Category: Parenting

Parents refusing medical treatment for children

• the tendency towards the increased level of refusals
• deterioration of the healthcare sector image
• poor quality of suggested services
• the unreasonably high price of treatment
• nurses inability to meet diverse demands
• cultural and religious issues

Today, we could observe the tendency towards the increased number of patients who refuse medical treatment for their children. This issue should be considered a significant problem as it undermines the functioning of the healthcare system and relations between patients and caregivers. There are several reasons for these refusals: the lack of competence, high price of suggested services, religious and cultural beliefs.

Headline: Best interest of a child is of primary concern today (Consent to treatment, 2015)

• parents try to protect children from maltreatment
• nurses do not consider all aspects
• complex conditions of care delivery
• parents possess more reliable information
• failure to obtain the informed consent
• right to preserve family privacy

In the majority of cases, parents act to protect their childrens interests. Additionally, they could be afraid of maltreatment and poor outcomes of treatment. For this reason, the majority of cases when parents refuse medical services could be justified by the increased threat to the health of a child or healthcare specialists inability to deliver care appropriately.

Extremely high prices for services

• parents are not able to pay for care
• there are no cheap analogs
• the quality of services suffers
• the high need for a new pricing policy
• specific support programs for parents
• improved cooperation between caregivers and parents

The high price of medical services remains one of the main barriers parents face when trying to obtain care and help their children to recover. In such a way, the need for the reconsideration of the current situation becomes evident as adults continue to neglect services offered to them because of their unreasonably high price (When can a parent deny medical treatment to a minor child? n.d). The introduction of support incentives could help to improve the situation and attain significant success.

Ethical concerns related to parents refusals

• families have their unique cultural peculiarities
• religious issues should be respected
• ethical problems introduce barriers to care delivery
• a customized approach to every family
• alteration of the policy related to the issue
• patients ability to dispute

Patients unwillingness to use particular healthcare services because of cultural issues should be considered a critical question. It deteriorates relations between parents and caregivers and results in numerous refusals accepting the suggested care (Frenkel, 2013). Under these conditions, the need for a customized approach that considers the religious and cultural peculiarities of families is critical for the modern healthcare sector to satisfy diverse patients needs.

The absence choice for parents

• parents are suggested the only alternative
• disregard of patients interests
• the need for several options
• parents could make a reasonable decision
• reconsideration of care delivery model
• diversity is the key to success.

Specialists try to identify one of several options that could be considered the best one. However, it limits parents in their choice and deprives them of the opportunity to discuss other alternatives. In this regard, the current model of care delivery should be reconsidered for patients to be able to select the approach that fits the best in a particular case.

References

Consent to treatment  children and young people. (2015).

Frenkel, M. (2013). Refusing treatment. The Oncologist, 18(5), 634-636.

When can a parent deny medical treatment to a minor child? (n.d.). Web.

The manifesto is about parents seeking an opportunity to coach and spend time with their children. Therefore, I agree with the concept within the manifesto due to the insight on the integral factor of balancing between sports and family time. On the one hand, it is important to establish activities that all members participate in to enhance the relationship. On the other hand, it is crucial to determine the limit on a parents influence to the childs engagement in recreation groups. According to Mathenys stipulations, a guardian contributes to the success of the kid based on the dynamic approaches that influence the behavior and independence (CoachUp, 2013). Although it is the role of an adult to ensure optimal use of talent and skills in games, it is vital to focus on the autonomous essence of the teenager to avoid the control and compromise among the persons. Therefore, the elders have the responsibility of offering advice while allowing the youths to discover their passion in various types of sports.

I would apply the aspect discussed in The Matheny Manifesto (2013) due to the essence of empowering individuals with an autonomous view on discovering talents and skills. A constructive team operates under the spectrum of equal contribution during the engagements. As a result, each member attains relevance and satisfaction based on the ideal objectives. The promotion of a parent-child relationship in sports is similar to the coordination of individuals within a group. For this reason, it is important to develop policies that govern the operations, therefore boosting the performance outcome among all personnel. Effective leadership is the phenomenon of ensuring the trickle-down effect of benefits such as acquisition of knowledge and experience among all stakeholders hence the incorporation of the strategies within the declaration framework.

Reference

CoachUp. (2013). The Matheny Manifesto: The controversial letter all sports parents must read. Web.

Robert Plomin  Professor of Behavioral Genetics, Kings College London

The nature vs. nurture debate has a long history, and scholars of all times tried to determine whether parental heritage or upbringing was more critical in forming the personality. The scholars claim that approximately half of the differences in cognitive abilities, mental state, and personality traits are determined by the DNA they inherit from parents. Therefore, it is not right to disregard genetics in the discussion of the personality formation of children. While upbringing determines the other 50 percent of the characteristics the child develops, psychologists tend to overestimate the influence of external factors on children. The peculiar detail is that siblings with similar DNA and upbringing often develop entirely different personalities, which emphasizes the importance of random in individual formation.

The experiment on twins shows that siblings with the same DNA brought together and separately did not differ. In other words, the influence of the environmental facts and upbringing is entirely random. When parents think that the books they read to their children and how they talk to them are essential in personality formation, they are usually wrong. If the child does not become the victim of abuse or neglect, their development is determined by various random factors that parents cannot change.

Understanding that parents cannot influence the development of serious mental issues of their children like depression is critical in family psychology. Therefore, adult people need to understand their responsibility in a childs upbringing clearly. They can give a positive example to their children with their behavior and teach them important issues, but they cannot completely change their personalities with education.

Nancy Segal  Professor of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton & Director, Twin Studies Center

It is difficult to estimate the number of money parents spends on buying behavioral psychology books and courses that teach them how to bring up a successful person. These adult people will not believe anyone who says that their influence on childrens individuality is limited, and genes determine many characteristics of the child. When parents think that if they read books to their children, their children will become more intelligent. However, it is only partially the habit children adopt from the environment because their genes limit their intellectual level.

Sharing the environment is essential in the development of specific behavioral characteristics. The analysis of twins behavior shows that they develop similar conduct even when they live apart for years. This example illustrates that genetic inheritance determines how children build their personalities, and it is wrong to overestimate this part of identity. At the same time, children adopted by the family develop the characteristics of people in their closest surroundings. It proves that the environment is also vital in forming the personality. In all cases, the researcher claims that parents should be cautious about imposing their role models on children and see the needs of the particular kid. Parenting should be based on realistic expectations that are connected with the specific child, but not on the illusion that upbringing and the environment can change everything in the childs behavior. In other words, genes are equally important as the childs environment in forming individual characteristics.

Paige Harden  Psychology Professor, University of Texas

Genetic determinism is the adverse theory that restricts the opportunities of most people. As a result, these ideas are rarely promoted in modern society because they are opposite to the principles of democracy. Practice shows that those children with limited schooling opportunities are less likely to realize their intellectual potential. In other words, if the talented child does not have the chance to study and develop their talent, it is unlikely they will achieve good results in a particular sphere.

Those scholars who study twins who are brought up in different families and develop similar characteristics do not talk about extreme situations. They disregard the importance of everyday parenting in the childs life and ignore family abuse, extreme poverty, neglect, substance addiction of the adult, and other harmful factors. Though these issues are not rare in society, it is critical to pay attention to them when discussing a childs upbringing. According to the statistical information, one child in 16 is sexually abused, and almost 3 million children live in low-income families in the United States, where there are less than 2 dollars per individual per day (IntelligenceSquared Debates, 2019). This data shows a vital concern in giving children equal study opportunities and growing up in a typical environment.

Culture has a significant impact on character development. People usually inherit the image of the ideal future from their parents, and these views are influenced by the society and culture where the person lives. Therefore, the environment is crucial in forming the personality and perspectives on the surrounding reality, which supports the idea that nurture is even more important than nature.

Ann Pleshette Murphy  Author & Parenting Expert

The environment determines how children react to themselves and evaluate their traits. For example, those children who are brought up in families where parents support the differences of the child are not afraid of expressing their individuality. Those children, who were abused for showing inappropriate behavior, are more likely to restrict their emotions in public and avoid revealing their true personalities. In other words, parents attitude is critical in the formation of the way the child perceives themselves while growing up.

Another factor that should be mentioned is the dynamic character of family and parental relationships. Adult people adapt to external circumstances, and their relationships change. For example, many couples divorce, and children must endure this painful experience. The researcher claims that most people in the studio have gone through this situation, and they know that it is a stressful episode for parents and their children who cannot control the situation. Children experience frustration when the environment that used to be stable starts to ruin, and they cannot make anything to prevent this situation.

It is impossible to state that such events do not influence the formation of the childs psyche even if the child showed calm and reserved behavior before their parents divorce. It allows the researcher to state that genes are not that critical in this case because the child experiences stress from their parents divorce, and it is the environmental factor. Therefore, parents should always keep in mind that their attitudes and conduct impact their children regardless of the genetic heritage these children have. It is vital to find a balance between the proper upbringing and understanding the inborn inclinations of the child to help them realize their potential and talents without serious problems.

Reference

IntelligenceSquared Debates. (2019). Parenting is overrated [Video]. YouTube.

Introduction

Being a single parent is challenging work since a parent has to care not only for oneself but for another little person. Therefore, single parenting is a great responsibility as an adult has to raise and teach a child while also providing one with necessities. Overall, a person must simultaneously work to earn money and be a parent to ones kid; it is often tough to maintain a balance between the two, which leads to financial problems.

Financial Implications of Being a Single Parent

To begin with, a parent cant leave for work, considering that one has to feed, entertain, and care for a child. Still, the option of sparing parenthood responsibilities to relatives is not for everyone, so parents stay at home without any steady income (Stack & Meredith, 2017; Murray, 2022; Casey, 2022; Kent, 2022). Additionally, sending a kid to childcare can often be unreasonably expensive, and not every adult can afford such expenditures even by working long hours (Measom, 2022; Longero, 2022; Cohen, 2022; Zoepf, 2019; Maggio, 2017). For instance, in New Zealand, a couple has to spend 37.3% of their income to cover childcare, which means it accumulates 74.6% for a single parent (World Economic Forum, 2022; Kahler, 2022). Naturally, financial problems may occur when providing a child with necessities, such as diapers, clothes, food, and toys.

Conclusion

To sum up, in the modern world, when everything is getting more expensive each day, it is genuinely challenging to manage to be a single parent. The number of financial issues that single parents nowadays face is disturbing, which is understandable as raising and providing for a kid and oneself can be overwhelming. Therefore, single parents may struggle with maintaining the balance between work and parenthood or face financial issues of giving a child necessities.

References

Casey, B. (2022). Rising costs are hitting single-parent households hard. Heres how to bolster family finances. The Globe and Mail. Web.

Cohen, A. J. (2022). A single mom and money coach who paid off $35,000 of debt says most of her clients struggle with the same 4 hurdles. Business Insider. Web.

Kahler, R. (2022). Single parents deserve a hall of fame. Aberdeen News. Web.

Kent, A. H. (2022). Single Mothers Face Difficulties with Slim Financial Cushions. Web.

Longero, L. (2022). Managing Financial Challenges for Single Parents. MoneyGeek.com. Web.

Maggio, J. B. (2017). Overwhelmed: The Life of a Single Mom (2nd ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Measom, C. (2022). What Are Some Financial Problems Single Parents Face? Pocketsense. Web.

Murray, J. (2022). Its hard getting money to stretch: Single mothers say they need support. The Guardian. Web.

Stack, R. J., & Meredith, A. (2017). The impact of financial hardship on single parents: An exploration of the journey from social distress to seeking help. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39(2), 233242.

World Economic Forum. (2022). These countries have the most expensive childcare. Web.

Zoepf, K. (2019). The Unspeakable Cost of Parenthood. The New York Times. Web.

Ayoub, Mona, et al. Genetic and environmental associations between child personality and parenting. Social psychological and personality science 10.6 (2019): 711-721.

The article discusses how many peoples ideas about parenting are based on how it affects their kids. The authors say that children can affect how their parents raise them. According to the research, there is a lot of difference in how warm and stressed-out parents are because of their genes. When the Big Five personality traits were added to the model, they explained about half of the differences. This article is important because it supports the idea that parents should raise their children in a way that fits their childs personalities. The authors conclude that any remaining traits traced back to parents are most likely due to child traits.

Cheng, Nanhua, et al. Quality of maternal parenting of 9-month-old infants predicts executive function performance at 2 and 3 years of age. Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2018): 2293.

The authors use the data to show that during an infants second year of life, much research has been done on how a mother raises her child and how that affects the childs future executive function (EF). The article says that less is known about the effects of being a good mother in the first year. This studys goal was to determine whether how a mother cares for her baby during the first year of life affects how well the baby does on EF tests at ages 2 and 3. This work is important because it shows how a mother raising her children early in life affects EFs later development. Mothers encourage their children to be independent and think for themselves, but not when they are sensitive.

Doepke, Matthias, Giuseppe Sorrenti, and Fabrizio Zilibotti. The economics of parenting. Annual Review of Economics 11 (2019): 55-84.

The article says that choosing a way to raise children is one of the most important things a person will ever do. In recent economics research on parenting, more data and ideas from other fields that study parent-child relationships have been used. For example, the authors show how economics has led to models that help us understand the different approaches to parenting. These were first looked into in the field of developmental psychology. It is important because it gives accurate, complete empirical models of how children learn cognitive and noncognitive skills in response to input from their parents and other people.

Elliott, Sinikka, and Megan Reid. Low-income Black mothers parenting adolescents in the mass incarceration era: The long reach of criminalization. American sociological review 84.2 (2019): 197-219.

The article looks at the intersection of two related research fields and shows how our knowledge of the far-reaching effects of criminalization has grown. That is, always keeping an eye on black mothers, giving them harsh punishments, and making black teens criminals. Low-income black mothers change how they raise their children so that authorities and mainstream groups dont label them as bad mothers and take away their parental rights. They also do this so their children do not get labeled criminals. Notable because it introduces the idea of family criminalization to explain how institutions can watch over and punish black mothers and their children. The authors say that to understand how criminalization shows up in the lives of African-Americans, you need to know how families work together and how they change over time.

Ishizuka, Patrick. Social class, gender, and contemporary parenting standards in the United States: Evidence from a national survey experiment. Social Forces 98.1 (2019): 31-58.

The author talks about how parents are becoming more involved in their kids lives and how there are differences in parenting based on class and gender. According to the research, parents from various social groups support strict parenting in various situations, regardless of whether they have sons or daughters. The piece is important because it shows how time-consuming mothering, putting children first, and being a father are common cultural norms that lead to todays high expectations for parental involvement with children.

Keller, Heidi. Universality claim of attachment theory: Childrens socioemotional development across cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.45 (2018): 11414-11419.

The article examines the main ideas of attachment theory in light of how people are raised in different cultures. The article talks about how toddlers start to use a technique and how the people around them respond to their choices. On the other hand, the babys caretakers, whether children or adults, are experts who know what is best for the baby without questioning their mental states. The article is important because it shows how important it is to understand how parents are different to move research forward and improve the lives of children.

KopalaSibley, Daniel C., et al. Early childhood parenting predicts late childhood brain functional connectivity during emotion perception and reward processing. Child Development 91.1 (2020): 110-128.

The article says that women have a lot of control over how their children act in different ways. The authors say that data were collected while people looked at emotional faces and did a task that involved processing rewards. The research showed that parental hostility meant the amygdala connection was getting weaker. This is because sad faces, instead of neutral faces, are shown in the frontal and parietal parts of the brain. Also, the connection between the right posterior orbital frontal cortex and the right inferior frontal gyrus is stronger when there is monetary gain feedback than when there is monetary loss feedback. The article identifies monetary gain would make a stronger connection between the cingulate and frontal cortex than loss feedback. The article is important because it suggests that parenting may change how the brain understands emotions and rewards.

Lee, Dae-Woo, Jae-Gon Kim, and Yeon-Mi Yang. The influence of parenting style on child behavior and dental anxiety. Pediatric dentistry 40.5 (2018): 327-333.

The articles show how parents raising their kids affects their behavior and fear of the dentist. The goals of this study were to look at how well existing research was done and to see how parenting style affected childrens fear of the dentist and how they behaved. Studies of preschoolers who had never been to the dentist or had a history of dental phobia show that their behavior and fear of the dentist changed greatly depending on how their parents handled it. Studies of school-aged children who had been to the dentist before or were sent there showed no differences. The article is helpful because it shows a link between how parents raise their kids and how they act and feel about going to the dentist.

Le, Kien, and My Nguyen. Bad Applepeer effects in elementary classrooms: the case of corporal punishment in the home. Education Economics 27.6 (2019): 557-572.

The authors show the first real-world proof that CPH (corporal punishment in the home) has harmful effects on children exposed to it. The article shows how being around people with CPH hurts success. The article says that if students real learning efforts, academic goals, and social connections change badly, this could have serious effects. The important thing about this article is that it shows a link between parenting and the rise in peer aggression.

Luhr, Sigrid, Daniel Schneider, and Kristen Harknett. Parenting Without Predictability: Precarious Schedules, Parental Strain, and Work-Life Conflict. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8.5 (2022): 24-44.

This study uses survey answers from 2,971 parents working in the service industry to examine how unexpected scheduling affects three parts of parenting. According to the research, it is harder to find childcare, and there is more work-life conflict when shift timing changes, on-call shifts, and short notice of work schedules are involved. The article points out that working these hours makes it more likely for mothers to miss work. The article is interesting because it discusses how race and family structure affect the relationship between an unpredictable schedule and these parenting traits.

Meeussen, Loes, and Colette Van Laar. Feeling pressure to be a perfect mother relates to parental burnout and career ambitions. Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018): 2113.

The authors say that intensive mothering conventions push women to be their best. According to the study, women who feel they have to be perfect parents have more stress and guilt. This article has two goals to move this research forward: First, we look into the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral ways that mothers deal with the pressure to be the perfect mother and how these ways may be linked to parental burnout. The authors also look at how trying to be the perfect mother might affect how well mothers do at work. The article can be a resource because it advises how to focus your efforts to make parenting easier. The author concludes that the pressure to be the perfect mother has a direct positive effect on professional goals but an indirect negative effect.

Moè, Angelica, Idit Katz, and Marianna Alesi. Scaffolding for motivation by parents, and child homework motivations and emotions: Effects of a training program. British Journal of Educational Psychology 88.2 (2018): 323-344.

The ideas in the article come from self-determination theory and motivational scaffolding. This study aimed to examine how perceived parental autonomy-supportive scaffolding affects childrens motivation, mood, engagement, and belief in their own ability to do tasks independently. The articles findings show that when parents have higher parental autonomy motivation, their children see them as more supportive of their independence. This piece is important to the research because it shows how the debate is mostly about what parents can do to help their kids. At the end of the article, it says that parental autonomy support helps kids become more motivated by giving them a less negative and maybe even more positive view of homework.

Martiny, Sarah E., et al. Childrens Well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: Relationships with attitudes, family structure, and mothers Well-being. European Journal of Developmental Psychology 19.5 (2022): 711-731.

The article says that even though the epidemic is bad for parents health, little is known about childrens health. According to the authors research, young people reported being less happy than most people in Europe. Living in a single-parent home was linked to lower child well-being, which is in line with other studies. The article is important because it shows that a mothers happiness affects her childs happiness and that people felt worse during the epidemic. Researchers found a strong link between how children see themselves, their health, their feelings about COVID-19 restrictions, and their age. The effects of protecting children from the negative effects of real and imagined pandemics are discussed.

Nikken, Peter. Parents instrumental use of media in childrearing: Relationships with confidence in parenting, and health and conduct problems in children. Journal of Child and Family Studies 28.2 (2019): 531-546.

The article talks about how parents can use certain parenting techniques, such as limiting their kids media time. This article looks at whether or not parents see media devices as helpful tools for parenting and how family characteristics, parenting beliefs, and child development affect whether or not parents are okay with their kids using media devices. The article was chosen for the study because it shows that parental perceptions, not parent-family traits, have a bigger effect on whether or not different kinds of instrumental media use are acceptable. The author finds that parents who are unsure of themselves are more likely to use media to help their kids.

Oliveira, T. D. O., et al. Childrens behavioral problems, screen time, and sleep problems association with negative and positive parenting strategies during the COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil. Child Abuse & Neglect 130 (2022): 105345.

This study looks at the differences between COVID-19 groups of children raised by parents with bad parenting styles and those raised by parents with good parenting styles. In this study, one of the goals of the intervention is to improve parenting skills. The article says that using negative parenting strategies more often makes it more likely that a childs behavior and mental health will get worse. This article is important to this study because it shows that how parents raise their children may be much more important than what was thought before in preventing harm to them during stressful times.

Piller, Ingrid, and Livia Gerber. Family language policy between the bilingual advantage and the monolingual mindset. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (2018).

The article discusses how parenting in Western countries has led to many self-help and how-to books. The authors discuss the problems of being a bilingual parent, which is starting to add a new dimension to parents worries. The article is important because it looks at how parents discuss their goals for their bilingual children and the associated problems. Statistics show that the posters belief in the benefits of being bilingual does not always translate into good ways to raise bilingual children. At the end of the study, the effects of institutionalized English monolingualism on advocacy and policy for family languages are discussed.

Sebastiano, et al. The six dimensions of parenting and adolescent psychological adjustment: The mediating role of psychological needs. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 60.2 (2019): 128-137.

The Self-Determination Theory is used in this article to show how parenting styles can be described in terms of how well teens adjust. This SDT-aligned article aimed to look at the links between the three basic psychological criteria and the six parenting-related attributes. The second goal was to determine how basic psychological needs affect the relationship between parenting styles and good and bad outcomes in a group of Italian teenagers. The article is important because it shows how the three basic psychological needs affect the relationship between parents and their teens as they grow up. The articles conclusion says that the role of parents shows how psychological needs, parenting, and adolescent adjustment are related.

Tan, W. N., and Maizura Yasin. Parents roles and parenting styles on shaping childrens morality. Universal Journal of Educational Research 8.3C (2020): 70-76.

The authors look at why childrens moral growth is getting worse. The article examines how parents roles and methods affect their childrens moral growth. The end of this article shows that parents should take an active role in teaching their kids how to live their lives. They should spend more time with their family, talk to their kids more often, be good role models who teach their kids religious values, and give them a chance to spend quality time with their grandparents. The article is helpful because it shows that authoritative parenting is the best way to raise a child. The article concludes that neither strict nor permissive parenting helps kids learn how to act morally.

Van Dijk, Rianne, et al. A meta-analysis on interparental conflict, parenting, and child adjustment in divorced families: Examining mediation using meta-analytic structural equation models. Clinical Psychology Review 79 (2020): 101861.

The authors use their knowledge to develop ideas about how bad parenting affects children in different homes. This article explains how kids act by examining how families change after a divorce. Both direct and indirect research was done on parenting, the conflict between parents, and how children adjust. This article is very important to the study because it shows that negative parenting styles are more strongly linked to how a child adjusts after a divorce than positive parenting styles. When negative and positive parenting behaviors are compared, the article shows that conflict between parents after a divorce is a clear danger.

Zurcher, Jessica D., et al. Parenting and cyberbullying across adolescence. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 21.5 (2018): 294-303.

The articles main point is to show how bad parenting can lead to cyberbullying. The authors say that using certain parenting techniques can stop teens who bully others. The authors point out that not many studies look at these temporal links. This article is important as a source because it looks at how parenting in early adolescence can predict attitudes and behaviors about cyberbullying in late adolescence. In particular, warm and supportive parenting was linked to less positive attitudes about cyberbullying and lower levels of cyberbullying among young adults. Also, having an authoritarian parent made it more likely for kids, especially boys, to be cyberbullied. As a possible defense against cyberbullying, suggestions are given for how parents can teach their kids more positive things during early adolescence.

Works Cited

Ayoub, Mona, et al. Genetic and Environmental Associations Between Child Personality and Parenting. Social Psychological and Personality Science 10.6 (2019): 711-721. Web.

Cheng, Nanhua, et al. Quality of Maternal Parenting of 9-Month-Old Infants Predicts Executive Function Performance at 2 and 3 Years of Age. Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2018): 2293. Web.

Doepke, Matthias, Giuseppe Sorrenti, and Fabrizio Zilibotti. The Economics of Parenting. Annual Review of Economics 11 (2019): 55-84. Web.

Elliott, Sinikka, and Megan Reid. Low-Income Black Mothers Parenting Adolescents in the Mass Incarceration Era: The Long Reach of Criminalization. American Sociological Review 84.2 (2019): 197-219. Web.

Ishizuka, Patrick. Social Class, Gender, and Contemporary Parenting Standards in the United States: Evidence from a National Survey Experiment. Social Forces 98.1 (2019): 31-58. Web.

Keller, Heidi. Universality Claim of Attachment Theory: Childrens Socioemotional Development Across Cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115.45 (2018): 11414-11419. Web.

KopalaSibley, Daniel C., et al. Early Childhood Parenting Predicts Late Childhood Brain Functional Connectivity During Emotion Perception and Reward Processing. Child Development 91.1 (2020): 110-128. Web.

Lee, Dae-Woo, Jae-Gon Kim, and Yeon-Mi Yang. The Influence of Parenting Style on Child Behavior and Dental Anxiety. Pediatric Dentistry 40.5 (2018): 327-333. Web.

Le, Kien, and My Nguyen.  Bad Apple Peer Effects in Elementary Classrooms: The Case of Corporal Punishment in the Home. Education Economics 27.6 (2019): 557-572. Web.

Luhr, Sigrid, Daniel Schneider, and Kristen Harknett. Parenting Without Predictability: Precarious Schedules, Parental Strain, and Work-Life Conflict. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 8.5 (2022): 24-44. Web.

Meeussen, Loes, and Colette Van Laar. Feeling Pressure to Be a Perfect Mother Relates to Parental Burnout and Career Ambitions. Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018): 2113. Web.

Moè, Angelica, Idit Katz, and Marianna Alesi. Scaffolding for Motivation by Parents, And Child Homework Motivations and Emotions: Effects of a Training Programme. British Journal of Educational Psychology 88.2 (2018): 323-344. Web.

Martiny, Sarah E., et al. Childrens Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Relationships with Attitudes, Family Structure, and Mothers Well-Being. European Journal of Developmental Psychology 19.5 (2022): 711-731. Web.

Nikken, Peter. Parents Instrumental Use of Media in Childrearing: Relationships with Confidence in Parenting, and Health and Conduct Problems in Children. Journal of Child and Family Studies 28.2 (2019): 531-546. Web.

Oliveira, T. D. O., et al. Childrens Behavioral Problems, Screen Time, and Sleep Problems Association with Negative and Positive Parenting Strategies During The COVID-19 Outbreak in Brazil. Child Abuse & Neglect 130 (2022): 105345. Web.

Piller, Ingrid, and Livia Gerber. Family Language Policy Between the Bilingual Advantage and the Monolingual Mindset. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism (2018). Web.

Sebastiano, et al. The Six Dimensions of Parenting and Adolescent Psychological Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Psychological Needs. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 60.2 (2019): 128-137. Web.

Tan, W. N., and Maizura Yasin. Parents Roles and Parenting Styles on Shaping Childrens Morality. Universal Journal of Educational Research 8.3C (2020): 70-76. Web.

Van Dijk, Rianne, et al. A Meta-Analysis on Interparental Conflict, Parenting, and Child Adjustment in Divorced Families: Examining Mediation Using Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Models. Clinical Psychology Review 79 (2020): 101861. Web.

Zurcher, Jessica D., et al. Parenting and Cyberbullying Across Adolescence. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 21.5 (2018): 294-303. Web.

Introduction

Parenting experience is different for each person responsible for caring for their biological, foster, or adopted children. Most people have happy and sad emotions after receiving newborns. I interviewed a thirty-year-old mother of two called Lilian (pseudonym). Particularly, she had an eight years old girl and a 4-year-old boy. Although being a parent is a privilege that most adults look forward to, without proper planning, it can become a burden that leaves a person feeling caged and insufficient.

Children Needs and Demands

The two children need parental love and care, which is mostly given through being present for them. In addition, they need to be provided with basic needs, including shelter, clothing, and food (Samadi, 2022). Lilian explained that her older child had cerebral palsy causing physical and mental disabilities. She has to attend regular physiotherapy, special needs school, and her nannies demand higher wages. The son is in kindergarten and still requires special attention such as to be taken to and from school. Lilian also explained that this child was passionate about playing music instruments. She decided to enroll him to a piano class as a way of cultivating his passion.

Joy and Challenges

Upon enquiring about the positives and drawbacks of being a parent, Lilian summed her explanation saying that no one ever prepares a person to be a parent. It is a full time job, that demands effort, yet lacks a check. Nonetheless, seeing the children grow brings a sense of joy, fulfilment and hope. Lilian said that although her girl had a disability, she loved her smile and vulnerability. She faces challenges of taking care of her, paying for her demands, stigma, and stress. Her son brings much joy to the family because he is a multi-talented genius. However, she barely has time to be with her friends or go out due to her mothering responsibilities.

Parenting Strategy

Lilian said that she identified as a liberal parent who was always ready to learn from new experiences. She does not have a specific strategy but tries to roll with the flow of life. She tries to balance between her employment and parental responsibilities, both of which are demanding yet necessary for her wellness (Swarnalatha & Sekar, 2017). There are people who assist her with the children while she is at work. She tried to discipline her children by giving them a time out or denying them some privileges when they showed undesirable behavior. Nonetheless, she is open to listening to the opinions and demands of her children and give appropriate responses.

Economic Challenges

The interviewee is a manager at a five-star hotel and has always been able to provide the basic needs of her children. However, she says that after the declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic and the government setting up stringent measures to curb its spread, her finances were greatly affected (Fang et al., 2020). The hotel could no longer pay the salary. Notably, even after going through lengthy course work and assessment, financial analyst still failed to shield people from the inflation (Huddleston, 2019). With her lay experience in monetary planning Lilian had to depend on her savings, which was not much. She reduced her expenses and tried to make homemade cookies while selling to the neighbors to increase her income. Lilian cannot be entirely blamed for the financial crisis given that nobody ever prepared her for such an outcome.

Economic Forecast

The goal of Lilian is to provide her children with the best education, despite the ongoing issues that she deals with trying to look for finances. Lilian has good savings skills that she learned from her parents, and as a study predicts, she wants to emulate her childhood lessons now (LeBaron et al., 2020). Now that she is in her thirties, she wants to secure an education policy for both her children. Moreover, she just started a retirement plan where she gives money that will be given back when she is above 65 years. Her financial advisor said that she might be able to own a home by the time she turns forty years. Thus, by the time she is aging, she will be among the upper middle class.

Strategy for financial security

Lillian has now fully resumed her managerial position, she hopes to save a tenth of her salary in a fixed account every month and start a business as a side hustle at the end of five years. Lilian believes that like many people the COVID-19 pandemic was an eye-opener for the need of having multiple streams of income. In addition, she has decided to always budget her finances instead of randomly spending her money on things that are not beneficial.

Interviewees Advice

The responsibility of taking care of another human by ensuring that they are well-fed, sheltered, educated, and their social, medical, and psychological needs are met are challenging even for loving parents. It is vital that mothers take time to rest without feeling guilty so that their responsibility does not take a toll on their health. In addition, financial planning and saving is important for securing the future of the children. It is never too late to start a savings plan even with a small income.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the lesson I got from the interview is that parenting is a challenging yet joyful experience. Children need responsible adults all the time to help in feeding and ensuring their safety. They have no money to pay back, but their smile is enough appreciation. Parents should try to be present for their children when they get from work early and during weekends.

References

Fang, Y., Nie, Y., & Penny, M. (2020). Transmission dynamics of the COVID19 outbreak and effectiveness of government interventions: A datadriven analysis. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(6), 645-659. Web.

Huddleston, C. (2019). Mom and dad, we need to talk: How to have essential conversations with your parents about their finances. John Wiley & Sons.

LeBaron, A. B., Holmes, E. K., Jorgensen, B. L., & Bean, R. A. (2020). Parental financial education during childhood and financial behaviors of emerging adults. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 31(1), 42-54. Web.

Samadi, S. A. (Ed.) (2022). Parenting: Challenges of child rearing in a changing society. BoD  Books on Demand.

Swarnalatha, V., & Sekar, S. (2017). A relationship between emotional intelligence and work life balance professionals  A conceptual perspective. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 2(1)107 -110. Web.

In the article Kids of Helicopter Parents Are Sputtering Out by Julie Lythcott-Haims, she talks about how parents instruct their children on what to do from when they are little to university students. She narrates how a childs father would have divorced her mother if she had not specialized and majored in economics. This is because it took her seven years to complete school instead of the expected four years. Moreover, the kids father used to micromanage her every move, requiring her to study off campus at her uncles place every weekend. Professor Neil Montgomery surveyed 300 college students and discovered that those with helicopter parents were not open to new ideas and that their actions were more vulnerable, self-conscious, and anxious. In addition, Karen Able, a psychologist, accuses many parents who are overly involved in child-rearing of taking a significant toll on their college students mental health in the long run.

I agree with most of the points in this article since my mother is an absolute definition of a helicopter parent. In this article, a study of 438 college students was performed, whereby initial evidence was found to be causing a complex problem in the development of emerging adults (Lythcott-Haims 4).

I have always tried to do my thing, even if she keeps telling me what to do. Parents try their best to do more for their children, which is unsuitable for them. Parenting does not come with a guidebook, and they should try to understand that every child is their person and that they cannot direct their kids lives forever. One of the adverse effects it has had on me is that I have been unable to make my own decisions, even at my age. Most college students today cannot make their own decisions, even in old age (Ford, ODriscoll, and MacDonald 60). If parents try to control every aspect of their kids lives, it can lead to severe problems such as depression and anxiety.

However, parents should be like a rock for their children. A rock is a substance that is very strong and unchanging. It is capable of weathering the storm and enduring the test of time. This means that parents should provide stability and strength for their children (Connell 23). They should also be there for their kids through every stage. For instance, they should guide their kids so they can avoid making bad decisions in their lives. Parents are experienced enough to know the best thing for their kids and the worst decisions that can affect them (Lythcott-Haims 3). The analogy of parents being a rock is perfect since it indicates the need for parents to be firm and unchanging for their children.

Parents should also participate in their childrens lives as it helps lay a foundation for better academic and social skills. A secure and robust relationship with their parents leads to healthy emotional, motivational, cognitive, and social development (Lahousen, Unterrainer, and Kapfhammer 914). According to Lythcott-Haims, parents intentions are more than sound, their love for their kids is very fierce, and all they want is the best for them (3). Most parents are willing to protect their kids from what might hurt them in the future, hence being overprotective. Therefore, parents should take part in their childrens lives to shield them from making any bad mistakes.

In conclusion, parents should act as a source of strength and stability for their children. They need to behave like a rock to their kids throughout their lives. They should purposefully be there for their kids through thick and thin. However, they should not be overinvolved in their lives as they should allow their kids to face challenges independently. This is because if parents control every aspect of their kids lives, it can cause serious problems such as depression.

Works Cited

Connell, Robert W., et al. Making the difference: Schools, families and social division. Routledge, 2020.

Ford, Suzanne, Mike ODriscoll, and Anita MacDonald. Living with Phenylketonuria: Lessons from the PKU community. Molecular genetics and metabolism reports 17, 2018, pp. 57-63. Web.

Lahousen, Theresa, Human Friedrich Unterrainer, and Hans-Peter Kapfhammer. Psychobiology of attachment and traumasome general remarks from a clinical perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry 10, 2019, p. 914. Web.

Lythcott-Haims, Julie. Kids of helicopter parents are sputtering out. 2015.

The challenge of ensuring ample success of children in educational settings perhaps calls for ensuring richness in childcare. Following its research on the extent to which fathers involve themselves in the development of education of their children, Eric Development Team reveals how Half of students mostly get As and enjoy school&when their fathers involve themselves in their schools compared to about one-third of students when their fathers have low levels of involvement (2000, p.3). Female and male parents have different contributions towards the success of their children in education; fathers roles being equally significant as that played by mothers.

National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance argue that Fathers who have positive relationships with their children can have positive effects on their social, cognitive, and academic achievement and their behavior (2010, Para 3). Somewhat congruent with Eric Development Teams findings, National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance confirms how children, borne of fathers who are active in educational matters of their children, do better in school.

These children get better grades, and have low probabilities of being victims of expulsions or rather repeat grades. Scholarly research reveals that involvement of fathers in parenting has a significant effect in fostering positive altitude development in kids (Hamner & Turner, 2001, p.23). Education process more often involves the development of new knowledge. Therefore, building on this new knowledge, positive altitude goes a long way in ensuring the realization of dreams involving exploitation of virgin lands. Male and female parents have different ways of parenting styles, all of which are subtle for the educational success. Consequently, children growing under the nurture of both parents stand better gains in terms of success in education.

Despite the high beliefs that fathers play proactive role in ensuring the success of their children in academics, there exists a number of barriers towards establish a central position for fathers to involve themselves with this noble role. Some fathers may lack ample knowledge about the immense changes that they can make towards ensuring success of their kids in education. As National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance voices it out, The attitudes and personal beliefs toward the fathers involvement&in the childs life (2010, Para 10) may also act as a major impediment. Additionally, old-fashioned societal expectations coupled with mixed cultural anticipations about the divisions of roles embraced by parents of different gender also deter the involvements of fathers in education.

In the light of existence of some of the mentioned barriers, an impeccable way to resolve them is perhaps the enactment of ways that help to curtail the barriers. One of such ways is the increment of support that encourages fathers to participate in fostering educational development of their kids. As a way of heeding to this call, as voiced by the National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance, Federal and national organizations have developed and/or funded programs and initiatives that support and reflect the critical role that fathers play in building strong, successful families and the well-being of children (2010, Para 4).

These organizations and programs substantially concentrate on engaging fathers in childcare, involvements in education, and or according any other necessary support during the development process. The National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance reveals other programs that focus on strengthening parenting skills by encouraging fathers to participate in a relationship or parenting classes, or focusing on the individual needs of fathers by providing job training opportunities and/or sponsoring fatherhood workshops or discussion groups (2010, Para 5). With increased participation of fathers in nurturing their kids academically, it is more likely that children would embrace the fathers parenting style, which is distinct from the mothers style. The involvement will automatically result to the improvement of childrens performance in schools especially in mathematics and verbal skills.

Reference List

Eric Development Team. (2000). Father Involvement in schools. Web.

Hamner, T., & Turner, P. (2001). Parenting in contemporary society. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Print.

National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance. (2010). Fathers Involvement in Childrens Education, Care and Support. Web.

Introduction

The topic of single parenting is often controversial in the modern world, which is caused by disagreements between the supporters and opponents of such a family union. However, earlier this issue was raised to attract public attention to this topic, but today this type of family is quite a regular phenomenon in some countries and US states. The choice to bring up a child or even children independently looks rather ambiguous for many people, both from the moral principles of society and the family. Nevertheless, there are not only drawbacks but also some benefits for mothers who live without husbands and raise their children themselves.

Demographic Makeup of Single Parenting

If you look at statistical data that shows the percentage of single women, you can see that the tendency to form an official relationship with men is becoming more popular today. According to Caumont (2013), the situation in America has changed radically since the 1960s, and now it is known that more than 40% of single women have never been married. Previously, the percentage of those women who did not have husbands was about 4%. Furthermore, the number of single women who divorced or became widowed was 82% half a century ago, and now this figure is 50% (Caumont, 2013). This information proves that society is changing its views, and opinions maybe even more different after the next ten years. Therefore, the time difference plays quite an important role in the perception of the situation.

However, the data of the statistics presented can hardly be regarded as the complete agreement of all the people with the fact that single parenting is the norm. Meir, Musick, Flood, and Dunifon (2016) claim that mothers feel both the joys and strains of raising children. Possible difficulties in the process of upbringing are partially compensated by the joy of motherhood. Nevertheless, the level of satisfaction with the life of mothers without husbands is lower compared to married women or single girls who do not have children (Ifcher & Zarghamee, 2014).

Disadvantages of Single Parenting

It is possible to single out several points of view about why single parenting is considered stressful and tiresome. The multiple responsibilities of a single mother are not limited to her professional activities. Laukkanen, Ojansuu, Tolvanen, Alatupa, and Aunola (2014) note that the weariness of women affects the behavior of their children. Many parents in this situation experience chronic fatigue, physical and emotional exhaustion. When a child grows up, his attitude towards the mother becomes more critical. However, this situation can be affected by two people in full families, and there may be disagreement and conflicts between the mother and the child in an incomplete family.

Another drawback that women face when raising children alone is the lack of time to take care of themselves. Quite often, a girl who has remained with her son or daughter by herself due to a particular situation forgets about her interests and focuses entirely on the child. Perhaps, there is also a positive moment here, but if a woman continues to lead such a way of life long enough, she has almost no chance to find a decent man (Ifcher & Zarghamee, 2014). However, it is rather difficult to remain feminine when work and household duties take away all free time and energy.

Benefits of Single Parenting

Among the benefits that single mothers acquire is their independence. These women, as a rule, work and are attracted not only by the opportunity to earn money on their own. They experience both material and moral satisfaction from their work. Elliot, Powell, and Brenton (2015) note that most women with low incomes perform their parental functions even without significant social support. Children begin to have notable respect for their mothers if they see that their only parent has achieved career successes. Besides, boys and girls whose single parent works usually have a broader idea of the place of a woman in society.

Having received a negative experience in the relationship with a man, a woman can raise a child and prevent her son or daughter from making crucial mistakes in family life. The relationships between a mother and her children become more trusting and sincere in single-parent families. Moreover, there is no absolute need for a single mother to raise a child completely without male influence. With the help of relatives and friends, a woman can always find an authoritative person for her child who will show by his example what a man can be. The necessity to bring up her child independently makes a woman stronger and helps her to understand which of the people that surround her are ready to come to the rescue in a difficult moment and provide support. Laukkanen et al. (2014) remark that childrens low positivity is influenced by weak maternal affection, thus, if a woman loves her child, the microclimate in the family will be favorable. The argument in favor of this type of relationship is that a woman does not need a man beside her to feel that her child is not deprived of attention.

General Assessment of Single Parenting

The most convincing argument against single parenting is probably the idea that it is better for a child to grow up in a full family when he or she feels the love and attention of both parents since childhood. Based on social values, a family cell is a single whole; as Meir et al. (2016) note, it is hard for one parent to cope with the task that sometimes even two parents can not perform well. Although many people mark this form of the family as the deliberate choice of a woman, it is hardly possible to consider the goal of upbringing children alone as something worthwhile. The government provides cash grants to single women with sons and daughters, but they are usually not enough to justify the sacrifices mothers make (Elliot et al., 2015).

At the same time, the right to bring up children without any censure from society should be afforded to the families of this form. Quite often, women are compelled to cope with all the family responsibilities unwillingly. Compared with other non-traditional family unions, an incomplete family does not look like anything extraordinary and is increasingly perceived as something familiar. Therefore, it can be assumed that such unions should not be limited in any rights; it is better and more correct to help them and be aware of the difficulties that single women often face.

Thus, single parenting may be described as a family that has not only drawbacks but also some benefits, which can be determined according to the interpretation of particular nuances of such unions. Any deviation from the norm is perceived by society very cautiously, but mothers who live without husbands and raise their children themselves often cope with their tasks not worse than in full families. The increase in the number of households with a female parent who has never been married can be due to a change in social stereotypes and differences in the perception of the family and its values.

References

Caumont, A. (2013). More of todays single mothers have never been married. Pew Research Center.

Elliot, S., Powell, R., & Brenton, J. (2015). Being a good mom: Low-income, black single mothers negotiate intensive mothering. Journal of Family Issues, 36(3), 351-370.

Ifcher, J., & Zarghamee, H. (2014). The happiness of single mothers: Evidence from the general social survey. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(5), 1219-1238.

Laukkanen, J., Ojansuu, U., Tolvanen, A., Alatupa, S., & Aunola, K. (2014). Childs difficult temperament and mothers parenting styles. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 312-323.

Meir, A., Musick. K., Flood, S., & Dunifon, N. (2016). Mothering experiences: How single parenthood and employment structure the emotional valence of parenting. Demography, 53(3), 649-674.

The growing interests of parents in the nurturing of their children in the recent decades reflect the challenges faced by the same due to societal behavioral change. The society we live in today has and is still evolving so much that the child rearing strategies have to change to counter the challenges posed by the same. Consequently, the old parenting strategies have become obsolete paving way for contemporary and noble strategies which are more effective. One such recent strategy is Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP). This strategy is the brainchild of Dreikurs, Don Dinkmeyer and Gary McKay whose principles are based on Alfred Adler, a psychiatrist.

Adlerian approach advocates for the existence of a democratic space within a family that is liberal yet firm with its rules. The essence of this approach is to nature a socially responsible child (Dinkmeyer, 1979). This principle focuses on the root cause of a misbehaving child and the reaction of the parent towards the same as vital in determining the fate of a misbehaving child. This principle gives guidance on how to react on different situations to prevent the child from going astray. However, just like any other strategy, STEP has its own merits and demerits. This gives a reason for the development of many other strategies that have tried to seal the loopholes in STEP strategy. In a nutshell, this paper will focus on the principles in STEP strategy as well as focusing on its strength and weaknesses.

STEP strategy is among the many modern child rearing strategies that have come up courtesy of the growing societal challenges that parents continue to grapple with to date. This strategy, which is based on Adlerian principles, calls for the existence of a democratic space between the child and the parent. This strategy advocates for broadmindedness when tackling issues while at the same time observing mutual respect between the parties involved (Dinkmeyer, 1979). This strategy gives room for the child to express his/her views, and a consensus reached in order to avert conflicting interests. However, this strategy demands that the parents ought to exercise this democratic space within the rules that govern disciplinary cases. They should not compromise these rules and as such, they groom the child to be socially responsible.

This strategy, which is produced in different languages, is given to parents as a comprehensive kit with videos and the number of sessions per week. The kit goes an extra mile to cover drug abuse information and how to handle it. According to Adler, the understanding of the behavior is a giant step towards unearthing the root cause of the problem. The underlying principle in understanding a behavior is that it is normally purposeful in order to achieve a particular goal. Adler further explains that the intent of misbehaving is purposefully to achieve one of the following goals: attention getting, power, revenge, and display of inadequacy (Dinkmeyer, 1979).

The childs behavior retrogresses in that order if not halted initially. The response of the parent will always determine the direction taken by the child. In most cases, these children are normally discouraged and as such, they choose to belong to misbehavior. As per the principles of STEP, the response of the parent towards the first goal should either be unusually or just assume the child. With regards to the second goal, STEP advises that the parent should desist from power struggle lest the child retrogrades to the third goal. When the situation goes out of hand to the third goal, STEP advises against retaliation instead, show goodwill. Ultimately, when the child turns to the worst, display of inadequacy, STEP advises against criticism instead focus on the childs strong points. This will encourage the child towards a positive direction.

All in all as parents STEP principles advocate for a responsible parent rather than a good parent. The difference between the two is that the former is liberal while the later is selfish and as such, he/she experiences rebellion from a child. On handling the child, this strategy emphasizes on an open rather than a closed response thereby giving the child a chance to express his/her feelings. This is achieved through expressive as well as receptive kind of communication coupled with reflective listening. According to STEP, expressive kind of communication encompasses three elements that include: problem ownership, I massages and, exploring alternatives (Bradley 1993).

These elements take care of how different situations should be handled in a calm yet prudent manner. For instance, as regards to exploring alternatives, one can decide to use Natural and Logical Consequence instead of rewards and punishments. This exposes the child to the natural repercussions of misbehavior and as such nurture him/her as a responsible child.

STEP strategy is a comprehensive document that tackles a wide range of challenges experienced by the parent. It equally gives the child an opportunity to express his/her feelings thereby shaping his/her character to a responsible child. This strategy is focused on a mutual understanding between the child and the parent and hence unifies the family. The strategy is geared towards recovery rather than neglect. However, the weakness of this strategy is that if the parent is not strict, the child may misuse the freedom given and start misbehaving (Catania 1985).

In a conclusion, STEP strategy is a liberal strategy yet a rational way of handling and molding a responsible child. This strategy gives an equal opportunity to the child to express his/her mind openly thus nurturing wisdom in her. However, this is achievable only when the parent is firm with disciplinary rules.

References

Bradley, E. C. (1993). The relationship between parent characteristics and effects of Systematic Training for Effective Parenting on parenting style and behaviors. Florida: University of Florida College Press. Web.

Catania, L. L. (1985). Parent education as part of a comprehensive drug rehabilitation program. New York: Fordham University Press. Web.

Dinkmeyer, D. (1979). A comprehensive and systematic approach to parent education.Journal of Family Therapy, 7(2), 4650. Web.