Parenting Archives - Page 9 of 27

The Effects Of Parenting

Posted on December 15, 2024 | by Laureen

How parents raise their children is an important part of the child’s development. Parents are a key part of their child’s growth intellectually, emotionally, physically and socially, according to psychologytoday.com. The manner or style of the parenting will have everlasting effects on their kids, that will likely be passed on to their children. The theme of parenting in The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a key part to the development of the main character. The poor parenting that Baba uses to raise Amir directly affects how his personality develops. Traits that Amir developed from Baba’s bad parenting are; his need for praise, lack of courage, and selfishness.

The constant need for praise and attention by Amir is seemingly connected to the lack of attention given to him by his father. Amir is always trying to do things to impress Baba. He enters the kite fighting tournament for fun, but also to get noticed by Baba. During the kite fight Amir could not help but wonder about his father and how he will eact. “Was he cheering for me? Or did a part of him enjoy watching me fail?” (Hosseini 63). This instance shows how desperate Amir is for his father’s attention and subconsciously the only real reason he kite fights is for that attention. Amir’s jealousy from the lack of attention guides his emotions as well as his thoughts. While Baba was constructing the orphanage he was away for most of the day leaving Amir alone with Hassan and Ali. This made him think “I already hated all the kids he was building the orphanage for; sometimes I wished they’d all died along with their parents,” (18). Amir’s thoughts are so clouded with his need for attention that his mind has altered to the state where if Baba’s focus is not on him his thoughts become dark. When his need for praise is met, Amir becomes so shocked and overwhelmed because he has never experienced the feeling of fulfillment before. After Amir and Soraya have moved in with the sick Baba, Amir catches Soraya reading one of his journals to Baba. It has taken decades for Baba to read his own sons writing and Amir has no clue how to react, “ I gave the notebook back to Soraya and left the room. Baba hated it when I cried, “ (172). Amir’s reaction shows just how emotionally attached he was to this praise and when he finally got it he was able to release all those bottled up emotions. Amir’s emotional attachment to being the best and needing attention is a direct link to how unnoticed he is as a child.

Amir’s lack of courage is the result of his father’s constant disappointment from his actions and inactions. Amir is a more gentle and quiet person, who normally keeps to himself and does not stand up for himself. Baba does not agree with this notion of living and is disappointed in his son. When Amir was younger Baba noticed that the other boys in the neighborhood would push him around, and he would let them. Baba was taken aback and ashamed of his son that he told Rahim Kahn that “ If I hadn’t seen the doctor pull him out of my wife with my own eyes, I’d never believe he’s my son,” (23). This private comment that Amir heard rips his confidence to and courage to shreds. It will take him most of his life to overcome and regain the courage that Baba takes from him at such a young age. One case that Amir could have changed with his courage, but could not because it was ripped from him, was when he could have saved Hassan. When Hassan is getting assaulted by Assef, Amir had the option to be courageous and save him. “In the end, I ran. I ran because I was a coward,” (77). Amir leaves Hassan because he has no bravery and does not want to intervene. Amir has never felt that he can be enough or will ever be enough for his father. Subconsciously he knows that no matter what he does or does not do Baba will not care, and why risk getting hurt for a Hazara. When Baba had passed Amir was finally starting to feel redeemed, like he was not a failure and less pressured. A short while after Rahim Khan calls Amir and tells him that he is sick and will not be around for much longer, knowing that Amir would come help him. “A week later, I sat on a window seat aboard a Pakistani International Airlines flight,” (194). Rahim is aware of what happened and what Amir did not do, and wants him to forgive and redeem himself. With Baba gone and most of his guilt gone, Rahim understands that Amir needs to help Sohrab and realize his courage, he simply needs a little push. Amir’s inactions and lack of courage are a consequence of Baba’s unrealistic and judging expectations of how his son should act.

Amir’s selfish personality correlates with the method that Baba handled raising him. he had everything he could want and never had to think about other people, only his own welfare and how he was perceived by Baba. Amir is especially selfish when it comes to the little affection and attention Baba gives him. After winning the kite fight Amir was overjoyed at the attention he was receiving and asks to go to Jalalabad with Baba. Hassan is still recovering from the attack in the alley, but Babe asks if Hasan should join them and Amir thinks, “Why did Baba have to spoil it like that?” (82). He knows what Hassan is going through and that he needs support, however the thought of sharing Baba with anyone else is unthinkable to Amir. His selfishness also pushed him to do things to make his problems disappear. Hassan was causing Amir too much guilt and uneasiness that he did the only thing that he thought could solve the issue. “I lifted Hassan’s mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it,” (104). Since he was given everything he ever needed he did not know how to confront issues or solve problems, which is evident in the solution that he believed would solve his issues. Another instance of selfishness was when Baba was building the orphanage in town. Since Amir was so incapable of sharing his father, he resented it during the construction because it took time away from bonding, “I already hated all the kids he was building the orphanage for; sometimes I wished they’d all died along with their parents,” (18). Amir was so selfish that he wished ill on many children whose parents had perished, just because Baba could not spend time with him and Amir was used to getting anything he wanted. This selfishness provided by the spoiled manner of the way that Baba raised Amir affected almost everyone around him.

Amir grew up with the poor and inexperienced parenting style of his father Baba. This impacts every person in Amir’s life with his selfishness, need for praise and lack of courage. The person that can be held accountable for Amir’s personality development and outcomes of his actions is Baba. Parents do not understand how they affect their children’s development, even though it can make a huge impact in their lives.

The Parents’ Roles In The Deaths Of Romeo And Juliet

Posted on December 15, 2024 | by Laureen

Parents give their children life, and generally support and guide them until they can begin to live independently−but can givers of life also be the cause of their children’s deaths? In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, there are two feuding families: the Montagues and the Capulets. If the Montagues and Capulets had gotten along, Romeo and Juliet would have been able to marry freely. The parents’ distant relationships with their children force Romeo and Juliet to turn to other adults in their lives for help and advice. If their relationships had been better, perhaps they could have advised their children to make better decisions. Juliet is rushed into marrying Paris by her parents. This makes her panic and rush to Friar Lawrence, desperate to find a solution no matter what. Romeo and Juliet die because of their parents, whose roles in their children’s lives are negative on many levels. They do not offer the parental guidance and caring support that could have prevented Romeo’s and Juliet’s deaths.

If there had not been a feud between the families, Romeo and Juliet would have been free to marry each other, and the events leading up to their deaths, such as Juliet taking the poison to avoid an unwanted marriage, could have been avoided. The parents had the ability to end the feud if they had chosen to do so. “The continuance of their parents’ rage / Which, but their children’s end, naught could remove” (1.Prologue.10-11), forces Romeo and Juliet to keep their love a secret. They “may not have access / To breathe such vows as lovers use to swear” (2.Prologue.9-10).

If the parents had a better relationship with their children, even if the families didn’t get along, perhaps their children would have turned to them instead of other adults, such as Friar Lawrence, and their deaths would have been averted. Growing up with parents who did not give them the proper attention or care may have made them extremely eager to escape from their parents’ watchful, and perhaps constraining, eyes, which made their decisions hasty and not thought out.

Romeo’s parents could have protected him from his banishment. Although Montague does try to protect him from punishment at first, saying, “He was Mercutio’s friend / His fault concludes but what the law should end” (3.1.193-4). He means that Romeo didn’t kill Mercutio and was justified in his killing of Tybalt. They do not take any other actions to defend him or help him after he was banished. They also do not help him prepare to leave Verona; Friar Lawrence helps him make a plan, not his parents. Juliet’s parents could have given Juliet advice about her feelings about Romeo.

Despite the lack of communication and affection, they do not hate their children. Lady Montague fears that Romeo was involved in the fight, and she asks where he is: “Where is Romeo? Saw you him today? / Right glad I am he was not at this fray” (1.1.119). Lady Montague also dies of grief after Romeo killed himself, which Montague reports: “Grief of my son’s exile hath stopped her breath” (5.3.119). The Capulet parents think they know best in making Juliet marry Paris. When Lord Capulet finds out that Juliet does not want to marry Paris, he says, “Doth she not count her blessed… / that we have wrought / so worthy a gentleman to be her bride?” (3.5.148-150) He regards Paris as “a gentleman of noble parentage” (3.5.191), as someone with wealth and a good reputation, which overrides Juliet’s feelings and opinions.

There is a lack of trust in the families and an emotional block between parents and children. When Lord Montague is asked if he knew why Romeo was sad, he says, “I neither know it nor can learn of him” (1.1.147). This shows us that Romeo is not open with his father, which Montague realizes. Lord Capulet calls Juliet a “disobedient wretch” (3.5.166). He views himself as Juliet’s superior, whom she must obey and respect at all times. He only forgives Juliet for refusing to marry Paris when she learns to “repent the sin / of disobedient opposition” (4.2.18-9).

Conclusion

If Juliet’s parents hadn’t rushed her into marrying Paris, perhaps Juliet would have waited to come up with a better solution. She is so rushed into an unwanted situation that she accepts the first solution offered: the potion. Juliet’s mother tells her that “early next Thursday morn…” (3.5.117), Paris will marry her. When Juliet protests and pleads with her father to change his mind, Capulet responds with harsh, nasty words: “Hang thee, young baggage, disobedient wretch! / …get thee to church o’ Thursday, / Or never after look me in the face” (3.5.166-8). He, along with Lady Montague, is telling her that if she does not follow their wishes, she will be forced to find her own way in the world, with no support from them. This threat added to her fright in this situation. Desperately, Juliet tells Friar Lawrence, “O, bid me leap, rather than marry Paris” (4.1.78), which conveys her panic and desperation to avoid this marriage. If her opinion had been asked, and she had more time to think it over, she could have made a more rational decision. In addition, if she felt that her parents would support her, she most likely would not have agreed to such a risky plan.

Essay about the Role of Family in Socialization

Posted on December 15, 2024 | by Laureen

Socializing is a process by which principles and traditions are transmitted to the young generation. It helps in nurturing the guidelines and performance of social groups to which they belong. Every society builds an institutional framework within which the socialization of children takes place. Several agents of socialization can be singled out, including family, schools and kindergartens, peers, and mass media, but, in my opinion, the most important among them is, of course, family.

Family is a very significant intervention in socialization (family means wife and husband who live with their organic children), this is called primary socialization. I think that family is important because this is the base of everything; you are with your family from birth, and from birth, the child remains immobilized and dependent. For example, a baby will not be able to change a nappy or feed himself/herself. This agency is with you from the day you are born to the day you die. Family is very influential because you develop and learn your language aptitudes (learning how to talk). In addition, another important thing that family socialization teaches you is body control, such as how to go to the toilet. However, you do not learn this straight away, but it will eventually be learned through trial and error. Trial and error is when children work out what is expected from previous experience. If trial and error does not work, parents may use rewards, so next time the child will recall and consider ‘I will get a present’. Moreover, it is in the family home that you learn your moral values, what you should and shouldn’t do, rights, and wrongs. An example of this is ‘You should not lie’. As for me, family is the building block of all societies. This is a very effective activity because without this it will be very hard to live a life of a human.

In our society, given the fact that we live in a digital world, it is widely believed that media is the most effective means of socialization. Personally, I don’t think so. In my opinion, it is the family that remains the main agent of socialization of the younger generation, because it is in the family that we learn to be independent and independent. It is our relatives who instill in us the main norms and values that we will adhere to in the future in life.

Importance of Parent’s Behavior and Environment for a Baby

Posted on December 15, 2024 | by Laureen

The Nature vs. Nurture argument is an age-old discussion that has occupied many scholars in the field of child development and beyond. The vital issue for parents is how their children are developing well for their success. A Child’s DNA has been decided before it was born. However, it can be negatively changed for the worse by parent`s actions such as an unbalanced diet and smoking habits. On the other hand, a child’s personality will be created by the surrounding environment and can help to avoid diseases such as develop Alzheimer. If parents wish for the child’s happiness, they should take care the child before and after birth because their behavior nurture might change their child’s nature and nurture and have a profound impact on the future of their infant.

Genetics has a severe effect on the baby’s development. DNA contains all the information needed to build a human body. It is determining things such as eye and hair color and height, which come almost directly from the father and mother (Penn state, para.1). However, recent research has shown that if a pregnant woman has a habit such as an unbalanced diet and smoking, it would alter the unborn’s DNA. First, the importance of nutritional diet in pregnant women is to avoid diseases in children as diabetes and obesity issues. The poor intake of carbohydrates is linked with alterations in the function of RXRA genes. This acts as a receptor for vitamin A which has an action to the way cells process fat. Those will appear at the age from 6 to 9 (Gallagher, 2011). Second, pregnant women who smoke cigarettes do not only harm the health of their children but also alter their DNA. Researchers analyzed blood collected from 889 infants immediately after born. Approximately one-third of the baby was born to a mother who had a smoking habit in the first trimester (Balmer, 2014, para. 3). The result of this study shows that the infant’s DNA was altered epidemically (para.4). The study indicates that babies born to smoking mothers tend to be smaller, have impaired lung function, and have a higher incidence of birth defects. Even they grow up, these individuals exhibit health and behavioral problems, with those born to smokers being more likely to suffer from asthma, nicotine addiction, and substance abuse (para. 2).

On the other hand, the surrounding environment affects toddlers’ development significantly, also later in their life. Parents with an unhappy atmosphere bring about interrupted children sleeping cycle. The researchers examined for 357 adopted children and their families in the US (Gallagher, 2011, para. 2). They found that the body at 18 months was affected their sleep cycle by the parent’s relationship when the baby at 9 months. The professor from the University of Leicester said Regulated sleep is essential during infancy for healthy brain and physical development (para. 9). Unsteady sleeping can impact brain development and result in early temperament problems that then lead to a few problems, such as social, behavior and academic (para.10). In addition, another researcher mention that parents are required a proper attitude to relieve their stress because an obstacle to newborn sleep has been linked with difficulties with including ADHD (para. 15).

However, sometimes the surrounding environment can be positive for a newborn. The newborn in an environment that uses more than one language is less easily panic and less tend to be Alzheimer when they get old (Bowdler, 2010, para. 1). Ágnes Kovács and Jacques Mehler (2008) tested the responses of each infant who grow up with a multilingual and monolingual environment. They found that bilingual newborn has better responses ability and could more quickly anticipating a thing. Professor Diamond said about the study suggested individuals reared bilingually have a high ability to concentrate on confusing situations because they have to practice at paying attention though the diversity of language situations (para.3). In another, his study shows bilingual patients on average developed Alzheimer’s symptoms at least four years later than monolingual people. The reason for the study result might multiple languages give special stimulation to their brain and thereby delaying dementia (para.5).

Parents must consider seriously that unbalanced diet and their smoking habit during pregnancy. Most of our future is decided by our DNA. However, it would be changed if pregnant women don’t intake the proper amount of carbohydrates. It causes diseases in children such as diabetes and obesity issues. As with poor diet, smoking behavior bring about a high risk of an effect on the infant. The infant may have a problem with their body function and structure. Also surrounding after birth influences the child future life. Parents with having a problem of relationship lead to a baby sleep disorder which affects their brain and health development clumsily. The surrounding environment can involve offspring positively. For example, a bilingual child has a capacity of adaptation to an unexpected situation and be able to delay dementia. In this way, the growth of a child is greatly influenced by the parent’s habit and the environment after birth. Parents should take care of child carefully.

References

Balmer, J. (2014, July 28). Smoking mother may alter the DNA of their children. Retrieved from https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/07/smoking-mothers-may-alter-dna-their-children
Bowdler, N. (2010, October 15). `Mum and dad made me multi-task better`. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11534481
Gallagher, J. (2011, May 11). Parental strife `affects babies` Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13333181
Gallagher, J. (2012, April 18). Mother`s diet during pregnancy alters baby`s DNA. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-13119545
MRSEC. DNA determines your appearance. Retrieved from https://www.mrsec.psu.edu/content/dna-determines-your-appearance

Definition Essay on Good Parenting

Posted on December 15, 2024 | by Laureen

In this essay, I would first start by introducing the essay and defining what parenting style encompasses. I would explain the importance of a good parenting style by referencing to the impact of the child, in both a positive and negative manner. With this, I mean in what ways a child can grow to become if the child grows up with either a bad or a good parenting style.

After a brief explanation on the topic, I would explain what different types of parenting styles exist, and the implications of them (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglectful). I would explain what each of them means and how each of them impacts the child.

I would like to dedicate one or two paragraphs on what unhealthy and healthy parenting styles look like. Unhealthy parenting styles can be abusive parenting, dogmatic parenting, depriving parenting, or over-parenting. The second part would be signs of what a good and healthy parenting style looks like. This includes showing the child that they matter and showing love and compassion. Being involved in their lives, establishing rules, but also letting them grow to be independent beings is very important. Mutual respect and explaining to the children the rules and punishment that you set is vital so that they understand what they did wrong. In this way, they will develop cognitive understanding and try not to make the same mistake again. All of these descriptions are a part of being an authoritative parent.

Lastly, I would give a summary of the essay and conclude with what the goal is within Islamic parenting.

Klass, P., 2019. Intensive Care: What Makes a ”Good” Parent? Retrieved October 03, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/30/well/family/intensive-parenting.html

This is also a website article that talks about what defines a good parent. It discusses a parenting study published last year about this topic, and its results. The study talks about the amount of time spent on play with children.

Koa W., Lisa W. C., (2019), Parenting, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Academic Press, Pages 9-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814669-9.00002-3 (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128146699000023)

This is a research article, including different theories such as behavioral theory on the evolution of parental care.

Pozzi, E., Simmons, J., Bousman, C., Vijayakumar, N., Bray, K., Dandash, O., Richmond, S., Schwartz, O., Seal, M., Sheeber, L., Yap, M., Allen, N., Whittle, S. (2019). The Influence of Maternal Parenting Style on the Neural Correlates of Emotion Processing in Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 0, Issue 0. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0890856719301984

This is a journal article with the title: “The Influence of Maternal Parenting Style on the Neural Correlates of Emotion Processing in Children”. It talks about how parenting impacts mental health.

Sanders, M. R., Morawska, A. (2018), Handbook of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan, Brisbane: Springer International Publishing.

This book works as a handbook with theories from neuroscience, prevention science, and more, on parenting.

Stöppler, M. C. (n.d.), Parenting. Retrieved October 03, 2019, from https://www.medicinenet.com/parenting/article.htm#introduction_to_healthy_parenting

This is a website article with the title: “Parenting”. It starts with an introduction to what healthy parenting looks like. It teaches the readers what the basic principles are, what to avoid, and other tips such as the importance of physical fitness.

Essay on Positive Effects of Teenage Pregnancy

Posted on December 15, 2024 | by Laureen

Part one: Assessing Health Needs

Assessing the health needs of a population requires the focus of individuals and not the actual problem. For example, the subject of teenage pregnancy should represent the focus of pregnant adolescent mothers and their sexual health needs.

It is estimated that each year in developing regions, twenty-one million girls from the ages of 15 to 19 years old become pregnant, and approximately twelve million of the girls give birth. According to The World Health Organisation (2020), they provide the figures of 777,000 girls who are under the age of 15 years, give birth in developing regions. They expand on this, as they state that complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the central cause of death for 15 to 19-year-old girls globally.

The primary health concerns linked to early motherhood, are more related to physical, mental, and emotional health. In addition to the health needs of the mother, the importance of the infant’s health is also crucial. The teenage mother would require knowledge and access to resources in order to have the information available about parenting.

Identifying Health Needs

Title, Year Methodology Findings

1. Adolescent mothers’ experiences of the transition to motherhood: An integrative review (2019)

Adolescent mothers’ experiences of the transition to motherhood: An integrative review | Elsevier Enhanced Reader

Secondary Qualitative

2. Adolescent mental health and behavioral predictors of being NEET: a prospective study of young adults not in employment, education, or training (2018) https: oda. slot.nohandle106426056

Primary Qualitative

3. Adolescent Pregnancy: Risk Factors, Outcome and Prevention (2016) (PDF) Adolescent Pregnancy: Risk Factors, Outcome and Prevention (researchgate.net)

Secondary Qualitative

The needs identified in the first study unraveled elements associated with Maslow’s (1954), ‘Hierarchal Needs theory. The teenage mothers valued peer approval, as they would consider themselves to be outcasts, in comparison to other teenagers at school, furthermore, their peers did not seem to comprehend the demands required of the mothers to meet their baby’s needs Erfina et al. (2019). Self-esteem and self-actualization were more valued and dominated behavior pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy.

The principles in place by Doyal and Gough (1991) were not thoroughly contemplated by individual young mothers, in ensuring to reduce or elimination the implications of harm to their physical health or motherhood.

The second study appraised the social model of health. Attainment of life skills from which the confidence to network and be connected to your environment has exponential health benefits to the individual according to Seedhouse’s theory (2009). Doyal and Gough’s (1991) theories are applicable in that, the unfulfilled potential leads to poor outcomes as demonstrated in this study in that policy-making and revision must be adaptable to changing socioeconomic climates prompting individuals’ health needs.

The third study entails all the health needs, from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (1954), which reports universal needs and how they motivate individuals from a position of disequilibrium where unfulfilled needs dominate personal behaviors, such as the effects of low esteem leading to risk-taking in order to attain self-actualization. However, this behavior although pronounced in Seedhouse’s principles (2009) accepted as a fundamental concept of autonomous freedoms and the capability to make informed choices through having reliable mental capacity, cognition, and appreciation of individual social responsibilities.

Prioritising health needs

Mental health was recognized as the main health need among teenage mothers. The provision of mental health support from pre-teenage years to postnatal phases. Harden et al (2009) mention that policymakers and analysts continue to contend with the need for the provision of a comprehensive mental health service for children and young adults, The priority health needs of young parents’ provision of suitable knowledge, improving mental capacity, and developing cognitive skills to handle the everyday challenges of deprivation, economic hardship and lack of educational support.

Part Two: Strategy to Address the Health Needs

Aim

To provide a substantial amount of psychological and emotional support to adolescent mothers and their infants within the first year of motherhood. It is imperative that teenage mothers receive adequate help during the first year, as they would find motherhood extremely difficult. To an adolescent mother, the task of parenting would be emotionally and physically demanding, as the lack of support would also be limited. This would then trigger a negative factor for the teenage parent and the child, as well as the infant’s health.

Objectives

To utilize the health persuasion method, in order to assess if there are any foundational risks posed to vulnerable young mothers and to understand the factors contributing to them to become them becoming adolescent mothers.
Use governing facilities available such as the NHS Mental Health Help, and The Mental Health Foundation to raise awareness of the mental health and well-being of younger mothers and their children by offering counselling or therapy.
To empower teenage parents and to help advance their personal skills. Enabling them to become more confident, and assertive and to give them a clearer insight when it comes to decision making. The young mothers then will be encouraged to seek education or employment opportunities.
To promote and encourage women to attend, community-led sexual health classes. These classes will help to educate young mothers and to raise awareness of the consequences of unprotected sex amongst adolescent people. Based on community development, the information provided in the sexual health classes will include the use of contraception.

Health Promotion Activities

In order to address and establish health needs, the use of Beattie’s Model would be beneficial for the development of health promotion activities. Beattie’s model allows individuals to be familiar with the different approaches and practices to health promotion. The model refers to the different techniques and strategies used to help challenge the health problem. Beattie’s model is divided into four quadrants, and each quadrant includes different approaches for health professionals, the government, and individuals to promote health. The approaches that can be used are personal counseling, health persuasion, community development, and legislative action, Ivory Search (2021).

Health persuasion

The Beattie’s model consists of four sections. the four sections include the different approaches that professionals, people, or the government can use for health promotion. They can execute this through personal counseling, health persuasion, community development, or through legislative action.

Young mothers require support with parenting, mental well-being, and psychological health. According to Devito (2010), teenage mothers become parents with existing issues and poor mental health. Poverty and domestic abuse are factors that weaken maternal mental health, as the trigger of poor mental health among teenage parents may be due to the instability of family relationships. They may also be inexperienced in parenting, whilst facing the challenges of coping with transitioning from adolescence to parenthood.

Health persuasion is individual-centred, activities and interventions are promoted by professionals who will offer adequate advice, using leaflets and posters, Department of Health (2019). These leaflets and posters and can be put in GP offices, delivered via post, promoted in schools, colleges, and universities. Leaflets and posters provide educational information about the health implications of unprotected sex and behaviors whilst pregnant such as smoking or drinking alcohol during pregnancy.

The leaflets will provide the location where the mothers can access contraceptive services. This approach is emphasized by the Ottawa Charter (1996), the Ottawa Charter highlights, that the use of the health persuasion approach allows the target community to over their own health and control how they will improve their health

Legislative action

Naidoo and Wills (2011) argue that legislation action consists of the development or emphasis of public policies and in some cases laws. This section of Beattie’s model consists of policymakers and healthcare practitioners working together to get healthy outcomes for the health of individuals such as pregnant teenagers and teen mothers. The section of the model takes a holistic approach in order to improve health, the section takes a top-down approach which is authoritative. This section can be said to act on Normative needs (Bradshaw, 1972), legislative action is met when policies and guidelines are put in place. Legislative action can be applied to the proposed activities by making sure the people involved follow the Mental Capacity Act for safeguarding vulnerable adults. Following the guidelines of this Mental Capacity Act (2005), young parents can be supported by postnatal care until they feel they no longer need the support. A policy can be put in place to ensure that parents aged 15 to 21 years should Inclusion of young parents in evidence-based parenting programs

Personal counselling

His approach aims to empower individuals such as pregnant teenagers and teen mothers to change or change their lives positively. Pregnant teenagers and young mothers should be made to feel empowered to enhance and improve their knowledge by going back to school or continuing with their education, they should feel empowered enough to work on current skills and develop further skills that will help them in life (Naidoo and Wills 2010). Local guidance will be given to support workers etc, on supporting school-age parents to continue their education. When applying this approach, health professionals or supportive professionals will work with the young mother or pregnant teen to make goals and take the right steps to achieve those goals. A dedicated adviser, health visitor, family nurse practitioner, and psychiatry community nurse to support the emotional, mental health, and education needs. The approach is a bottom-up approach, working from an individual’s level.

Community development

Community development is a bottom-up approach requiring project leaders or facilitators to work side by side with the community so they can identify what the problem is and how they can initiate change (Naidoo and Wills 20110. It is thought that empowering a community to act on a present health problem can be more effective because it includes the actual population who are experiencing the health problem. Developing personal development plans for young parents by building aspirations and skills linked with local workforce development, employment, and regeneration plans, will help increase the chances of these teenagers improving their lives.

Activities and projects that take a community approach strongly emphasize and promote the participation of the community in order to reduce the risks of young pregnancies (Thompson, 2014). They will do this by offering services to the at-risk groups that are involved. Hopefully, by having the community involved, it will help to aid pregnant teenagers to make positive changes to their lives, also it will allow teenagers to seek the services they need to help them make good choices in order to eventually decrease the rates of teenage pregnancies.

Resources

To promote the health needs of young teenage parents policy makers and subsequently health and social care practitioners have to set out a person-centered strategic approach that caters to the holistic health needs of the affected population and provides the necessary resources to be implemented by well-trained and conscientious professionals on the frontline. The Local Government Association (LGA), Department of Works and Pensions (DWP), Department of Health (DH), and Department of Education (DoE) have to provide a joined-up approach to deliver a comprehensive package of measures and interventions to prevent the escalation of teenage parents and also provide adequate support for the young parents and their children in an effort to break the cycle of deprivation, hardship and poverty in society in the long-term.

Investment in early learning programs for children followed by reinforcements through youth development activities and engagement strategies at the local authority level. Provision of high-quality sex and relationships education and informed access to contraceptive services, augmented by initiatives aimed at improving the enjoyment of school whilst raising aspirations, expectations, and ambitions. The establishment of robust monitoring and supervisory agencies to ensure that social exclusion does not occur and where it occurs; corrective action is readily applied. The promotion of evidenced-based reflective learning and continuous professional development of health and social care professionals with further emphasis on understanding the ethnic and cultural diversity of all service users.

Evaluation

Naidoo and Wills (2010) suggested that in order to gather information about programs, characteristics, activities, and their outcomes, evaluation needs to be put in place for future improvements and to know the effectiveness of activities so individuals know whether they need to alter anything. In 2006, WHO stated that evaluation allows room for improvement. Critical analysis of a health promotion activity or program allows conclusions to be made, it also allows individuals to see whether the chosen objectives and aims were met, if not then the thought of different methods will be considered for future activities.

For the purpose of this report, the two main evaluation types to be used are impact and outcome evaluations. A Quantitative method will be used for the evaluation.

Impact evaluation in health promotion will consider the immediate effects of the provision of adequate postnatal care, interventions for preventing future pregnancies, and the provision of safe environments that benefit young parents and their children. The impact assessment examines the rate of delivery of the support and safeguards as identified in the resource allocation frameworks (Thompson, 2014). The activities of health and social care professionals should provide a detailed and accountable document trail of service provisions including any records of failures or non-compliances to agreed guidelines and statutory requirements. A joined-up multi-sectorial team of professionals from the health service, local authorities, and independent community support groups and the affected individual will participate in the conduct of the evaluation exercise as follows:

Measure changes in sexual and relationship health awareness, knowledge, and attitudes
Measure interest shown by young parents in utilizing health education materials, phone-ins, and participating in self-improvement activities
Observation, questionnaires, interviews, and one-on-one or group discussions
Use of attitude scales to evaluate the above measures

Outcome evaluation

The outcome evaluation will consider the long-term effects of the interventions of the health promotion exercise in terms of the ultimate goal of eliminating social exclusion of teenage mothers and their children’s health and social care needs (Seedhouse 2009).

This evaluation method is preferred as it measures sustained and significant changes occurring in the population over time.
The utilization of hard evidence and quantitative research methodologies to measure behavior changes such as safe sexual and relationship practices and healthier habits and lifestyle choices.
Policy and legislative changes to guide health and social care professionals provide support to teenage mothers and their offspring and ensure that statutory safeguarding standards are met.
Direct access to EET is promoted and delivered for all young parents who fall under that legislative bracket and then ensures there is a seamless migration to the mainstream benefits system.
Environmental changes such as the provision of safe zones for preventing unhealthy sexual relations
Reduction of the prevalence of potential risk factors to social exclusion of young parents and poor maternity care.
Improve life chances for the children of teenage mothers.
To compare the target group’s health and social care outcomes to a similar control group who did not participate in the intervention to measure the efficacy of the program

Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement in Reading

Posted on December 15, 2024 | by Laureen

AbstractAlabama fourth grade reading comprehension and reading skills scores resulted in a drop in 2016 from 2017. The score was lower than the average mean score of 221 for public elementary school students in America reading. Research has shown that students whose parents who participate in their educational attainment have more academic achievement success than students who have minimal or no participation. The theoretical framework used in this research proposal is Epstein’s theory of parental involvement.

Reading is primary, it is important for finding employment and being successful. When children aren’t fluent in reading and understanding what they read he or she are stuck to what they can attain in the world. Moreover, reading creates an intellect inside the mind, it expands the talent of speaking fluently and vocabulary. Understanding words is a technique that soothes the mind, body, and soul. Most importantly reading is how the human race discovers new things in existence.

What’s more, approximately sixty-five percent of fourth-grade students in Alabama public education are not reading fluently(NAEP, 2019). First- hand data suggests that parents who give their children books provide them with a benefit over their classmates throughout Reading is basic in the United States; it is crucial for finding employment and being successful in life. When children aren’t fluent in reading and reading comprehension, it restricts them as to what they can gain or accomplish inside the world. Moreover, reading creates an intellect inside the mind, and it expands the talent of speaking fluently and vocabulary. Understanding words is a technique that relaxes the mind, body, and soul. Most importantly, reading is how the human race discovers new things in existence(Davis, 2016). What’s more, according to NAEP 2019, approximately sixty-five percent of fourth-grade students in Alabama public education are not reading on their grade level. First- hand data suggests that parents who give their children books provide them with a benefit over their classmates throughout and beyond the elementary years. According to literary research, parents’ contributions to their child’s reading activities at home will have a positive correlation towards their academic achievement and skills. It will also improve their child’s attitudes towards it. and beyond the elementary years. According to inquiries, a parent’s contribution to their child’s reading activities inside the home will have a positive correlation on their academic achievement in reading vocabulary and reading comprehension. It will also improve their child’s attitudes towards it.

NAEP is a reliable reading test conducted every two years to students in the fourth grade. The National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP)measures reading comprehension by asking students to read fourth-grade reading passages and to answer questions based on reading materials presented. Moreover, the NAEP evaluation in 2019 included 150,600 fourth graders, inside the United States of America (National Assessment of Educational Progress, 2019; National Center for Education Statistics, 2019). Surprisingly, thirty-five percent of fourth-grade students performed in proximity to or beyond the NAEP reading skills level in 2019. This ratio was only a point lower compared to 2017 but was 7 points above than in the 1992 timeframe. (National Assessment of Educational Progress, 2019; National Center for Education Statistics, 2019). Consequently, sixty percent of fourth-grade students performed at or beyond the NAEP reading skills level in 2019. This calculation was merely a point lower contrasted to the test results in 2017 and just four points higher than the fourth-grade delivery skills in 1992.

The mean of literacy students in 2019 for the state of Alabama was 212. The totalities were smaller than the customary 219 ratings on American students. Habitually, fourth-grade gains dropped comprising (212) subordinate to their mean rating (216) 2017 year ( The Nation’s Report Card, 2017). Twenty-eight percent accomplished close to or beyond NAEP’s required literacy skill close for 2019 in which computation was not overtly different than inside for the 2017 year which was thirty-one percent (The Nation’s Report Card, 2017; National Assessment of Education Progress, 2019). Finally, fifty-eight percent implemented on and/ or greater than the NAEP test level for the 2019 year. This proportion was poorer than in the two years prior by sixty -three percent functioning next to and exceeding NAEP fundamental reading skills that were not much distinctive from numbers in the 1998 academic year, which was fifty-six 56 %.

Researchers investigate parental involvement and student’s literary achievement. For instance, Waterford (2018) suggests that the best predictor for a student’s scholarly achievement is the home atmosphere and the extent to which parents and families promote learning at home and get involved in their children’s homework assignments. When parents get fully emerged in their child’s education, their child will become more responsible for their education, and their sense of efficacy improved (Waterford, 2018). Scholars with involved parents regardless of ethnicity, monetary value, history, or social standing are more likely to receive higher reading test scores, earn higher grades, show new, improved behavior, and graduate from school.

Observed results have shown a positive correlation between parents who participate in their children’s education and academic achievements, such as high self-esteem, self-efficacy, excellent grades, and attendance(Terraga et al., 2017). Even more than that, family connections networked with positive school connections on the part of children as well as a positive enlightening atmosphere (i.e., environment).

Consequently, parent-school teamwork allows the perception of roles and relationships and influence on their child’s cognition. From this idea, families, and educators are the main players in the building of their roles and involvement, producing new and wide-ranging movements to convey to each other according to the educational setting. The overall results within the family-school component exhibit a positive influence of teamwork, aiding, and abetting to overall academic achievement and success. There is also strong support from international research showing a positive impact between parental participation across race, ethnicity, and educational attainment.

While there are lots of definitions for parental involvement and academic achievement, it is an agreement about the positive effect of parental participation and children’s academic achievement overseas. However, most of the data on parental involvement comes deeply embedded cross-sectional and correlational experimental designs, on the other hand, Latin America facts and documents are scarce or deficient. According to the review of the literature on parental involvement in education in Latin America, only one study exists, and it dates to research on the Mexican population in 1998.

Unfortunately, no main theoretical construct links to parental participation and academic achievement in reading. However, there are tons of first-hand data connecting Epstein’s theoretic theory to parental engagement and academic achievement. Epstein’s theory on parental contribution shows strong impacts that parents, family, school, and the community have on student’s overall academic achievement. The researcher broke down the operational and collaborating parts of the theory as interrelating domains. The components or domains relate to the grade level, age, level of cognition (i.e., the thinking), and social development of the students to reach academic success (Epstein, 2011). Also, each domain or component has outside issues that mold the learning atmosphere such as, attitudes, family traditions, practices, the school, and community(Epstein, 2011).

The participants with minimal skills in reading and comprehension were randomly selected according to their grades in reading comprehension for the research proposal. The researcher suggests that the more parents engage in their children’s homework, the better their children’s grades will become in reading assessment scores(Epstein, 2011). Epstein’s types of parental participation provide an all-inclusive program for academic achievement in school using parents, family, and community teamwork. Epstein’s six types of parental engagement include parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making, and collaborating with the people inside the community(Epstein, 2011)

Parenting is helping families set up a supportive home environment for children as students. Plans for home conditions that serve to enhance learning and academic achievement, parental education activities, reading exercises, and family support programs are some practice examples(Epstein, 2011). Results for students include excellent grades, improved attendance, increased test scores, awareness of the importance of education, and mutual respect for their parents(Epstein, 2011).

The concept is to place the parent(s) in their child’s or children’s reading activities at home and homework to improve their test scores in reading and reading comprehension. This research will use qualitative case study data collected gathered and analyzed(Martorana, 2015). The purpose of this research is to measure the impact of parental involvement in fourth- grade students reading academic achievement, reading comprehension, and test scores (Martarona, 2015).

Finally, this research includes ten weeks of testing of parents and fourth-grade Title I public elementary school students in rural Livingston, Alabama. Parents are instructed to attend a seminar after school and taught reading techniques to use at home with the at-home sessions. The workshop will take place after school for twenty minutes(Matarona, 2015). Throughout the seminar held, the researcher will demonstrate a reading technique to the seven parents selected for the research.

Livingston Junior High School is a Pre-K through 8-grade Title I, public education school with an enrollment population of 585 students. The student population is 74% African American. Most of the students live in apartment complexes low incoming housing. The percentage of free and reduced lunches is about ninety-five percent. Each grade level consists of two classes except for grades Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten, First, Fourth, and Seventh. The students who receive special education services make up about 10% of the population.

The sampling technique is a random sample of parents fourth-grade students who have minimal reading skills, comprehension skills, and below fourth-grade level reading test scores. This research will be a case study conducted over ten weeks with observations, notes, survey questionnaires, and interviews. Survey questionnaires completed by the parents and the child in which the researcher will utilize to analyze data pertaining to parental participation and their children’s scholastic achievement in reading, and reading comprehension.

Role of Participants and Impact on Participants

Parental involvement in their child’s homework will help teachers and administrators in the public-school system implement techniques that will improve student’s speaking skills, increase annual reading assessment scores, and children’s overall academic achievement.

Plan for Protection of Human Subjects

Ethics will be considered when completing research. The researcher will ensure that all participants are protected from harm. Participants will be informed of their rights, and informed consent will be received from parents or guardians of the participants. Participant’s information will be kept confidential. The parents and researcher will sign a confidentiality agreement. Participant’s names will not appear in any form. Once data is collected, access will be limited to the researcher. All participants will be notified of their right to withdraw.

Variables

The independent variable in this research is the number and types of books children read in the home with their parents. The dependent variable for the research is the student’s grades or the change in performance on the reading tests.

Timeline

To begin, the researcher will write a letter introducing the research study. A consent form is sent home along with a survey asking them about their habits in supporting their child’s education at home(Martorona, 2015). The researcher asked parents to come in after school for a brief workshop. Students’reading habits and personal book data were is measured with a questionnaire(Martorona, 2015). Secondly, children will complete a fourth-grade level reading comprehension test similar to NAEP before the experiment, which will consist of reading excerpts and reading comprehension questions, mostly multiple-choice questions, and short answers(Martorona, 2015).

What’s more, students will receive two different books weekly to read at home with their parents. They answer questions about the books they read at home. The books assigned will be on the fourth-grade reading level(Martorona, 2015). Students and parents were told to read the first book for two nights and the second book for the next two nights. The researcher told students to read to their parents and told the parents to read to their child(Martorona, 2015). Finally, parents were taught in the seminar how to ask their child reading comprehension questions found in the back of the book and to assist him or her by answering the examination comprehension questions(Martorona, 2015).

Parental Participation- Parental involvement or participation refers to the amount of engagement or interaction a parent has when it comes to education or schooling in their child’s life, in this research, it’s reading (Collins, 2020).

The purpose of this research is to examine parental involvement and academic achievement in reading, test scores, and reading comprehension. The researcher is measuring changes before and after children and parents read together at home with parents for four nights and ten weeks(Martorana, 2015). The researcher used surveys to measure how the student and parent participants felt about reading, homework, and intervention. Synopsis of data for the response will follow (Martorana, 2015). To evaluate the reading intervention, the researcher will present students, and parents with surveys to determine if the reading scores differ after the at-home reading experience and for descriptive intervention statistics for pre-tests and post-tests intervention(Martorana, 2015). Reading test scores will be computed. Surveys will be used to collect parents’ responses, for instance, tendencies related to reading, helping their child with homework and children’s reading samples (Martorana,2015).

Surveys are reliable instruments collecting attitudes and opinions on reading interventions and techniques during pre and post-tests.

Parents are responsible for reading to their children and answering pre-testing and post-testing surveys to help the researcher measure how parental involvement at home can impact children’s reading and literary achievement. Fourth- graders are responsible for reading to their parents and answering survey questions about reading preferences, reading, and answering literary examination questions on tests for collecting data.

The elementary school librarian and fourth-grade teachers will donate books; reading techniques were taught in the seminar-workshop by a fourth-grade teacher from within an elementary school. The plan is to use available resources in the school. The school’s librarian and second-grade teachers have agreed to provide books need for literary sessions at home. Second-grade teachers will provide literary comprehension tests to conduct for the research.

Parents’ work schedules might interfere with them reading to their children, helping them with the reading assignments, questions, and completing the surveys required to complete for research data analysis.

Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement in Reading

Posted on December 5, 2024 | by Laureen

Role of Participants and Impact on Participants

Plan for Protection of Human Subjects

Variables

Timeline

Surveys are reliable instruments collecting attitudes and opinions on reading interventions and techniques during pre and post-tests.

Should Justin Ellsworth’s Parents Have Been Given Access to His Email?

Posted on December 4, 2024 | by Laureen

Communication with the help of email became the part of the people’s everyday activities which include personal face-to-face communication and official contacts with colleagues and partners. However, the character of email as the electronic correspondence and as a box for saving the private files, letters, and photographs prevents researchers and specialists from concluding strictly about the laws and ethical norms which can regulate the use of email after the owner’s death.

Lawyers have no single view on the category according to which it is appropriate to discuss the issues associated with using email by non-owners. The case of Justin Ellsworth contributed to creating the precedent in regulating the procedures in which the email providers and owners are involved. The parents of Justin Ellsworth asked for providing them with an access to the son’s email, but Yahoo, as a provider, rejected the request. It was complied only according to the court’s order.

The parents received the access, but the question is in ethical nature of this situation (Leach, 2005). Is it possible that all the persons discussed as relatives can receive the access to the personal email after someone’s death? Following the laws and regulations associated with privacy, property, and copyright laws, it is possible to state that Ellsworth’s parents should not have been given the access to email because of violating legal and ethical norms.

The decision to give the access to Ellsworth’s email was based on the court’s order, but this case cannot ne discussed as the pattern to follow in similar situations because it can indirectly violate the privacy standards set by the Internet service providers. Thus, the case is controversial, and it should be discussed in relation to the deceased, the Internet service provider, and parents’ interests. Moreover, it is important to pay attention to the case’s details through the lens of the utilitarian and deontological ethics.

The interest of the deceased should be of a priority while resolving the problematic situation discussed in the case of Ellsworth. Confidential information and email resources should be protected according to similar laws focused on property and privacy protection.

The decision of a person not to share the password with the relatives should be taken into consideration after the person’s death because of his or her rights to protect privacy and save private information unreleased. According to the utilitarian approach, the appropriateness of the action and its ethical value can be assessed only with references to its consequences.

The consequences of realizing the private information from email can be positive as well as negative, depending on the contents of email. Moreover, following the principles of deontological ethics, it is possible to state that this action is wrong in its nature because it is not supported by the will of the deceased person (Strutin, 2011). Thus, the interests of the deceased cannot be satisfied when relatives receive the access to email.

Yahoo protected its interests while rejecting the request of Ellsworth’s parents. The actions of the provider depended on the company’s policies and ethical conduct (Leach, 2005). There are situations when the access to email is necessary for police and security agencies, and decisions about providing the access should be made only with references to the court’s orders.

Any case similar to the situation with the request of Ellsworth’s parents should be discussed independently, regarding the consequences for the public. Thus, from the perspective of the utilitarian ethics, similar decisions can be relevant only when positive consequences are guaranteed. Still, the Internet service providers cannot violate standards fixed in their policies, and any release of the private email content can be discussed as the wrong action from the point of the deontological ethics.

The next issue is the role of relatives and their interests in the case of Ellsworth and other associated cases. On the one hand, the public can feel sympathy for the loss of Ellsworth’s parents and discuss their request as appropriate for the situation. On the other hand, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that parents have no right to control correspondence or have the access to email during their children’s life because of the people’s human rights for privacy.

Assessing the consequences of providing the access to email of the deceased person, investigators can conclude that the information saved in files and correspondence can have both the negative and positive effect on the parents’ life or on the dead person’s reputation (Strutin, 2011). Furthermore, it is immoral to violate the ethical norms associated with privacy, if such a situation was not discussed previously by all the parties.

Nevertheless, the negative consequences of the case’s resolution for the public are obvious. If email correspondence and files are opened for the relatives of the dead person once, the situation can be repeated in the future. Thus, there is no guarantee that the privacy of email will be preserved according to the privacy policy of the provider’s company. From the ethical perspective, this situation is the violation of human rights. That is why, no access to email should be given to people after their relatives’ deaths.

References

Leach, S. (2005). Who gets to see the e-mail of the deceased?. Web.

Strutin, K. (2011). What happens to your digital life when you die? New York Law Journal, 6(1), 12-13.

Should Parents Use Monitoring Software?

Posted on December 4, 2024 | by Laureen

The ability to monitor others while online is desired by many. Indeed several people are curious about what their friends and acquaintances are engaged in online. Imagine a situation in which someone else is capable of reading all your texts whether for mobile phones or emails. Imagine too that the same person can monitor all the sites you log into on the internet and can decide to cut you off anytime or completely block you from accessing it in the first place. Although these acts are irritating and may seem an infringement on other people’s privacy, it is actually what parents’ companies use monitoring software to do, and is ultimately very beneficial to children.

The software allows parents to monitor their children’s online activities. These are inclusive of outgoing and incoming emails together with chat room discussions. Parents are therefore able to protect their children from being misled by strangers. For instance, a child chats with a stranger just for a short time and he/she is already suggesting that they meet in a questionable place. A parent monitoring the exchange may decide to accompany the child for safety, deny the child permission to leave, or simply cut off the particular website. The measures protect the child from possible exploitation by the several strangers that they come across online. Some of the strangers may be pedophiles and sexually assault the children; others may be kidnappers and try to keep the children for a ransom.

Parents also block the children from other sites to maintain an educative gain from the internet. They gladly allow the children to access educative sites that nature their development, but not pornographic sites that quite a detriment a child’s development if exposed to at an early age. Children who are only allowed access to educative sites soon gain interest in them a move that greatly improves their academic performance. Other social activities such as the kind of internet games played by children can also be regulated to avoid children playing games that leave them in a lot of psychological torture. There are several of such that leave children depressed and are not intellectually helpful. This kind of monitoring helps to shape children’s behavior and personality development while maintaining moral ethics which are essential for healthy growth. The children are young and curious and are likely to make mistakes under such conditions. The guidance of a parent is surely welcome.

Monitoring children’s online activities help in managing their time. At an early ages parents control and children’s time. This is normally balanced between the imperative activities such as being fed and sleeping for a reasonable amount of time. Parents can block their children from most of their favorite sites creating time for them to do other activities. The kind of activities may vary from active sports to interacting with other children. Such kind of behavior reduces incidences of internet addiction which is starting to become a major problem in the world. The most affected countries currently are South Korea and China with rehabilitation centers already constructed for addicts. There are kids who would love to play internet games for a very long time if access is not regulated. This trend at best should be discouraged in order to raise children who are not too dependent on the internet since overdependence lowers the critical analytical abilities of children.

Based on the above discussion, it is more beneficial for parents companies to use monitoring software and allow parents to monitor their kids’ online activities than to avoid it.