In the constantly changing world, every organization needs to adjust to the current environment and alter according to the dictates of the time, and police departments are also subject to this phenomenon. In this context, police staff should perceive change as a normal part of their working process. To administer change is the task of the utmost importance for supervisors. This paper will examine the steps that may be taken and the way they are implemented in practice.
Organizational changes are often associated with failure: employees who identify themselves with their organization regard innovations as threats to their identities (Jacobs, van Witteloostuijn, and Christe-Zeyse 780). It implies the necessity to govern adaptive behavior by means of the leadermember exchange strategy (LMX). Contacts with a supervisor are especially valuable during adaptation to shifting because they are likely to reduce employees resistance to change and help reach their work-related goals in a new setting (Van den Heuvel, Demerouti, and Bakker 849). If personnel can express their opinion and communicate with leaders, their cooperation will be more effective and purposeful because actual problems will be discussed. It is the interaction that gives staff an opportunity to create their new identity. Among police officers, LMX is considered a desirable approach (Van den Heuvel et al. 21).
Another step may be to address to the experience of other police departments within and outside the country. Since changes occur regularly, the past exemplifies the most productive strategies and tools that will probably be useful. In this respect, dealing with the tendency to resist change is particularly important: many departments have their long-standing institutional traditions and try to avoid any innovations (Cox, Marchionna, and Fitch 75). For example, police used to be an insular institution, but the New York City Police Department (NYPD) became one of the pioneers introducing transparency and openness (White 40). The matter of primary importance was to deal with many new recruits. It was relevant for the internal policy: data significant for decision-making, such as investments, support operations, government policy, regulation, and control, became available (De Wolff, Drenth, and Thierry 196). The fundamental method of persuasion was discussion.
The third possible step is to collaborate with police unions. They are notable for collective bargaining and the policy-making process, including the right to negotiate disciplinary practices: membership in a police union makes officers submit to the rules and policies that govern the agency and uphold them (Shane 68). A supervisor may contact union leaders and discuss changes. As working conditions improvement is one of the main tasks for unions, alterations in this sphere will presumably be in the focus of stakeholders attention. However, other changes may also be considered: for instance, unions can educate employees with information about certain changes at the police authorities request. Unfortunately, this step is not typically followed in real life situations, and little research concerning supervisors and police unions interaction has been conducted.
To sum up, change has always been a part of police officers occupational world: retirement, resignation, promoting, and other issues are usual. Under such circumstances, it is significant for a supervisor to manage change properly. Three possible steps may be identified: the leadermember exchange strategy, the experience of other departments, and collaboration with police units. In the nowadays practice, police organizations typically follow the first two steps while cooperation with unions is still uncommon.
Works Cited
Cox, Steven, Susan Marchionna, and Brian D. Fitch. Introduction to Policing. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, 2015. Print.
De Wolff, Charles, Pieter Drenth, and Henk Thierry. A Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology. Hove: Psychology Press, 2013. Print.
Jacobs, Gabriele, Arjen van Witteloostuijn, and Jochen Christe-Zeyse. A Theoretical Framework of Organizational Change. The Journal of Organizational Change Management 26.5 (2013): 772-792. Print.
Shane, Jon M. Police Employee Disciplinary Matrix an Emerging Concept. Police Quarterly 15.1 (2012): 62-91.
Van den Heuvel, Machteld, Evangelia Demerouti, and Arnold B. Bakker. How Psychological Resources Facilitate Adaptation to Organizational Change. The European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 23.6 (2014): 847-858. Print.
White, Michael D. The New York City Police Department, Its Crime Control Strategies and Organizational Changes, 1970-2009. Justice Quarterly 31.1 (2014): 74-95. Print.
Mytown Police Department is one of the beneficiaries of a federal grant. The grant aims at upgrading the equipment and technology used in the organization. According to the parameters used in the grant process, it is obligatory that the organization should use novel equipment in promoting decision making and operations in the organization.
As the Deputy Chief, I am tasked with the responsibility of identifying novel technological advances, which are in agreement with the grant criteria. Moreover, the technologies should enable the organization to develop and grow.
This paper aims at identifying three novel technological advances, which are linked to criminal justice. Moreover, there will be a detailed explanation of the use of these technologies, as well as their benefits. More specifically, there will be a keen focus on how the technologies will enhance and inform strategic and operational decisions.
Technological Advances
Technology possesses a huge transformational power within the criminal justice sector. Evidently, the revolution of technology, which is being noted in every sector, is not an exception in the criminal justice department. The criminal justice system cannot avoid technology. The technology is taking place at a relatively fast pace (Pattavina, 2004).
For instance, police officers put on bullet proof vests routinely. Community groups possess the capability of establishing crime incidences via the utilization of complex computerized crime diagrams. This paper will discuss three technologies; DNA technology, information technology, and drug testing technology.
Detailed Explanation on How Technology Will Be Used
DNA technology
DNA technology has become increasingly significant in the criminal justice system. It has greatly led to escalated levels of fairness and accuracy within the system. DNA is increasingly being utilized in criminal identification. This is achieved with unbelievable accuracy. This is in cases where there is existence of biological evidence, and DNA is the selected option for clearing suspects and exonerating individuals, who were convicted or accused mistakenly for particular criminal activities (Lazer, 2004).
DNA technology has a major role in post- conviction review (the courts science) and assisting investigators. The biologic centrality involved in DNA ensures that potential and actual forensic applications are exceptionally relevant and powerful.
For effective use of DNA technology, it is necessary that there is adequate backing, training, and funding. Support should be given to judges, defense lawyers, prosecutors, victim service providers, medical professionals, police, and local, state, and federal forensic labs.
Creating knowledge to these groups of people will ensure that the technology is used maximally in missing persons identification, protecting innocent individuals, and solving crimes. There are numerous cases involving missing people and unidentified human remains, which can be solved effectively through the use of DNA technology.
There are several measures which can ensure a convincing and secure environment for DNA. Majority of the specialists who deal with criminal justice need sufficient support and training, in regard to the utilization and acquisition of DNA evidence. Moreover, there is a need for stimulating research and coming up with novel DNA advances and technologies in the area. Hrechak and McHugh (1990) argue that crime laboratories need improvement for effective analysis of samples.
Information Technology
Information technology advances have contributed significantly in crime deterrence and detection, in regard to criminal activities. There is a need for decision makers within the system to learn the various mechanism involved in information technology. These involve the implementation, evaluation, and acquisition of novel information solutions.
This is an extremely vital aspect in a system, where the public funds accountability and effectiveness in IT solutions implementation cannot be underrated. Therefore, comprehensive awareness creation is essential so as to avoid unrealistic expectations, as far as equipment performance is concerned.
Information technology is directly connected to cybercrime and its impacts on the society. Policing agencies use fake websites and honeypots to track and catch sexual predators. Moreover, information technology is used to improve retailers websites, which hinders hacking.
This is usually achieved without interfering with how effectively customers use it. In addition, there is the aspect of design and utilization of technologically advanced products, for instance Clipper Chip, which can enable the government unscramble encrypted files. It is worth emphasizing that there is need for the balance between privacy and information accessibility.
Drug Testing Technology
Urinalysis is the key testing methodology in the entire system. Drug testing is carried out in the entire criminal justice system stages. These stages include parole, probation, incarceration, arrest, and pretrial phase. Drug testing is carried out for a number of reasons (Cole, Smith & DeJong, 2012).
The first reason is informing judges about sentencing and bail- setting. For instance, if an individual tests positive for drugs during arrest, there may be pretrial release and consequent drug tests. If the next drug test turns out negative, the bail could be revoked. A drug test could also indicate if all the necessary conditions and rules were adhered to. In cases where a defendant is monitored at every stage, a drug test can act as the proof that the individual is drug free.
The results obtained can be used as evidence during the revocation hearings. It is worth noting that drugs tests are useful in prisons for assessing the prevalence of drug abuse in rehabilitation facilities. Drug tests are also imperative in identifying the individuals who require drug rehabilitation. The tests are vital for persons being monitored for drug treatment.
In the criminal justice arena, urinalysis is carried out through chromatography and immunoassays. Antibodies are principal in identifying drugs in urine. The specimen is consequently compared using a calibrator. The calibrator has a certain amount of the drug being tested. A positive drug test is indicated by an equal or greater specimen compared to the calibrator. On the other hand, a negative test has a lower specimen compared to the calibrator.
In chromatography, the procedures used are meant to recognize and isolate the specimens components. In urinalysis, mass spectrometry and gas chromatography are considered are the legally defensible procedures. In addition to the procedures discussed, there is saliva, hair, and blood analysis. However, these are rarely used in the criminal justice system, as they are exceptionally expensive and have insufficient development of technology.
Benefits: Enhancing and Informing Strategic and Operational Decisions
It is worth emphasizing that DNA technology has been extremely beneficial in exonerating the innocent. According to Berger (2006), this is usually achieved through post- conviction testing. It is imperative that keen measures are put in place, because exoneration does not always imply innocence.
The fact that the DNA from a defendant is absent on significant evidence, does not always mean that no crime was committed. For instance, there might have been sexual assault but no ejaculation. The evidences context is considered the principal thing in comprehending DNA results.
It is worth pointing out that technology should not be considered as the driving force towards transformation. On the contrary, it should be seen as the agent for criminal justice transformation. This should be accomplished in a way that promotes the departments ability to curb crime.
This is in addition to the desire to promote justice through ways which agree with the communitys democratic values. Singer, Miller and Adya (2007) assert that iinformation technology can be extremely beneficial in community policing. There is a need for solid partnerships between police departments and the information technology industry. This will enhance novel science to promote reforms in community policing.
A positive drug test indicates that the individual in mentioned abused drugs. However, there is a need to come up with procedures through which the drug dosage, time of drug administration, method of administration, and the level of impairment caused can be determined.
It is therefore evident that drug testing is useful in the criminal justice system in that it assists in decision making and operational procedures. A negative drug test indicates that an individual is innocent, and he might be consequently released. In essence, drug technology, information technology, and drug testing technology are extremely vital in the criminal justice system. They are vital in regard to decision making and operations. Therefore, every expert in the field should possess the skills to use these technologies.
References
Berger, M. A. (2006). The impact of DNA exonerations on the criminal justice system. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 34(2), 320-327.
Cole, G. F., Smith, C. E., & DeJong, C. (2012). The American system of criminal justice. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Hrechak, A. K., & McHugh, J. A. (1990). Automated fingerprint recognition using structural matching. Pattern Recognition, 23(8), 893-904.
Lazer, D. (2004). DNA and the criminal justice system: The technology of justice. The MIT Press.
Pattavina, A. (Ed.). (2004). Information technology and the criminal justice system. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Singer, J. A., Miller, M. K., & Adya, M. (2007). Impact of DNA and Other Technology on the Criminal Justice System: Improvements and Complications, The. Alb. LJ Sci. & Tech., 17, 87.
Police officers are employees of the state to enforce and maintain law and order. They serve the communities where the police department has posted them. The traffic police have to ensure that the road users adhere to the traffic rules. The paper would discuss the ethical issues that a criminal justice professional might encounter.
Overview of the Situation
The officers of the law must uphold the highest standard of conduct. They are the official representatives of the government and should work within the law. Their primary duty of maintaining law and order includes safeguarding lives and property, protection, and observing the rights of all to liberty, justice and equality (Pollock, 2012).
The Ethical Issue
Job is a traffic officer who has not been taking his work seriously this week. On two occasions he has allowed a junior student to drive past the stop he supervises without a drivers license. The minors parents had called the police station for information about their son. He had stormed out of their home after an argument with the parents. He stole the car keys plus some money and sped off. The 14-year-old minor had bribed Job at the traffic stop.
According to the law, Job was supposed to stop the car and take the minor into custody. He should have alerted his superiors about the incident immediately. The police should then have called the parents to inform them of the incident and charge the boy for disobeying the law (Pollock, 2012).
Their Choices and Reasons
The boy said that he gave Job $50 when he passed the first time and $100 when he returned from his hideout. The officer accepted the bribe when he thought that no one was watching. He even advised the boy not to cross the next stop but to use another diversion.
They young man did not want his parents to know where he was going. The traffic police officer cooperated with boy in breaking the law. Even when the parents reported the matter, Job had first denied ever seeing the boy. Their motives were for self-preservations.
They thought they would escape from the law. The officer was undermining his duty to protect lives, keep the law and be honest at all times (Pollock, 2012). The police department charged the boy with the traffic offence while the traffic officer lost his job. The minors parents had to take responsibility for paying the fines while Job had to go to prison.
Consequences
People would begin to see the police department agency as corrupt. One serious incident like this could destroy the image of the police force. Parents would not feel safe at home if their children went out. The community would view the boys family as lacking good morals.
The community might begin to push for more stringent laws to curb such actions. Some people with ill intentions might also use such means to pay their way out of crime. People might also start bringing up past crimes with a view that bribery might have helped to perpetrate the police decisions (Pollock, 2012).
Conclusion
The officer should have read the traffic offence law to the boy. He should not have discussed any monetary gain with the minor. In this case, the officer should have enforced the law principles and not violate them. Because of the high expectations of the law from law enforcers like him, Job could face stiffer penalties than any other officer working anywhere else.
References
Pollock, J. (2012). Ethical dilemmas and decisions in criminal justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
Police officers present an indispensable part of any state governmental structure since they provide safety and security to the social structures that often are difficult to regulate otherwise. Since the police service implies prevention of criminal activity or the arrest of people violating the law, the work might be intense. Unfortunately, such conditions of continuous threat and tension lead to a high rate of suicides among police officers. For example, in 2019, 228 current or former officers died by suicide in the USA (Barr, 2020, para. 2). More specifically, Howard Liebengood, a police officer, committed suicide in 2021 (Klein & Tan, 2021). The details of his biography and premature death are discussed further in the essay.
Howard Liebengood served as a police officer at Capitol. Before this, he received the skills of a professional race car driver. Afterward, even after applying for the job of a police officer, he continued to take part in available races (Klein & Tan, 2021). Then, an inspiration for police work had been coming to Liebengood from his father, a late former Senate sergeant. From his childhood, Liebengood was the exemplary embodiment of correct behavior and a balanced person, as could be seen from the interview with his former friend (Klein & Tan, 2021). After becoming an officer, Liebengood worked honestly and was appreciated by his colleagues. He had a wife and children; often, he participated in activities that promoted security and law. For example, he took part in an event that celebrated the meaning of justice, where he demonstrated to children the various practices of the everyday life of an officer (Klein & Tan, 2021). Thus, Liebengood presented an ordinary person with hasteless life full of civic joys.
Unfortunately, the chain of events that slowly moved his existence from one point to another diminished in one day. Liebengood took his life; before his death, he worked at Capitol when the riot occurred and took the lives of civilians and one police officer (Klein & Tan, 2021). The reason for the riot was that right-wingers wanted to influence the results of the past election. Rebels entered the building of Capitol by force; to prevent it, multiple officers were on their post. Among the people who were there to secure the building, Liebengood served his part. He was at his work until the end of the protests; there are suggestions that Liebengood had struggled because of his schedule and intensity of work, which led to suicide. Namely, he worked three shifts in a row which might have been exhausting (Klein & Tan, 2021). Thus, the police officers life was interrupted by the influence of unfortunate conditions of the outer world.
Law enforcement is vital due to the fact that people cannot yet peacefully resolve their problems, and cases of criminal behavior are frequent. Yet, people that serve in police are in constant danger: not a direct one, but somewhat invincible pressure that depresses the officers. As such, the life of Liebengood ended up because of the lack of adequate conditions for work and a tense environment. It is suggested that the governmental structures of the USA should work on a solution to this problem so that to guarantee the mental health and well-being of people who serve as the nation protectors. Probably, research is needed for further enhancements of the work conditions of the officers.
Canada has grown in most of its sectors and has succeeded in vary many things especially in its systems. However, one sector remains a challenge and a drawback to the nation especially in the way it is perceived by the citizens. The justice sector has undergone a lot of reformations and reviews in efforts to try and make it more applicable, though it still upholds a lot of laws and principles that have been in existence form a very long time and which have been used by very many generations (UTP, 2009).
The justice system has even been more challenging especially in the affairs affecting the youth and the relationship between them and the law enforcers, especially the police. While the young people constitute the largest percentage of the whole population of Canadians, it seems like their affairs have not been adequately considered.
The youth justice system of the state has been criticized very many times and has even caused a lot of public unrest and reactions, a factor that has worsened the relationship between the youth and the police (Chow, 2010). There is a need for the whole system to be reviewed more comprehensively with the youth getting incorporated into its definition and implementation. (Canadian Encyclopedia, 2011)
A study was carried out to analyze the main challenges associated with the youth justice in Canada so as to determine if it interfered with youth-police relations.
The study consisted of a survey of a sample population of young people across the country to determine their attitudes towards the youth justice system and also to get their views on any proposals of reformation and review they raised towards the system (Chow, 2010). A sample was also considered from the police department to get their views on the police-youth relations within the nation (DOJC, 2009).
Aims of the Study
The study is aimed at determining the fairness and acceptability of the youth justice system and its effects on the youth-police relations in Canada. The study will also seek to identify the main problems in the youth justice system and hence propose feasible solutions that may help improve the police-youth relations (Triola, 2009).
The research questions for this study will be as follows:
Is the youth justice system fair and acceptable?
Are there any problems that should be addressed in the youth justice system?
Have the problems in the youth justice system interfered with the youth-police relations?
The research hypotheses for this study will hence be:
Ho : The youth justice system is fair, Vs
H1 : The youth justice system is not fair and acceptable.
Ho : There are no problems that should be addressed in the youth justice system, Vs
H1 : There are problems that should be addressed in the youth justice system.
Ho : The problems in the youth justice system have not interfered with the youth-police relations, Vs
H1 : The problems in the youth justice system have interfered with the youth-police relations.
Methodology
The study that will be carried out will be a survey. It will be carried out with consideration of the sample population being the youth in Canada. The youth will be considered as those between the age of 16years and 35 years. Also, a sample from the police department will be considered (DOJC, 2009).
The sample size for the study will include 1000 youths and 100 police officers. This sample will be considered as providing adequate information which will be a true representation of the general population of young people and the population of police officers (Klugh, 1986).
The sample will be collected using the convenience method, with randomization being observed to remove any biasness from the study. The method of data collection that will be used will be the use of questionnaires. This method is bound to provide adequate information from the respondents as required by the research more easily than through use of other methods (Makarenko, 2007).
Data Analysis
The data that will be collected using the questionnaires will be coded into SPSS statistical software for analysis of the data collected. The software will then be used for carrying out the analysis necessary for meeting the research objectives. The results of the analysis will then be used for testing of the hypotheses (Triola, 2009).
Conclusions and Recommendations
The results from the data analysis using SPSS statistical software will be used for drawing of conclusions to determine which of the hypotheses is correct. This information will then be used for making of recommendations on whether there are problems in the youth justice system that have interfered with the youth-police relations and whether the youth justice system requires any amendments or not (Klugh, 1986).
References
Canadian Encyclopedia. (2011). Juvenile Justice Systems. Web.
The journal article represents the authors view on the rise of peoples awareness of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the United States. The author notes that this rise occurred in the last several decades due to demand for change coupled with women empowerment by feminists and women movements. The researcher views the previous studies on domestic violence as biased with regard to their negligence of rural areas where domestic violence is presumably harsher as compared to urban areas. Over the years, the American law enforcement agencies have failed in restraining domestic violence in the country, as there are no laws that protect women against the vice. This trend is worrying, for, without legal protection, women will continue suffering from domestic violence.
Article Overview
The journal article explains domestic violence as a solvable social problem. The author explains that other researchers make the problem bigger due to failure to get to the rural areas where the problem is extreme. The targeted audience seems to be law enforcement agencies and the general public who hold a bigger responsibility in the effort to solve this problem in the United States. The main goal is to make it known that the problem is extreme in the rural areas and urge the law enforcement agencies to utilize the existing law to solve the problem.
Definition of the Research Problem
The research problem touches on the marginalization of women in countryside areas coupled with the nature of violence and the inefficiency with which the concerned authorities respond to such vehemence (Erwin et al. 2005). Over the past few decades, there has been a tremendous rise in domestic violence against women in the United States (Raj & Silverman, 2002). The author believes that women in rural areas are more affected than those in urban areas; however, police do not respond positively to the problem.
Research Methodology
The journal article is self-explanatory and heavily relies on both secondary and primary sources of information. Secondary sources include mainly other previous researches that were carried out on the same subject in the past, but there are gaps in those findings that the current article intends to fill. In addition, the researcher found that previous findings provided insufficient information that needs to be added to (Walby & Myhill, 2001). For instance, the author argues that previous research on domestic violence did not pay much attention to rural areas as it did to urban areas; it is clear evidence of the fact that previous research had insufficient knowledge. In addition, the author conducted fifty interviews, which results were taken as valid research findings.
Articles Contributions to the Existing Literature
The journal article contributes much to the existing literature on domestic violence and provides a response of the law enforcement to the vice in both urban and rural areas. The author begins the article by criticizing other previous research findings on the same subject after finding out a huge knowledge gap, which is due to incomprehensive research methodology (Gracia, 2004). The article presents new knowledge on the subject after the author have carried out research in the rural areas in Kentucky and found the domestic violence to be harsher there than in the urban areas, on which previous researchers based their findings.
Articles Results, Findings, and Recommendations
From the interview, which was the main primary source of the research, the author found that residents of rural areas were used to research domestic violence. Worst still, residents see the problem as a normal family issue. Additionally, law enforcement agencies do not interfere with the partners as they see the matter as a family way of life (Follingstad & Dehart, 2000). The researcher recommends the great need for introduction of regulations and policies that will ensure that women are empowered in Kentucky, and ensure that telephone subscription is made available to all residents in the rural areas, as costly telephone services force many households to live without telephone services.
Article Critique
The journal article presents a well-done research and thus, it is a source of important knowledge and information related to domestic violence and response of law enforcement agencies to the problem. First positive key is the finding that women in rural areas are abused due to physical and social isolation, which makes the reader feel the great need for introduction of women empowerment campaigns in the rural areas in an effort to reduce cases of domestic violence (Belknap, 2007). The second key is poor communication infrastructure and inaccessibility in the rural areas contributing to rise in the cases of domestic violence where about two out of ten households do not have a telephone in the rural areas.
Conclusion
The researcher concludes that women have more problems than they presented in the interview. He argues that his masculine physique could have contributed to women fearing him and failing to disclose all their experiences in abusive relationships. The case is true, as during those interviews women could not entrust their feelings towards their husbands to the author. In addition, they could also have feared that he would betray them, and hence opted not to disclose their experiences, as they would not get any help from him for he had not promised them any solution to their marital problems even after the disclosure.
Reference List
Belknap, J. (2007). The Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice. Belmont, CA: Cengage.
Erwin, M., Gershon, R., Tiburzi, M., & Lin, S. (2005). Reports of intimate partner violence made against police officers. Journal of Family Violence, 20(1), 13-19.
Follingstad, D., & Dehart, D. (2000). Defining psychological abuse of husbands toward wives: contexts, behaviors, and typologies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(9), 891-93.
Gracia, E. (2004). Unreported cases of domestic violence against women: towards an epidemiology of social silence, tolerance, and inhibition. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58, 536-537.
Raj, A., & Silverman, J. (2002). Violence against immigrant women the roles of culture, context, and legal immigrant status on intimate partner violence. Violence against Women, 8(3), 367-398.
Walby, S., & Myhill, A. (2001). New survey methodologies in researching violence against women. The British Journal of Criminology, 41(3), 502-522.
The problem of police brutality has become one of the most discussed themes in American society. Over the last few years, U.S. police officers have been involved in multiple cases of violence against civilians, including the deadly use of firearms. Whereas the controversial issue of police-involved shootings requires a thorough examination and gathering of demographic data, it is still possible to analyze it through the lens of social psychology. According to Chambliss (2006), bureaucratic organizations do not possess a life of their own. Consequently, the modus operandi of police departments should depend on recurrent interactions between society and police officers. Therefore, it should be possible to gain insight into the reasons behind police-involved shootings by applying specific social psychology concepts.
Concept 1: The Gloried Self
Celebrities, such as movie stars and professional athletes, may fall into the trap of losing their multidimensional personalities in favor of exaggerated public images created by the media. Adler and Adler (1989) expressed this scenario in the form of The Gloried Self a socially- and media-reflected blinding self-image of glory. Their research studied the experiences of college basketball players who were universally treated with awe and respect and praised in the media. In the end, the players developed feelings of self-aggrandizement and self-importance. Some players tried to diminish those prideful thoughts; however, their sense of glory fed their egos, as they could not control it (Adler & Adler, 1989). As a result, the players lost the connection between their gloried selves and their other selves, becoming less aware and self-detached in the process (Adler & Adler, 1989). The gloried self altered athletes behavior and virtually consumed their self-conceptions and identities.
This concept can be extrapolated to the image and behavior of American law enforcers. Back in time, U.S. police officers were portrayed in a largely positive light as vigilant defenders of law and order. Various Hollywood movies and TV shows used the images of well-intended and honest police officers in leading roles. In the end, this gloried self might have potentially taken hold of the U.S. law enforcers. After all, drawing a gun and shooting someone is arguably easier if one perceives themselves as a stalwart defender of the law and the other person as a threat.
In this regard, the situation is likely to change after the recent protests against police brutality. However, the concept of gloried self is likely to work in the opposite way as well. As such, it is quite doubtful that disgraced and humiliated police officers would be able to work effectively. America may get rid of overconfident and self-righteous police, but replacing it with confused and insecure law enforcement would unlikely make a positive change. Furthermore, police-involved shootings may also result from socioeconomic factors, and this possibility should not be ignored.
Concept 2. Inner-City Code
One cannot deny that the work of police officers is associated with the risk of death. In certain settings, that risk may be higher, making the officers more likely to use firearms. Jones (2008) studied the impact of the so-called code of the streets or inner-city code on African American girls. Her interviews with teenage girls revealed that young Black women are equally exposed to inner-city violence compared to Black men of their age (Jones, 2008). According to Anderson (1999), the inner-city code is organized around a desperate search for the respect that governs public relations (as cited in Jones, 2008., p. 276). Additionally, the code demands one to be tough and be able to pay back for transgressions. In other words, Black people and people of other ethnic minorities often live in harsh, aggressive conditions, where one has to avoid being classified as weak.
Socioeconomic disparities in the inner-city create a violent environment, and the authorities often look for a solution in harsh policing. Police officers may receive specific service instructions to be stricter in the troublesome neighborhoods. Consequently, they may overreact, overestimate the danger, and use firearms unnecessarily. In addition, the code of streets would demand justice and likely lead to further escalation of animosity between the residents and police. Overall, harsh policing in struggling communities instead of solving their underlying socioeconomic issues should be considered a factor contributing to police-involved shootings.
Concept 3: Protecting the Routine from Chaos
Working in law enforcement is stressful; in this regard, police officers can be compared to healthcare professionals, such as surgeons. This notion means that law enforcement workers may develop coping mechanisms to defend their routine lives from uncertainty, which may drastically differ from everyday morality. Chambliss (2006) provided examples of how healthcare workers protect themselves from traumatizing experiences of their job. At some point, they start to keep going no matter what the job takes priority over fear and disgust, and cynicism becomes acceptable for maintaining composure (Chambliss, 2006). One can argue that police-involved shootings may be explained by such kind of professional mindset. Police officers may shoot a civilian out of better safe than sorry thinking in order to ensure their survival in unclear circumstances. While such a pragmatic, if not cynical, attitude may save lives if a suspect is armed or acts aggressively, it cannot be used as a universal justification. Police officers should not be hesitant and incapable of maintaining order in the streets. However, they must be accountable before the law as any other citizen, especially if deadly force was used without a solid reason.
References
Adler, P., & Adler, P. (1989). The glorified self. In S. Cahill, K. Sandstrom & C. Froyum (Eds.), Inside social life: Readings in sociological psychology and microsociology (8th ed, pp. 217226). New York: Oxford Publishing Press
Chambliss, D. (2006). Protecting the routine from chaos. In S. Cahill, K. Sandstrom & C. Froyum (Eds.), Inside social life: Readings in sociological psychology and microsociology (8th ed, pp. 337346). New York: Oxford Publishing Press
Jones, N. (2008). Working the code : On girls, gender, and inner-city violence. In S. Cahill, K. Sandstrom & C. Froyum (Eds.), Inside social life: Readings in sociological psychology and microsociology (8th ed, pp. 275279). New York: Oxford Publishing Press
The analysis of Abu Dhabi Police Departments Total Quality Management is disclosed through structure, culture, and operations quality of the organization. The central aspects to be covered are considered to be the following: ethics, integrity, training, teamwork, trust, recognition, leadership, and communication; the analysis discloses the depth of management structure and environment developed within Abu Dhabi Police Department.
Ethics: Abu Dhabi Police Department maintains cooperative environment stimulating stability and safety of human rights. The analysis of the Department Ethics is concentrated on both, organizational and individual approaches to its business code and employees performance guidelines.
Integrity: the analysis of internal and external factors is to be demonstrated through values, morals, and fairness characteristics developed within Abu Dhabi Police Department; besides, it is necessary to concentrate on duplicity atmosphere rejected by the department management structure.
Training: the productiveness and effectiveness of Abu Dhabi Police Department work is totally dependant on teaching the philosophies to be followed; besides, it is necessary to analyze the mixed style of employees teaching, covering such aspects, as problem solving, communication skills, interpersonal skills, and management performance.
Teamwork: the basic principle of Abu Dhabi Police Department functioning is based on developing appropriate teamwork; the department is merely concentrated on Quality Involvement Teams and Problem Solving Teams training; this step allows the organization to tackle different complicated reoccurred problems and overcome their possible causes. Skilled members of the department are focused on sharing experience and responsibilities working for keeping community safe and promoting confidence within the society.
Trust: the department built the TQM framework on the basis of ethical and integrity conduct combination. His concept is the background for commitment encouragement, stimulating appropriate and effective decision making process. Public satisfaction with the Abu Dhabi Police Department service is closely dependant on risk taking operations of the organization contributing to constant improvement of police operations.
Recognition: the considerable part of the Abu Dhabi Police Department work is aimed at general recognition of its workers; the department developed a number of web sites informing the public as to its operations and recruitment activities; the training programs aimed at security threats and crime trends investigation, allows the department to gain general recognition through profound experience and effective work.
Leadership: the managers of the Abu Dhabi Police Department are focused on the development of mixed leadership style, reflective the elements of authoritarian and participative. This element is one of the principle ones in the departments TQM development; it allows making appropriate strategic directions and forming managers inspiring vision for future operations.
Communication: Abu Dhabi Police Department develops communicative element as the binding one in organizational structuring; its analysis is to be based on the maintenance of dominant and lower communication levels as the methods of constructive criticism and effective listeners of the departments managers.
The analysis of TQM of Abu Dhabi Police Department will be based on the following relevant sources:
Books
Goetsch, D. and Davis, S. 2009. Quality Management for Organizational Excellence: Introduction to Total Quality. Prentice Hall.
Emerging Abu Dhabi 2006. 2006. Oxford Business Group.
Kratcoski, P. And Das, D. 2007. Police education and training in a global society. Lexington Books.
Mehdi Khorsow-Pour. 2006. Emerging Trends And Challenges in Information Technology Management. Idea Group Inc (IGI).
Ross, J. and Perry, S. 2000. Total quality management: text, cases, and readings. CRC Press.
Walker, J. and Butler, S. 2007. Oman, UAE & Arabian Peninsula. Lonely Planet.
Web sites
Abu Dhabi Police. 2009. Web.
Abu Dhabi Police. 2009. Web.
General Directorate of Abu Dhabi Police (ADP). 2009. Web.
Online Articles
Abu Dhabi Police to Launch Electronic Recruitment System. 2006. Web.
Menon, V. 2009. Abu Dhabi Police armed with Translation Systems. Web.
This article initiates a paradigm shift in police management by discussing some of the tenets that, if well implemented, may guide the police not only in controlling and influencing behavior to prevent crime in a transparent and inclusive way but also in prosecuting offenders (Bratton & Killing para. 2). These tenets include ensuring police operations are driven by strategy rather than tactics, ensuring police play a central role in crime control, and facilitating the partnership between the police and community members.
In discussing the strategy tenet, the authors are categorical that reactive responses used by police in the past cannot be effective today, hence the need to pursue proactive prevention strategies that are adequately debated and acknowledged to maintain direction. The authors underline the fact that police must be actively aware of the strategy they use in combating modern-day crime as this awareness substantially informs the tactics to be employed (Bratton & Killing para. 7-10).
In ensuring the police play an active role in crime control, the authors take note of the flawed argument suggesting that acts of crime are caused by poverty, the economy, demographics, racism and social injustice, and hence police can do little to prevent crime except to respond when it occurs. To correct this flawed assertion, the authors put forward a proposition of involving police in crime control through employing strategies such as community policing, problem-solving and broken windows policing. These authors argue that police should employ assertive and targeted policing if they are to achieve the goal of minimizing crime (Bratton & Killing para. 11-17). This view is reinforced by other scholars, who argue that police should employ assertive and targeted approaches such as problem-oriented policing and directed policing to control crime (Telep & Weisburd 331).
In discussing the partnership tenet, the authors underline the need for the police to continuously partner with citizens are rely on citizen cooperation through initiatives such as neighborhood watches as well as individual vigilance (Bratton & Killing para. 18-20).
The authors note that owing to the successful implementation of these tenets in the US, the police have become more innovative, are successfully dealing with the race issue, are increasingly using research to guide operations, and are now more highly educated and professional than at any time in history. However, challenges in financial constraints, rigorous use of on-the-ground activities to understand aggregate data and gun control issues, among others, need to be addressed to ensure gains so far achieved in reducing crime in major US cities are not reversed (Bratton & Killing para. 21-34).
Works Cited
Bratton, William and George L. Kelling. Cops Count, Police Matter: Of Tactics and Strategy. The Police Chief. 79.12 (2012): 54-59. Web.
Telep, Cody and David Weisburd. What is known about the Effectiveness of Police Practices in Reducing Crime and Disorder? Police Quarterly. 15.4 (2012): 331-357. Academic Search Premier. Web.
After analyzing the content on the web page related to police violence, I realized that there are more murders committed by police than I expected. According to Mapping Police Violence (2021), there were 961 people killed by police workers in 2021, meaning almost a thousand victims, even though the 2021 year has not finished yet. Moreover, it was a surprise that black people get killed by police three times more often than white citizens (Mapping Police Violence, 2021). Finally, I did not know that most of the killings by police begin in cases where no crime was alleged, for instance, during traffic stops or mental health checks.
Despite the fact that violence in society and various crimes are usually considered social issues, police violence is a political problem that needs to be solved from top to bottom. This is true because police officers are a part of a states governmental structure and act strictly in the frame of laws. Moreover, there are no private or commercial police, so it is a police unit that is obliged to monitor compliance with laws and punish those who do not succeed with this. Therefore, if police violence and especially killings occur, it is not prohibited to hurt citizens on the structural level, making this issue more political than social.
To reduce police violence in society, emergency calls can be directed to non-police officers but to people who studied crisis management and can help people with mental illnesses. This suggestion might work successfully, as according to Mapping Police Violence (2021), many people get killed by police during mental health checks, meaning that police officers do not know how to behave when dealing with mentally sick citizens.