Category: Paradigm Shift

Technology has brought about a paradigm shift in the world of ICT. However, it has brought about various effects in our society like cybercrime. Cybercrime is a crime where a person uses a computer to access private and confidential information. Therefore, this paper will discuss on various effects of cybercrime on social media.

First, cybercrime has brought about security costs. Cybercriminals have now shifted their attention to social medial platforms like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and so on. To ensure that the users are safe, social media companies and owners have resorted to investing in how to protect their users. This definitely costs them a lot of money thereby increasing the cost of ensuring security. For example, the infamous activities by Cambridge Analytica made Facebook very unpopular and threatened to even ground one of the biggest social media platforms. After this, Facebook had to invest a huge amount of dollars to ensure that its users are safe from prying eyes.

Besides, big and small companies, organizations, and institutions rely on social media to pass information, connect with shareholders, connect with customers, advertise their products and services, and so on. This makes them targets of cybercrime. To ensure that cybercriminals are kept at bay, these firms have to hire security experts, buy expensive software, and monitor their social media accounts 24/7-375 days. This means that they are spending a lot of money on security and this could increase production costs.

In addition, cybercrime has resulted in identity theft. Nowadays users of social media are required to sign up for accounts to be able to access various social media platforms. Individuals are made to use personal details like official names, date of birth, contacts, and so on. Therefore, this personalized information in case it falls on the wrong hand through an account being hacked it can be used against the owners of the information. For example, recently there has been a public outcry where personal accounts on social media have been hacked. Furthermore, Cybercriminals have devised ways to lure innocent social media users into joining their platforms unknowingly thereby getting access to their confidential information. As can be seen, information that individuals feed on their social platforms can be accessed by a third party through hacking resulting in identity theft.

Furthermore, individuals or organizations can lose money to cybercriminals through social media. First, cybercriminals may lure social media users to join certain lucrative financial sites through advertisement pop-ups thereby getting their personal information that they can use to hack their bank accounts. Second, cybercriminals may crone certain financial sites and invite clients to open accounts with them and deposit certain amounts of money whereby after collecting a substantial amount they terminate all accounts. As has been seen, users of social media can lose money to hackers if they are not cautious.

Industrial revolution 4.0 has brought technology into our daily lives. With its unremitting advancement, integrating it into education plays a pertinent share in enhancing school education and knowledge sharing. At schools, technology, while supporting knowledge amalgamation, motivates and inspires students to go beyond textbooks and explore a world without physical boundaries. Human interaction, a good teacher, and an appropriate learning environment can never be replaced by technology. It can only be enhanced.

According to the World Economic forum research, it is estimated that by 2020, there will be 1.5 million new digitized jobs around the world. The same research also mentions that currently, 90% of the organizations have a shortage of IT skills, and 75% of educators and students realize that there is a huge gap in their abilities needed to meet the requirement of the IT workforce. It is imperative that the school ecosystem is upskilled, and includes digital education to make the students future-ready. The current National Education Policy focuses on digital education while encouraging interdisciplinary education. Smart classes, flip classes, and digital learning are also being explored extensively. Government programs such as ‘Digital India’ and increased emphasis on expanding the ‘Skill India’ campaign have added an extra impetus for schools to galvanize digital learning.

Furthering the National Education Policy focus, a structure for Model Schools has also been developed and is being implemented at various locations across the country. K10 (kindergarten till 10th standard (SSC)) curriculum in digital format has already been introduced in several schools and is now being introduced in Government schools. Various tools of digital learning which include projectors, screens, radios, and other audio-visual equipment are being introduced to the school children. Gamification of the curriculum has also seen a rise in acceptance and implementation.

The shift from classroom- chalk and board learning to digital education has been revolutionary, to say the least. According to a report by the National Statistic Commission, the Government of India – India has the largest population of children in the world with an estimated 242 million children between 10-24 years. It is imperative then, that education should be optimized to ensure that when this population becomes of working age, they have the requisite skills to ascertain employability.

The state of education in the rural areas has seen a decline due to challenges such as obsolete teaching methods, shortage of teachers, skewed student-teacher ratio, and lack of resources. Digital education will help in moderating these concerns while mitigating issues by improvising the methodologies and providing multimedia teaching tools to engage and motivate students to gain knowledge. One teacher can deliver information through remote access across several locations and interactive digital media, this will help address the shortage of teachers in the country.

Efforts are being made in the direction with the help of governments and NGOs who are working towards a better education system. While the National Education policy focuses on digital learning, NGOs such as Akshaya Patra are implementing digital infrastructure such as LCD screens, projectors, and other digital learning equipment through its ‘School Rejuvenation Programme’ under their ‘National Endeavour for School Transformation’ initiative. Various tools such as smartboards, LCD screens, videos, radio among others, make it sustainable for the teachers to deliver information more efficiently.

Learners today, have access to information and opportunities for extended, and mobile learning. This advantage provides access to give and receive immediate feedback, on the go, while providing higher motivation to engage. The digital platform has also opened avenues for children sitting in remote places to access the information and participate in learning. This increases the engagement of the students and improves their productivity.

While classroom learning is restricted to the classrooms and locations, digital learning expands the horizon and goes beyond the physical boundaries into the realms of expansive knowledge gathering. Remedial classes and remote classes from home have made a physical presence in the classroom unnecessary. The discipline which comes from physical presence can be regulated online as well. There is no dearth of knowledge and exposure to it will only enhance the skills of the children. Troubled areas or subjects that are difficult for students to grasp can be mitigated through exploration on the digital platform. More exercises, use of different learning tools can help overcome hurdles in difficult subjects with more flexibility of the learning ecosystem.

Online webinars and two-way seminars are already the buzzwords in academia but along with that if Virtual and Augmented reality (VR & AR) are included, the learning experience will take transformation in the educational sphere to a new level in Government schools. The inclusion of VR and AR in academia, so far, wherever it has been implemented, has had a massive impact on the efficiency with which it is accessible to the students and their performance management. VR also allows students who use e-learning platforms on mobile devices to interact directly with the study material hence increasing their engagement level while continuously motivating them. This hybrid and collaborative online learning experience are revolutionizing education in India.

Industrial revolution 4.0 needs the upskilling of our education industry as well. With this transformation, it would be a good idea to align our education environment to new-age learning and unlearning mechanisms. Only with radical alteration will digital learning enhance the nation’s youth as a collective. This is the generation that will constitute our future workforce, today’s children must be allowed to explore and be encouraged to learn independently and engage themselves in the knowledge available to them at the tip of their fingers. The entire paradigm shift including the rural level is a vital step towards nation-building.

When men and women enjoy the same privileges, occasions, and compulsion in all domains of life gives light to gender equality. Gender Impartiality plays an imperative role in sustainable growth and it is of utmost vibrant to the recognition of individual privileges for all. The past time reflects that women were being degraded and were restricted from enjoying their basic human rights which led the status of women to be inferior to that of men in all domains of life. All the way through history women has not been treated equally to men. In the present scenario, women may stand a better position but are still far from equal to men. Few girls are enrolled in school and very few females have decision-making powers and they earn less in comparison to males. Women hold half of the world’s population so they play a vital role in sustainable development. There is always a growing synergy between sustainable development and gender impartiality. There is always a pervasive role played by gender inequality in every dimension of sustainable enlargement. As per the statistics 15 million girls are still haven’t got to read and write in comparison to 10 million boys. There is a need to endow in policies and programs which work for girls and women. In today’s era also there is lack of equality in leadership among men and women.

The target set up for achieving sustainable enlargement goals in the year 2030. The five sustainable enlargement goals focus on achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls, stopping all kind of brutality against women and girls in every sphere of society, eliminating all harmful practices such as child marriage and female genital mutilation, recognize and appreciate unpaid work of women, ensuring women’s participation and opportunities in political leadership and public life. This will derive a change into opinionated and societal norms of the society. The global agenda can only be achieved by raising the perspective of all human kinds therefore, gender inequality to women is a threat to all the sustainable development goals. It has aspect of making every girl and every women count. Every woman deserves a life free from all kinds of discrimination which has been emphasized by our Constitution of India under Article 15, which prohibits all kinds of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

Turn gender equality into a lived reality for all. It is time to rethink, restrict, restructure and reinvent and move forward for gender equality. This paper demonstrates the various steps taken by the Government to ensure gender equality in our society.

This discussion calls for an analysis of Paradigm Shifts. Within this analysis, it will be prevalent to look at Paradigm Shifts of the Past, Present and Probable Future, to see how they influence society.

Kuhn outlined scientific paradigms as “accepted examples of actual scientific practice that include laws, theory, application and instrumentation that provide models from which particular coherent traditions of scientific research springs.” (KnowledgeBrief)

A paradigm shift is a significant change that occurs when the usual way of thinking about or doing something is replaced by a new and different way. (Merriam Webster)

Kuhn posited that science cannot evolve and progress unless most scientists agree with it. When a paradigm is established the scientist working within the field of that paradigm is practising normal science, which tries to make the paradigm more established or to find proof to support that paradigm. For example, if a paradigm is human genomes then the normal scientist would try to prove or complete the human genome mapping. Kuhn believes that a paradigm would make an unexpected leap from one to the next, called a shift, and the new paradigm could not be built upon the foundations of the old. The indirect meaning is that one has ‘stepped off the road’ that the prior paradigm followed onto an intersecting and better road.

A successful paradigm shift requires four main elements. First is pressure for change, second is a clear shared vision, then the capacity for change and actionable first step. If any of these elements is missing the result would be a failure of paradigm. Paradigms affect what kind of learning resources are required and these learning resources further influence what kind of paradigms can be used or developed. In his book, Kuhn notes “each new scientific theory preserves a hardcore of the knowledge provided by its predecessor and adds to it. Science progresses by replacing old theories with new,” and the history of Copernican theory, as of any scientific theory, can illustrate the processes by which scientific concepts evolve and replace their predecessors.

American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kahn Kuhn contests that paradigm shifts characterize a revolution to a prevailing scientific framework. They arise when the dominant paradigm, under which normally accepted science operates, is rendered incompatible or insufficient, facilitating the adoption of a revised or completely new theory or paradigm.

Aristotle and Ptolemy thought that the solar system was geocentric or earth-centred. They understood that all of the planets orbited the earth. This was the belief for a long time. They used the observations so that they could develop such a conclusion. This was the position adopted by the Catholic Church and the society at the time. Al-Biruni (973-1048) in Uzbekistan worked in Maragheh observatory in Iran and yet without telescopes he observed that the earth might be moving. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) working in Prussia, proposed that the geocentric model was impossibly complex and that the heliocentric model was simpler. He published his theory in (De Revoulutionibus Oribium Ceolestium).

The Major Proponent of the Heliocentric Model was Italian Scientist Galileo (1564- 1642) who used a new and powerful telescope to observe the sky and made several observations. His observations pointed to a Heliocentric system, that the sun is at the centre of the solar system. Galileo struggled against the Catholic Church about the occurrence of a heliocentric solar system. They also struggled with the importance of observation and rationalism in the face of irrationalism and superstition. The eventual acceptance of the heliocentric model was a major paradigm shift.

In looking at the Geocentric and the Heliocentric model, we see that person’s thought that all the planets orbited around the earth, this was a religious and societal belief that was entrenched into person’s minds. When the paradigm shift occurred, it caused confusion and chaos. Galileo remodelled how society saw the universe. He was forced to recant in fear of his life and fear of societal rejection. It is only after Galileo’s death that they confirmed through further investigation and normal science (continuation of study within a specific paradigm) that the planets indeed followed a heliocentric model, this led to Galileo’s books being published and him being known as one of the proponents of concluding heliocentricity of the planets. This is also an example of where a paradigm was shifted completely.

Alfred Wegener (1912) published his theory of continental drift, which was a controversial subject however, his beliefs along with others said that the continents were once one which they called Pangea. Wagner was criticised for his findings, but then some scientists accepted this only until 1970. The plate tectonic theory was then created and confirmed through investigation and normal science of Wegener’s theory. This showed that instead of continental drift, plate tectonics was more widely accepted and therefore the Paradigm Shift from one idea to a more concrete idea was presented.

Newton developed laws of motion and gravitation which controlled physics for 200 years, because of their informative and scientific supremacy. Then slight inconsistencies were discovered, which Einstein’s theory of relativity explained. The result was a paradigm shift from Newton’s force of gravity in a flat, infinite universe to Einstein’s curved space-time.

However, Newton was close to Einsteinian physics, his predictions were approximated. Einstein’s theory punched a hole in Newton’s logic. If, as Newton claimed, gravity was a constant, instantaneous force, the information about a sudden change of mass would have to be somehow communicated across the entire universe at once. This made little sense to Einstein. By his reasoning, if the Sun disappeared suddenly, the signal for the planets to stop orbiting would logically have to take some travel time. And it would take longer to arrive at Pluto than it would Mars. Sir Isaac Newton quantified the gravity between two objects when he formulated his three laws of motion. Yet Newton’s laws assume that gravity is an innate force of an object that can act over a distance. Such new truths do not invalidate old truths but include them. This case also demonstrates the importance of precision.

Discrepancies can be hidden in imprecise measurements: as technology improves and precision increases, the room for error shrinks and confidence in theories rises greatly. Newtonian physics was close to the truth, but increasingly precise data showed up its limitations; now the confirmation of Einsteinian physics is very precise indeed. These are examples of paradigm shifts which occurred in the past, these past paradigms are still being investigated to find more evidence to either support or unhinge such findings. To sufficiently understand what paradigm shifts are, one must look at the present-day examples.

The Internet generated a paradigm shift in the way business is conducted. Email and scan ousted the fax machine and courier services. Securities can now be placed directly by the client via the Internet and are sometimes executed in seconds. Before the internet was invented people use to have to pay to make international calls and could only reach people through letters and paper written materials. It had jobs such as couriers, and messenger pigeons. All of these are jobs that vanished with the paradigm of the internet. When the internet took over, you could comfortably call a friend from the other side of the globe in seconds, you could see them using the internet without having to catch a plane. The internet is an astonishing commodity to have, yet it removed jobs and made people less physically interactive. The internet did erase certain jobs nonetheless, it created many more and has led to the overall advancement of society and has made getting things done easier. Not just is the internet something that changed societies thinking but it changed how people lived and interacted with each. It can be seen that the internet is a major paradigm that society interacts with.

A Paradigm Shift that is currently being discussed and is the subject of many debates that can influence the views of a society moreover how people think will be Artificial Intelligence. People habitually believe that robots or machines were created to assist humans. Type a word into a computer and it will search that word however when that robot or computer starts communicating back that is the shift that may affect society.

We are living in a period of rapid change, where AI will transform every aspect of our lives and the fabric of our society. It will affect most human activities from supply chains to healthcare to education, manufacturing, entertainment and even space exploration (Richardson 2018). Artificial Intelligence can cause massive unemployment if robots who do not get tired do our work and this can create a shift from human labour to artificial robotic labour, this shift could both negatively and positively impact society, it can help persons who cannot help themselves and it could create a more technologically advanced society for person to live in. Artificial Intelligence does not just change the beliefs that people have but it can change how persons drive their car if they drive it at all and it would make life a lot smoother and easier for some people. A question that may arise and push the boundaries of such a paradigm shift is whether artificial intelligence who like us and talk like us should have the same rights as us.

1. Briefly describe your understanding of the terms, “paradigm,” “consciousness,” and “holism.” In your discussion of the term, “paradigm,” include a description of how paradigms are formed, maintained and changed.

A paradigm is a method or belief in the way we conduct our daily lives. Paradigms are similar to guiding principles, or “rules” that govern our thoughts and beliefs. These “rules” are ingrained in us through our upbringing, social norms, and cultural beliefs. Paradigms are very strong and powerful in each culture they represent, thereby making it challenging to introduce a new paradigm and inviting a shift of change. Paradigms as beliefs are formed as facts that are introduced and proven to be true. For example, a scientific hypothesis: a scientist will state the hypothesis of what he/she believes to be true, then embark on a journey to prove the hypothesis. If the scientist proves the hypothesis, a new paradigm is born. Paradigms with regard to consciousness introduce new ways of thinking, or a deeper understanding of material that was previously introduced, thereby introducing a paradigm shift. Psychologists through the years – from our early days of discovery – to now have maintained the paradigms and adjusted as expanding hypotheses were introduced. Beginning with Freud, to present day Wilber, many paradigm shifts have occurred and will constantly evolve as we come into deeper understanding.

Consciousness is an awakening of the spirit that sparks the journey of discovery of self and introduces us to the universal current of life. Consciousness is dependent on the individual’s openness to the idea that there is more than what he or she can see, feel, taste, hear, and smell. The individual must trust the universe to fulfill the agreements made and know all that occurs is for him or her to learn and grow. Consciousness is the nexus of spirituality – it is personal and intentional. Consciousness allows us the ability to delve into thought provoking journeys into the psyche to unfold the mysteries the universe holds. Consciousness opens our minds to the possibilities of connecting our energies with others through countless mediums and pathways; it is always there, begging for us to come through the door into a life of enlightenment and love. Consciousness is the foundation for spirituality and the respect and appreciation for all that is.

Holism is the sum of all parts – the mind, the body, the spirit. In traditional psychology, it incorporates all parts that make the individual: environmental, social, and emotional elements and the impacts each has on the individual. Holism is integral to all aspects of life as it is inclusive of all paradigms that intersect and encourage paradigm shifts on a micro and macro scale. Kremer (2017) explains below the importance of holism as it relates to transpersonal psychology:

We have to assume that the use of ‘delusion’, as opposed to illusion, was deliberate in its suggestion of psychopathology. Transpersonal psychology is set up both in response to this particular delusion, while still remaining caught in its tentacles. What is framed as ‘trans’ so often is still seen in opposition to (or as a mere extension of) a self that is individualistic, solid, and separate, rather than as a revision of the understanding of the self itself. Einstein labels this reframe ‘the one issue of true religion’. (p. 1).

As humans and individuals, many want to connect to something greater than themselves and live a life with purpose for something, or someone. One example of a paradigm shift is transpersonal psychology. While all psychology is essential to connecting with the human brain, transpersonal psychology gives permission to move beyond the barriers traditional therapy has created. Transpersonal psychology meets people where they are in their own time and space, honoring the journey and allowing the needs of the person to be met. Many transpersonal psychologists represent this field of study; however, there is still a resistance to this topic. As society and cultures change, so must the way psychologists study the brain and push the paradigm shift forward. Society is ever evolving – the learning and development process of the human brain must also match the evolution.

2. What is postmodernism? How does it allow for the inclusion of additional paradigms? What are its potential weaknesses?

According to Miller (nd), Postmodernism is, “a critical reaction to the modern view, taking a skeptical stance towards not just the ‘answers’ given from the modernist perspective, but calling into question the very foundations of its epistemology.” Post modernism takes modernism and pushes its boundaries, poses questions that might be considered “taboo” and definitely no answers will have “proof.” Postmodernism is the teenager challenging the system…wanting badly to break down the walls of status quo.

Miller (nd) goes on to state:

• Constructivism – All realities are constructed by particular subjects. There is no single, absolute, independently existing “reality.” Knowledge of reality is created by subjects acting out of limited experience and information, and is never final. No domain of knowledge can trump another; they exist simultaneously, with all the tension and agreement that may imply.
• Contextualism – The nature of any reality is given largely through its contexts. Any “statement of fact” is only such because of the web of contexts in which it is formed. No fact can be independent of its contexts.
• Multi-perspectivism – There are an infinite number of possible contexts, and no way to judge between them in an absolute sense that would be applicable to all observers. Knowledge is always perspectival in nature, and every context gives the basis for the construction of new meaning for that knowledge.

The potential weakness in postmodernism is the challenge it poses to society and indigenous cultures. For example, a Huichol deer in a postmodern viewpoint would open people up to the idea that connection is much deeper and easier to attain, thereby negating the need and requirement for the logical brain. Postmodernism is what has allowed the Huichol Indians to share their culture with the world, for many do seek healing in their physical symbols that represent their existence.

3. What wisdom of indigenous groups do you believe can help cultures in the 21st Century? What are some of the challenges these groups face today?

There is much wisdom to be gleaned from indigenous groups that incorporates all aspects of life – self, family, earth. Shamanic practices offer tremendous healing, understanding, and empathy that would encourage necessary paradigm shifts. Hammerman (nd) states, “People suffering from depression, a sense of emptiness, or of “not being all there,” particularly benefit from shamanic practices. The soul retrieval method brings back lost parts of the soul in ways that no other experiential method can do. Many clients who have a history of sexual, physical, or emotional trauma benefit from this technique. It is a way to re- invigorate, re-integrate without retraumatizing a wounded person.” (page 2).

There are many tools, thoughts, and ideas indigenous groups have presented over the thousands of years, and shamanic practices has proven very useful and effective for individuals. Prattis (nd) explains,

“Nhat Hahn remarks that: Because we are not able to resolve the anusaya, we repress them, and they grow stagnant and cause sickness whose symptoms can be recognized in everything we do….Buddha taught that rather than repressing our fears and anxieties, we should invite them into consciousness, recognize them, welcome them … quite naturally they will lose some of their energy. When once again they return to our subconscious, they will be that much weaker … they will continue to grow weaker.” (page 4)

Our western culture does not lend itself to accepting the spirit world ways of healing, nor does it offer unconscious minds to feel safe when seeking alternate methods of growth, change, or healing. Hammerman states (2010):

In indigenous societies, or a freestanding shamanic practice, both client and practitioner share the same worldview, or openness to the same worldview, and there is little need for extensive explanation and education. Within a psychotherapy practice, some clients may be uncomfortable with any alternative to mainstream psychology, and may not be open to a shamanic approach. In addition, they may not want to tap into the spiritual dimension in their therapy. Therapeutic judgment determines when and how much to push the boundaries of a client’s comfort level. (page 2).

People are very comfortable with what they know to be true and real, especially in cultures where shamanistic practices have not been prevalent. While there is truth in the healing, western cultures find solace in medication, and science, things that can be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. Also, the fear of judgement is very predominant in western cultures, which enables a culture to disprove the benefits of natural healing and growth – the ability to move through the knots of pain and suffering we have weaved and tightened throughout our lives. I believe one of the biggest challenges indigenous groups face in western cultures is the ability to be relevant. Medicine is the cure-all, not herbs, dancing, chanting, or prayers to the sun and moon. Paradigm shifts in consciousness and understanding would lead to greater appreciation of indigenous groups and appreciation of their culture’s history and tradition.

4. Give two ideas/concepts from quantum theory and describe how they might be used to challenge or refute the scientific materialistic and deterministic aspects of the modern/dualistic paradigm. Describe quantum holism and comment on its significance for personal or social issues.

We are all connected, quantum physics has proven this theory in a particle/matter/scientific way. Without the dedicated and passionate research to discover who we are and how we got here, we would not have the basic scientific understanding of connectedness. The connectedness we know and understand is deeply ingrained in us. While many people in western culture need to know definitively how, we all subconsciously know. Indigenous cultures have known this paradigm for thousands of years and have attempted to teach the western modern culture; however, being drawn to the need of “facts” as a culture, I believe we slow our natural progression to understanding that connectedness.

Quantum holism is the connectedness of spirit and self. Wittine (nd) states:

Although the body and psyche are distinct from the Self, they are not separate from the Self. Being out of touch with the Self leaves us feeling unstable, empty, and ontologically insecure. By contrast, if we neglect our sacred manifestation we might rest in deep and timeless being/awareness, but there is no development of the unique gifts and talents by which we might potentially contribute to our loved ones and our community. To ignore the path of individuation, then, means the Self or Spirit might end up expressing through an inadequate vehicle, a vehicle moved about by powerful, immature, unconscious forces, which not only short-circuit our potential for love and creativity but also distort and derail our quest for stable spiritual realization. Anything less than realization of the seamless totality of essential being and sacred individuality is not nondual. (p. 269).

Quantum holism captures the essence of the psyche and pushes the boundaries of modernism thinking. Quantum holism and the lack of understanding has had a tremendous impact on society as western medicine treats the symptom, not the root of the disconnect. We can see this as truth as the mental health our western society has deteriorated over the centuries. Quantum holism is the truth; however, cultures are challenged to accept this truth and embrace the connection.

5. Define the Integral Paradigm (according to Wilber and/or McIntosh) and discuss the five components of AQAL. What is the difference between holistic and integral paradigms? How are they related?

Wilber’s Integral Theory paradigm incorporates all aspects of the self and environment from a micro and macro scale. One of the most important aspects of Wilber’s Integral Paradigm is the cross-over into western culture thinking with regard to medicine, business, and many other mainstream thought processes today. In short, the Integral approach helps you see both yourself and the world around you in more comprehensive and effective ways. But one thing is important to realize from the start. The Integral map is just a map. It is not the territory. We certainly don’t want to confuse the map with the territory, but neither do we want to be working with an inaccurate or faulty map. The Integral map is just a map, but it is the most complete and accurate map we have at this time.

The Four Quadrants represent all facets of our existence. Wilber (2006) explains, “The Upper-Left quadrant (the interior of the individual), you find your own immediate thoughts, feelings, sensations, and so on (all described in first-person terms).” Wilber (2006) goes on to say, “The Upper-Right quadrant is therefore what any event looks like from the outside. This especially includes its physical behavior; its material components; its matter and energy; and its concrete body—for all those are items that can be referred to in some sort of objective, third-person, or “it” fashion.”

Wilber (2006) also explains, “The Lower Left is often called the cultural dimension (or the inside awareness of the group—its worldview, its shared values, shared feelings, and so forth), and the Lower Right the social dimension (or the exterior forms and behaviors of the group, which are studied by third-person sciences such as systems theory). Again, the quadrants are simply the inside and the outside of the individual and the collective, and the point is that all four quadrants need to be included if we want to be as Integral as possible…This expansion of group awareness allows social systems—in the Lower Right—to expand from simple groups to more complex systems like nations and eventually even to global systems.”

The upper left (I) quadrant represents me and my view of my space, my view of the world and how I understand it. This quadrant illustrates the development stages one experiences on their path, while also illustrating the potential challenges one might face and that inhibits their growth and development. This quadrant illustrates the growth from infant to adult and the developmental lines they experience. Emotional intelligence vs. intellectual intelligence.

The lower left (we) is our community growth and development. How we integrate thoughts and ideas from social norms and expectations. One idea that comes up for me here is unconscious bias. We are raised with thoughts and ideas – unconscious bias plays a key role in how we show up in this life and with the lower left quadrant – unconscious bias demonstrates to me we have growing to do, but we must first become aware of it so we can move it to the upper right quadrant.

The upper right (it), is all the scientific study and how the social and emotional aspect of the quadrants play into the scientific study of the AQAL. The one example I really appreciated from the text was the medical viewpoint of how medical professionals are looking at medicine as mind, body, and spirit. Mental and emotional strength is equally important as western medicine – or any kind of medicine when attempting to heal someone. I wondered how many western doctors actually practiced this kind of paradigm shift and their success rates.

The lower right (its) is how all quadrants play a role in the entire environment – from our specific communities to the global community. One specific dynamic I see in this quadrant is when global communities come together to meditate and send peace and healing to the world. This starts in the upper left quadrant, including the lower left, upper right and lower right all together. I do not believe there is a significant difference between holistic and integral paradigms. As holism is the sum of all parts, Wilber has created the AQAL, which is his own interpretations of “the sum of all parts.” One of the ideas for the new verbiage is to introduce the same material but presented uniquely to perhaps reach an audience who didn’t grasp the holistic approach.

References

1. Hammerman, D., Ed.D. (nd). Integrating Shamanic Methods into Psychotherapy.
2. Kremer, J.W. (2017). Tricksters of True Selves in Trans/Personal and Shamanic Knowing. Culture, Consciousness, and Healing. Vienna, at press.
3. Miller, S. (nd). Modernity and Postmodernity.
4. Prattis, I. (nd). Healing Journeys: Shamanism As Therapy. Carleton University.
5. Ottawa, Canada. K1S 5B6
6. Wilber, K. (2006). Introduction to Integral Theory and Practice. Journal of Integral Theory and Practice. Spring 2006, Vol. 1, No. 1. (p 25-27).
7. Wittine, B. (nd). The Sacred Mirror Nondual Wisdom & Psychotherapy: Jungian Analysis and Nondual Wisdom. Omega Books.

Scientific paradigm:

Paradigms, introduced by Kuhn in “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions”, are the lenses by which science views the world. A paradigm refers to not only the set of theories but also the entire set of processes, equipment, and measurements used to conduct science (Kuhn 1962). Within a paradigm, there is consensus over the fundamental ideologies, techniques, and methods. A paradigm recognizes the achievements of the past and also defines the range of answers/explanations acceptable within the framework. Without a paradigm, all the facts available to scientists seem equally relevant: There is no discerning guide as to what is important/true. A paradigm thus offers a framework by which science can operate and thrive in. Paradigms permit “esoteric” research, and lay the foundation for normal science to develop (Kuhn 1962). Within a paradigm, there is no room to question the fundamentals.

Analysis of Paradigm shift

Karin and Max read an interesting article on epigenetics. Karin argued: “This is almost too good to believe example of a scientific revolution that happens right here and now. This is a clear affirmation of Kuhn’s theory of scientific revolution. Max, however, dryly responded: “If anything, the example of epigenetics calls Kuhn’s argument into question. We don’t see here a revolution but gradual buildup of knowledge!” What do you think? Explain the rise of epigenetics in terms taken from the class reading. What would Popper say about this argument?

When analyzing the rise of epigenetics within Kuhn’s framework we find that although epigenetics resemble anomalies, the neat crisis and paradigm shift that Kuhn describes is markedly different to what occurs in the chaotic scene of science. The case of epigenetics is neither a total paradigm shift nor a gradual buildup of knowledge. Hindsight affords Kuhn an oversimplification of the complexities of scientific crises and paradigm shifts.

DNA is a key component of the current paradigm. Scientists all agree on DNA’s structure and function. Furthermore, there is a consensus that all of the changes in our bodies can be explained by changes in our DNA. Under this paradigm, normal science has flourished. However, when Jirtle and Waterland were able to reduce cancer and diabetes risk in offspring of agouti mice without altering their DNA, the first anomaly in this paradigm appeared (Watters 2006). This was a genuine anomaly because it was happening in labs all over the world. Scientists are now implicating epigenetics in cancer, diabetes, and a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases (Watters 2006).

Kuhn never specifies exactly how anomalies turn into crisis. Instead, he suggests that eventually the anomalies warrant increased attention from scientists. Clearly, this ‘anomaly’ is drawing more attention, with calls for a Human Epigenome Project and increased funding and research being devoted to the study of epigenetics (Watters 2006). However, normal science is not slowing. Our discoveries in the fields of epigenetics do not fully contradict our understanding of DNA. Unlike Kuhn’s clear cut paradigm shift, in the case of DNA and epigenetics, the lines are significantly blurred, calling Kuhn’s theory of incommensurability to question.

When we compare DNA and epigenetics using Kuhn’s framework, we see a significant amount of similarities between the two “paradigms”. Within epigenetics, there is a recognition of past achievements. In order to study expression/suppression of DNA, one must study DNA itself. Thus, epigenetics builds upon the previous paradigm as opposed to being incommensurable with DNA. The important problems within epigenetics also overlap significantly with the problems of DNA. Researchers in both fields are trying to understand complex issues such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and hereditary diseases (Watters 2006). The relevant tools and methods for both paradigms are also overlapped: sequencing of DNA, preparation of lab materials, analyzing data would be nearly identical for both epigenetics and DNA.

There is, however, a sharp difference in the range of acceptable answers between the two paradigms. DNA is viewed as the “instructions book for the human body” (Watters 2006). Changes in the human body should therefore be correlated to changes in the “instruction

book” (Watters 2006). To put this in terms of Kuhn, “acceptable answers” for causation of diseases lies solely in changes to ones’ DNA. But within the realm of epigenetics, the environment and interactions with the world around us can greatly affect our genetic legacy. “What you eat or smoke today could affect the health and behavior of your great- grandchildren” (Watters 2006). This difference introduces a degree of incommensurability: discoveries in epigenetics, like the correlation between green tea or Heliobacter to various cancers, are seen as “scientific humor” to DNA subscribers (Watters 2006).

It is clear that the case of epigenetics requires a level of nuance simply not present in Kuhn’s framework. Paradigm shifts, especially ones happening in real-time, are slower and less clean than the historical examples analyzed by Kuhn. The paradigm of epigenetics and DNA overlaps quite significantly in methods, questions, and fundamental beliefs. Instead of the gestalt shift that Kuhn predicts, we see a much more gradual paradigm shift. Furthermore, this new paradigm is not incommensurable with DNA. There is no refutation of DNA’s past accomplishments; we now believe both epigenetics and DNA are involved in the diseases that we study.

Kuhn’s ideas work much more effectively when analyzing history. Perhaps, in twenty years, with the benefit of hindsight, one will be able to determine if epigenetics truly constitute a paradigm shift or if it is just an expanded scope of the existing paradigm. Analyzing the same issues in real time requires a more nuanced approach, and does not yield a binary yes/no answer. This paradigm is shifting in a messier, more gradual way.

Popper would say that after the agouti mice experiment, having successfully falsified the theory of DNA as the sole “instruction book” of the body, we should have immediately thrown out the current theory and created a new one. This new theory could incorporate the valid parts of DNA with new information obtained through our understanding of epigenetics. According to Popper, this should not be considered as a paradigm shift or a gradual buildup. Rather, it should be the successful falsification and rejection of one theory and the emergence of a new one.

Works Cited:

1. Kuhn, Thomas. 1962. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Chicago University Press. (Chapters 2, 4, 6, 7, 10).
2. Merton, Robert. 1973. “The normative structure of science.” Pp. 267-278 in The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and empirical Investigations. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
3. Popper, Karl. 1963. “Science: Conjectures and Refutations,” pp 33-39; 52-59 in Science: Conjectures and Refutations. New York: Routledge.
4. Watters, Ethan. 2006. “DNA Is Not Destiny: The New Science of Epigenetics” in Discover November 2006. Digital: Discover Magazine

Paradigms mean:-

Paradigm is a phrase that potential ‘a pattern or model, the typically usual perspective.’A paradigm is a way to ‘see’ the world. We see the world, now not as it is, but as we are conditioned to ‘see’ it. To make relatively minor changes in your life, the focal point on your attitudes and behaviors. To make significant, quantum change, work on your primary paradigms.

To attempt to change outward attitudes and behaviors do very little good in the long run if we fail to examine the fundamental paradigms from which these attitudes and behaviors flow. We see the world, not as it is, but as we are’or, as we are conditioned to see it. Our paradigms, right or incorrect, are the sources of our attitudes and behaviors, and sooner or later our relationships with others. If we prefer to make quite minor changes in our lives, we can possibly accurately center of attention on our attitudes and behaviors. But if we favor to make significant, quantum change, we want to work on our basic paradigms. Paradigms are inseparable from character. Being is seeing in the human dimension. And what we see is fantastically interrelated to what we are.

Paradigms are powerful:-

Our paradigms will symbolize our views of the world, our explanations for what we examine in the world around us. As a metaphor, I like to evaluate our paradigms to the lenses in our glasses. What we see isn’t always a definitely accurate reflection of reality, it is formed by using our attitudes and perceptions. Paradigms are natural and inevitable, and they are useful to us in many ways. However, sometimes our paradigms become so far removed from reality that they turn out to be dysfunctional. The paradigm is evolution.A way of questioning which can every so often lead to misleading predispositions; a prejudice. A route of intellectual efficiency which has most likely been verified by using affirmative predictions. ‘Paradigms are effective because they create the lens thru which we see the world. The strength of a paradigm shift is the quintessential power of quantum change, whether that shift is an immediate or a gradual and deliberate process.’

Example of paradigm:- Paradigm is the earth being round.

The Individual Paradigm:

The Whole-Person Paradigm skill that we, as a leader, see people as ‘whole people’–body, heart, mind, and spirit– and manipulate and lead accordingly. It potential we recognize that the easiest contributions are volunteered else. As a result, we spend our efforts developing a place the place humans favor to remain and in which they enabled to provide their best.

Habit as the intersection of knowledge, skill, and desire. Knowledge is the theoretical paradigm, the what to do and the why. Skill is the how to do. And desire is the motivation, the prefer to do. To make some thing a dependancy in our lives, Stephen explains, we need to have all three.

There are 4 positions of Paradigm for the success of an individual:-

Roles of Paradigm Person paradigm. Needs for paradigm

Discipline. Body. To live

Vision. Mind. To learn

Passion Heart. To love

Conscience. Spirit. To leave a legacy

For being a successful person Or person we develop 7 habits thats are the shape of Paradigm shift:-

Be proactive:- About proactivity, Covey says, ‘It means more than purely taking initiative. It capability that as human beings, we are responsible for our own lives. Our behavior is a characteristic of our decisions, no longer our conditions. We can subordinate feelings to values. We have the initiative and responsibility to make things happen. Look at the phrase ‘responsibility’ – ‘response-ability’ – the ability to pick your response. Highly proactive humans understand their responsibility. They do not blame circumstances, conditions, or conditioning for their behavior. Their behavior is a product of their personal conscious choice, based on values, as an alternative than a product of their conditions, primarily based on feelings.’Habit 1 teaches us that we are in change of our behavior, attitudes, and thus, our outcomes.

Begin with the stop in mind:- For Covey, starting with the cease in idea capacity that we must take the time to improve a mental photo of what we desire to accomplish and be. At a number instances in the book, he describes that photo as a paradigm, a visualization, a picture, a goal, a plan, a blueprint, a destination, or a definition of success. He says, ‘It’s enormously handy to get caught up in an undertaking trap, in the busy-ness of life, to work more difficult and harder at mountaineering the ladder of success solely to find out it is leaning against the incorrect wall. How one-of-a-kind our lives are when we surely understand what is deeply necessary to us, and, keeping that image in mind, we manipulate ourselves each day to be and do what certainly things most. It is based totally on the principle that all things are created twice. There’s a mental or first creation, and a physical or 2d creation, to all things.” Habit two teaches us how to use our mental strength to visualize our desired outcomes.

Put First Things First:- habit three adds our ability to discipline ourselves that relates our body and therefore, we are in a position to make our ideas a reality. Discipline, for Covey, is no longer about ‘forcing’ yourself to do unpleasant things, rather, it is about being willing to act upon your personal deepest values. Covey’s realistic suggestions in this vicinity often deal with time management, which we will cover in larger element in the subsequent type period.

‘The undertaking is not to manipulate time, however to control ourselves.’

Think WinWin:- ‘WinWin is a frame of idea and heart that are additionally the paradigms section and continuously seeks mutual benefit in all human interactions. WinWin capability that agreements or solutions are jointly beneficial, together satisfying. With a WinWin solution, all events sense good about the selection and sense dedicated to the motion plan. WinWin sees lifestyles as a cooperative, not a aggressive arena. WinWin is based on the paradigm that there is masses for everybody, that one person’s success is now not accomplished at the price or exclusion of the success of others. ‘ Covey finds the possibility for WinWin is best possible in relationships with mutual trust. These relationships regularly lead to specific or implicit statements of expectations and performance. When the promises are fulfilled repeatedly, each events win, and in addition trust is built, in a self-reinforcing cycle.

‘You in reality can’t suppose efficiency with people. You suppose effectiveness with humans and effectivity with things.’

Seek First to Understand, then to be Understood:- Covey provide us this example to illustrate the power of listening to others with empathy. If all the air were sucked out of the room you’re in proper now, what would appear to your hobby in this book. You wouldn’t care about the book; you would not care about something except getting air. Survival would be your only motivation. But now that you have air, it does not motivate you. This is one of the biggest insights in the area of human motivation: Satisfied wants do no longer motivate. It’s solely the unhappy want that motivates. Next to physical survival, the best want of a human being is psychological survival – to be understand, to be affirmed, to be validated, to be appreciated. When you listen with empathy to some other person, you provide that man or woman psychological air. And after that essential need is met, you can then center of attention on influencing or hassle solving.

Synergize:- Synergy takes place the sum is increased than the separate parts. Covey tells us that synergy has the satisfactory possibilities to happen when we have habits 1 to 5 at work in our lives, due to the fact then we are geared up to ride the near-chaos scenario that is fundamental to increase actual synergy and creativity. One story in Covey’s book describes a synergistic journey inside one college category in Leadership. One character in the classification opened up one day in a presentation, telling a story that used to be deeply private and courageous. This one story triggered others to open also, and quickly the complete category was once sharing their innermost ideas and listening respectfully to each other. The experience was so effective that the classification decided to scrap the authentic syllabus, and instead, took it upon themselves to work a great deal tougher than planned, writing an whole e book about Leadership in simply six weeks. The book was once as a result published, and the college students proceed to keep in contact with each other, twenty years after the class ended.

‘Peace of thinking comes when your existence is in concord with proper standards and values and in no other way.’

Sharpen the Saw:- Covey capacity that we all want to exercise self-renewal. This is the personal application of Covey’s ‘production capability’. It entails a dedication to exercise all parts of our mind, body, heart, and soul to amplify our mental, physical, emotional, and non secular health. Covey declares, ‘This is the single most effective funding we can ever make in life – funding in ourselves, in the only instrument we have with which to deal with existence and to contribute. We are the instruments of our very own performance, and to be effective, we want to understand the significance of taking time normally to sharpen the noticed in all 4 ways

Paradigm Shift:-

A ‘paradigm shift’ occurs when our paradigms change, allowing us to see the world in a new light. Sometimes this happens suddenly, and every so often very gradually.

A paradigm shift is a essential exchange in the concepts and practices of how some thing works or is accomplished.

A paradigm shift very frequently occurs when new technology is delivered that radically alters the manufacturing manner of a true or service.

Example:- In the enterprise world, a paradigm shift is frequently a alternate in the understanding of how matters be idea about, done, or made. A paradigm shift can require complete departments to be eliminated or created. In some cases, tens of millions or even billions of greenbacks of new gear need to be purchased while the old tools is offered or recycled. Reacting nicely to key paradigm shifts have a lot to do with the long-term success of a business. Such is the case of the meeting line, which created a good sized paradigm shift in the auto industry and all other areas of manufacturing as properly thru which an person being profitable to supply the new idea.

Role of Paradigm and Paradigm Shift in success of an individual with few Examples:-

Success encompasses a stability of personal and professional effectiveness.

Before we can adopt the seven habits, we need to trade our perception and interpretation of how the world works it really is a paradigm shift.

Between what occurs to you and your response to it is your freedom to choose that response.

1:-Once a time in life when I was skilled my paradigms shifted:-

I be aware a mini-paradigm shift I skilled one day. People were sitting quietly – some reading newspapers, some lost in thought, some resting with their eyes closed. It was a peaceful scene. Then suddenly, a girls and her youngsters entered. The children had been so loud and rambunctious that instantly the total climate changed. The girl sat down subsequent to me and closed her eyes, interestingly oblivious to the situation. The youngsters have been yelling back and forth, throwing things, even grabbing people’s papers. It was once very disturbing. And yet, the girls sitting subsequent to me did nothing. It used to be difficult no longer to feel irritated. I ought to now not agree with that she may want to be so insensitive as to let her youngsters run wild like that and do nothing about it, taking no duty at all. It was easy to see that anybody else in the park felt irritated, too. So finally, with what I felt used to be unusual persistence and restraint, I became to him and said, ‘Madam, your young people are really traumatic a lot of people. I surprised if you could not manipulate them a little more. The female lifted her gaze as if to come to an awareness of the scenario for the first time and said softly, ‘Oh, you’re right. I guess I do something about it. We just got here from the medical institution the place their father died about an hour ago. I do not recognize what to think, and I wager they don’t know how to manage it either.’

Can you imagine what I felt at that second? My paradigm shifted. Suddenly I saw matters differently, and due to the fact I saw differently, I idea differently, I felt differently, I behaved differently. My infection vanished. I didn’t have to fear about controlling my mindset or my behavior; my coronary heart was crammed with the women’s pain. Feelings of sympathy and compassion flowed freely. ‘Your husband simply died? Oh, I’m so sorry! Can you tell me about it? What can I do to help?’ Everything is modified in an instant.

2:-Another example of Paradigm success is that Covey presents his ideas about growing private and expert success:-

Covey was working as a corporate consultant, giving seminars about management development, when one of his sons started to experience social and educational problems. At adolescence, his son used to be a late bloomer, still immature and uncoordinated at a time when most other boys were growing up into young men. Covey and his wife spent years trying to ‘help’ their son, trying to change him, making an attempt to educate him into being extra competent, trying to shield him to others. One day, after a lengthy length of frustration, Covey skilled a leap forward in his wondering that are the shift in his paradigm. He realized that all the assist and support his spouse and he have been presenting to his son wasn’t useful; in fact, it was sending his son the message that he wasn’t capable of taking care of himself, and that who he definitely was, wasn’t correct enough. In other words, the problem wasn’t his son’s lack of development; the trouble used to be the parents’ attitudes. It was their paradigm that needed changing.

3:-Paradigm is that Everything is fine.

Life isn’t a struggle, but it’s now not something to write domestic about either. You’ve conventional that this is great you’re going to get in life. Maybe due to the fact you’ve settled or you experience you don’t deserve more. Or perhaps you simply haven’t invested the time to think about what you definitely want. Without an intention to pull you forward, you’ve resigned yourself to the popularity quo. This paradigm is pervasive; however, it is subtly unique for everyone. So don’t automatically push it apart if, at first blush, you don’t think it applies to you. Sit with it for a whilst to see if anything comes up.

Break this paradigm via Perspective: I am happy, but now not satisfied. Just like a seed in the ground needs extra sunlight, nutrients and water, we all have a natural want to develop and evolve. The law of our being is to recognize more, to do greater and to be more. Each time we obtain something, every other wish for even greater good develops naturally if we allow it to. As you’ll see in simply a minute, adopting a new standpoint is about telling your truth. In this case, it’s acknowledging that you’re certainly not comfortable with ‘good enough.’ You desire an extraordinary life; you want extra for yourself and the world.

4:-Paradigm:

I’ve reached my profits limit.You reached a precise monetary role and no remember how tough you work or what you do, your income especially a lot stays the same. You experience caught and can’t figure out how to get over this monetary hurdle.

Breakthrough Perspective: I am excited about my economic future. You can earn extra cash than you’ve ever dreamed of. However, you can’t do it through talking about, thinking, or feeling there’s a ceiling on your income. Dwelling on your stagnated profits solely brings more stagnation. The Universe responds to what you believe. increased profits can come only from proper and advantageous thinking, and well-conceived and good finished plans. Start by getting a sheet of paper and writing down all the terrible beliefs you have about cash and your capacity to earn extra of it. Then, let those beliefs go by way of shredding or burning the paper. Re-direct your thinking to develop a prosperity consciousness, and the cash you desire will be yours.

5:-Paradigm:

I am unlovable.You sense lonely and agree with you’ll in no way locate a loving partner. You might assume that if you had anybody who loved you, your life would be a lot better. Or maybe you’re very outgoing and have a notable feel of humor, however, internal you’re sad and lonely due to the fact you secretly sense you’re unlovable. You would possibly go in and out of relationships due to the fact you frequently settle for the first man or woman who indicates interest. Perhaps you consider you’re unlovable due to the fact you are overweight, and the wide variety on the scale determines your value as a human being. You would possibly think no person desires to be confused with anyone your size.

Breakthrough Perspective: I love myself, and that love comes again to me multiplied.You have the freedom to experience any way you want about yourself. So why would you prefer to belittle yourself? If you sense unlovable in any way, create a new image of yourself and end up emotionally involved with that photo by, as often as possible, thinking and feeling what it be like to be that person. Your unconscious mind can’t distinguish between what’s actual and imaginary, so get very clear about the picture you want of yourself. As you go through your day focal point only on what you want. Also, improve a new way of speaking to yourself and others. Otherwise, you will sabotage yourself with negative self-image dialogue.

6:- Paradigm:

I need the world’s approval. Whenever you favor to do something new, you look outdoor of your self for validation.You are seeking approval, appreciation, acknowledgement and instruction from your employer, co-workers, friends, customers or parents. Or you seem at stipulations and instances to show that you’re on the proper path. This paradigm is often difficult to see because most of us naturally promote our capabilities short. Take an trustworthy seem at your life to see if you need backyard approval before going for dreams or taking on new things.

Breakthrough Perspective: Spirit guides me at all times.Religious texts inform us that we were created in God’s image, and we are ‘a little lower than the angels.So if you assume your desires aren’t important, or you have an picture in your thinking of yourself as doomed to fail, that’s a false thought that you need to let it go. When you have a sturdy want to do, create, or express something, that longing is divine discontent. It’s Spirit calling you. And if you reply the call, you will be guided and guaranteed of success. No be counted how many of these paradigms you can relate to, you can shift to a new way of thinking.