Category: Pollution

The environment people live in is affecting them, including health and lifestyle, and the nature around them, like plants, animals, water bodies, and the atmosphere. Environmental issues caused by humans using natural resources and treating nature with no respect have resulted in some negative changes. One of the most significant problems people are facing nowadays is pollution. It affects all the crucial elements for sustaining human life: water, air, and soil. The causes and effects of pollution are multiple and varied, and they should be examined closely to better understand this phenomenon.

General reasons for pollution include major emissions of carbon dioxide, as well as the chemicals produced as the result of the burning of fossil fuels. This happens because of different factories activity and their waste, which is being discharged into water, soil, and the atmosphere. Other than big manufacturing elements, pollution is caused by people individually. This involves emissions caused by cars, using much energy for different activities, and producing enormous amounts of waste, especially the types that are not decomposable or take hundreds of years to do so.

The first side of the environment impacted by pollution is the atmosphere. Air pollution can be defined as a combination of harmful gases or particles that accumulate in the air in unsafe quantities. The worsening air quality can result in multiple health issues, including heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and acute respiratory diseases (Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, 2018, para. 1). As air quality is measured around the world, many deficiencies are detected, which directly influence human life.

According to the World Health Organization data, in 2016, about 91 percent of the population inhabited places with unsatisfactory air quality (as cited in Ambient (outdoor) air pollution, 2018). Therefore, air pollution is affecting not only those living in big urban areas but is also spreading around the whole planet.

Water covers the majority of the planet, so water pollution is also a crucial problem. Wastewater and emission of fertilizers into water bodies cause water pollution, which can make water harmful to human consumption. Other than becoming undrinkable, contaminated water will affect or even kill aquatic creatures and plants, as well as transfer to crops, making them just as dangerous. The United Nations World Water Development Report stated that over 80 percent of wastewater is discharged back into the environment, not being appropriately treated (2017). Thus, not only do the major water bodies become largely polluted but the effect is also transferred to soil.

As a significant part of the food for humans and domestic animals is grown, polluted soil can also cause complications. Soil pollution occurs when certain toxic chemicals are gathered in large amounts. Soil can be affected by harmful substances as a result of industrial waste emission into the ground, contaminated water interacting with it, or excessive amounts of pesticides or fertilizers being used. As a result, plants and crops become dangerous for human consumption and can cause multiple health problems.

Pollution is a global phenomenon, causing much damage to the planet and harming people and other living creatures. It can manifest in different forms, but its impact is hugely detrimental. Seeking solutions for this problem is now one of the main agendas for the whole of humankind, which can only be done with combined efforts of government structures and community and individual actions. Only by being aware of this situation and taking measures for improvement will people be able to protect their health and create better conditions for future generations.

References

Ambient (outdoor) air pollution. (2018). Web.

The United Nations world water development report 2017. (2017). Web.

Introduction and Context

According to the study report by Yoo and Chae, ozone pollution is a serious issue in Seoul, Korea: The number of ozone warnings has increased from 2 in 1995 to 10 In 1996, to 19 in 1997 (49). The main reasons for such an increase were the rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth (Yoo and Chae, p. 49). Moreover, the landscape of the city provides a welcoming environment for air contamination: The area is surrounded by mountains, causing the air pollutants to pool and resulting in high levels of harmful gasses, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO) (Yoo and Chae, p. 49). Seoul residents have previously combatted the high levels of air pollutants by changing to natural gas and low-sulfur diesel fuel, and these efforts proved to be effectivethe levels of CO and SO decreased by 53.8 percent and 78.4 percent, respectively, in 8 years. However, the ozone levels increased by 77.8 percent during the same period (Yoo and Chae, p. 50). Yoo and Chae argue that reducing ozone pollution is vital for the well-being of the population since high ozone levels are linked with increased rates of mortality and respiratory diseases (p. 50). The central aspect of the ozone pollution control policy is the use of cars, particularly diesel vehicles, as they account for about 81 percent of the current pollutant emissions: Policy-makers are currently addressing the probable effectiveness of regulation and other measures to control ozone pollution, such as the installation of filtering systems for large diesel vehicles (Yoo and Chae, p. 50). If the proposed policy is implemented, the costs will be paid by the government straight away with the expectation that increased taxes and other charges will generate enough profit to cover the initial investment (Yoo and Chae, p. 50). The cost and benefit analysis (CBA), therefore, could help to analyze the repayment prospects and to evaluate the policy. Thus, the purpose of this study is to use an environmental valuation method to measure the economic benefits of implementing an ozone policy for residents of Seoul, aiming to provide policy-makers with at least a preliminary evaluation of the proposed policy (Yoo and Chae, p. 51).

Methods and Data

The study is based mainly on the principle of WTP, or the consumers willingness to pay the costs of the ozone pollution control policy, and it aims to determine the amount of the annual benefit that could be gathered from Seoul residents by establishing an amount that each household would be willing to contribute. To achieve this, the study takes the form of a questionnaire, completed by more than 400 respondents, chosen randomly by a professional polling company based in Seoul (Hana Marketing Service, Inc.). The same firm participated in the questionnaire designing process and provided 40 experts to conduct the interviews. The questionnaire was completed during face-to-face interviews; as Yoo and Chae state, they chose to use person-to-person interviews for the CV survey for cultural and practical reasons (p. 52). For instance, it has been established that mail surveys are unpopular in Korea, and they tend to generate a lower response rate or no responses at all (Yoo and Chae, p. 52). The questionnaire design included many features to ensure smoothness and clarity as well as the reliability of the data. For example, open-ended questions were discarded in favor of dichotomous choice questions (Yoo and Chae, p. 53). In addition, single-bonded questions were changed to double-bonded questions with a higher number of possible outcomes, thus ensuring greater flexibility for the respondents and, consequently, more precise results. The questionnaire was kept short and close to the purpose; the participants were given all the necessary information about the costs and benefits of the proposed ozone pollution control policy and were asked whether or not they would contribute a set amount, ranging from 10,000 to 40,000 Korean won per household, towards the project. The question was then repeated with a doubled sum if the answer was positive or with half the amount if the response was negative. The results were sorted by the initial amount in the question and the four possible outcomes: Yes-yes, yes-no, no-yes, and no-no (Yoo and Chae, p. 54).

Results and Discussion

The survey yielded 400 clean responses and concluded that 72 percent favored the policy at an annual cost of 10 000 Korean won, whereas only 14 percent approved of it at the 40 000 Korean won level (Yoo and Chae, p. 56). It was established that the responses depended greatly on the individual characteristics, such as age, gender, and education level; there was also a clear positive correlation between the household income and the WTP amount (Yoo and Chae, p. 56). Nevertheless, the majority of the capitals population would contribute to the proposed policy, which would eventually enable them to raise a high amount of benefits. The estimated lower mean number of 16,092 Korean won per household per year would generate 326.42 billion Korean won during the 8 years, whereas the higher mean amount of 20,433 Korean won per household per year would generate 414.48 billion Korean won within the same timeframe (Yoo and Chae, p. 58). The costs of the policy, on the other hand, are also evaluated in the study. According to Yoo and Chae, the overall amount spent on ozone pollution control in Seoul over eight years would be 159.90 billion Korean won. Thus, the net benefit amount for the lower mean cost per household would be 166.52 billion Korean won, whereas the net benefit amount for the higher mean cost per household would be 254.28 billion Korean won. Yoo and Chae conclude, The preliminary results show that the ozone pollution control policy in Seoul is socially profitable [&] The benefits are enough to move the Seoul economy from where it is today to where it needs to be to meet the goal (p. 58).

Conclusions and Criticisms

Overall, the study is well planned and thorough, and it provides precise reliable results. However, there are still some drawbacks to it. For example, as the scholars themselves note, A complication involved in the cost data on ozone pollution control [&] is that they were not estimated for ozone pollution control only (Yoo and Chae, p. 58). Another limitation is the random population sample size. Given the population size of the city, the 400-person sample might not be efficient in making evaluations with regard to the entire community. These limitations are minor, although they could still impact the results of the study. On the whole, the present study shows how the proposed policy would be beneficial not just for the environment but also for the economy of Seoul. The authors recommend proceeding with implementing the policy immediately, explaining that the public would not oppose the increase in costs resulting from it, and thus they provide an excellent example of the use of environmental valuation in the CBA analysis of environmental action policies.

Works Cited

Yoo, Seung-Hoon, and Kyung-Suk Chae. Measuring the economic benefits of the ozone pollution control policy in Seoul: results of a contingent valuation survey. Urban Studies 38.1 (2001): 49-60. Print.

Introduction

Water pollution has become a significant concern because it adversely affects plants, humans, and animals. River pollution is caused by a wide variety of factors, but combined sewerage overflows (CSOs) are the main source of contamination in New York City Rivers (Wang 1373). Combined sewer systems are used to transport stormwater, domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater to treatment plants (Wang 1373). During heavy rainfalls, wastewater treatment companies might discharge excess untreated effluents into rivers, leading to pollution (Wang 1373). Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate the effects of CSOs on river water quality.

Objective

The aim of the analysis was to assess the effects of CSOs on water quality and the environment for different sites along the Harlem River.

Results

Data

The water quality parameters (Enterococcus, Temperature, Salinity, Chlorophyll, Turbidity, Oxygen) in Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge and Harlem River Washington Bridge sites were compared during the analysis. Data was collected from and recorded in Tables 1 and 2 for Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge and Harlem River Washington Bridge sites, respectively.

Table 1. Water quality parameters for Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge.

Table 2. Water quality parameters for Harlem River Washington Bridge.

Graphs

The data was then plotted into Enterococcus Count vs. Date, Temp vs. Date, Salinity vs. Date, Chlorophyll vs. Date, Turbidity vs. Date Oxygen vs. Date, for the two datasets, and a comparison between the sites made. Therefore, 12 graphs were developed at the end of the analysis.

Comparison

The datasets from the two sites (Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge and Harlem River Washington Bridge) were compared to determine the quality of water and impact of CSOs in these two sites from 06/12/2017 to 10/08/2019. It was found that the Enterococcus count for the two sites keeps varying, probably due to the rainy seasons or the introduction of wastewater. Notable loads were noted for Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge on 10/08/2019, 06/04/2019, 09/10/2018, and 08/14/2018. For Harlem River Washington Bridge, significant quantities were recorded on 10/08/2019 and 09/10/2018, and on 07/17/2018, the highest value >24196 was noted. For both cases, the quantities of Enterococcus are acceptable, but in some instances, the levels are too high, necessitating beach advisory. Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge is more affected than Harlem River Washington Bridge. Enterococcus count is the indicator of sewage contamination. The values indicate the rivers are contaminated, and the quantities reach unacceptable levels, probably during rainy seasons, which might be caused by CSOs.

The water temperature for the two sites varied for the time considered. The highest values were recorded were 77.2 ⁰F for Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge on 07/17/201 and 81⁰F for the Harlem River Washington Bridge on 08/14/2018. The temperature changes might be attributed to weather but not to the impact of CSOs.

The salinity levels increase and decrease across the selected time frame, following a similar trend for the two sites. The Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge has higher salinity values than the Harlem River Washington Bridge. Higher levels of salinity might have adverse impacts on the health of aquatic organisms, plants, animals, and humans.

The chlorophyll levels remain below a value of 2 for most of the months. The highest values were recorded on 06/13/2018 for both sites. The concentration of chlorophyll is associated with algae living in the water and indicates high levels of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous that might be introduced rainwater flowing from agricultural fields.

Turbidity changes across the selected time for the two sites. The highest value was recorded on 05/07/2019, with the Harlem River Washington Bridge having greater quantities. It is a measure of the amount of particles in a water sample, and it impacts the aquatic organisms by preventing the amount of sunlight.

The changes in oxygen level trend follow the same pattern for the two sites, but Harlem River Washington Bridge has higher values than the Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge site. The oxygen level indicates the biological activities, and it should be almost in equilibrium with atmospheric levels.

Conclusion

Combined sewer overflows are known to contain water sources. In this context, the water quality for Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge and Harlem River Washington Bridge sites were compared. The water quality parameters considered were temperature, eenterococcus, salinity, turbidity, chlorophyll, and oxygen. It was found that the values of the parameters vary with time. Hence, it can be concluded that the changes are caused by rainy seasons. Substantial qualities of Enterococcus were observed, and in some instances at unacceptable levels. Overall, CSOs affect the water quality at the selected sites (Harlem River Willis Ave Bridge and Harlem River Washington Bridge).

Work Cited

Wang, Jingyu. Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) Impact on Water Quality and Environmental Ecosystem in the Harlem River. Journal of Environmental Protection, vol.5, no.13, 2014, pp.1373-1389.

Hydraulic fracking is increasingly becoming a standard practice for gas generation in the U.S. The country predominantly embraces shale oil and gas extractions following successful horizontal drilling techniques. Nonetheless, sustained fracturing has trigged certain factions of society to voice concerns over the need to shift from natural gas advancements to enhanced adoption of renewable energy. Whereas some sources link continued hydraulic operations to high global methane levels, other authorities discredit such claims, mentioning its benefits and how green completion method is efficaciously employed to lower possible methane seepage during boring.

First, methane from shale surpass those emanating from biogenic sources. The high discharges from shale oil and gas following the commercialization of these products have substantially increased fossil-fuel emanations in recent times. During fracking, the gas leaks as a result of purposeful venting, flow back period, and blowdowns during emergencies. Reduced methane concentration is critical since climate systems react more quickly with the gas, thereby providing the best route for swiftly increasing the global warming rate (Howarth 335). Methane discharges also result in sustained low-level ozone, resulting in momentous destruction to food production and human health (Howarth 336). The investigation validates the correlation between the upsurge in methane and the booming fracking occurring in the country. The analysis shows methane chemical fingerprints in the increased global atmospheric methane levels. It further depicts methane as a powerful greenhouse gas, which heats the atmosphere faster than carbon dioxide, becoming a leading contributor to global warming. It recommends utilization of clean, renewable energy that conserves environment.

Second, National Geographic explains how thriving natural gas fracturing causes a surge of methane in the atmosphere. Through fossil fuel developments, the levels of methane being released into the sky have increased substantially (Leahy). The heightened activities in the oil and gas sector have triggered considerable concentrations of methane in the global atmosphere to levels that surpass the amounts produced by wetlands and cows. The major increase is a concern since the gas swiftly heats climate systems more than eighty times compared with similar amounts of carbon dioxide. The emitted methane changes to carbon dioxide after about twenty years and can last in the atmosphere for tens of decades.

Third, the developments of natural gas were meant to eradicate the harsh environmental effects associated with coal explorations. Fracking activities by oil and gas companies have obliterated some of climate merits of this new form of energy. Moreover, the shift from coal to natural gas has led to low carbon dioxide emissions but high methane emanations from sustained drilling, negating the realized gains (Storrow). To confirm the severity of the situation, a research established that about 3.7 percent of natural gas generated in some site in the Permian Basin leaked (Storrow). The released amount can match carbon dioxide that could have been produced in coal extraction.

Contrarily, Hydraulic fracking and methane emissions elicit controversy as seen in some authorities. The developments in the natural gas sector are impressive coupled with an array of benefits realized out of such operation (Davis 64). The claim that oil and gas drilling results in methane leaking are highly belligerent. Further examination is required to constrain uncertainty and have stoutly supported verdicts. In a well-managed scenario, fracturing does not result in methane emission. Nonetheless, the regulatory environment of gas and oil operations as broken, disjointed federalism that requires urgent attention (Davis 64). The state-level politics and economic contexts in various fracturing states largely contribute to the fragmented regulatory framework (Davis 67). Moreover, the public policy advantages outweigh the potentially destructive effects from fugitive methane discharges (Davis 63). Fracking activities offer abundant domestic energy, natural gas provides cleaner energy, and drilling operations lead to economic gains such as revenue generation, job creation, and infrastructure development.

Additionally, the recent increase in shale gas drilling in the U.S., facilitated by hydraulic fracking and horizontal puncturing to extract hydrocarbons in eccentric geological formations in tight sand or shale remains a constructive move. Even though issues of potential health, environmental, and climate change implications have been previously raised, the author asserts that existence of insignificant methane emissions from fracking activities. Drilling companies successfully deploy strategies and technologies such as green completion methods to lower possible methane seepage. Possible malfunctioning of the methane sampler could have led to its emission even though with limited implications (Alvarez et al. 2). Nonetheless, oil and gas drilling has proven to be safe with insignificant leaks of methane into the atmosphere.

In conclusion, hydraulic fracking and methane emissions is a highly contentious matter, and various groups have different positions on the issue. Numerous studies and reports link constant operations to the increased global atmospheric methane concentrations. They assert that fossil fuel production has substantially led to more methane levels in the sky than those from biogenic sources such as livestock and wetlands. Contrarily, other studies defend the practice, noting that drilling companies have elaborate measures that curb possible methane seepage coupled with the vast socio-economic benefits from the activity.

Works Cited

Alvarez, Ramon, et al. Possible Malfunction in Widely used Methane Sampler Deserves Attention but Poses Limited Implications for Supply Chain Emission. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, vol. 4, no. 1, 2016, pp. 1-9.

Davis, Charles. Fracking and Environmental Protection: An Analysis of US State Policies. The Extractive Industries and Society, vol. 4, no. 1, 2017, pp. 63-68.

Howarth, Robert. Ideas and Perspectives: Is Shale Gas a Major Driver of Recent Increase in Global Atmospheric Methane? Biogeosciences, vol. 16, no. 15, 2019, pp. 3033-3046.

Leahy, Stephen. Fracking Boom Tied to Methane Spike in Earths Atmosphere. National Geographic, 2019.

Storrow, Benjamin. Methane Leaks Erase Some of the Climate Benefits of Natural Gas. Scientific American, 2020.

Introduction

As a state with well-developed manufacturing industry, Arizona has to deal with a number of potential pollution issues. Additionally, it has to contend with more global problems, such as carbon emissions or the need to transition to cleaner energy sources. The problem selected for this presentation is similarly global in nature, though it takes place on the local level. It is the plastic pollution generated throughout the state, which compounds over time and has adverse effects on both the inhabitants of the state and its natural environments. As such, it is essential to understand the sources of the issue and its scope to determine how urgent the need for action is and what measures should be taken.

Causes of Plastic Pollution

Many pollution issues are attributed to businesses, whose production processes create waste that is then not recycled properly and released into nature. However, plastic pollution is generally not such a problem because of the ways in which the material is used. Its most discarded form is packaging, which businesses try to minimize to save costs. However, many consumer items, such as beverages or processed foods, come in plastic containers for which there is no use after they are opened. Additionally, single-use bags are typically made of plastic and also discarded after use by definition. As a result, plastic pollution is generated predominantly by people in their everyday lives.

Littering

Only 9% of all plastic waste generated in the United States is ultimately recycled. There are two primary reasons for this: a lack of appropriate facilities and non-adherence to a recycling culture. The latter is more important than the two, as, without it, there is not enough demand to create the former. As is, people often do not see the merit in separating their waste proportional to the effort of doing so, and many avoid waste disposal spots altogether and litter where they are. It should also be noted that plastic bags tend to be light and are easily carried away by the wind if not adequately secured, which also often does not take place.

Most people are familiar with the sorts of effects that plastic can have on wildlife. Animals can confuse it with food or eat foodstuffs contaminated with it, blocking their digestive systems with non-digestible material over time and starving as a result. Additionally, plastic tends to concentrate other contaminants around it, creating doses that can be harmful to wildlife (Mateyo et al., 2016). Humans also consume microplastics in a variety of ways, such as in drinking water, though the health effects of such ingestion are currently unclear (Rhodes, 2018). Potentially the most significant issue is that plastics do not decompose well, with polystyrene, in particular, taking upwards of 500 years to decompose if it ever does, which is not guaranteed (Wildlife over waste, n.d.). As a result, over time, the problems will become considerably worse than they are now unless they are addressed effectively.

Problem Measures

There are numerous ways to evaluate the severity of the plastic waste problem, both in terms of production and outcomes. Statistics on the usage of plastic in the state should be available to government agencies, and recycling companies likely provide documentation regarding the amounts of waste they have processed. By subtracting the second figure from the first, it is possible to obtain an overall understanding of how many pollutants were generated in a given period. Once released, plastics tend to move into the water through the ground (Mateyo et al., 2016), and so, collecting samples of both and testing them can help identify the current severity of the issue. Lastly, in the long term, the effects of plastic can be evaluated by monitoring the wildlife population and factoring in the potential sickness and death caused by the material.

Potential Solutions

The simplest, though not the easiest, way of addressing the issue of mounting amounts of plastic throughout the environment is to ban some of its uses. With that said, this option is likely to be met with significant backlash from both the public and businesses that use plastic extensively as government overreach, and other options should be explored, as well. The circular economy, where waste is recycled and reused as much as possible, is a potential solution to the problem, but it requires substantial investments and technological growth. The most feasible current solution, though it will require extensive effort, is to improve awareness of plastic pollution and convince people to behave more responsibly.

Local governments can pass bans on the usage of plastic. They are most often applied to plastic bags, as replacements made of paper and various fabrics have been developed and are available for use. 150 cities and counties in California have applied such a ban, leading to a 72% reduction in plastic bag litter between 2010 and 2017 (Percival et al., 2019). With that said, as with much unilateral government action, such bans are associated with a large variety of problems, which have led their adoption to be slow. Notably, Arizonas state legislature has forbidden local plastic bag bans from being passed, as did Idaho, Michigan, and Missouri (Percival et al., 2019). As such, this solution is currently not feasible, and more agreeable answers need to be found.

Recycling and the Circular Economy

As awareness of the dangers of traditionally used plastics grows, researchers and companies are developing methods for producing their varieties that do not share the same issue. Plastics that can degrade quickly in natural environments and would consequently solve the problem of accumulation once cost-effective ways of producing them emerge are being considered. Additionally, better methods of degrading plastics are being developed, for example, using a particular bacterium (Rhodes, 2018). Ultimately, this research leads to the concept known as the circular economy, where most of the waste is recycled and put back in the system, minimizing pollution in a cost-effective fashion. The EU is planning to develop such a framework by 2030, but currently, the available technologies only allow for partial improvements and not a complete framework.

Public Awareness

While passing prohibitions may not necessarily be well-received by communities and lawmakers, it is still possible to convince people to avoid plastic pollution. If people understand the effects their actions are having, they will be less likely to litter and prefer products that avoid plastic packaging (Rhodes, 2018). Moreover, if communities are aware of the plastic pollution issues they are facing and the adverse effects thereof, they will be more receptive to other methods of controlling the problem. As such, awareness can serve as a catalyst for solutions to emerge in addition to its direct effects on pollution.

Conclusion

Plastic pollution is not immediately apparent in most cases unless it develops to an alarming degree, such as in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. However, the problem being hard to perceive does not mean that it is absent, especially for plastic, much of which does not naturally degrade over time. As such, if the issue is not addressed, over time it will develop to degrees where it will begin affecting the lives of people noticeably. With that said, no comprehensive and universally effective approaches to address plastic pollution have been developed yet. As such, it is advisable to use existing approaches in combination and stay informed of the latest advances in technology to achieve the best effects and prevent the issue from compounding.

References

Mateyo, R., Arroyo, B., & Garcia, J. T. (Eds.). (2016). Current trends in wildlife research. Springer International Publishing.

Percival, R. V., Telesetsky, A., Harmon-Walker, L., & Yang, T. (2019). Comparative and global environmental law and policy. Wolters Kluwer.

Rhodes, C. J. (2018). Plastic pollution and potential solutions. Science Progress, 101(3), 207-260.

Wildlife over waste. (n.d.). Environment Arizona Research & Policy Center. 

The process of converting waste materials into a new material or object that is useful is known as recycling. It prevents the wastage of some useful materials and is responsible for reducing the consumption of the new material. Recycling is a process that acts as an excellent help for the earth’s environment as it reduces energy usage, air pollution, and water pollution. In order to have a clear overview of recycling, one should give a read to the below-recycling essay.

With the increase in pollution every day, the world should develop different ways of securing the earth’s environment for future generations. Recycling can be considered as one of the ways to control pollution because recycling is the key to reducing the wastage of some useful materials. Recycling aims at environmental sustainability by substituting raw material inputs into and by redirecting waste outputs out of the ecosystem. This paragraph was meant for giving a recycling essay introduction to the readers. While reading this article, one will understand the importance of recycling essays in the process of gaining knowledge.

Recyclable Materials

Recyclable materials are those materials that can be recycled easily. Recyclable material is an important topic in the essay on the recycling of waste. Some of the recyclable materials are many kinds of glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, tires, textiles, batteries, and electronics. The process of composting or reusing biodegradable waste like food and garden waste can also be termed recycling. Material that is meant to be recycled is either given to a recycling center or is picked up from the garbage bins. The recyclable material is then sorted, cleaned, or reprocessed and transferred into a new material, which is then used for manufacturing new products. These materials that are used for manufacturing new products are also known as recyclates.

Recycling Consumer Waste

Different governments have established a number of systems around the globe for collecting the recyclates from the general waste team. One can gain knowledge on these different systems through this essay on recycling. The three main systems for collecting recyclates are drop-off centers, buy-back centers, and curbside collection.

Curbside collection is a service provided by the government to different households to collect their household waste and other recyclables. This type of recycling collection is mostly seen in urban and suburban areas. One may have learned about this in recycling at school essays.

Drop-off centers are collection sites where the recyclates are collected by a person and are delivered into designated containers. This is some extra knowledge that you can gain from this recycling essay in English.

An essay about recycling also describes buy-back centers. It is a center where recyclates are purchased from the customer and are sent for recycling. These centers buy materials like aluminum cans, glass, and paper.

Recycling Industrial Waste

Most of the waste that is generated all around the globe comes from industries. It is said that almost 64% of waste in the United Kingdom comes from industrial waste. Many industries try to perform recycling in a cost-effective way through different recycling programs. One of the most recycled products in industries is cardboard, as it is used in a huge quantity for packaging. Manufacturers that use materials like glass, lumber, wood pulp, and paper directly deal with recyclates. This is some new knowledge that one has gained from this recycling essay. Recycling industrial waste has become a necessary need for today’s world in order to save the environment from deteriorating.

Conclusion

Recycling is the need of the hour as pollution is at a peak, and it is very much important to control it as soon as possible. Recycling is one of the ways to minimize pollution, so it should be implemented in every country by creating proper awareness among the people and industries. The above article is the best recycling essay example to understand what recycling is and how it can affect us. New policies should be incorporated to accelerate the recycling process in every country. Governments of many countries have already started it, the faster, the better.

Air pollution is known to have detrimental effects on human health, contributing to an estimated 3.4 million premature mortalities globally in 2010. By looking at both different types of air pollution (PM2.5, ozone, etc.) and pollutant sources (road transportation, agriculture, household energy, shipping, etc.) it is possible to produce a global picture of air pollution distribution and how to most effectively reduce the impact on human health. This paper will look specifically at the road transportation source sector, discussing the current predictions of health effects and how these can be reduced in the future.

On-road transportation, which includes diesel and gasoline vehicles, accounted for approximately 240,000 of the global premature deaths associated with PM2.5 and ozone in 2015. The health effects associated with road transportation, in particular diesel vehicles, was brought to public attention after it was discovered that approximately 11 million Volkswagen light-duty vehicles (LDVs) had been fitted with a defeat device between the years 2009 to 2015; this device was used to detect when a vehicle was undergoing emissions testing and control the emission, making it appear as though the vehicles met the emission certification limits.

These excess emissions pose a significant impact on human health since diesel vehicles are estimated to generate 20% of global nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, a direct cause of increasing PM2.5 and ozone levels. To help reduce the adverse effects to human health associated with road transportation (studies have found vehicle emissions to be associated with an increased risk of health conditions such as asthma, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease) many major vehicle markets have implemented emission standards required for all new heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) and LDVs. Whilst these policies have been crucial to significantly reduce exhaust emissions, as discussed above, there are still differences in the real world and certified emission limits largely due to excess diesel NOx. When evaluating road transportation associated health effects all main fuel types must be considered, these are gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas and compressed natural gas. The distribution of fuel types varies by region and vehicle type, HDVs tend to run on diesel whilst for LDVs approximately 40% of vehicles in Europe and nearly all of the LDVs in the USA use gasoline. In order to consider many types of fuel used for on-road transportation, a transportation attributable fraction (TAF) is often calculated. By definition, the TAF is the proportion of ambient particle matter attributable to surface transportation modelled on a global scale. The TAF can be used in association with different types of air pollution, this paper looks specifically at methods discussing PM2.5 and ozone related TAFs. To look specifically at the health effects related to road transportation the TAF can be separated into four subsectors. In particular, this paper will focus on the results from the on-road diesel vehicles and on-road non-diesel vehicles subsectors.

Considering the baseline scenario, it is estimated from the emission factors that 4.6 million tonnes of excess NOx were produced by diesel on-road vehicles in 2015. The total excess NOx emissions account for 31% (±3%) and 56% (±9%) of all HDV and LDV emissions respectively despite certification limits being in place to reduce on-road transportation air pollutants. It was found that HDV emissions across all regions are estimated to be 45% higher than emission limits, with real-world emissions from buses being the furthest from current certification limits (the worst-performing buses are in China measuring between 4-4.5 times the Euro IV and Euro V limit values).

Of the LDV emission factors, it is estimated that for the Euro 4 and Euro 6 certification standards real-world NOx emissions are 3.2 times and 5.7 times the respective emission limits; in the US LDVs, including vehicles fitted with a Volkswagen defeat device, produce approximately 5 times the emission limits for Tier 2. Increased concentrations of PM2.5 and ozone, correlated to excess NOx from on-road diesel vehicles, in 2015 lead to approximately 38,000 premature mortalities and 625,000 years of life lost across the globe.

Since PM2.5 has a higher concentration-response relationship than ozone, more than 80% of the total excess NOx related health effects occurred due to increased PM2.5 concentrations. The Euro 6VI scenario effectively reduces diesel NOx emissions by up to 90% compared to the baseline emission rates for 2040 (see figure 1), achieved by putting the Euro VI standards in place in regions where they had not already been implemented. Whilst the emissions for LDVs still increase between 2015 and 2040 after the implementation of the Euro 6 standards, shown in figure 1, a significantly higher increase in NOx emissions has been avoided.

The benefits of these reductions of NOx emissions include an approximate decrease of 104,000 premature PM2.5 and ozone related deaths in 2040, with more than 80% of this decrease in human health effects being in China. Overall, the scenario reduces PM2.5 levels across the globe and Australia, Brazil, China, Mexico and Russia (the regions where more stringent standards are enforced) see a reduction in ozone levels. To reduce the emission factors from LDVs the strong RDE scenario expands the RDE programme implemented by the EU-28; the strengthened RDE standard reduces emission factors from 4 times the Euro 6 emission limits to just 1.2 times these same limits.

The biggest benefit on health effects from this NOx emission reduction is seen in India, which has the second highest number of passenger diesel vehicles (after the EU-28). Globally the PM2.5 and ozone, caused by NOx, associated premature deaths are reduced by an estimated 31,000 from the execution of this scenario. Diesel NOx emissions would nearly be eliminated by progression towards next-generation emission standards across all regions. For 2040, the near elimination of diesel NOx emissions leads to the avoidance of 38,000 global PM2.5 and ozone related premature mortalities.

The next-generation standards can be compared to the baseline for 2040 to gain the full impact of using more stringent vehicle emission limits. Between the baseline and the next-generation scenarios, a reduction of 2% of global PM2.5 associated mortalities is seen and this percentage is higher (7%) for ozone related premature mortalities. This is a significant reduction to global premature mortality as it is estimated diesel vehicles account for 55% of all road transportation and 2010 land traffic (a combination of on-road and off-road transportation) is responsible for approximately 5% of the total global PM2.5 concentration related premature deaths. This comparison shows the importance of reducing road transportation emissions to ease the health burden of air pollution. The effect of reducing vehicle emission on air pollution is further backed by localised studies in China during the coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown implemented in January 2020. With the introduction of a travel ban, it was found that NO2, PM2.5 and carbon monoxide (CO) reduced in 44 Chinese cities by 24.67%, 5.93% and 4.58% respectively.

Air pollution from road transportation originates from many different fuel types, in order to compute the impact of different road vehicle types a TAF can be calculated for specific air pollution sources. The global distribution of PM2.5 concentration related TAF for the year 2005 can be seen in figure 2. From this, we know that surface transportation contributes most heavily to overall PM2.5 concentration levels in high-income North America, Europe and high-income areas of Asia, whilst surface transportation contributes the least to concentration levels in sub-Saharan Africa, with the exception of southern sub-Saharan Africa. High-income areas of the globe are likely to have larger TAF values due to the population having more disposable income and a larger share of the population being able to afford on-road vehicles. For 2005, the global average TAF is 8.5%, equivalent to a population-weighted PM2.5 concentration of 1.75μgm−3 related to surface transportation. The health effects are unable to be directly drawn from the TAF since it does not indicate the volume of emissions, for this reason, areas with lower TAF values, such as Southeast Asia (TAF of 7.2%), may still have equal or higher health impacts than for example Western Europe (TAF of 23.5%). When compared to total global PM2.5 concentration distributions, South Asia, East Asia and North Africa and the Middle East all have higher than average overall PM2.5 levels but lower than average TAFs, this suggests that emission contributions toward health impacts are effected largely by other source sectors.

The above method of using TAF encompasses all surface transportation types, these typically include but are not limited to road, rail and off-road agricultural transportation; surface transportation types are powered by engines which use diesel and gasoline, amongst other fuel sources. Whilst the TAF is useful for gaining a wider understanding of the distribution of PM2.5 associated with road transportation, the health effects of on-road vehicle related air pollution has not been evaluated. In order to look more specifically at the human health effects from on-road transportation, the TAF can be split into subsectors of surface transportation.

The global health effects from tailpipe emissions for 2010 and 2015 are calculated from the TAFs for PM2.5 and ozone for those years. In 2010 it is estimated that 312,000 and 49,000 premature mortalities (these are within the extremities of confidence intervals of estimates from other studies) were attributable to PM2.5 and ozone concentrations respectively due to surface transportation; the total excess mortalities increase for 2015 to approximately 385,000, representing 330,000 PM2.5 and 55,000 ozone premature deaths.

The global TAFs associated with the PM2.5 mortalities for 2010 and 2015 were 11.9% and 11.6% respectively, these fractions agree with the TAF for 2005 (different chemical transport models have been used and surface transportation types vary between methods accounting for slight variation). East and South Asia were the two regions with the highest number of combined PM2.5 and ozone premature deaths attributable to transportation in 2015, with East Asia and South Asia excess deaths approximating 120,000 and 80,000 respectively, despite this the regions with the highest TAFs for all road vehicles were Europe and North America.

Of the global premature deaths associated with transportation in 2015, the on-road diesel vehicle subsector accounts for 47% of the excess mortalities, this totals to be approximately 180,000 deaths. The diesel excess mortality estimate using TAF is higher than the estimate when considering NOx emissions, this is in part due to the TAF estimate including both PM2.5 and ozone concentrations and also due to the NOx estimate only considering one emission source associated with diesel vehicles. It is estimated that 17% of the global premature deaths were from the on-road non-diesel vehicle subsector, showing how important it is to consider all vehicle fuel types when calculating health burdens. Diesel vehicles are found to be the leading contributor to transportation attributable to excess deaths and in France, Germany, India and Italy the diesel vehicle subsector is estimated to be related to two thirds of transportation mortalities. The tailpipe emissions associated with PM2.5 and ozone concentrations in 2015 can be seen in figure 3 for each trade bloc. Trade blocs are groups of countries that have formal trade agreements, they are significant to road transportation emissions since each one has the opportunity to coordinate action to standardise vehicle emissions standards. As seen by the reduced NOx emissions earlier, through using cohesive emission certifications, global human health impacts due to road transportation are undoubtedly reduced. Figure 3 shows that road transportation contributes hugely to overall surface transportation emissions, with ozone emissions nearly all directly related to road transportation.

It is known that populations living in urban areas tend to have a higher exposure to road transportation emissions, consequently, the TAFs and associated air pollution mortalities can be calculated for 100 major urban areas across the globe for the year 2015. This analysis reveals that the areas with the highest excess mortalities related to transportation air pollution have a combination of large populations and high transportation emissions, most of these urban areas are major cities in Asia with exceptions of Mexico City, Cairo, Moscow, London and Los Angeles. The highest attributable deaths per 100,000 people are mainly found in European urban areas, the same is also true for the urban areas with the largest TAFs. Some urban areas are found to contribute a large share of a country or regions premature mortalities due to transportation, for example, Tokyo, Japan has a 39.7% share of its regions excess deaths. Although the TAF is likely to be an overestimation for road transportation, due to the inclusion of other surface transportation types, health effects related to transportation is expected to have been underestimated. The TAF has been evaluated using tailpipe emission estimates ignoring other sources of air pollution and health impacts, such as road dust, brake and tyre wear releasing fine particles, evaporative emissions and noise.

Contributions towards air pollution from gasoline vehicle emissions are mainly CO and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and account for approximately 20% of global sources of these pollutants. Gasoline emissions are highest in China, India and the USA, with global emissions of CO and NMVOCs leading to an average PM2.5 concentration increase of 6.0μgm−3. Average global increases of PM2.5 concentrations due to diesel vehicle emissions (3.0μgm−3) are half that of gasoline, with regions most effected found over China, India and the Middle East. Diesel vehicles are related to large percentages of global black carbon (BC) and NOx emissions. The gasoline and diesel transportation subsectors are responsible for contributions to the global average increase of surface ozone levels of up to 8.5 and 6.7 ppbv respectively. Global premature deaths due to PM2.5 and ozone are calculated to exceed four million and the global total years of life lost is close to 80 million years. It is estimated that diesel emissions contributed to 89,100 excess mortalities and 1.66 million YLL in 2015 related to PM2.5 and ozone. Of the global premature deaths, 46,900 (25,400, 67,700) mortalities were associated with diesel emission induced PM2.5 agreeing with the baseline scenario for diesel vehicle NOx emissions.

Gasoline emissions are responsible for approximately 86,400 premature mortalities associated with PM2.5 and ozone concentrations, as well as 1.56 million years of life lost in 2015. Combined gasoline and diesel excess deaths total 237,000, this agrees with the TAF mortality estimate for the on-road diesel vehicle and on-road non-diesel vehicle subsectors. Compared globally the excess mortalities and YLL for gasoline and diesel emission are very similar. However, the health effects from diesel and gasoline vehicles can be normalized over the global total distance travelled by each vehicle type. The estimated total distance travelled for gasoline vehicles (1.55×1013 km) is 2.6 times higher than the distance travelled by the diesel sector in 2015. The global mean excess mortality rate for diesel vehicles is 15.2×10−9 deaths km−1. The gasoline global mean premature death rate is 2.7 times lower than the diesel vehicle rate. The highest premature mortality rates for gasoline and diesel are found in India, which are caused by a combination of large population density and high numbers of short distance vehicle journeys. Although diesel and gasoline emissions are found to contribute to comparable PM2.5 and ozone excess deaths, the calculation of the premature death rate suggests that diesel vehicle emissions are more harmful to human health.

The road transportation sector is attributable to 5% of all premature deaths related to PM2.5 and ozone concentrations. The highest levels of transportation attributable to air pollution are found in regions with high-income, with the biggest health effect occurring in regions with dense populations. As the human population continues to rise and urbanisation increases the health impacts of road transportation will become more prominent, even with current standards vehicle emissions will rise by 2040. Currently analysis of road transportation attributable health effects estimated annual premature deaths to be 240,000. On-road diesel and non-diesel vehicle emissions were also linked to long term health conditions such as asthma, cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. Whilst other sectors have a larger percentage of contributions to air pollution excess mortalities, significant changes can be made to reduce the health burden from road transportation. By reducing the emissions produced by on-road transportation, air pollution lowers and subsequently decreases premature mortalities associated with transportation. In order to reduce emissions, stricter certification limits are needed by major vehicle markets and trade blocs. The implementation of the most stringent policies for diesel on-road vehicles alone avoids 174,000 premature mortalities in 2040, compared to continued use of current emissions limits, and nearly eliminates diesel NOx emissions.

Based on half a century of rapid urbanization, increasingly individuals choose live in city and almost half of population in world live in the urbanized place, due to the global climate crisis some issues will be exasperated. Therefore, it results in the shortage of water resources in cities in recent years. The term ‘‘water crisis’’ described as the demand of useable water resources for agriculture, industry, individuals’ use, generate energy and entertainment cannot be satisfied. The pressure of water resource due to the over-exploitation, it leads to deterioration of quality and quantity of useable water resources (Jain & Singh, 2010, pp.215-237). Hence, this essay will discuss the background and responses of stakeholders in different cities cause water crisis.

Firstly, since 2014 the southeast area in Brazil face the serious drought, SÃO PAULO inevitably affected by the disaster. In SÃO PAULO, Brazilian government and local citizens have to face the increasingly serious water crisis. Otherwise, the water crisis in SÃO PAULO does not result in deaths directly, however it will result in a huge financial loss and affect the daily life of millions of individuals. Besides, the factitious and natural behavior and phenomenon results in water crisis in city. Overall, the lack of rain fall, insufficient planning in supply and distribution and inefficient occupation of the useable water resources lead to the lacking water supply and water crisis (Érico et al., 2016, pp. 21-26). Water crisis in SÃO PAULO results in the social instability, local economy damaged and agriculture broken.

Through the ages, SÃO PAULO always disturbed by drought, the climate affected rainfall in the southeast area in Brazil, so water crisis in SÃO PAULO can be defined as a natural disaster, because it based on drought, drought presented as a prolonged period time with more or no rainfall, and the soil moisture loss is more than its limits or a water shortage in a period time. The lacking natural water resources results in some adverse effects in SÃO PAULO, firstly, the cost of living in SÃO PAULO will be raised, because the necessity of water resources, the lacking part need transported by other region, that results in the raise expense by transportation cost, labor cost and so on, so citizens in SÃO PAULO have to pay expensive price for their daily use of water resources, that cause citizens complained and dissatisfied about their government. In addition, the balance of biology circle will be broken, which needs more water resources to sustain.

Otherwise, some political and institutional factors directly result in water crisis in SÃO PAULO during these years. Some government departments confidence in restored precipitation without scientific data and research, that results in overconfidence about forecast and miss the best opportunity of restored precipitation. Depends on the situation, the degree of development of scientific technology and policies of Brazil, highly technical language cannot be used in scientific communication and difficult obtain information from scientific research. Consequently, disordered communication and get incomplete information cause water crisis in SÃO PAULO.

Besides, based on the unprecise research and disordered government departments of water crisis in SÃO PAULO, various agencies collected the different and conflict information, all of that results in SÃO PAULO miss the chance for preventing and finding water crisis. Furthermore, Brazil government do not focus on preventing water crisis, it always realized the serious of situation late and solve the problem after the disaster, the consequence of government’s behavior harms the local economy, most industries and citizens’ benefits, even pay a huge financial aid for disaster area after disaster, but it does not help the situation. Moreover, Brazilian politicians always interference the solution of water crisis which proposed by political opponent and involved by electoral issues, all of that cause postpone the solution and miss the disclosed about the problems to be faced. In addition, due to the unique political institution and situation in Brazil, the federal governance cannot be implemented to different states, consequently, Brazil government needs support from media and public opinion to implement their plans or policies. That results in a cumbersome and inefficient administrative system which cannot dispose the problems of water crisis immediately (Érico et al., 2016, pp. 21-30).

[bookmark: OLE_LINK12][bookmark: OLE_LINK13]However, in recent years, the Brazil government started to focus on water crisis and pay more attention for preventing and govern water crisis in the southeast area in Brazil. In prevention, transposition of rivers and build new reservoirs can minimizing leaks for unnecessary loss, for instance, river diversion results in unnecessary loss for water resources, local government cannot stockpile and use the water resources effectively without transposition of rivers and build new reservoirs. Besides, build and protect riparian forest reservoirs is a long-term prevention for solve water crisis, that will reduce runoff and soil erosion for local land. Furthermore, SÃO PAULO government pay more attention for reduce and limit the adverse impact of water crisis, it paid some subsidy for customers who use the pressure reducing valves and decreased consume water resources consciously. All of that decreased the adverse impact of water crisis and solve the problems of water crisis efficiently (Érico et al., 2016, pp. 21-35).

Secondly, Beijing is a dry city which face the problems of water crisis. Beijing has a continental climate with high temperatures and large amounts of precipitation and rainfall in summer. With the development of Beijing, population in Beijing has an explosive growth and the urbanized land occupied a huge amount of local land in this half a century. The problems of water crisis became an important issue in the current ecological and environmental crisis, it totally affects sustainable economic and social development in Beijing.

The water crisis occurs in Beijing due to some factors, they are natural disaster, excessive urbanization, development of industries and water pollution. The water crisis can be described as one kind of natural disaster, due to the global warming and land desertification, china become the most serious natural disasters on soil erosion and water resources loss country in the world, especially Beijing surrounding region, Beijing mainly rely on surface water resource for development and construction of urbanization, however in recent years Chaobai river and Yongding river become dry up and government have to develop the groundwater resources for increasingly demand.

However, the depth of the groundwater also decreased, in 1950 the depth of groundwater was 1 m in the Beijing eastern outskirts, nevertheless, in 1975 the outflow of Yuquan Mountain was no longer flowing and in 2010 the average depth to groundwater resource was more than 25 m, it increased 25 times from 1950 to 2010. The flood is another factor which cause water crisis, due to the serious soil erosion, Beijing and surrounding region lost the immunity of flood, it occurred every summer from 1949-1957, almost 80 waterlogged was identified and 80% of floods occurred on roads. The extensive flood in Beijing polluted the quality of useable water resources which includes surface water resources and groundwater resources. In addition, excessive urbanization is one factor which results in water crisis in Beijing, after 1949 with the development and urbanized of capital city, Chinese government built a lot of reservoirs for the demand of Beijing, to some extent these reservoirs affected the natural water circulation, it results in uncertain change of local environment and water resources.

The excessive urbanization still results in an explosive growth of population, it reached 21.54 million in 2018, the demand of water resources increased with the population growth, it was overburden for water resources in Beijing and surrounding region. Then, increasing civil land, industrial land and recreational land occupied the original natural land from 100.2 km2 in 1950 to 1,289.2 km2 in 2013, Inevitably, all of that bring over stress for local land and local bearing capacity of water resources. Otherwise, with the development of local economy in Beijing, water pollution become the biggest concern. From 1949 to 1956, Beijing even did not have wastewater treatment plants only built two sewage pumping stations. The discharge amount of wastewater increasing started in 1958, and it had significant increase from 1962-1992, at that time only one treatment plant use for purifying the water, however that was inefficient and overloaded.

Until 2018, 34 treatment plants still cannot satisfy the demand of Beijing. However, Chinese government had their plan for solve water crisis, the first one is South-to-North Water Diversion Project, it presented as a major strategic project to transfer part of the abundant water resources in the Yangtze river basin to north region in china and northwest region in china, that changes the situation of waterlogging in south China and drought in north China and serious shortage of water resources in north China, this project is aimed at promoting the coordinated development of economy, society, population, resources and environment in north and south China and it has three water transfer routes, namely the eastern, middle and western routes, with a total investment of 500 billion RMB.

Especially, Beijing obtained overwhelming benefits from the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, Beijing south-to-north water diversion project construction committee received supporting projects include 83 kilometers of water transmission trunk line, total storage capacity of about 40 million cubic meters of storage, water supply of 4 million tons per day of new expansion and renovation of water plant. The first phase of the project will transfer 9.5 billion cubic meters of water per year on average, while the second phase will reach 13 billion cubic meters, and Beijing occupied almost 12.4% of total water resources. However, opponents mainly believe that the south-to-north water diversion project is too expensive and too small to bring into play economic benefits and cause water pollution.

The huge amount of water diversion, dry season may make the Yangtze river water shortage, affect the navigation of the Yangtze river, the Yangtze estuary salty tide deepened, more likely to cause ecological crisis. In fact, South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a favorable project which provides benefit for individuals and country in the future, for instance, the pressure of water resources was relieved by South-to-North Water Diversion Project, it brings almost 2.79 billion cubic meters from south China,

According to, world health organization searched. (1948). Sanitation commonly refers to the procurement of amenities and services for the safe removal of human urine and feces. Which the throughout purposes of sanitation is to come up with a healthy living environment for everybody, to keep safe the natural resources (such as surface water, groundwater,) and to provide safety, security and elegance for people when they discharge feces from the body or stool. Therefore, if we don’t have high-quality sanitation or face to lack of sanitation or fewer toilets, then the people use to defecation (in the open atmosphere) that it can pollute the groundwater.

Also, outdoor defecation (as well used in the contrary route as free outdoor defecation) is the people perform of defecating in the open air (in the open environment) relatively than in a toilet. People can choose fields, shrubs, forests, ditches, roads, drainpipe or other unlock places for defecation. They do it because people do not have a bathroom easily accessible or tanks to customary cultural practices. The doing is regular while there is no infrastructure and sanitation available. Even if there are toilets available, more efforts may be considered necessary to promulgate the make use of of restrooms. The term ‘open free defecation’ (ODF) is used to illustrate communities so as to have moved to the use of a toilet rather than open defecation. This may happen, for example, after community-based sanitation programs have been implemented. (World toilet day, 19 November 2001)

Pollution may not be omitted from the earth as long as even a person survives on the earth since the very being of man is the cause of water pollution. However, such, contamination caused by an individual’s routine or daily activities is partial and apparently harmless. But it is the composed the impact huge populations cause the important pollution. As the day by day, the populations are increasing and their activities did and will the water pollutions. For example, they are building industries to produce various products, which generate wastes causing water pollution and it relates to economics level of people because the developed countries know how to produce which is not to be the cause of pollutant. On the other hand, the developing countries have overpopulation, expanding their domestic wastes and sewage, which these wastes directly make pollute the water. (Goel, P. K. (2006).

There is also some industrial wastewater, many harmful chemicals are widely used in local industries and factories that, if improperly disposed of, can contaminate drinking water. For example, such as Local factories which include nearby factories, industrial designs and even small businesses such as gas stations and laundry facilities. In all these places, there is a variety of chemicals that are carefully removed carefully. For this reason, the proper disposal and release of these chemicals or industrial waste. And also, spillage of underground tanks and pipelines, petroleum products, chemicals, and wastewater that are stored in underground chambers or pipes can reach groundwater and cause water pollution.

Lastly, there are the large chunks of plastic that are depositing or dispose of along the coast, in rivers, once they turn up in the ocean, they float along on the oceanic as a spiral which centralizes this kind of rubbish in the different oceans. This waste material is the main killer of life in the ocean and may excess to 450 years to be despicable. (Cózar, A, et al., 2014, pp. 10239-10244). As we are already aware that plastic is just a single material which is very flexible and easy to rotations into many different forms all through production. So, have ever gone to the beach? If yes, then you will see how the plastics are washing up with the waves in the sea. Also, you will throw the bottle that has in your hand and before some minute ago you drink water. There are some reasons for this, plastic is the most common substance or material that people suing their daily life and it also is as cheap materials for making clothes, cars, bottles, buckets, boats, and other things. While plastic is not harmful as the same others toxin chemicals.

However, they recognize a hazard for seawater and for living things in the sea. (Woodford, 2017). According to, Woodford researched, “In one study of 450 shearwaters in the North Pacific, over 80 percent of the birds were found to contain plastic residues in their stomachs. In the early 1990s, marine scientist Tim Benton collected debris from a 2km (1.5 miles) length of the beach in the remote Pitcairn islands in the South Pacific. His study recorded approximately a thousand pieces of garbage including 268 pieces of plastic, 71 plastic bottles, and two dolls heads.” This shows how we are so careless about our environment. As result, the main polluting of beaches, oceans, and surface waters of the open ocean are plastics.

Conclusion, there are plenty of causes of water pollution which develop the water contaminate, generally, the sanitation system, using from plastic, and industrials wasters. The open- defecation one of the most cause of water pollution. Likewise, human activities in daily life and industries wastes which is the result of water pollution. In the same case, using from plastics in daily activities is another risk factor and count as the most harmful factor for polluting the oceans, rivers, lakes, and sea. In my opinion, one thing is very important is that the government should make laws and policies for making the water polluted. And the industries have to have a special place with a special system which does not cause the pollutions in the environment.

Noise pollution can be also known as environmental noise or sound pollution. It is when sounds within a surrounding that is too much, not essential, or unnecessary sounds that can disturb us it becomes noise pollution. It is commonly generated inside many industrial facilities and some other workplaces it can also come from railways, highway, airplane traffic, and other outdoor constructions. However, it has become a major problem in the world. Our environment is a place that is difficult to escape from the noise. It can cause temporary disruption in nature and is unpleasant to hear. Furthermore, it causes damage to our environment and the larger increase of unwanted sounds or noise pollution is yet a problem.

Now, let us explain the various causes of noise pollution. First, it may be because of Industrialization wherein most industries use big machines to make a product. Now the problem here that they produce a large amount of noise. Apart from that equipment like compressors, generators, exhaust fans also produce big noise. High exposure like this, might damage our hearing abilities.

Second, we have social events, wherein parties peak noise. It creates a disturbance or a nuisance in the area due to loud volumes of music, screaming and shouting, Apart from that in markets, selling clothes or necessary needs creates loud noise to gain attraction to people.

Third, we have transportations. These are some common causes of noise pollution wherein a large number of vehicles on roads like cars, motorcycles, airplanes flying over houses, some trains that produce heavy noise and people find it hard to deal. It can lead to a situation wherein a normal person loses the ability to hear and is hard to handle. Fourth, if we have construction activities like buildings, roads, and bridges let’s also include construction workers who participate in these activities.

Now, let us explain the effects of noise pollution. Noise pollution isn’t much talked about is still has a serious impact on our lives. Firstly, it can cause hearing problems or the high level of noise damage can cause the eardrums a loss of hearing. Second, It can get our sleep disturb because of too much noise and distraction from it. Third, It also has impacts on animals or pets because they become more aggressive and are afraid of loud noise.

Now, we must make people aware of the huge impact of noise pollution. Let’s encourage them to adopt ways or solutions to not contribute to noise pollution. If every individual is contributing and starts doing the same, it will surely reduce noise pollution and more in peace.