaching consequences for the local population. In 1987, Elizabeth Kolbert of the New York Times published a brief article stating that runoff from roads and farms could greatly contribute to the Hudson River contamination.

While General Electric assumes responsibility for point source pollution, non-point source pollution remains a serious issue with the Hudson River. However, the real origins of pollution in the Hudson River are the presence of regulatory gaps, which make such pollution possible and easy (Kolbert, 1987).

Non-point source pollution is a matter of serious concern. It is diffuse to the extent that makes the task of implementing effective government regulations virtually unachievable. In economic terms, the costs of cleanup for the Hudson River are likely to reach $500 million, of which almost $400 million will fall on taxpayers (NRDC, 2013). Still, the local and federal community does have a chance to improve the situation.

According to Goodstein (2011), Hudson River pollution is a negative externality, since its costs are borne not by the producer but mostly by the consumer of the finished product. Simply stated, the dangerous pollutants dumped by GE into the Hudson River damage the health and wellbeing of those, who use its waters rather than those who are responsible for pollution.

In the market systems that keep natural inputs in goods and services underpriced, pollution is the most probable result of industrial production (Goodstein, 2011). Like many other environmental resources, the Hudson River is a public good, which is not owned by anyone (Goodstein, 2011).

In the absence of effective governmental mechanisms, industrial manufacturers are willing to use its waters, as well as other environmental resources, without any regard to the external costs of such use (Goodstein, 2011). For years, General Electric failed to compensate New York residents for Hudson River pollution.

In economic terms, the company failed to internalize the water pollution externality (Goodstein, 2011). Not surprisingly, the Hudson River was underpriced, and the company found it more economical and feasible to use its waters as a waste machine.

Again, from an economic standpoint, federal and state governments can use a variety of market-based incentives, to stop pollution. It is because of the absence of such incentives that the pollution of the Hudson River became possible.

Pollution-related charges, fees, and taxes top the list of the most effective environmental incentives, making organizations pay for the pollution they cause as a result of their primary activities (National Center for Environmental Economics, 2001).

The primary benefits of such incentives are in the number of revenues they can potentially generate, although the rates set by government agencies are often too low to have any tangible impacts on the environment (NCEE, 2001). Here, deposit-refund systems could also be used to alleviate the problem of environmental pollution.

These incentives are much more motivating for consumers rather than manufacturers, as they are used to control the disposal of dangerous elements and substances in the private sector (NCEE, 2001). By contrast, marketable permits represent an essential element of the economic struggle against environmental pollution. This type of economic incentives entails the issue of paid allowances on emissions (NCEE, 2001).

They have become particularly popular in the United States, although their transaction costs have always been high (NCEE, 2001). Allowances are likely to impede organizations’ technological progress for the sake of better efficiency and less environmental pollution. Subsidies, liabilities, and even information disclosure are intended to work for the benefit of society and meet its economic interests (NCEE, 2001).

Numerous economic and legal attempts have been made to solve the problem of Hudson River pollution. Much progress has been achieved in the society’s striving to clean up its waters, but it is obvious that the government is still at the very beginning of its way to an ideal environment.

One of the first elements in the economic strategy against the Hudson River pollution was the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972. According to Andreen (2004), “the Act utilized command-and-control regulatory techniques to implement a completely new, uniform system of technology-based effluent limitations” (p. 537).

All limitations adopted through the Clean Water Act were enforced as part of the federal permit program, coupled with the technology-based limits set on water pollution (Andreen, 2004). In many senses, the Clean Water Act was an innovative approach to water pollution, comprising the elements of environmental quality standards and technology-based limits (Andreen, 2004).

The document was severely criticized for its reliance on the command-and-control approaches to regulating polluting discharges – approaches that are often regarded as too expensive, too old-fashioned, and too ineffective (Andreen, 2004). It was also criticized for the unlimited discretion granted to the federal government in the matters related to water pollution (Andreen, 2004).

The positive effects the Clean Water Act had on the quality of water in the Hudson River can hardly be ignored. Through more than 40 years after passing the Clean Water Act, the Hudson River has turned into a relatively clean waterway suitable for recreation (Siart, 2012).

The uniqueness of the command-and-control mechanism set by the Clean Water Act is in that it allows citizens to enforce the standards for drinkable and fishable water, in case the government failed to accomplish its mission. Consequently, the public has become a watchdog monitoring the pace and progress of water quality improvements in the Hudson River (Siart, 2012).

The principles of command-and-control and clean technology approaches came together in the directive issued to General Electric in 2002. The purpose of the directive was to remove polychlorinated biphenyls from the Hudson River. Simon (2002) writes that two hundred miles of the river were granted the Superfund status in 1984.

Since then, any pollution damaging water resources within the borders of the Superfund site would have a “polluter pays” status (Simon, 2002). It is not until 2002 that a directive to make GE remove polychlorinated biphenyls from the Hudson River was issued and signed (Simon, 2012).

Between 2002 and 2009, GE managed to remove 283,000 cubic yards of the dangerous substances and polluted sediments from the Upper Hudson River (Simon, 2012). In 2011, the second phase of the project began, and it would enable GE to remove the rest of the contaminated sediments from the Hudson River, NY.

For years, market incentives had been a dream rather than a reality in struggling against water pollution in the Hudson River. Even today, any information on market-based incentives provided to alleviate the burden of water pollution in the Hudson River is absent. Simultaneously, civil action remains a viable tool of environmental protection in the Hudson River area, leading to considerable improvements in the field.

Riverkeeper is one of the most popular and active players in the context of water pollution and water quality protection in New York. The civil organization plays a fundamental role in improving the quality of water resources in the Hudson River. Riverkeeper’s mission is to protect the recreational, environmental, and economic integrity of the Hudson River.

It is the main law enforcer in everything related to the environmental protection of the Hudson River (Riverkeeper, 2013). Some of the chief civil actions and activities organized by Riverkeeper include but are not limited to the protection of habitat and wetlands, the creation of the Clean Water National Trust Fund, the provision of green funding, as well as providing information and resources needed to ensure smart energy use in New York.

It should be noted that in the absence of market-based incentives for environmental protection of the Hudson River, law enforcement and litigation becomes a matter of economic concern. Law enforcement remains the primary instrument of achieving a better quality of water resources in the Hudson River.

These attempts are closely related to civil action mechanisms, as civil organizations assume primary responsibility for monitoring individual and organizational compliance with the provisions of environmental protection laws (Riverkeeper, 2013).

Surprisingly, large polluters like General Electric and Exxon Mobil faced few, if any, criminal charges about Hudson River pollution. In the meantime, other organizations, including Orange County Junk Yard, faced civil and criminal charges for polluting the Hudson River (Schneiderman, 1999).

In 1999, the Environmental Protection Agency filed a state lawsuit seeking cleanup of the contaminated groundwater and soils, to prevent further contamination of the Hudson River by Orange County Junk Yard (Schneiderman, 1999).

Also, criminal charges were made on the basis that the organization had violated state environmental laws (Schneiderman, 1999). The outcomes of the case are unknown, but it seems that most of what has been done to tackle the problem of Hudson River pollution is likely to become irrelevant and ineffective in the nearest future.

Legal pressures and command-and-control mechanisms are not the best approaches to managing and reducing the scope of water pollution in the Hudson River. Since the 1960s, both economists and environmentalists have promoted the importance of incentive-based approaches to environmental protection as compared with command-and-control regulations (Goodstein, 2011).

The regulation presents a series of dilemmas, making it difficult for the society to keep up with the pace of economic growth and raising the costs of environmental control (Goodstein, 2011). The fact that regulations are information-intensive and, for this reason, are vulnerable to political influences, should not be disregarded (Goodstein, 2011).

In this situation, it is at least surprising that no explicit system of market incentives to reduce and eliminate pollution risks in the Hudson River has been proposed so far. Also, the emphasis placed on the use of clean technologies by large enterprises in the Hudson River area will hardly help to improve the quality of water.

Goodstein (2011) suggests that clean technologies do not provide any profit advantage to the organizations that must comply with these principles. Private firms, be they large or small, have little motivation to adopt clean technologies for the sake of technologies, as they are not willing to spend their scarce financial resources on them.

At the same time, they do not wish to change their operational processes and make consumers adopt new habits and principles in using finished products (Goodstein, 2011).

Despite the considerable progress made in terms of cleaning the Hudson River from polychlorinated biphenyls, it is high time for the state authorities to reconsider its approaches to the problem and develop a comprehensive incentive-based policy that will motivate individuals and organizations to improve the quality of the environmental resources in the Hudson River.

In conclusion, Hudson River pollution remains a matter of hot public and political concerns. No less problematic are the economic aspects of the problem. On the one hand, the costs of Hudson River cleanup are likely to reach $500 million, of which at least $400 million will fall on taxpayers. On the other hand, only economic incentives can promise to motivate organizations to reduce the scope of pollutants dumped into the Hudson River.

Numerous attempts have been made to remove dangerous substances from the Hudson River and improve the quality of its waters. The Clean Water Act as a command-and-control mechanism, clean technology standards, and civil action were aimed to eliminate the problem of Hudson River pollution from the public agenda.

Despite the tangible progress made in cleaning the Hudson River from polychlorinated biphenyls, it is high time for the state authorities to adopt a system of market incentives that will motivate organizations to treat available water resources with great care and responsibility towards the local community.

References

Andreen, W. L. (2004). Water quality today – Has the Clean Water Act been a success? Alabama Law Review, 55, 537-593.

Goodstein, E. S. (2011). Economics and the environment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Kolbert, E. (1987). Runoff cited in pollution of the Hudson. The New York Times. Web.

NCEE. (2001). The United States experience with economic incentives for protecting the environment. National Center for Environmental Economics. Web.

NRDC. (2013). Historic Hudson River cleanup to begin after years of delay, but will GE finish the job? Natural Resources Defense Council. Web.

Riverkeeper. (2013). Enforcement and litigation. Riverkeeper. Web.

Schneiderman, E. T. (1999). State sues Orange County Junk Yard for polluting Hudson River. Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman. Web.

Siart, J. (2012). Hudson River shines 40 years after Clean Water Act. Rivertowns. Web.

Simon, M. (2012). Remediating the Hudson River. Earth Times. Web.