Category: Pollution

Introduction

To begin with, the most benefiting part of the macroeconomics system, in this case, is international business. To be more specific, one of the most outstanding features of multi-country business is that it can provide interactive process with its own brunches from any country. When doing this, some of the brunches might receive technological solutions for pollution issues, which will help business to actively integrate itself in green economy (Lin et al, 2019). Consequently, the international business might receive some privileges comparing to the simpler forms of companies due to the new trend supporting in those countries where it is not popular or cannot be implemented yet. Moreover, the privileges could be tax exemptions or subsidies for highly-cost projects.

On the other hand, the significant part of the business might experience due to the solvency problems. When a company suddenly begin benefiting from following the trend of environmental risk decrease, the management might be driven to the significant capital expenditures increasing. As a result, the international business begin spending more than receiving, and such tendency in the middle term perspective may ruin the benefits from taking part in the environmental responsibility programs. However, from the long term point of view, the advantages from implementing the zero-waste and sustainable sources of energy and other specific business infrastructures might overcome the disadvantages of applying this method in the companys structure.

Societys Perspectives in Fighting the Global Pollution

Turning to the societys role in changing the unsustainable system, the most important part of the discussion is usually dedicated to the role-changing possibility in the governmental structure. Recently, people were not thinking about the sustainable development of their country and hometown. However, these days, when some cities are dying in the pollutive cloud with enormous amount of CO2, individuals begun concerning about their future. From this perspective, the ecological measures to prevent pollution in city area might be implemented through civil organizations, which will help to widespread the tendency of choosing the sustainability and long term perspective (Ives et al., 2018). What is more, the most influential civil organizations which struggle for sustainable development might intervene in the political life and become part of the local authorities. As a result, the city will be free at least of new pollution and begin living the sustainably to leave the heritage to their KSJA.

Governmental Possibilities and Strategies to Resolve Current and Future Issues

Last but not least, the governmental issue of implementing pollution-preventing measures is one of the most critical nowadays. This is due to the fact that some industries require the exceed norms of pollution due to their extreme efficiency and high demand on their products among the society. For instance, when it comes to energy, many people might claim that the most efficient way to stop the pollution is to begin with atomic and other pollutive energy stations. However, while it is more sustainable to use the alternative means of energy production, such as wind and solar power stations, the most pollutive stations produce the biggest amount of energy, which is consumed daily by all of the citizens. The possible solution of this problem is that local and general authorities should run influential campaigns for passing the free time in the outdoor so that the natural tourism will become highly demanded (Ilyas et al., 2018). These measures will not only increase the pollution-free tourism by bus, airplane, or railroad, but also support the tendency of sustainable living during the whole life.

References

Ilyas, S., & Wiwattanakornwong, K. (2020). Unleashing the role of top management and government support in green supply chain management and sustainable development goals. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 82108223.

Ives, C. D., Abson, D. J., von Wehrden, H., Dorninger, C., Klaniecki, K., & Fischer, J. (2018). Reconnecting with nature for sustainability. Sustainability Science, 13(5), 13891397.

Lin, R., Gui, Y., Xie, Z., & Liu, L. (2019). Green Governance and International Business Strategies of Emerging Economies Multinational Enterprises: A Multiple-Case Study of Chinese Firms in Pollution-Intensive Industries. Sustainability, 4(11), 1013.

Types of Air Pollution

• The book Environmental Science identifies the major substances that are released into the nature atmosphere.
• Primary pollutants include gases and volcanic ash. Carbon oxides such as CO2 and CO are colorless.
• Carbon monoxide (CO) is usually toxic and affects animals and plants.
• Nitrogen oxides such as NO2 and NO are greenhouses gases capable of producing acidic rain.
• Some particulates such as dust and volcano ash can result in smog (Enger & Smith, 2016).
• The second category includes secondary pollutants.
• Smog occurs when car exhausts are exposed to direct sunlight (Hitchcook, Conlan, Kay, Brannigan, & Newman, 2014, p. 17).
• Enger and Smith (2016) identify hazardous compounds as potential sources of pollution.
• Some of these compounds include chemicals and toxic compounds (Enger & Smith, 2016).
• Cleaners, glues, and gasoline also pollute the atmosphere.
• Perchloroethylene is released from cleaning agents.

The first group or type include primary pollutants and emerge from natural processes or human activities. These primary pollutants include gases and volcanic ash. Carbon oxides such as CO2 and CO are colorless. Carbon monoxide (CO) is usually toxic and affects both animals and plants. These greenhouse gases affect the global climate. Nitrogen oxides such as NO2 and NO are greenhouses gases capable of producing acidic rain.

The second category includes secondary pollutants. The components of secondary air pollution include ozone and nitrogen oxides. Smog occurs when car exhausts are exposed to direct sunlight (Hitchcook, Conlan, Kay, Brannigan, & Newman, 2014, p. 17). Enger and Smith (2016) identify hazardous compounds as potential sources of pollution. Cleaners, glues, and gasoline also pollute the atmosphere. Perchloroethylene is a poisonous pollutant released from cleaning agents.

Problems Caused by Poor Air Quality

• The WHO estimates that urban air pollution accounts for over 3 million deaths annually (Enger & Smith, 2016, p. 373).
• Unhealthy people die prematurely due to poor air quality.
• Enger and Smith (2016) indicate that 20-30 percent of all respiratory diseases arises from air pollution (p. 373).
• During summer periods, smog can become a major problem due to a condition referred to as thermal inversion (Hitchcook et al., 2014).
• The accumulation of harmful chemicals affects peoples quality of health.
• Acid precipitation occurs due to poor air quality.
• Terrestrial ecosystems also suffer due to acid rains.
• Forests have declined significantly due to the connection between air quality and acidic rain.
• Measurements in the Arctic indicate that the ozone layer has been thinning (Enger & Smith, 2016, p. 382).

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that urban air pollution accounts for over 3 million deaths annually (Enger & Smith, 2016, p. 373). Unhealthy, elderly, and young people die prematurely due to poor air quality. The quality of air is affected by the increasing number of industrial plants and motor vehicles. Enger and Smith (2016) go further to indicate that 20-30 percent of all respiratory diseases arises from air pollution (p. 373).

Cities with many vehicles are usually associated with smog. During summer periods, smog can become a major problem due to a condition referred to as thermal inversion (Hitchcook et al., 2014). The accumulation of harmful chemicals affects the residents quality of health. Acid precipitation occurs due to poor air quality. Terrestrial ecosystems also suffer due to the problem of acid rain. Forests have declined significantly due to the connection between air quality and acidic rain.

How Human Activity Affects Quality of Air

• Human activities play a significant role towards determining the quality of air.
• Such activities continue to affect the quality of the natural atmosphere.
• Industrial activities produce primary pollutants such as CO2, CO, NO, and NO2 (Enger & Smith, 2016).
• Greenhouses gases are also emitted by industrial processes and vehicles.
• Agricultural and construction activities have led to depletion of natural ecosystems.
• Urbanization and emission of air pollutants have led poor quality of air.
• Agricultural practices have changed within the past five decades.
• Land use and agricultural practices account for 24 percent of greenhouse gases (Maji, Ahmed, & Siddiqui, 2015, p. 905).
• For very many years, people have been depending on fossil fuels for energy.
• Some of these fuel sources include coal and crude oil.
• These energy sources affect the cleanliness of the natural environment.
• Human activity therefore remains the leading contributor of air pollution (Enger & Smith, 2016).
• Experts believe strongly that human activities will continue to worsen the problem of air pollution in the near future.

Human activities play a significant role towards determining the quality of air. Man has been engaging in numerous activities that have continued to affect the quality of the natural atmosphere. For example, human economic and industrial activities produce pollutant gases such as CO2, CO, NO, and NO2 (Enger & Smith, 2016). Urbanization and emission of air pollutants have led poor quality of air. Agricultural practices have changed within the past five decades.

Land use and agricultural practices have been observed to account for 24 percent of greenhouse gases (Maji, Ahmed, & Siddiqui, 2015, p. 905). For very many years, people have been depending on fossil fuels for energy. These statistics indicate clearly that human activity still remains the leading contributor of air pollution (Enger & Smith, 2016).

How Human Health is Affected by Air Quality

• Air pollution is associated with both short-term and long-term health complications that can cause sudden death.
• The WHO indicates that SO2 and NO2 can cause eye irritation and damage the respiratory system.
• Prolonged exposure can cause lung or cardiovascular problems.
• Lung cancer is also associated with poor air quality (Enger & Smith, 2016).
• Over 2 million human beings die annually due to air pollution.
• Individuals living in polluted homes have increased chances of developing health complications.
• Indoor pollutants such as paints and household cleaners can cause asthma in children.
• Prolonged exposure to indoor pollutants is capable of causing cardiovascular disease, asthma, pulmonary problems, and cancer (Maji et al., 2015).
• Individuals who have preexisting diseases such as cancer or pulmonary conditions are also vulnerable.
• Regions that are identified as green have also been associated with reduced life expectancy (Currie, 2013).
• According to the WHO, life expectancies will be shortened by around 8 months due to air pollution.

Air pollution is associated with both short-term and long-term health complications that can cause sudden death. The WHO indicates that SO2 and NO2 can cause eye irritation and damage the respiratory system. Prolonged exposure can result in various lung or cardiovascular problems. Lung cancer is also associated with poor air quality (Enger & Smith, 2016). A study conducted by the WHO indicated that over 2 million human beings were dying annually due to air pollution.

Prolonged exposure to indoor pollutants is capable of causing cardiovascular disease, asthma, pulmonary problems, and cancer (Maji et al., 2015). Individuals who have preexisting diseases such as cancer or pulmonary conditions are vulnerable to the above effects of poor air quality (Currie, 2013). According to the WHO, life expectancies will be shortened by around 8 months due to the major problems arising from air pollution.

Plausible Suggestions to Improve Air Quality

• Legislation:
  • The government can implement stringent laws to dictate various human activities (Egondi et al., 2013).
  • Companies should engage in environmentally-friendly manufacturing processes.
  • Vehicle manufacturers should ensure their cars do not pollute the environment.
  • Chemical manufacturers should produce detergents and cleaners that do not emit poisonous compounds (Vallero, 2014).
• Sustainability:
  • Green practices can guide more people to recycle different materials and minimize their ecological footprints.
  • Energy saving tips can minimize the quantities of gases emitted through various human activities (Maji et al., 2015).
  • Farmers should embrace the use of biodegradable and organic compounds.
  • Pesticides and fertilizers should be environmentally-friendly (Egondi et al., 2013).
  • New campaigns should be used to promote greener and sustainable practices.

The government can implement stringent laws to dictate various human activities (Egondi et al., 2013). For instance, companies should be required to engage in environmentally-friendly manufacturing processes. Vehicle manufacturers should ensure their cars do not pollute the environment. Chemical manufacturers should be monitored in order to produce detergents and cleaners that do not emit poisonous compounds.

Enger and Smith (2016) believe that green practices can guide more people to recycle different materials and minimize their ecological footprints. Energy saving tips can minimize the quantities of gases emitted through various human activities (Maji et al., 2015). Farmers should embrace the use of biodegradable and organic compounds. Pesticides and fertilizers, for instance, should be environmentally-friendly.

References

Currie, J. (2013). Pollution and infant health. Child Development Perspectives, 7(4), 237-242.

Egondi, T., Kyobutungi, C., Ng, N., Muindi, K., Oti, S., de Vijver, S., & Rocklov, J. (2013). Community perceptions of air pollution and related health risks in Nairobi slums. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(1), 4851-4868.

Enger, E., & Smith, B. (2016). Environmental Science. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Hitchcook, G., Conlan, B., Kay, D., Brannigan, C., & Newman, D. (2014). Air quality and road transport: Impacts and solutions. RAC Foundation, 1(1), 1-45.

Maji, S., Ahmed, S., & Siddiqui, W. (2015). Air quality assessment and its relation to potential health impacts in Delhi, India. Current Science, 109(5), 902-909.

Vallero, D. (2014). Fundamentals of Air Pollution. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Summary

The article by McDiarmid (2017) discusses the severe pollution of air that appeared due to a wildfire. The fire broke out in Fort McMurray (Canada) and spread across vast territories causing air contamination. According to the text, the environmental hazard can also affect some New England states. It means that the wildfire and the smoke from it have covered more than 4000 kilometers (McDiarmid, 2017). Air quality meteorologists claimed that the smoke had shaped a huge circle in the atmosphere.

Experts in the field stated that this environmental hazard had a strong influence on the quality of air in Canada and caused severe pollution of territories. The air had very high levels of ozone, which was not typical for this country (McDiarmid, 2017). As a rule, the air in Canada is clean and rich in oxygen; however, when the wildfire burst, it affected the ozone layer to a significant degree.

Other countries are also in jeopardy of air contamination. Given the fact that the pollution from the wildfire spreads quickly, some of the American states have applied to the countrys federal Environmental Protection Agency for a special exemption for pollution levels that exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (McDiarmid, 2017, para. 4). Therefore, the threat of severe air contamination is rather intense, and other countries also have to take immediate measures to prevent negative consequences to the environment.

The wildfire has affected the state significantly. According to the article, it destroyed 590,000 hectares of land as well as the facilities and premises located on it (McDiarmid, 2017). The fire was taken under control in July; nevertheless, its consequences are experienced until the present moment. It became possible to localize the fire a month after it broke out; therefore, it can be assumed that the effects of air pollution will be difficult to eliminate. The wildfire and its fumes have created their environment, which resulted in the fact that pollutants can be easily spread with the plume across vast territories. A team has been established to check the way emissions affect the environment, and a special website has been created so that country residents can observe smoke forecast maps in their area (McDiarmid, 2017, para. 21). Despite the efforts made, 100 wildfires are still burning. New England is also at risk of fires; however, the temperatures there are rather low. Nonetheless, ozone levels should constantly be monitored to avoid developing further consequences to the environment.

Relation to the Course

The article relates to the course directly because wildfires strongly affect not only flora and fauna by ruining natural animal habitats but also humans. Wildfire smoke exposure can lead to severe health impacts especially in individuals suffering from lung diseases and other conditions (McDiarmid, 2017). Thus, since wildfires and their emissions affect the environment and public health, they should be paid particular attention from the side of the scientific community and general society so that people are aware of their consequences and can take measures to prevent such occurrences in the future.

Personal Opinion

A wildfire is an uncontrolled process in which a large number of pollutants are formed. When forest fires become extensive and occupy populated areas, this makes the situation more difficult as the facilities made of synthetic and polymeric materials start producing toxic combustion products when burning. The ecological danger of fires is related to changes in water, soil, air, and other elements of the system. For these reasons, it is important to understand the degree of hazard and realize the types and amount of emissions to nature to reduce the risk of their consequences and increase the level of environmental safety.

Reference

McDiarmid, M. (2017). Fort McMurray fires cause air pollution spike on other side of continent.CBC News. Web.

Environmental pollution is the unwarranted discharge of mass or energy into the planets natural resource pools, such as land, air, or water, which detriments the environments ecological stability and the health of the living things that inhabit it. There is an intensified health risk and pollution in middle and low-income countries due to the increased use of pesticides, industrialization, the introduction of nitrogen-based fertilizers, forest fires, urbanization, and inadequate waste management (Appannagari, 2017). Air pollution, lead and chemicals exposure, hazardous waste exposure, and inappropriate e-waste disposal all result in unfavorable living conditions, fatal illnesses, and ecosystem destruction. The essay will provide an overview of pollution and proffer solutions to combating pollution for a sustainable environment and health.

In addition to hindering economic development and considerably accelerating climate change, pollution exacerbates poverty and inequality in urban and rural areas. The most pain is always experienced by the poor, who cannot afford to protect themselves against pollutions harmful effects. The main environmental factor contributing to sickness and early mortality is pollution due to premature deaths resulting from pollution (Appannagari, 2017). Due to the unacceptably high cost to human capital and health, as well as the resulting GDP losses, pollution must be addressed. Through initiatives like reducing black carbon and methane emissions, which are responsible for air pollution and climate change, pollution management can also significantly contribute to climate change mitigation (Appannagari, 2017). Additionally, pollution control can promote competitiveness through, for instance, job growth, increased energy efficiency, better transportation, and sustainable urban and rural development. Below are the various approaches for solutions to health and pollution problems.

First, governments should evaluate pollution as a national and international priority and integrate it into the city and country planning process. Pollution affects the health and well-being of societies and, as such, cannot be solely viewed as an environmental issue (The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health, 2017). All levels of government should give pollution prevention a high priority, incorporate it into development planning, and tie it to commitments regarding climate change, SDGs, and the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Some options are both affordable and offer good returns on investment.

Secondly, governments should increase funding for pollution control and prioritize it by health impacts. There should be a significant increase in the financing for pollution management in low- and middle-income nations, both from national budgets and international development organizations (The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health, 2017). The most effective international support for pollution reduction is when it mobilizes additional actions and funding from others. Examples include helping towns and nations that are quickly industrializing concerning technical capacity building, regulatory and enforcement support, and support for direct actions to save lives. Monitoring financing initiatives are necessary to determine their cost-effectiveness and to raise accountability.

Thirdly, organizations should work to build multicultural partnerships for pollution control. Public-private partnerships and interagency cooperation can be powerful tools in creating clean technology and energy sources that will ultimately prevent pollution at its source (The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health, 2017). Collaborations between ministries that include the ministries of finance, energy, development, agriculture, and transport, as well as the ministries of health and the environment, are crucial in pollution control. Governments should promote monitoring systems that could identify and apportion pollution sources, measure pollution levels, guide enforcement, and assess progress toward goals. The use of new technology in pollution monitoring, such as data mining and satellite images, can boost effectiveness, broaden the monitoring area, and cut costs.

One of the main issues facing the world in the current period is pollution. Natural resources are depleting daily due to car emissions, new technologies, factories, and chemicals added to food. All of these factors seriously harm the world. However, the problems caused by pollution can be prevented by building multicultural partnerships, increasing funding for pollution control, integrating it into the countrys planning process, and adopting new technology for monitoring pollution. Preventing pollution lowers the cost to the environment and the economy.

References

Appannagari, R. R. (2017). Environmental pollution causes and consequences: A study. North Asian International Research Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 3(8), 151-161. Web.

Excell High School. (2018). Environmental Science. Excel Education Systems, Inc. Web.

The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health. (2017). Pollution and health: Six problems and six solutions. Knowledge, Evidence, and Learning for Development.

Introduction

A general health survey was carried out by investigators with the main objective of determining why so many people in Trinidads major towns were infected with respiratory and skin disorders. The studies showed that a majority of those who were infected were living or working in landfills within the cities in question. The investigators decided to give statistics on the number of infected people in these regions after which a study of possible pollutants in these landfills was done.

The following is a report that has been compiled after an environmental research team did an extensive case study on the effects on the health of living in close proximity to a landfill. The case study in several towns in Trinidad including Forres Park and Guanapo gave enlightening evidence of health hazards caused by the pollutants in the respective landfills. The researchers have deduced that even the smallest exposure (in contact, through the air or in form of water) over a period of time has a debilitating effect on human health.

In the investigations, the presence of pollutants in industrial waste for example affects the entire environment by introducing extra chemical content to surroundings that were once alienated from the colossal amounts of chemicals. In this particular report, a study was done on the chemical content contained in most of the industrial wastes present in the landfills. Chemicals such as Vinyl Chloride that cause human liver cancer and damage the immune system may be present in landfills. Benzene is another chemical found in the environment. It also causes cancer, leukemia and anemia. It is well-known for causing drowsiness and excessive bleeding. At higher concentrations, dichloromethane damages the liver and also affects the lungs. Another chemical present in the landfill might be Methylene chloride, which is a primary cause of convulsion and a change in the rate of the heartbeat. Tetrachloroethene causes diseases and conditions to the kidney, excessive headaches and eventual unconsciousness. Finally, mercury-related diseases include tremors and eye irritation. It also damages the central nervous system and increases the persons blood pressure (The Alliance for a Clean Environment, n.d. para.3).

The significance of analyzing these findings is to bring awareness on the dangers of exposing oneself to these kinds of chemicals without adequate protection. Many people who live in the environment close to the dumping sites are exposed to the daily combustion of the refuse, coupled with the inhalation of the emissions from the combusted material. These pose enormous health hazards to the people living in these places. Underlying waters in these sites are also sources of disease and ailments, especially when the water is ingested either through drinking or cooking. The report therefore gives an in-depth analysis on the findings of various research works done in these towns. It gives reasons why certain diseases such as skin irritation and ailments are so evident in the regions that harbor landfills. It also handles the impact of air pollution on the respiratory system of the human being, and why environmental degradation is responsible in causing major increases in respiratory diseases.

Approach

The following approach has been used to make the report as open and understandable as possible. First and foremost, the results obtained from the investigation are well documented to portray an extract of what effect landfill pollutants are having on the young and the old in these towns. Next, a deep analysis of the different harmful chemical contents in many of the waste products of the landfills is done. The chemical contents are linked with their consequent skin and respiratory diseases in order to reveal the hazardous effect of the pollutants to human beings. A summery, in terms of suggestions is given towards ways in which to curb these vices, most of which involve government measures that are needed to prevent the pollution of the environment.

Findings

Findings from studies done showed that, children compared to adults, who directly or indirectly came into contact with the materials present in the landfills, were the minority of those affected by the pollutants. This was due to the fact that more adults came into closer contact with the materials in the landfills. Out the overall outcome of 356 samples taken for the children illnesses, a large percentage of them were cancer related diseases. 70 to 75% of the children who were sampled were at risk of acquiring cancerous diseases occasioned by the effects of the chemical exposure that they are subjected to. The elderly were the most affected, with 924 out of a possible 1200 people having skin diseases. The people who were mostly affected had come into close contact with the materials that present in the sites. This sample was a percentage of 85% of the population which was put under investigation. In Foress Park, an industry has actually been set up in the landfill to help contain the waste that piles up on the outskirts of the town. Most of the workers in these industries put under investigation showed cancerous related skin diseases.

Just like the analysis on skin diseases, it was found that more adults out of the cities population were affected compared with the percentage of children. In the 250 samples analyzed among the adult records in the hospitals in Trinidad, 72% of the patients who complained of respiratory disorders lived near or worked in or in the surrounding of these landfills. The analysis was carried out taking into consideration the people aged between 15 to 75 years of age. More respiratory disorders were found in people who worked in the landfills, and further reports that more people were under questionable arguments of the level of protection or cover they are usually under while they work in the field sites.

Discussions of Results

Analysis of the Skin Diseases caused by Waste Materials in Landfills

One of the causes of the skin disease is found in pollutants that contain contents of benzene in them. Materials such as heavy industrial metals, metallic tin containers, and a wide range of chemical wastes found in the landfills are rich in traces of benzene. The carbon and hydrogen mixture in the benzene compound is an instant irritant to the skin. Recognition of traces of the compound is through detection of sweet aroma from the effluence released from its combustion. It is a volatile liquid which accumulates mostly in low lying areas. Skin contact causes redness and constant irritation, a symptom found vividly in the skin observation of the workers of the landfill industries (Ellen , 2003).

Another cause of skin disease is found in materials containing Methylene chloride. This compound is largely present in plastic and carbon made containers in landfills. Deposits of the compound are also found in industrial waste products dumped in the sites. When this compound is burnt up, traces of the gaseous products released get to the skin and just like benzene, cause extensive irritation of the external. Its accidental ingestion has also been known skin cancer after it has done extensive damages on ones kidneys.

Tetracloroethene is another cause of skin disease. It is also found as part of the chemical content in industrial wastes, and has its own severe damages. Amongst others, the chemical has been known to causes an irritation in the eyes, followed by severe eye surface pains. This happens immediately one comes into direct contact with extensive combustion of the same. Afterwards, the person will have a burning feeling in his mouth and throat, which can become fatal if one is not shown immediate medical care. Degreasing of the skin and blistering are other impacts occasioned by direct contact with the chemical. Moreover, redness and scaling also occur when the body comes into close contact with tetracloroethane.

Dichloroethene can be absorbed directly by the skin. This is a compound that is massively contained in most of the industrial drums and containers that are found damped in these landfills. Whenever one comes into contact with this compound, he will without notice absorb its content through skin transmission or through inhalation. Dichloroethene has only been known to have major effects on human beings in big amounts. Indirect skin damages emerge from liver ailments caused by this compound.

Analysis of Respiratory Diseases caused by Waste Materials in Landfills

Apparently, similar chemicals emitted as gaseous effluents in the landfills cause skin problems that are almost the same with those that cause skin disorders. In general, studies have found them to be more fatal when absorbed into the body than when one comes into contact with them (Med Prev, 1997, para.2). A chemical like benzene, when inhaled in excessive amounts or ingested through the mouth will make the victim have acute effects of irritation of the membranes of the mucus, convulsions and eventually unconsciousness due to lack of sufficient amounts of oxygen supply in the blood. Most of the industries use benzene as a solvent and without proper disposal mechanisms; the chemical releases the sweet smelling vapor that causes these problems after combustion.

Dichloroethylene is one of the solvents used in manufacturing industries that may be harmful to humans. As much as it is useful in the rubber, waxing, and resins manufacturing plants, mishandling of the product will cause a number of health hazards. One of the most common ailments that it causes is severe sore throats especially when the compound is inhaled excessively. Other long term effects may include pneumonia and chest pains caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

Methyl Chloride is another pollutant that has proved to cause dangerous effects to the human being. It is commonly used in solvents that clean metals to remove traces of grease and other stubborn stains. It is also an ingredient in foam manufacturing and in chemical processing. Scientist have done experiments and have found that tumors in mice have been traced under continuous exposure to this chemical. These traces have been especially concentrated on the lung area and the liver, which will further cause respiratory diseases.

In addition, another pollutant that can cause damage to the respiratory system of a human being may be found in land fill materials that are rich in Trichloroethene (TCE). At small portions, it irritates breathing mildly, but after it is broken down thermally, the constituent compounds of hydrogen chloride may cause infections ranging from pulmonary irritations, since it contains suffocating agents. It is more harmful to children since their sensitive lungs are recipe for immediate suffocation and also pneumonic diseases caused by hydrocarbons. Combustion of this compound is therefore highly advised against because of the immediate effects it may have on the people who inhale the bi-products.

One of the most dangerous pollutants when it comes to landfill pollutant examinations is mercury. The health hazards caused by the consumption of certain dozes of mercury, depending on the type of mercury, will more often be reversible than not be irreversible. Mercury is naturally derived from volcanic activity, but organic mercury can be created with its effects being as damaging as in natural mercury. Although it is mostly in manufacturing of button batteries, certain alloys of metals and the common mercury thermometer, it is easy to find its traces in such damping fields as landfills. Apart from permanent nervous breakdown of the human being, certain concentrations of mercury in the human body will more often than not cause respiratory damages. The compound affects the lungs to the point of having the victim lacking breathing ability. In addition, the nervous system imbalance will also cause breathing complications due to the close relation it has with the respiratory system of the human body (Larry, 1984, 39).

Summery

It is important to understand that most of these compounds are not found explicitly on their own in the landfills. In many cases, these compounds are found manly in reagents and chemical combinations used in industries and household products. When these reagents are damped in landfills, they still are not at major risk to the human being. The problems for the human being begin in his quest in trying to contain the amounts of materials that are dumped in these fields. Burning up of solid materials causes the effective combustion of these compounds, with releases of dangerous compounds. Inhalation of these compounds cause serious lung damages and respiratory disorders. When dumped into waters and rivers, these compounds, many of which are absorbent, will find their way into peoples tap water. Ingestion of the same brings harmful effects. People working in these landfills fail to realize that over time, these materials get to decompose. Having done so, new compounds and chemical components are released, and when they come into contact with human skin, cause serious skin conditions.

Conclusion

Having surveyed the three towns in Trinidad, taken samples of the health conditions of the residents that live in or work in areas that surround the landfills, and effectively analyzed the numbers and the rate at which health is deteriorating, we may have to terminate our analysis by reiterating certain facts from our findings. Landfills contain compounds within themselves that are by the minute causing serious health hazards to the people surrounding these areas. Another conclusion is that wrong methods are being used to contain the constantly increasing amounts of industrial and household waste products in these landfills. In addition, it has been found out that the compounds and chemical contents in these sites are useful for other purposes and can be controlled in a better way in order to bring certain amounts of economic value, instead of simply burning the materials away.

Suggestions that may be given in order to contain, and in effect reduce the amounts of fatalities that can be caused by these landfills include pushing more funds into the recycling industry, in order to not only reduce the amount of garbage in these fields but also provide better protection to the workers who work in these fields. Another suggestion is to enact tighter policies against the wasteful and risky methods of dumping of industrial waste products into rivers and water bodies. Strict measures should be taken to manufacturers who are found guilty in engaging in such practices.

It is inherent that the population is informed and advised on the importance of keeping our environment clean, not just for the sake of our generation but also for the sake of the future generations that are to come.

References

Jackson, Larry. 1984. Assessment on Environmental Damage. Hazardous and industrial waste management and testing: third symposium, 336-339. Williamsburg, Virginia. ASTM International.

Prev, J. Med. 1997. Health Assessment for Glass Fiber Landfill. Journal for Preventive Medicine and Public Health. Web.

Szarleta, Ellen. 2003. Landfills and your Health. Landfills, August. Web.

The Alliance for a Clean Environment. N. d. Sources for Health Effects: EPA, ATSDR, OSHA, NIOSH. Web.

Environmental pollution is one of the fundamental factors directly affecting climate change. Due to the active production and human use of fossil fuel products, industrial enterprises activities exert intense pressure on the environment. Air pollution has a direct negative impact not only on the climatic situation but also on peoples health throughout the country. The most vulnerable category of the population to climate change is adults over 65 since external factors most strongly influence their health.

Industrial enterprises for the extraction and processing of fossil fuels are located throughout the United States of America. Moreover, agricultural activities and natural disasters, such as seasonal forest fires, substantially impact the ecological situation. Moreover, given the air masses movement and the cyclical nature of many biological processes, it is fair to conclude that air pollution problems are national. First of all, the increased content of heavy particles such as CO2, N2O, and NH3 has a severe impact on the human respiratory system. The lungs receive additional stress due to respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic objective pulmonary illness.

Furthermore, the lack of pure oxygen in the body harms other human organs: the brain, heart, and digestive system. According to new data from the World Health Organization (WHO) (2018), 9 out of 10 people breathe air with an increased concentration of pollutants. The WHO estimates that 7 million people die each year from the effects of inhaling air-containing particulate matter causing diseases such as stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and pneumonia (World Health Organization, 2018). Older people are most vulnerable to environmental pollution, as their level of immunity weakens with age.

The negative impact of human-made pollution sources is actively affecting climate change. First of all, the above factors affect the increase in temperature in the atmosphere. According to the Lancet Countdown, temperature-related deaths in people over 65 have increased by 50% in the past twenty years (Watts et al., 2020). In the southern regions, there is an increased risk associated with an increase in atmospheric temperature, which in the long term will lead to droughts, floods, and, as a result, food crises. In addition, high temperatures increase the rate at which infectious diseases such as malaria spread, which also poses additional risks in some countries (Fairweather, 2020). Thus, the problem of climate change is not only national but also goes to the global level.

To solve this problem, a systematic and comprehensive approach is required, the application of which will take a relatively long period. In climate change, due to air pollution, the main force to prevent environmental disasters need to change the approach to the production of substances from fossil fuels. First of all, increased taxation and legislative acts limiting the number of harmful products will reduce the burden on the environment. Recent technological solutions allow the use of renewable energy sources with increasing efficiency. Large companies gradually lose the need to use coal or petroleum products. Conglomerates continue to use them due to low prices. Therefore, government intervention is needed, aimed not to adjusting the market as a harmful environmental consequence.

Due to the rapid development and massive use of modern technologies by the population, peoples way of life has changed. In the twenty-first century, the world community is ready to actively assist the government by applying the principles of conscious consumption and reducing the emissions of solid and gaseous waste into nature. People are beginning to use public transport, bicycles, and other transportation, emitting several times fewer emissions than cars.

Moreover, the environmental agenda is growing: citizens choose special packaging of products, strive to sort waste into categories, and the state needs to support private initiatives at the federal and local levels (Akhtar & Palagiano, 2018). First of all, it is necessary to create all the conditions to make it easier for people to choose environmentally friendly products, create additional waste sorting centers, and raise citizens education in environmental matters. This can be done both by legislative acts, there and by local decisions.

The problem of climate change and air pollution is global. Accordingly, a considerable number of people are subject to changes that affect their daily life. Consequently, there is an additional burden on the health care system. If the current trend continues, the situation runs the risk of spiraling out of control due to medical institutions limited capacity. The pandemic of the COVID-19 virus, which has spread worldwide, has demonstrated the existence of vulnerabilities in the healthcare system (Richardson, 2020). In cases where many people need the qualified help, medical institutions may not cope with the load. In the event of critical climate changes, implying global cataclysms, the healthcare system will not be able to cope with the task.

To sum up, climate change is primarily due to the high level of harmful substances emissions into the atmosphere. According to statistics, every year, more and more people over 65 years old directly feel the consequences of the changes. First of all, to reduce environmental change, it is necessary to introduce stringent measures for large industrial enterprises and agricultural centers. Increasing ecological awareness of the population also favorably contributes to curbing global warming and, as a result, reduces peoples vulnerability to disease.

References

Akhtar, R., & Palagiano, C. (2018). Climate change and air pollution. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Beagley, J., Belesova, K.,& & Capstick, S. (2020). The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Responding to converging crises. The Lancet. Web.

World Health Organization. (2018). Air pollution and child health: Prescribing clean air: Summary (WHO Reference Number WHO/CED/PHE/18.01). Web.

Richardson, S. J., et al. (2020). Research with older people in a world with COVID-19: identification of current and future priorities, challenges and opportunities. Age and Ageing, 49(6), 901-906.

Fairweather, V., Hertig, E., and TraidlHoffmann, C. (2020). A brief introduction to climate change and health. Allergy, 75(9), 2352-2354. Web.

Since it is very important to develop in students not only language skills but also to broaden their horizon and make them committed to the environmental issues I decided to use topic Water and Pollution in oral developing activity. The following game is based on the activity The Incredible Journey (Fredrickson, 1999, p.28). It can be used with students of the Intermediate, Early Advanced and Advanced levels (English-language, 2009, pp. 19-24).

First the teacher draws students attention to the two circles, Water Circle and Pollution, depicted on the board (these circles have common space). It is also necessary to support this chart with pictures of the water circle and different ways of pollution all over the classroom, in order to hint students with ideas. First the teacher asks the students to name the main objects of pollution: air, water, soil, outer space, etc.

This all is written in the circle Pollution. Then the teacher asks the students to name the main states of water and define the main stops in water cycle (ocean, clouds and air, soil), which is written in the circle Water Cycle. After this the teacher suggests to define the points where these two circles meet (ocean, soil, air, etc), which is written in the common space.

After the first brief part the main part of a class follows: the teacher chooses one of the students, and divides the rest of the students into three groups. The teacher explains the essence of the game: a newly born molecule of water is in the ocean starting her way in the water cycle, trying to understand what is going on and to get as much information as possible.

The chosen student becomes a molecule of water, which is given a list of possible questions, for example: What is ocean? What does it consist of? Does it have any problems? How and where does water go further? Are there any deviations in this way? Can pollution prevent molecules from making her way? Of course, the student is encouraged to make his/her own questions.

While Molecule is reading the given questions, the teacher names the group and asks them to make graphic image of their group (e.g. waves, clouds, and an island with a tree). When everything is done (it will take few minutes), the students start their discussion: Molecule asks different questions and the students from the group Water must answer them, other groups can also participate in this process.

The teacher takes passive part in this discussion, and takes a part of Mother Nature, which interferes when some difficulties occur: students dont know the answers, or dont have any questions. So Molecule leaves group Water and passes to the group Air, and the discussion continues, as well as with the group Soil. In the end Molecule comes back to the group Water.

The final part of this activity is making conclusion. Each student must take floor and express his feelings and thought about pollution or water cycle.

The teacher then assesses the students work in class: first of all, the teacher should pay attention to the students skills in grammar and pronunciation, and then the teacher is to focus on the clarity of students expressing their thoughts. The best result show the students who use correct and reach language, express their thoughts in a simple and logic way.

References

English-language Development Standards for California Public Schools: Kindergarten Through Grade Twelve. (2009). Sacramento: California Department of Education.

Fredrickson, J. (1999) English Language Development Theory and Practices: Background Information for EE Providers. Sacramento: California State Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection

Previously, I discussed the problem of plastic pollution from the point of view of history. The approach helped to understand how the issues developed to understand what the central reasons for the emergence of the plastic problem were. Historical analysis helped to understand that the central problem for the emergence of the problem was the failure to acknowledge the problem at the point of time when plastic started to be widely used. When the harms of plastic were realized, it was too late, as addressing the problem of plastic pollution became a problem of economics.

When analyzing the problem through the lens of social sciences, it becomes clear that the problem of plastic pollution is complicated. Today, the problem of plastic waste is mostly economic, as it is a material used by major industries. Almost 75% of plastic demand is generated by packaging needs (40%), building and construction (20%), automotive industry (10%), and electronics (5%) (Gomez & Rima, 2019). The central problem is that economics does not view plastic as a major pollutant. Instead, economics views plastics as durable, cheap, and easy-to-produce material (Gomez & Rima, 2019). Turning to eco-friendly materials may lead to a decrease in the economic growth of food companies, as the packaging cost would increase, while the quality of packaging and life of the product would decrease. In other industries, using substitutes of plastic or recycled plastic will also mean a revision of the supply chain, which is associated with additional costs (Gomez, F., & Rima, 2019). There are few economic incentives to resolve plastic pollution, as the central solution to it, recycling, is not economically advantageous. Thus, the analysis of plastic pollution through the lens of social sciences confirmed and enriched the conclusions made during the historical analysis of the problem.

Reference

Gomez, F., & Rima, S. (2019). Setting the facts straight on plastics. World Economic Forum. Web.

Introduction

Water quality influences community health outcomes. People need water to survive and undertake basic human activities, such as cooking and washing clothes (World Health Organization, 2013). However, beyond these purposes, water has a broader impact on public health because it affects peoples well-being (World Health Organization, 2013, p. 1). Water quality and water quantity have the strongest effects in this regard.

For example, in many societies (particularly in developing countries), waterborne diseases have led to poor health outcomes. Traditional public health interventions have focused on promoting individual-based health interventions for managing such health problems. However, this paper proposes a multidisciplinary approach to the same intervention, which includes understanding the role of other stakeholders in managing the effects of water pollution on human health. Using this framework, this paper shows how the multidisciplinary approach addresses water pollution as a public health issue. However, before doing so, it is, first, important to understand what the model entails.

Multidisciplinary Approach

The multidisciplinary approach to promoting public health departs from the traditional health care model which premises on personal care. Instead, it proposes an alternative model that perceives public health through a larger health care system that involves communities, political influences, societies, and cultures (Lombardo & Buckeridge, 2012). The same model perceives public health through ethical, political, and historical lenses. This study validates this model for managing community health problems because water pollution is a global issue (World Health Organization, 2013, p. 1). Indeed, water supply networks support human societies.

For example, pollution at one point of the water supply network influences another part of the same system. To understand how to mitigate public health issues that arise from such contamination, it is important to adopt a multidisciplinary approach that considers all the broad dynamics of the health problem. My experience also affirms the same need because human societies exist through different circles of interdependence. Therefore, broader economic, social, and political issues affect public health because failing to understand water pollution through a holistic lens causes undesirable and unsustainable health outcomes.

Addressing Water pollution through a Multidisciplinary Perspective

A multidisciplinary model is an important tool for addressing the health issues that emerge from water pollution. Key pillars of this framework include ecology, engineering, public health, social factors, and political factors (Batterman & Eisenberg, 2009). The engineering pillar outlines how the physical, political, economic, and social environments affect water pollution, as a public health issue. Such factors may affect the built environment as an effective intervention for minimizing water pollution and its effects on human health. Ecological interventions lower disease spread, while public health interventions decrease the disease burden of water pollution (Batterman & Eisenberg, 2009).

Lastly, social and political interventions introduce policy and infrastructural developments in addressing the health issue. Experts have used this multidisciplinary approach to control water pollution in Zaria city, Nigeria (Batterman & Eisenberg, 2009). It has shown remarkable success.

Conclusion

There is a need for introducing fundamental changes to how we address water pollution, as a public health issue. Adopting a multidisciplinary approach is at the center of such changes because it provides a dynamic understanding of the public health issue. This approach integrates data and methods for solving public health concerns. Furthermore, it provides a framework for tracking water pollution and evaluating how its short-term and long-term indicators affect public health services when managing the associated health problems.

References

Batterman, S., & Eisenberg, J. (2009). Sustainable Control of Water-Related Infectious Diseases: A Review and Proposal for Interdisciplinary Health-Based Systems Research. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(7), 1023-1032.

Lombardo, J., & Buckeridge, D. (2012). Disease Surveillance: A Public Health Informatics Approach. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

World Health Organization. (2013). Water and Public Health. Web.

Introduction

Pollution can be termed as the introduction or contamination of the environment which include the water (both underground and surface water), land and the air that may cause discomfort, unsteadiness and disorder to the physical, psychological and emotional system of the living things. On the other hand, industrial pollution can be defined as the pollution that emanate from the factories and the industries directly.

In the world, industrial pollution contributes to around 55 percent of the total world pollution. Industrial pollution comes in various forms and these include water pollution which is mainly caused by dumping of the industrial waste (both effluent and solid waste) in to water bodies. This form of industrial pollution causes contamination of the underground water through seepage of the effluent in the ground. The other form of industrial pollution is the air pollution which is caused by gasses that emanate from the industrial processes.

For instance, when an industry produces hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide which may lead pollution of the air, moreover hydrogen sulfide has a pungent smell and thus will affect the air quality. Another form of industrial pollution is the land pollution. This is where an industry dumps its solid waste in to the open ground or land. This result to unpleasant heaps of waste which the aesthetic vale of land. This may also lead to infectious diseases to the people living nearby by the rodents and other insects that breed and live on waste like flies and mosquitoes.

Both China and the United States of America have contributed heavily in the degradation of the worlds environment. This may have effect on all life form in the World. For instance, when an industry directly channel their effluent waste in to a near by river the water bodies is contaminated and this may lead to death of the aquatic animals in the water and also may have an effect on the health of people who are using the water (direct effect) (Chereminisinoff200-234). Moreover, the effluents may contaminate the underground water when it seeps into the ground. This will have an effect to the whole aquifer and its effects may be felt by people who are far from the industry but use the aquifer for domestic purpose (this is an indirect effect).

The world is interlinked and what we give to the environment comes back to us thus industrial pollution hurts the environment and in return the environmental changes that occur affect the health and lives of human being and other living organisms. For instance, if industrial pollutants are dumped on an open field or a grazing area and the animals come and feed on the grass, it may cause death to the animals which may graze on the contaminated pasture. Moreover, the air quality deterioration has caused disease like asthma, rheumatic infection which may cause death to the human being (Stwertka and Stwertka6).

This paper therefore, discusses the main cause of industrial pollution and its effects in China and USA and rules and regulations put in place for both countries to minimize industrial.

History

In the late 18^th and 19^th centuries drastic changes in agriculture, mining and transportation affected the socioeconomic, cultural and environmental aspects of the entire world. Moreover, these changes affected the human society and the day to day running of the human life, especially in China and USA (Chereminisinoff45-50).

The changes in agriculture, mining and transportation did not affect the Chinese world in this era and China was regarded as one of the developing countries. This did not detour the China government from pursuing their goal of being industrialized and in 1970s China began building large and many industries that lead to industrial revolution. The industrial revolutions lead to inflow of investors and a growth in the industrial sector in China. This had both positive and negative impact on the people of China (United Nation34), for instance, when the industrial revolution began, the Chinese people were able to get employment thus boosting their economic status; more food was available for the Chinese people and good transportation was available, among others.

Although the Chinese people experienced certain prosperity, this came at a cost to the environment causing degradation; waste water/ effluents from the industries was being dumped into streams and rivers and other open water bodies, smoke and other gaseous emissions were being emitted into the atmosphere, solid waste was being dumped in open fields and all the mining holes were left open leading to acid rain, diseases to the citizens due to pollution of atmosphere and contaminated water, among others (Shen5). All these deteriorated the aesthetic value of the environment. Moreover, due to Transboundary pollution, developed countries pollutants affected the developing countries environment.

In United States of America industrial revolution lead to mechanization of agriculture sector and other industries that used human labor. The mechanization led to increased pollution making the US to be the leading country in pollutant emission.

These industries and manufacturing companies used large volumes of water for their process and for cleaning and carrying their waste. The polluted water or effluent was then directed to streams and nearby river or any other water body that near the industries. This affected the aquatic life and resulted in reduction of fish inn the lakes oceans and other water bodies (Lund1-56). Moreover, the effluent has also affected the quality of surface and underground water leading to unsafe drinking water for the humans and the animals. This has lead to increased human diseases such as cancers and dysentery especially in the low income areas.

Moreover, industrial pollution has lead to air pollution where the gaseous emissions from the industries and manufacturing companies have been dispensed at a height into the atmosphere. This has lead to increased number of reported deaths due to inhalation of air pollutants in the atmosphere, for instance, in 1948, Monongahela Valley was field with smoke and the residents died while other fled to other places. The smoke came from an industrial area that was nearby. In schools which are in close proximity to industrial areas, high cases of respiratory diseases have been report and it has been attributed to poor air quality resulting from industrial activities nearby (Lund1-56).

How Industries are Polluting

Water (Causes and Effects)

China and USA use water in one way or another, as a raw material, for cooling or cleaning the factory. This water after being used becomes waste, which may be disposed off. Many of this industries lack water treatments plants and thus channel this water to rivers and streams thus polluting them (Wang23-45). Because of the effluents from factories and industries are highly toxic and contain substance that are harmful to the animals and plants, this type of contamination has led to death of aquatic life and other animals that use that particular water.

In addition, these industries and factories channel their waste oil in to the water bodies forming a blanket or an oil slick that cover the water bodies and making it impossible for oxygen to penetrate, being this another cause of death of aquatic life. This happen more in those industries that deal with oil extraction along the shore of seas and oceans (United Nation56). So when one is looking at industrial pollution, the content of waste water and how it is disposed come in mind. Industries and factories should develop a water plant that will help in educing the concentration of the pollutants in the waste water (Irving120-156).

Air (Causes and Effects)

Air pollution can be termed as the introduction to the atmosphere of pollutants that are emitted from industries, traffic pollution or other human activities, but we are going to focus the attention in air pollution caused by industries. In both countries, China and USA, most of industries produce smoke, which is disposed using long chimney that takes the smoke at a high level of the atmosphere. This smoke then reacts with other pollutants in the air to form smog.

This has caused depletion of the important Ozone layer (Guy et al.550-700). At the same time, this has lead to global warming and has in cease human skin diseases due to ultra-violet ray of the sun. Moreover, smog contribute an increasing in respiratory diseases among people especially living in urban areas such as lung cancer, COPD, and another sings and symptoms like headache, eye irritations. Bad pungent smell is another cause of air pollution. The waste from industries have a bad smell and especially in those industries that produce hydrogen sulfide which has a smell of rotten eggs.

Land (Causes and Effects)

Most factories and industries in China and USA involved in mining of resources from the ground leave this areas uncovered after extraction of the raw material. Beebe hole mine at San Diego, California in USA represent a real example of what we have discussed above.

This may lead to out break of diseases in the area such as malaria due to these areas form good breeding grounds for the insects. For instances, the industries that deal with cement production get their raw material from the ground, leaving the holes gapping (Liptak880). In addition, due to the loose soils left after mining, soil erosion take place and this affects the water bodies reducing the aesthetic value of that particular area. Some other industries in China and USA dump their solid waste in open pits and fields. This also pollutes the land and reduces the aesthetic value of the land. The contaminated water may then affect the health of the society especially in those areas that use borehole water.

Acid Rain

Last but not least is the acid rain, which constitutes a combination of the previously mentioned causes of pollution. It results from the interaction of rain and acidic particles in the air. Those industries in China and USA that produce sulfur dioxide gas in to the atmosphere, when it rains the gas reacts with water to produce sulphuric acid. Water also reacts with nitrogen oxide and form nitric acid. Acid rain may fall in form of dry depositions like sulphates, nitrates, or gases and be absorbed by the ground. In 1994, there was acidic rain across America. Acid rain kill plant, corrodes the iron sheet, and may cause skin diseases to both human beings and animals (United Nation106). Acid rain also causes death of aquatic animals because it adds to the acidic levels of the waters they live in.

Government Rules and Regulation

Fortunately, it has come to the attention of the government of both countries the causes of industrial pollution and its effects on the citizens of their countries and those from the neighboring countries, and more specifically, its effects in the environment. This has lead to the desire of the government to protect their citizens and the whole world at large; this has been shown trough formulation of rules and regulation to minimize industrial pollution, for instance, in March 2008, China government instigated a the Ministry of Environmental protection whose task was to formulate and enforce environmental protection laws and to manage all related planning, policies and standards to ensure environmental problems are minimized (Shen5).

In the united State of America, the government has drafted a Total Quality Management that ensures that companies produce fewer pollutants to the atmosphere. Moreover, the government has put up incentives for those industries that produce fewer pollutants. The federal government of the US has enforced environmental regulation and has made company be liable to own environmental pollution.

Many are the future plans of these two Governments to minimize industrial pollution. However, these efforts by the governments are not yielding great benefits as industries are still relying on coal and petroleum for energy production. Thus these governments are campaigning on the use of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy and wave energy. For instance, currently the renewable source of energy account for 9 percent of the entire energy being used in the USA and 7 percent of the total energy used in China. Moreover, in China there have been opening a Center for Wind and Solar energy (Irving123-178). The center will encourage use of Wind and Solar energy across the whole of China.

The books and journals that talk about industrial pollution will be used. These books and journal will involve all the published researches on industrial pollution (its causes, effects and solutions offered).

Interviews

An interview schedule will be developed that will list all the questions that the researcher want to be answered. He or she will ask these questions in the field and write the answers down.

Surveys

Surveys will involve developing a questionnaire and administering it to the people of the affected by industrial pollution. The questionnaire will list questions that will answer the questions listed above.

Conclusion

The consequences of industrial pollution have been felt by all countries of the world. All continents have experienced one or many industrial pollution consequences; prolonged droughts have engulfed countries especially those in the developing world, flooding and raising in sea level, melting of glaciers and ice caps have been experienced by many countries of world. All this have been attributed to industrial pollution which has caused global warming leading to the above consequences. However, countries have become aware of these consequences and they are undertaking measures to reduce industrial pollution.

Moreover, climate change conferences have been held to help educate countries on the various ways of reducing industrial pollution. Countries have established ministries that set rules and regulations that are to be followed by all sectors of economy and have put sanctions to ensure that all these sectors of economy adhere to the set environmental set rules and regulations.

Works Cited

Stwertka, Eve & Stwertka, Albert. Industrial Pollution: Poisoning Our Planet. Mexico: Library Pub, 1981. Web.

Shen. Industrial pollution Prevention. New York: Springer, 1995. Web.

Irving, Newton. Industrial pollution. New Jersey: Van No strand Reinhold Co., 1974. Web.

Wang, Lawrence. Waste Treatment in the Process of Industries. Quebec: Printah Press, 2005. Web.

Chereminisinoff, Nicholas. Handbook of Pollution Prevention Practices. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Web.

United Nation. State of the World Report. United States of America: United Nation, 2005. Web.

Collins, Jeremy. Air pollution. 2^nd Edition. New York: Clays Library of Health and Environment, 2002. Web.

Guy P. B., John J. O., Geoffrey S. T. & National Center for Atmospheric Research (U.S.). Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change. United States of America: Pritax, 1999. Web.

Lipták, Béla. Environmental Engineers Handbook: Land pollution. London: Chilton Book Co., 1974.

Chow, Gregory. Chinas Economic Transformation. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002.

Lund H. F. Industrial Pollution Control. Mexico: McGraw-Hill, 1971.