Category: Osteoporosis

Introduction

Breast milk is the first beverage drank by an infant, hence he or she obtains many nutrients as well as antibodies given by the maternal side. Other benefits such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, leukemia et cetera health jeopardies being lowered are offered (National Health Service, 2018). Infants will be fed cow’s milk gradually as time passes, which is essential for bone health and growth due to calcium, carbohydrates, as well as protein (BabyCenter, 2016). Cow’s milk is still consumed by every age group, where according to the International Dairy Association (2017), the amount of milk drank per capita in the world in 2016 is 111.1 kg. Hence, many people globally choose to drink this beverage to reap the benefits contained in it. According to Ware (2017), muscle mass, cardiovascular and bone health are supported by contents such as protein, potassium, calcium as well as Vitamin D. But studies show milk may bring disadvantages to bone density negatively, thus, this paper aims to research the benefits versus detriment of milk towards health in bones.

Effect of Amount of Milk Consumed and Age Group

Children and Adolescents

Firstly, milk plays a significant role in bone health due to calcium present in high amounts. According to the University of California (2018), milk has 300 mg of calcium per cup, which is higher than the calcium content in cheese, soy milk, fish, nuts, as well as grains. Inability to achieve the amount recommended leads to a deficiency in calcium called hypocalcemia, which may cause harmful effects to health such as osteoporosis, heartbeat abnormality, and eye damage (Khan and Gotter, 2018). Likewise, research states the existence of a link between lowering the risk of fracture and milk consumption during adolescence and childhood by avoiding hypocalcemia. In a study led by Closa-Monasterolo et al. (2018), they found that in children whose well-being is topnotch, their bone marrow density increases with calcium included at adequate amounts in their diet. After monitoring for 3 years, children whose bone density levels lowered in areas such as the bone marrow and lumbar spine had a calcium intake of less than 95% daily. Du et al. (2004) support the evidence given by Closa-Monasterolo et al.. Throughout their two-year study, Du et al. found out that consuming a high quantity of milk, not only strengthens the bone but also led to rising in height in a majority of the girls. On the other hand, some researchers point out that due to the short length of research time, the quantity suggested to adolescents and children may have exceeded the limit (Ludwig and Willett, 2013). According to their analysis, the result stated that by overestimating the limit, 3 cups of milk per day may bring harmful effects.

Adults

A common occurrence of bone disease in adults due to the decrease in tissue and mass of the bone is osteoporosis (Sahni et al., 2014). According to Tian et al. (2017), the recorded number of patients with osteoporosis was 200 million globally during 2000, thus, the Institute of Medicine (2011) advises intake of calcium to be at a maximum of 1200 mg and a minimum of 1000 mg daily in adults. According to Sahni et al. (2014), their research states milk drank at a maximum of 7 cups per week, the chance of hip fracture occurring in adults’ lowers. Also, throughout the eleven-year study, the bone density increased. Therefore, by increasing bone density, the fracture is prevented as well as the risk of obtaining osteoporosis decreases (Guise, 2006). Feskanich, Meyer, Fung, Ferrari, and Willett (2017) supported the study with their positive results. After 32 years, the percentage of hip fracture incidence decreases by 8% with a cup of milk consumed every day in 123906 adults of both genders. Khan et al. (2015) agree with Sahni et al. as their study reported the same result. On the other hand, Michaëlsson et al. (2014) disagree with the evidence given. This is because their study results showed that fracture risk rises when an individual milk consumption increases. They hypothesize inflammation, as well as oxidation, was the causation of an increase in fracture. Cumming et al. (1997) agree with Michaëlsson et al. as their study reported no association between fracture and milk drank.

Conclusion

Overall, milk does increase the prevention of fracture in all age groups despite a handful of studies opposing the conventional idea of osteoporosis risk being lowered through high consumption of milk. Therefore, further studies should be done to prove how much milk should an adult, youth and children consume. In addition to that, the reliability of the study can be increased by considering other factors that affect bone density such as exercise, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the body. Both micronutrients affect the concentration of calcium level as well as density of bone (Levine, Rodríguez, Felsenfeld, 2014).

Effects on Ageing on Physiological, Cognitive, and Physical Aspects

Ageing is a natural, inevitable, intricate multi-factorial process resulting from simultaneous interaction of different factors at varying functional organization levels over time. Aging processes increase individual’s susceptibility to factors that ultimately bring about death (Jayanthi, Joshua, & Ranganathan 2010). Further, the process affects individuals’ physical, psychological, and physiological functions (Ruiz-Montero, Chiva-Bartoll & Martin-Moya 2016).

Before beginning the exercise, Mrs Virginia Rizan’s life was characterized by frequent falls and overall body weakness. She wobbled while waking and was not strong enough to carry out activities of daily living independently. To address these challenges she used to use walkers and cane as assistive devices. Additionally, she was frail and her body could endure little. These age-related aspects may be associated to the effects of physiological, structural, and cognitive facets of ageing. Aging triggers certain physiological phenomena. These include decreased cell counts, tissue atrophy, deterioration of tissue proteins, and reduction in metabolic rate, abnormalities in calcium metabolism, and a decrease in body fluids (Park &Yeo 2013). These phenomena progresses leading to numerous important impairments. These include impairment in immune function, neurological, cardiopulmonary, endocrine function, and motor function. In presence of such impairments exposure to certain risk factors triggers development of multiple diseases in different systems of the body. The risk factors include smoking, impairment in glucose metabolism, alcohol, stress, hypertension, lifestyle, food, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. The associated diseases induced include dementia, heart failure, degenerative diseases, pulmonary emphysema, renal failure, degenerative arthritis, and diabetes (Park &Yeo 2013). The gradual deterioration in physiological function over time are related with challenges in balancing, slower walking speed, and problems with rising from sitting position (McPhee 2018).

Ageing also affects cognitive abilities of individuals. It leads to performance decline on intricate attentional activities such as divided and selective attention (Murman 2015). Divided attention refers to the ability to simultaneously concentrate on multiple activities while selective attention is the ability to concentrate on particular information while ignoring the irrelevant ones. With regard to memory, consistent reduction in new learning abilities occurs with normal ageing coupled with decline in ability to retrieve newly acquired materials. Sensory and historical memories remain relatively stable although the accuracy of the source memory deteriorates over time. Also, visuospatial processing and constructional praxis abilities also decline with age.

Aging results in gradual and inexorable decline of physical capacities. From the age of 50 years decline in muscular strength occurs at a rate of approximately between 12% and 14% per decade (Ruiz-Montero, Chiva-Bartol,l & Martin-Moya 2016). Also, balance deteriorates increasing the risk of falls among the aged. Deterioration in dynamic balance leads to reduction in body posture. Further, flexibility also declines.

Impacts of Exercise on Aspects Associated with Aging

Physical exercise influences the ageing process. After engaging in physical exercises for 8 months Mrs. Gus has experienced changes in quality of life and body fitness. Her dynamic balance has improved, an aspect that has alleviated her risk of falling as she has not experienced any fall since she started the exercise program. Further, her muscular strength has increased as evidenced by the ability to move steadily without wobbling and requiring assisting devises of walking. What is more, her physical functioning has improved as she is now able to carry out activities of daily living, an aspect that was challenging before commencing the exercises. Her overall physical fitness has improved, she feels more fit and people surrounding her acknowledges that her overall health and quality of life has improved. Evidence supports the beneficial impacts of Physical activity and exercises in older adults. According to Langhammer, et al. (2018), engaging in physical activity and exercise has the ability to maintain health, improve physical function, and quality of life, and reduce falls. Exercises reduces the risk of falls by approximately 21% and impacts positively to daily living activities (Langhammer, et al 2018). The more physically active an individual is the more physically capable they are as a result of physiological system’s adaptations. More precisely, with increased engagement in physical activity the neuromuscular system is better able to coordinate movements, cardiopulmonary system better able to transport nutrients and oxygen more efficiently, and metabolic processes of fatty acid and glucose regulation effectively occur. As a consequence, the general aerobic power and physical capability of an individual is increased (McPhee, et al 2016).

Physical Activity used By Mrs. Gus

Since older adults experience unique challenges it is vital for them to engage in appropriate types of physical exercises. Selection of suitable exercise is thus important and the exercises’ demands should be matched with an individual’s needs. In the current case, Mrs. Gus engaged in unilateral weight bearing activities, barbell exercises. These exercises engage different joints and are effective in enhancing body strength, and improving stability and balance (Mausehund, Skard, & Krosshaug 2018). She engaged in squats and convectional resistance exercises where she performs leg presses, standing barbell presses, barbell bench press, lat pulldowns, and partial barbell deadlifts. There are three types of exercises appropriate for older adults, namely strength and aerobic fitness, balance exercises, and incidental physical activity (Taylor 2014). Therefore, the associated improvement in health and body fitness of Mrs. Gus can be associated with engagement in appropriate type of physical activities.

Physical Activity Recommendations

The World Health Organization recommends at least 150 minutes or up to 300 minutes weekly of aerobic activity in moderate intensity for older adults (Taylor 2014). This is equivalent to at least 75 minutes or up to 150 minutes of aerobic activity of vigorous intensity. These activities should be conducted in sessions of 10 minutes period. Individuals with poor mobility should engage in balance exercise on three or more days in order to prevent falls (Taylor 2014). Further, older adults should engage in muscle-strengthening activities on at least two days. If the individuals’ underlying conditions renders them incapable of engaging in the endorsed amount of activities they should be as physically active as their body allows (Taylor 2014).

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a common chronic disease accompanied by decline of bone tissue, reduced bone mass, and microarchitecture disruption, resulting to compromised bone strength and predisposing one to fractures, low-impact, and fragility (Sizen, Ozisik, & Basaran 2017). Primary osteoporosis is associated with the aging process coupled with a decline in sex hormones. A decline in bones’ micro-architecture occurs resulting in loss of mineral density in the bone thus increasing the risk of fractures. Thus, osteoporosis results from lack of balance between bone resorption and bone remodeling, an aspect that reduces skeletal mass (Porter & Varacallo 2018). It is more prevalent in older adults and women and approximately more than 200 million individuals are affected by the disease (Sizen, Ozisik, & Basaran 2017). It has no clinical manifestation until the occurrence of a fracture and it reduces an individual’s quality of life while increasing disability-adjusted life span and associated financial burdens.

Recommendations if Fallen and Diagnosed with Osteoporosis

Exercise plays a fundamental role in maintenance and building of bone strength. Exercises are a preventive strategy for decreasing the risk of osteoporosis. For individuals diagnosed with osteoporosis, two types of therapeutic exercises are known, namely, weight-bearing aerobic activities and resistance or strength end exercises. Weight-bearing aerobic exercises include impact activities in which feet, legs, and arms carry the weight. Such include climbing the stairs, walking, jogging, and engaging in sports such as volleyball. On the other hand, resistance or strength exercises are those in which joint are moved against certain types of resistance. Recommendations require older adults to be involved in multi-component program entailing resistance training coupled with balance training. Additionally, individuals with osteoporosis should not involve in aerobic training with the exception of balance and resistance training as certain types of activities may exert strong force on weak bones (Giangregorio, et al 2014). This is because for osteoporosis patients that exercise program should particularly target coordination, posture, balance, gait, and hip and trunk stabilization. Dynamic abdominal exercises such as extreme trunk flexion and sit-ups and twisting movements may lead to vertebral crush fractures. Additionally, activities that involve high-impact and explosive or abrupt loading are contraindicated. For the older adults with osteoporosis certain daily activities like bending should also be avoided as they can cause vertebral fracture.

Reference List

1. Jayanthi P, Joshua E & Ranganathan K 2010, ‘Ageing and its implications.’ J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 14(2), pp. 48-51.
2. Park DC & Yeo SG 2013, ‘Aging.’ Korean J Audiol. 17(2), pp. 39-44.
3. Ruiz-Montero PJ, Chiva-Bartoll O & Martín-Moya R 2016, ‘Effects of ageing in physical fitness.’ Occup Med Health Aff 4:241.
4. Langhammer, B, Bergland, A, &Rydwik, E 2018, ‘The importance of physical activity exercise among older adults.’ Biomed Research international. 2018, article id 7856823
5. Taylor, D 2014, ‘Physical activity is medicine for older adults.’ Post Graduate Medicine Journal. 90, pp. 26-32.
6. McPhee JS, French DP, Jackson D, Nazroo J, Pendleton N& Degens H 2016, ‘Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty.’ Biogerontology. 17(3), pp. 567-80.
7. Mausehund, L, Skard, AE & Krosshaug, T 2018, ‘Muscle activation in unilateral barbell excercises: Implications for strength training and rehabilitation.’ Journal of Strength and Conditioing Research. 00(00), pp. 1-10.
8. Sözen T, Özışık L& Başaran NÇ 2027, ‘An overview and management of osteoporosis.’ Eur J Rheumatol. 4(1), pp. 46-56.
9. Giangregorio LM, Papaioannou A, Macintyre NJ, Ashe MC, Heinonen A, Shipp K, Wark J, McGill S, Keller H, Jain R, Laprade J & Cheung AM 2014, ‘Too Fit To Fracture: exercise recommendations for individuals with osteoporosis or osteoporotic vertebral fracture.’ Osteoporos Int. 125(3), pp. 821-35.
10. Murman DL 2015, ‘The Impact of Age on Cognition.’ Semin Hear. 36(3), pp. 111-121.
11. Porter JL& Varacallo M 2018, Osteoporosis. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441901/

Health issues are opposed by the main kind all over the world. The developed world however, seems to deal with the disease and disease related problems in a better planned manner than the less developed countries. Of course, a lot of it is to do with resource availability and technical capacity, but the general level of awareness, education and early diagnosis of the masses plays a significant role in confronting, containing and managing the health threats and risks. Quantification of disease burden caused by different risks and early diagnosis of disease informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis. One particular disease that needs to be examined and diagnosed in that perspective is the metabolic disease called Osteoporosis that is affecting many millions of people around the world. With aging the prevalence of osteoporosis is continuing to increase. Osteoporosis results in an increase in fractures leads to morbidity, mortality and decreased quality of life.

Osteoporosis, a multifactorial systemic skeletal disease, is considered by low bone mineral density (BMD) and micro-architectural worsening of bone tissue resulting in bone fragility (Sandhu & Hampson 2011).It is a systemic skeletal disorder categorized by decreased bone mineral density and a micro architectural worsening of one tissue, with a resulting increase in bone fragility and vulnerability to fracture (Gass &Dawson-Hughes, 2006).

World Health Organization (WHO) demarcated osteoporosis as the T-score of less or equal to -2.5 measured by DEXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) (Kanis, 199124; Shuler, Conjeski, Kendall, & Salava, 2012). It shows standard deviation of bone density from healthy 3O years old individual. The lower the score, the weaker bones are:

RELATIONSHIP OF OSTEOPOROSIS WITH MENOPAUSE

There is a direct relationship between the lack of oestrogen after menopause and the development of osteoporosis. After menopause, bone resumption (breakdown) overtakes the building of new bone. Early menopause (before age 40) and any long phases in which the woman has low hormone levels and no or uncommon menstrual periods can cause loss of bone mass. After menopause, with aging many factors cause low BMD. Low calcium is one of the reasons of rapid decrease in bone mass in females after menopause. So decreased calcium intake leads to demineralization and mobilization of calcium from bones which decreases bone mass and results in osteoporosis (Peacock, 1998).Older persons are particularly prone to decreased calcium intake and absorption. In females, estrogens indirectly stimulate calcium absorption from intestine and promote calcium re-absorption from the kidneys. Moreover, estrogens promote mineralization of bone. This is one of the reasons of rapid decrease in bone mass in females after menopause.

TYPES OF OSTEOPOROSIS

There are two main types of osteoporosis:

• Primary osteoporosis
• Secondary osteoporosis
• Idiopathic osteoporosis

Primary Osteoporosis

Primary osteoporosis occurs spontaneously. Secondary osteoporosis is caused by any other disease disorder or by a drug. Primary More than 95% of osteoporosis in women is primary, Most cases occur in postmenopausal wo men and in older men. Lack of oestrogen is the major cause of osteoporosis particularly the rapid decrease that occurs at menopause. So, low oestrogen levels are associated with osteoporosis in both men and women. Men over 50 have higher oestrogen levels than postmenopausal women, but these levels also decline with aging. Oestrogen deficiency increases bone breakdown and results in rapid bone loss and loss of bone is even greater if calcium intake or vitamin D levels are low. Calcium deficiency occurs due to low vitamin D levels and increased activity of the parathyroid glands causes the glands to release too much parathyroid hormone which can also stimulate bone breakdown. For unknown reasons, bone production also decreases. A number of other factors, such as certain drugs, tobacco use, heavy alcohol use, a family history of osteoporosis.

Risk factors for primary Osteoporosis

• Early menopause
• A diet with low Calcium and Vitamin D
• Family members with Osteoporosis
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Thin build
• Cigarette Smoking
• White or Asian race
• Excessive alcohol or caffeine consumption

Secondary Osteoporosis

As compared to primary osteoporosis, among osteoporotic patients, secondary osteoporosis occurs less than 5% in women and about 20% in men . Many medical conditions that may cause secondary osteoporosis are chronic kidney disease and hormonal disorders (especially Cushing disease, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, high levels of prolactin, and diabetes mellitus). multiple myeloma and many other chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Many drugs may contribute to osteoporosis such as progesterone, corticosteroids, thyroid hormones, certain chemotherapy drugs, and antiseizure drugs and alcohol or caffeine consumption and cigarette smoking may contribute to osteoporosis.

Idiopathic Osteoporosis

A rare type of osteoporosis is idiopathic osteoporosis. idiopathic simply means that the cause is unknown. It occurs in Pre-menopausal women, in men under age 50, and in children and adolescents who have normal hormone levels, normal vitamin D levels, and no obvious reason to have weak bones.

DIAGNOSTIC METHODS OF OSTEOPOROSIS

When a symptomatic bone fracture results from low-intensity trauma then osteoporosis can be diagnosed on the basis of clinical history alone ( Kanis , Melton , Christiansen , Johnston & Khaltaev , 1994). But imaging tests are needed to identify a decrease in bone mineral density or for diagnosis of osteoporosis in some cases .For diagnosis of osteoporosis BMD is a standard measure. (Johnson & Dawson-Hughes, 1991). There are 2 methods for diagnosis of osteoporosis.

Ultrasonography

DEXA scan and ultrasonography are the tools for diagnosis of osteoporosis on the basis of BMD, In many studies significant correlations between BMD values for both techniques have been reported (Falcin, Bindi , Ermini, Galluzzi, Poggi,& Rossi, 2000; Massie , Reid & Porter, 1993). Worldwide, gold standard test for the diagnosis and quantification of osteoporosis is DEXA scan and is the most acceptable modality. In Kashmir it is not available and in Pakistan, it is expensive and not widely available. Hence population screening of all high-risk women is not possible in Pakistan. To predict osteoporosis in performance characteristics of BMD are at least as good as blood pressure to predict stroke (Genant, 1999). Major cause of fragility fractures in elderly population is low bone mass.

The standard diagnostic classification for osteoporosis is constructed on the T-score (according to WHO criteria), which is defined as the number of standard deviations from the young adult population-based reference value for peak BMD (Kanis ,2002; Kanis & Gluer , 2000). As described earlier the T-score represents the number of SD from normal young adult mean values and the Z-score represents the number of SD from the normal mean value for age-, sex- and gender-matched control subjects. For secondary osteoporosis low Z-score may be considered a cause. DEXA scan generally takes 10 to 20 minutes. It is on-invasive and painless procedure, and the amount of radiation patient get from the X-rays the scan uses is low. Unlike some other types of tests, like MRIs or CT scans, patient won’t have to lie inside a closed tunnel or ring. Instead, patient will lie on an open X-ray table and try to stay still as the scanner passes over your body. When the test is over, patient will be able to go home.

MENO-PAUSE AND ITS IMPACT ON BONES

Increased risk of sudden and unexpected fractures is caused by osteoporosis, a silent disease that weakens bones. The disease habitually progresses without any symptoms or pain. Primary osteoporosis mainly occurs in women 10–15 years after menopause and in elderly men around 75–80 years old as BMD decreases with age. Normal menopause is at least 12 uninterrupted months of amenorrhea not due to physiologic and pathologic causes as defines by WHO. The mean age of natural menopause is 51 years in developed nations, compared to 48 years in poor and non-developed nations as shown in statistical data (Sapre & Thakur, 2014). In some countries menopause age is 45 years and in some countries of Asia mean age of menopause is 40 years. With the average life span protracted to 70 years, most women will spend more than one third of their life time beyond the menopausal changeover. Besides, the proportion of menopausal women is rising since the aging population is expanding rapidly. As a consequence, the menopausal women health becomes a leading concern worldwide. Menopause is a natural physiological phenomenon resulting from primary ovarian failure secondary to apoptosis or programmed cell death. Ovarian function decays with age. The beginning of menopause structures the decreasing production of estradiol, as well as increasing levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

In menopausal women Osteoporosis is the most prevalent disease and is sturdily related with low quality of life and we concentrate on postmenopausal osteoporosis in this review. BMD decreases with age, thus primary osteoporosis mainly occurs in women 10 to 15 years after menopause and elderly men around 75 to 80 years old. With an intensifying aging population, osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures are debauched becoming important public health issues that result in a considerable economic burden on health service resources.

Two phases of bone loss in women occurs. The first occurs predominantly in trabecular bone and starting at menopause and results from oestrogen deficiency and leads to a disproportionate increase in bone desorption as compared with formation. This phase is demarcated as menopause related loss of bone.. After 4 to 8 years, the second phase exhibits a persistent, slower loss of both trabecular and cortical bone, and is mainly attributed to reduced bone formation (Rogers, Saleh, Hannon, Greenfield & Eastell, 2002). This is age related bone loss, which is the only phase that also happens in men. During the menopausal transition period, the average reduction in BMD is about 10%. Approximately half of women are losing bone even more rapidly, perhaps as much as 10% to 20% in those 5 to 6 years around menopause.

IMPACT OF OESTROGEN ON BONES

About 25% of postmenopausal women can be classified as fast bone losers and they could be discovered by the measurement of bone loss and bone desorption markers (Garnero, Sornay-Rendu, Duboeuf & Delmas ,1999).Osteoporosis is a major cause of fracture in postmenopausal women. Nowadays, a large number of studies have proven that oestrogen is effective in the prevention of osteoporosis and hormone therapy can still be considered a first line choice for postmenopausal women.

From osteoporosis, globally 200 million women suffer resulting in pain, disability, costly rehabilitation, poor quality of life and premature death (Sultan, Khan, Mushtaq & Hassan, 2006). There is a direct relation of osteoporosis and post-menopausal women because the hormones levels are low and menstrual periods are absent can cause loss of bone mass. A decrease in bone density is directly related to low level of oestrogen that is a natural consequence of menopause. Because no oestrogen or very little is secreted by ovaries after menopause that’s why the post-menopausal females are at a greater risk of developing Osteoporosis. This low oestrogen level in the body results in increased bone loss and frequency of osteoporosis increases with increasing age so osteoporosis is a major and growing public health problem in postmenopausal women (Spencer, 2007; Khawaja, Nasir & Mithani, 2006). The incidence of fractures due to osteoporosis increases exponentially with advancing age. Osteoporosis fractures are a major cause of morbidity and disability in older people and can lead to premature death. Such fractures impose a significant economic load on health services.

Introduction

The bone is a living organ that continues in growth before and after the puberty. Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by deterioration in the micro-architecture of bone tissue that leads to increased bone frailty and susceptibility to fragility (low trauma) fractures. Preventive measures including patient education and exercise can reduce hip fractures related to osteoporosis.

Background

No disease has attracted attention in the last 2 decades all over the world, such as osteoporosis. [1]During childhood and adolescence bone formation is dominant. In adulthood the bone goes through a process of removal and replacement through life.” Most of the adult skeleton is replaced about every 10 years [2]

The limited awareness by physicians and the public about how to effectively predict fracture is a major contributory factor for the occurrence of OP-related fractures. [3] Secondly, early detection of OP remains largely opportunistic, and its confirmation is dependent on clinician referral for objective assessment of bone health, [4] Bone density is best assessed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the hip. [5]

More than half of all women and one-third of all men will experience osteoporotic fractures if they live long enough. [7]And people who created greater reserves of calcium during their youth have more bone mass to be destructed in the osteoporosis-endangered age. [8]The most suitable activities regarding osteoporosis prevention are rather weight-bearing activities or activities using some sports tools when there are created a burden upon the bones. [9] Higher intake of alcohol, caffeine and cola beverages associated with OP and Drinks like Coca Cola contain a lot of phosphorus which leads to hypocalcemia and osteoporosis. [10] Caffeine consumption may increase urinary excretion calcium and subsequently reduce bone mineral density among postmenopausal women but not in young adult women. [11]

Prynne et al [12] report revealed association between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone mineral status in 5 age and sex cohorts. Intriguingly, the results indicate significant positive associations.

The lack of vitamin D also contributes to osteoporosis. [12]Sunshine exposure is a natural source of vitamin D with about 10 to 15 minutes of sunlight several days a week is enough for human body produces adequate quantities of Vitamin D. [13] Lack of exercise makes bone deteriorated. [14] Physical activities regularly play a role as a glue to keep calcium stay in to keep bone, a strong bone. [15]

The aim of study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of osteoporosis among female patients attending Najran university hospital during May & June 2018.

Material and Methods

A cross sectional study conducted in Najran city situatedin Southwestern Saudi Arabia,

Najran University hospital located at the Prince Masha’al discrete area. It serves more than 30000 people around this hospital. It contains more than 17 specialized clinics with a fast growing in different medical health services.The study population included adult female patients attending Najran University Hospitals. A validated questionnaire after extensive literature review & revised by professors of Endocrinology, Family Medicine Doctors & statistician.Any female known to have osteoporosis & female attending orthopedic clinicswere included in the study.Total coverage of all female attending during May & June 2019. A well-trained female nurse distributed the questionnaire to the target population. They have been asked to fill the questionnaire and submit it on the same day.

The data analyzed by using SPSS software version 17 with most appropriate statistical tests (e.g. Chi square test, ANOVA, or student t test). P. value is considered significantly if its value found < 0.05.

Discussion

In order to prevent osteoporosis effectively it is necessary to have the knowledge about the lifestyle risk factors, the positive attitudes towards them and to practice in a corresponding, suitable way.

Our study evaluated the general perception of osteoporosis among patients attending University Hospital in Najran, as well as their knowledge of lifestyle, risk factors, and preventive measures. The results of our study, which are consistent with those of other reports, indicate that several aspects of patients’ knowledge and life style could be improved. [16-18, 19]

The results of the current study showed that media sources, such as television and radio were used more often than healthcare professionals to obtain disease related information. This is in agreement with the study by Al Attia et al., which identified magazines, newspapers, and television as the major source of information among patients. [18]

Thus, we recommend that media outlets should be used to deliver disease specific information, as Logsdon et al., have shown such to be effective. [20, 21]

Primary osteoporosis is observed mainly in postmenopausal women and in elderly people. Secondary osteoporosis, on the other hand, is related to predisposing conditions such as genetic diseased, immobilization, use of medicine (medical treatment). [22]

Postmenopausal osteoporosis and osteoporosis of ageing are the commonest forms of the disorder. Of the study women aware of menopause as a risk factor and they accounted for 55.9%. Postmenopausal osteoporosis expresses itself clinically as a fracture. In a study by Sujic et al., that included 1735 fragility fracture patients, 93% of the participants did not think that their fracture was caused by osteoporosis. [23]

Fractures of the hip are more common in women. [24] Of the study women 71.3% were aware of this and 38.9 % aware that male is less susceptible to osteoporosis. Within the first year after hip fracture, there is a death rate of 2-20%. [34] Age is known to be a major factor, affecting both male and female osteoporosis. [25] It is also well known that bone mass decline with age and the reduction is more marked among women than men. [25]

The disease has a strong genetic component. [26] And current study shows 47.3% of the study women aware heredity may be a risk of osteoporosis. A calcium-rich diet is considered important in the prevention of osteoporosis. [27] Most prospective intervention studies have shown a significant effect of high intake of calcium in women after the menopause. [28]

The protective nature of calcium rich diet to osteoporosis known to 69.2 % study women and 88.8 % thought it is essential to use calcium-rich diet for the prevention of osteoporosis. Protein malnutrition and starvation have marked detrimental effects on bone. On the other hand, a high protein intake may result in high rates of cortical bone loss. [27, 28] Meat is main source of high protein. Of the study 53.5% women aware meat is a risk for osteoporosis.

Coffee is risk for osteoporosis known to 84.6%. Whereas tea protective against it known to 24.5% of the study women. Several studies have suggested that the consumption of coffee is associated with a significant increase in risk of fracture. [29, 30, 31] The consumption of tea was found to be a protective factor in some studies. [29, 31] The current study results shows 24.5% of the study women aware of this.

Physical activity is also an important aspect in prevention of osteoporosis. [32]The knowledge about the physical activity (physical exercise) is quite good 32.9% among the study women.

In the current study lack of exercise as a risk factor for osteoporosis was known to 64.7% of the study women. According to a study carried out in north-east England, [33] lack of exercise as a risk factor for osteoporosis was known to 29% of the participants which is less than the finding of this study. Oestrogen appears to be the most important sex steroid in preventing osteoporosis in women. [34] In current study, the role of oestrogens in preventing osteoporosis was known to 48.3 % of the study women whereas in north-east England study [34], the role of oestrogens in preventing osteoporosis was known to 74.9% of study participants which is more than the finding of the current study. Smoking seems to be a very important risk factor according to the literature. [35] Current study shows 54.9% of the study women aware smoking is a risk factor of osteoporosis.Some medications may cause osteoporosis, especially with long-term use. [36] In current study more than half of study women were aware of this. Excess salt (sodium) intake is considered to be one of the causes of calcium loss. [37] Of the study women 38.1% aware of this.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the overall prevention knowledge of osteoporosis among participants was moderate (76.74%); however, a considerable number of surveyed women in our study are unaware of the risk factors and the consequences of osteoporosis. The overall risk knowledge of osteoporosis among participants was 45.7%.Television and radio should be targeted in efforts to raise awareness and provide health education. Future research should examine perceptions in a larger sample of patients, as well as in the general population. This should aid in building and directing future modalities for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

A superficial familiarity with osteoporosis may be giving women a false sense of security about the disease, its severity and its potential impact on their lives. Therefore, we have to conduct public seminars and design leaflets on osteoporosis in addition to making personal efforts in order to make them aware of the disease while there is a chance of changing the risks.

Osteoporosis is a chronic disease that directly affects the growth of bone mass. On the genetic side, individuals are born with this disorder because it is programmed within their DNA. However, lifestyle factors like daily exercise, sufficient intake of calcium, limiting alcohol consumption, and even maintaining a healthy diet can help decrease the risk of being diagnosed later on in life. To increase bone mass and prevent osteoporosis in female adolescents, researchers presume that regular exercise and daily consumption of calcium could help resolve this recurring issue in older women. Various low fat or fat-free products can be eaten to increase calcium levels for stronger bone mass also to limit the chemical dioxin from entering the bloodstream, which can further cause greater problems. Abstaining from increased consumption of caffeinated beverages that contain harmful compounds called phosphorous, calcium absorption becomes easier, thus builds bone mass. In addition, nonstrenuous, daily physical activity can be performed to achieve healthy bones. This includes simple 30-minute workouts, small strolls, and short jogs a few times a week. Females are more likely to be diagnosed with this prevailing illness because women over the years tend to refrain from dairy, for it is considered high in fats. This issue stems from the fact that women are so concerned with weight loss that they tend to neglect the vital, nutritional supplements that come with these calcium-infused meals. Females become so involved in losing weight that skipping meals become a habit. Overall, these issues need to be addressed in order to guide young females to better their lifestyle choices and to decrease the future risk of osteoporosis.

Following the study on the prevention of osteoporosis, data from a questionnaire was collected from 293 high school females ranging from ages 14-19 years concerning the matters of low calcium intake, including unhealthy diets, weight loss, reduced physical activity, and skipping meals completely. The questions asked the participants to answer the perceptions of weight loss or gain, calcium intake, and regular exercise. Each category summarized the general mentions of this study through Likert Scales that were answered by the participants through devised questions. To obtain collective data on calcium intake, the participants formulated their answers on what they consumed in terms of foods and drinks through the predicted variables of meal skipping, attempting to lose weight, and perceptions on the barriers of calcium intake. Data on physical activity was collected through self-reports of participants on how many hours and days of various exercises were performed through variables of perceptions of benefits and barriers to exercise, weight loss, maintaining weight loss, and perception of one’s weight to another. Gathering all the data, concluding results indicated that on average, participants received 450.5 mg of calcium versus the highest intake of 1,916 mg of calcium daily, while the normal intake is about 1,300 mg. On the other hand, the average amount of exercise performed weekly was 6.1 hours versus the highest amount of 30 hours of physical exercise. With the normal number of hours of physical activity being 7 hours a week, this comes to show how much exercise was performed to maintain weight loss.

Conclusively, the resulting data proved that young females during their teen years, in which physiological bone growth is significant to reduce the future occurrence of the ailing disease of osteoporosis, were inconsistent with regular exercise and healthy diets. Calcium intake was inadequately neglected, due to specific matters dealing with the participant’s perceptions on body image and weight loss or gain. Young females choose to lose dietary supplements and nutritional values in order to maintain weight loss. Promoting a new healthy lifestyle would open the eyes of these young individuals to seek a better future by preventing osteoporosis. Health professionals spread the word to reach and encourage them to choose healthier choices of foods, such as cheese, yogurt, spinach, or nuts that are high in calcium levels. They also advocate weekly exercises to promote stronger bones and muscles because through moderate physical activity bone mass increases, which supplies strength and reduces fractures from the unhealthy and brittle bones of old age.

This study was conducted to introduce the concept of pushing for healthier lifestyle choices to prevent the diagnosis of osteoporosis in geriatric women, however, it fails in being inclusive because it neglects prevention in males. It demonstrates collective data through questionnaires that can easily be inaccurately answered. The researchers can’t know for sure the reliability of the concluded data that was obtained from these participants. This prevention study sufficiently describes all the ways of obtaining calcium intake through healthy foods, as well as regular and consistent exercises that increase bone mass. It further explains the importance of teaching female adolescence so that they develop stronger bones, thus reducing the risk of a future diagnosis of osteoporosis. When discussing the finding results, the researchers behind the study admit that the study is lacking investigation and encourages replicated researchers. The beginning of the study mentions alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking disorders that can potentially decrease bone mass, thus weakening bones, however, the resulting study fails to accomplish relativity to the research. For the most part, this research persuasively urges young females to address these issues and resolve them before it’s too late.

Ailing health in our nation is the national issue. Money related limitations, nourishment deficiencies, absence of sustenance learning and superstition are the primary reasons. Moms and kids are the basic and toxic casualties of lack of healthy sustenance. The individual’s most loved is his life. So everybody’s heart wants to endure. An existence without sustenance can not be envisioned. So as to be solid, lively and dynamic at all age, an individual needs to eat adjusted eating regimen as indicated by the need. In this, human body developed normally. Has been dynamic for quite a while. Because of the exemption of the danger Diseases of the nerves in the body Osteoporosis is a perplexing illness.

There is a great deal of gaps during the bones when it is reared in the human body. Thus, the viability of bone declines. Bones are effectively broken by little wounds. For the most part, this ailment is a typical casualty of ladies’ strengthening. At that point their life ended up hopeless. Osteoporosis happens when the grouping of minerals during the bones diminishes. Osteoporosis can be brought about by expanded thyroid and hormone levels in the body. The issue might be if the sex hormone sum is not as much as that. Smoking is another real reason for bone delicacy or osteoporosis. The issue is that there is no indication of the illness in the underlying state. By and large, with the expansion in the dimension of bone or bone torment in the back, The bone blasts seem a lot sooner than the idea. In an uncommon report from a national paper, I discovered that one out of three out of each three osteoporosis sufferers Generally, ladies’ bone thickness is not as much as that of men.

After that 50 percent of ladies in Bangladesh are influenced by osteoporosis. Osteoporosis at the youthful age isn’t excessively. The occurrence of youngsters is uncommon. Expanding the accessibility of calcium and nutrient D enables the issue to dispose of it. Unhealthy protein decreases the danger of grown-up osteoporosis. To endure the sickness, kids ought to have enough calcium to nourish their kids each day until they develop. Specialists stress on moderate foods grown from the ground to expand bone thickness. For the individuals who utilize satisfactory nutrient D, calcium-rich sustenance and calcium and nutrient enhancements, they are more averse to have osteoporosis at an early age. As indicated by the suggestions of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Foot and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a grown-up should take 1000 calories from 1,300 milligrams for each day; But individuals in the Asian rustic locale get under 450 milligrams of calories day by day.

The World Health Organization says that such a little measure of calcium can not ensure the bone wellbeing. Because of osteoporosis consistently 89 million individuals worldwide have bone crack. By 2050, the osteoporosis will be 50 percent of the weariness on the planet. In Asian nations, the ailment is outside of the analysis, however determination isn’t dealt with regardless of whether it is because of neediness. The issue is more in the town than the city. Bone and physical movement in the youthful age of the bones are hard. Staying resigned, everyday activities and remaining in the hours of the day shield the midsection rate from delicacy.

Physical wellness and organs may lessen the danger of osteoporosis. Ladies have turned out to be increasingly powerless against osteoporosis because of the danger of ladies wellbeing in Bangladesh. Presently if general society and private joint endeavors are not taken about this infection then our ladies network will neglect to satisfy their due obligations. Therefore, our national stage should be totally harmed. So it is imperative to take powerful projects to remain in time. In rustic regions, because of high predominance of this illness, it is important to give restorative treatment to the needy individuals of the upazila emergency clinics.

A healthy body needs strong bones. Most of the people in the entire fractured very soon because their bones are not too strong. They are facing the problem of Osteoporosis. In our body, the material used to make the new bones and removed the last ones. It makes the bones very healthy. While on the other hand, a lot of people did not have this function. Their bones need material to grow the bone but unfortunately failed to get. So, healthy bones are reduced over time due to not have material for growing.

What is osteoporosis?

It is a disease in which man or woman’s bones did not pick the material to grow it. All bones are removed, and new bones take place for old ones. Sometimes, the process of reducing bones is faster than the new making bones, which is the reason for Osteoporosis. The doctor advised the patients of some precautions. We do have not any cure system for it, but some treatments decreased the problem for us.

Risks

The risk of Osteoporosis is more in older adults than the young ones. The material continued to make the new bones till the 20 to 25. So, this process ended for old age people. On the next side, women facing menopause, their bones brooked very fast due to it. They must care for him by using reliable medicine and treatment. Drinking and smoking could be a massive threat to the people who have the disease Osteoporosis.

Reasons

The lack of healthy food is the initial factor in losing bones at an early age. This problem is more in women than men. Furthermore, children need to drink more and more milk, but they do not have it due to the poverty situation in different countries. We have seen that some boys or girls do not have the immune power to face just a small reaction, and they fractured their bones. The lack of Vitamin A and D are the other reasons for fracturing the bones.

How to overcome osteoporosis?

There are some medicines available in the market. You can also get rid of it by using milk and vegetables every day. Daily exercise also makes a substantial body of a man. The therapy method is best to cover this disease, but it is costly for us. Your old bones ended and wanted new bones in that place, which is reason to lose immune power. The process of rebuild must be fast than the falling of bones. Medications and taking Vitamins are also a method of treatment.

We have described all the detail about the disease of Osteoporosis, which is essential for us. Developing countries have more issues than the developed ones. Healthy food decreased this disease, and daily exercise also. It would help if you stayed away from drinking and smoking to fight versus it. Strong bones are essential to living a happy life. There is not any cure to overcome, and precaution is the only way to fight it.

Foods high in calcium and vitamin D are particularly great for fostering bone density. These will be the nutrients once we consider bones, but others also play a valuable role, such as calcium, potassium, calcium, and vitamin C. That any dietary plan ought to be balanced and include lots of veggies and fruits in addition to sources of protein.

Some meals are much better than many others in this respect, so we’ll break down super options for preventing and treating osteoporosis. It is very important since while its indicators are still painless, the outcome is a higher chance of fractures which may render you vulnerable to diseases and take a time to cure, to consider this disease.

But do not worry – all of these are excellent foods. We enjoy #6 specifically as a replacement for the 1 thing the majority of us eat. Could you imagine what it really is? Continue reading for the reply to this and a lot more questions.

Dark Greens – We have a tendency to consider milk as the sole resource of calcium, but the truth is it is available in several unique vegetables. Dark leafy greens such as turnip greens, collard greens, bok choy, Chinese cabbage, and spinach are high in calcium. But that is not all. They have a fantastic quantity of vitamin K, and this will be known to decrease your risk of osteoporosis.

Potatoes – Lesser called potassium and vitamin D but nevertheless essential to bone health would be potassium and magnesium. And what is more, all these nourishment work together to secure your bones? Getting deficient in calcium may throw your balance off of vitamin D. Potassium, on the other hand, can neutralize the toxins in the human body which Leach calcium directly from your bones. Both white and sweet berries are rich sources of potassium and magnesium. Just make sure you boil or bake them rather than fry them to carry on the healthy worth.

Citrus Fruit – Everybody knows that citrus fruits are a superb source of Vitamin C. However, you might not have understood that vitamin C plays a part. That is because vitamin C is crucial for the evolution of collagen, that’s the part of cartilage and bone. Bad news for women, however. Various studies have demonstrated that supplementing with vitamin C is far significantly effective for maintaining bone density. But do not quit citrus because you are female. Vitamin C is essential for a good deal of items, such as young-looking and smooth skin. 1 orange or grapefruit can provide a complete day’s allowance.

Fish – Lots of types of fatty fish provide a great quantity of vitamin D to help the body utilize calcium. Fish includes omega-3 fatty acids, and this along with bone health may encourage health and your muscles. Salmon specifically is a fantastic source of potassium, calcium also canned salmon includes calcium also. The main reason behind the calcium is really that little bones are packed together with all the meat. The exact same holds true of lettuce. You won’t actually see the bones, however, it is still good to consume salmon filets, in addition to fresh or canned salmon and mackerel when you are bothered by the thought.

Almonds – Almonds aren’t simply high in potassium and calcium, but they’re really versatile and simple to have in your daily diet plan. They smashed using a little bit of salt to get a nut butter to spread on bread, chopped and chopped as a crispy, or are sometimes consumed by the handful for a snack. Almonds do include a reasonable amount of fat, however shouldn’t be a massive worry since you don’t have to consume many to find the nutritional advantages.

Molasses – Substituting different sweeteners for processed white sugar as frequently as you can is just a great policy. Sugar is among the biggest dangers to public health now, for many reasons. We are aware that sugar can weaken your muscles If it comes to osteoporosis. Molasses, on the other hand, is a natural sweetener that also includes calcium. Consider substituting molasses in stirring it in pops, oatmeal, or yogurt in addition to baking.

Fortified Foods – Plant-based milk, orange juice, cereals, and bread are often augmented with additional calcium and vitamin D. Thus, in the event that you are a vegetarian or don’t enjoy milk, you’re still able to get it.

It is a fantastic idea to get additional fortified foods through the wintertime, once you aren’t getting outside sunlight just as much. Once the days are shorter, it is typical for individuals to become deficient in vitamin D, which the body adjusts below the consequences of sunlight and it is too chilly to spend much time outside. You might realize that are much less easily available during the winter months.

Your skeletal construction makes it feasible for every other element of the body to stay in a suitable location and perform its own job. Osteoporosis weakens bones and can be an illness, since it interrupts the foundation of the physique, although not since it is itself fatal or debilitating. Reduction of density and bone density implies that parts of your framework may fracture after a bruise or even a bump.

Fortunately, diet may go a very long way toward maintaining and even fixing bone reduction. Speak with your physician about your risk factors from the time you reach 50 years of age. But begin building a lot of those foods. Preventing osteoporosis and keeping your muscles strong is a job that is lifelong.

Osteoporosis is a condition in. Victims and mass sheds undergo bone tissue reduction. It’s a condition experienced by individuals 65 and above girls. Osteoporosis is also asymptomatic. Many individuals don’t understand they have it until they undergo this disease’s impact.

Since there’s been a reduction of bone density with osteoporosis, so you might be amazed at the capability of a fall or bump to rejuvenate bones. The rest might be a person in your arm, or it might happen on your backbone and improve your entire life.

As per a study from East Virginia Medical School in 2016, fractures are expensive and occur because obesity demand hospital time. Osteoporosis is something it is essential to take note of as you get older, so which you are able to take action to block it. Bear in mind, it’s hardly something which you will feel occurring, however, you will feel that fracture that is sudden.

Age – It is time to begin speaking to your doctor When you attain age 50. Supplementation, for example, calcium, might be recommended. Girls men older than 70 and older than 65 must be screened on a yearly basis. Any individual has to be tested for osteoporosis.

Certain Medications – It is not aging. Drugs including injectable drugs steroids, along with some cancer therapies raise the risk. Fundamental medications for things such as heartburn or depression may also your risk of obesity, but it does not mean that you should quit taking them. Speak with your physician. She or he might suggest an extra supplement to strengthen your bone health and cancel out the impact of the medication that is principal.

Decline Of Height – Reduction of posture and height come together with age, and osteoporosis can be signaled by them. Changes include a reduction of curvature at the spine or a couple of inches of height. These modifications can signify that your backbone has been influenced by obesity. As soon as you’ve attained age 50, ask at each checkup for a height dimension.

Vitamin D Deficiency – As it enables the body to absorb calcium, vitamin D is essential to bone health. A new study has pointed to the value of vitamin D for preventing cognitive impairment, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. These signs are moderate, although you may undergo bone pain or muscular fatigue In case you’ve got a lack. Vitamin D synthesis in the body, if they reside in northern latitudes or even as soon as your skin has been exposed to sunlight, so lots of men and women undergo a lack. Food sources of Vitamin D are animals such as fish and fish oils, egg yolk, fortified milk, cheese, and beef liver. The chance of vitamin D deficiency is much greater if you’re a vegan.

Elevated Levels Of Alkaline Phosphatase Or Serum Calcium In A Blood Test – This evaluation is only 1 step your physician may take to find out whether bone loss is being experienced by you. It may find out if bone disorders are found, and also if your bones may be impacting. It may likewise be employed to rule Paget’s disease, which impacts your muscles develop out. This evaluation is also utilized to search for indications of liver disease.

Joint Or Muscle Aches – Osteoporosis develops which means until the disease has progressed, you will not experience pain. There are. Fractures in the bone and stress fractures may happen in the course of everyday life, and an abrupt feeling may be caused by those. You will experience soreness as you start to eliminate height as well as your compress together. And when a fracture happens in the ribs, then it can press on the guts from a rib. Another sign of obesity is muscle fatigue due to connections. You might observe this as a problem getting up from a seat.

Fracture – The very first indication that you may have osteoporosis is a fracture. Fracture is the most common symptom. If the bones eventually become fragile and have thinned, even effect will make a fracture. And since the effect that led to the harm was slight, people do not understand before pain pushes them they have broken a bone.

Evidence that you have undergone a fracture contains swelling and pain following the collapse or an effect. This is normally clear. That is another indication if it seems an area of your body is out of alignment. It might signal a fracture in the event that you can not return to a particular event that caused 36, Should you are feeling the pain that lasts for weeks.

Conclusion

Pains and aches have been anticipated as you get older, and are not an indication of osteoporosis. However, it’s nevertheless a fantastic idea to talk with your physician about it. In a report of girls using a fragility fracture, just 1 in five understood they had osteoporosis. And not many of those girls proceeded to take follow-up actions to prevent fractures.

Whatever your age, steps that you can take to decrease the chance of osteoporosis, comprise quitting smoking and excessive drinking, boosting your intake of calcium along with vitamin D, and also engaging in routine exercise. It’s ideal to create these behaviors a custom. But if you missed that ship, it is never too late to generate a huge difference. The relaxation is dependent upon it.

Our bones are harder than granite; they withstand stretching more than steel. Bone structures support the body in an upright position and protect sensitive organs. Healthy bones should be extremely hard, rigid, and at the same time, elastic and very mobile. Bone tissue is alive thanks to the continuous processes of its transformation – the destruction of old and the formation of new bone cells. Osteoporosis, or atrophy of bone tissues, is spoken of if the transformation processes lead to a significant decrease in bone mass and an apparent violation of the microarchitectonics of the bone.

For the effective formation of new bone tissue, the building material is required. Many organs and systems of the body take part in its synthesis: proteins, carbohydrates, minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, which give bone density, enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract. The endocrine system regulates metabolism and the intensity of the processes of formation and destruction of bone tissue. Active vitamins are formed in the kidneys, which help construct bones. In addition, nutrition also influences the risk of osteoporosis. The insufficient intake of calcium and vitamin D in the body increases. The most affordable source of calcium is dairy products: they must necessarily be included in the diet. It is also necessary to eat soy, green vegetables, and fruits (Srinath et al., 2020). To get enough calcium with food, you will have to consume them in large quantities. For example, drink about a liter of milk a day or eat 600-800 grams of cottage cheese. Therefore, in the presence of osteoporosis or a high risk of its occurrence, one adjustment to the diet is not enough.

In conclusion, bone transformation is an ongoing process: bone tissue is removed, and new tissues are formed. This transformation ensures the viability of tissues and the stability of bones. The bones are weakened; the weakening is reduced bone density. The recovery mechanisms are no longer functioning properly. This disease is dangerous because it does not manifest itself for a long time. Treatment often begins only after a fracture of the femoral neck or spine, fraught with disability. The only way to avoid such problems is through regular monitoring and doctor visits.

Reference

Srinath, P., Abdul Azeem, P., & Venugopal Reddy, K. (2020). Review on calcium silicate‐based bioceramics in bone tissue engineering. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 17(5), 2450-2464.