Category: Organized Crime

Organization of Local, International and Transnational Organized Crime Policing and Research Issue

Introduction

This review is try to assess the Organization of Local, international and transnational organized crime policing and research issue. Policing is always necessary in all societies for the protection of order, safety and social relations. Approaches to policing vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, organization to organization (Interpol, UNPOL, and AUPOL (AfriPol) and country to country (Reiner, 2002).

Police officers share a distinctive attitude in the world. There is no single culture, norms, values, structures, and ethical standard in any one police organisation, but Police share a set of assumptions, values, modes of thinking, and acting ( Chan 2007).

International police cooperation plays a key role in addressing the threat posed by transnational crime ranging from international terrorism, illicit drugs, organized crimes, illicit trafficking of humans and goods to the misuse of technologies in cyber space. As criminal organizations become more sophisticated and widespread, run by new technology, globalization and geopolitics, they will not pause to take advantage of global gaps in policing. Police forces must therefore cooperate in areas beyond intelligence exchange and solving crime. They must also understand the socio-political conditions of countries where transnational crime stems from, and support the source countries’ efforts to eliminate crime. (Intrpo, 2008)

The purpose of this paper to review the articles of; The Organization of Organized Crime Policing and Its International Context, Local Policing and Transnational Organized Crime, The Possibility Of Transnational Policing, Policing and Society and transnational Policing: the Globalization Thesis, a Typology and a Research Agenda respectively. The review is to see critically how these articles emphasized on the their title and to identify its objectives, framework, perspective, methods and their findings and their possible solutions for the raised issues on transnational organized crime policing with the world trend.

This review is organized in reviewing part of each article which summarizes and criticizes concepts, describing the methodologies used, their perspectives and the gaps they missed and conclusion and recommendation.

The description of reviewing articles

The first article is discussed on the organization of transnational organized crime policing (CLIVE HARFIELD, 2008). Objectives of this article are to explain upon a decade of developments in the organization of organized crime policing and show that the policing of organized crime are based on certain prerequisites.

As the author stated that Policing is organized depends on an understanding of what needs to be policed. The awareness of the threat of organized crime is changed, hence, organized crime has a various characteristics in relations to nation-wide conspiracy; ethnic grouping; socio-political elites and state-organized crime; professional or white-collar crime; ongoing illicit business enterprises; a global phenomenon; a core threat to democracy; and, increasingly, as having a terrorist connection. These characteristics reinforce the notion that organized crime has grown beyond the competence of the traditional criminal justice investigative agencies (Levi, 2007).

Perspectives of the author is the offences created under national criminal and customs law is lead to the cooperation and collaboration for multilateral agreement together with bilateral treaties is for mutual legal assistance to extradition, investigation and prosecution of transnational criminals. As addressed in the literature, investigating and prosecuting transnational criminality is grounded upon governments’ and national authorities’ political willingness to employ resources in collaboration or in assuming responsibility for a trial that could theoretically take place in more than one jurisdiction if the behavior transgressed more than one national criminal code. Since organized crime is a global problem, any possible or ambitious global solution suffers for the political reality of different national priorities, perspectives and powers.

Based on this author explained that, the collaborative and co-ordinated effort is required to transform different and divergent national capacities and capabilities into an effective multilateral mechanism against organized crime and hence appropriately organize organized crime policing in its international context (Edwards and Gill, 2003). The article also emphasized on the development of organized crime policing over the past decade and viewed in the widest sense.

The author also differentiated the strengths and weaknesses of organized crime policing. Policing of organized crime are characterized by flexibility and innovation, with opportunities to achieve successful prosecutions and reduce harm within a transnational context, but suffers for differences in capacity and capability between jurisdictions; different and indifferent attitudes towards treaty negotiation, ratification and implementation; different attitudes and agenda in relation to mutual legal assistance and international law enforcement co-operation.

The author argued, if there is consensus between jurisdictions about the resource prerequisites, collaboration can take place on the basis of equal enough peers. But if not, creates vulnerabilities and network gaps in terms of illicit supply and demand, creating chances for organized crime groups to exploit the absence of effective policing or, where authorities are weak, to buy the absence of effective policing through corruption. Where this is not possible or is rejected, the foreign jurisdiction itself becomes part of ‘the problem’ to be policed.

As the author of this article pointed out, the organization of policing organized crime needs some requirements such as domestic statute law, courts with relevant competency, instruments of inter-national co-operation, agencies with appropriate powers and capabilities, preventative capability, upstream interdiction; the capacity to generate, manage, share and apply knowledge; all within an appropriate framework of good governance and legitimacy for policing of organized crimes or transnational criminals.

The second article of this review is focused on local policing and transnational organized crime (Stan Gilmour & Robert France, 2011). The objectives of the article is, to discusses the problems associated with a crime management model instituted geographically, and the advantages of different models of policing to counter transnational organized crime. It analyzes the different policing approaches from three organizing frameworks; intelligence led policing, problem-solving policing, and goal-oriented policing.

The concepts of this article is focused on the movement of policing during the late 1980s, within British policing to establish a new system to inform the effective deployment of policing resources that has advanced into the police service refers to as ‘Intelligence-Led Policing’ (ILP). As the authors explained that, this approach was consistent through the implementation of the National Intelligence Model (NIM). Policing groups tasked with attempting crime at an inter-force, national and international level had always made use of intelligence information. As a result of this, Kent police mechanism emerged which is referred to as the Crime Management Model.

The NIM process sets out a system for the collection and evaluation of information, taking a much broader view of the information that should be considered than simply intelligence material. That information, having been developed and analyzed, is made available to two key meetings: The Strategic Tasking and Co-ordination Group, which sets the strategic direction and priorities for policing on a long term basis, and the Tactical Tasking and Co-ordination group, which operates on a much more short term basis.

They also specified that, the NIM aim is to provide a holistic business process that can be applied to the policing of crime from neighborhood issues through to national and international criminality. From an intelligence base and with a problem-solving perspective local officers should be encouraged to coordinate a much enough response to the harms of transnational organized crime (TOC) within their communities.

They concluded with a suggestion to expression towards an Intelligent Problem Solving solution that prioritizes the grassroots by focusing on threat, harm, and risk within a crime range.

The third Article is the possibility of transnational policing (Alice Hills (2009). The objectives of this article are to assess the possibility of developing transnational policing in the light of UN peacekeeping operations. The article deals with an explanation of transnational policing’s limitations based on the priority of sub-state practice over international standards with the experience of Nigerian officers offers a relevant case instance.

The concept of the article is give emphasis on as Police officers share a distinctive viewpoint on the world. A consensus has emerged that, there is no single culture in any one police organization, but Police share a set of assumptions, values, modes of thinking, and acting (Chan 2007). As the author describing that, awareness of occupational linkage are currently reinforced by the broadly shared opinion that police forces must co-operate to respond effectively to the crime and insecurity. Various forms of bilateral, multilateral and international cooperation are encouraged by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs).The operational requirements of multinational peacekeeping deployments play role as the conformation of UN police (UNPOL) missions emphasizes. A UNPOL operation for confirmation of a common ethic is given on the basis of the UN’s codes, declarations and standards on policing. The possibility of developing a genuinely transnational police craft is accordingly slight due to political, to do with power, and sub-state policing realities usually balance the idealism and universalizing trends of plentiful analysts and organizations.

As detailed in the literature, there is no transnational agreement on the levels of force required for effective policing, because its restriction is based on the priority of sub-state practice. Transnational policing is progressively widespread in response to the promotion of international human rights legislation, humanitarian intervention strategies and cross-border security operations. The security strategies of specific agents play a great role to achieve its political objectives, its procedural standards and ideological ideals on a system of cross-border police co-operation. So transnational policing is presented liberal values which are universalized. The institutional fragmentation prevents the global common interest into practical action, and admits that the transnational condition is not conducive to fostering an ethic of good policing.

The author argued that the approaches focus on the interests and experiences of international actors, rather than on the performance, effectiveness and conduct of, and popular support for, indigenous police organizations. Temporarily, the law-enforcement perspective stresses the need to strengthen local capacities to manage local and regional crime.

The author also argues that, it is difficult to recognize a transnational ethic capable of incorporating in a range of practices and norms. Every problem is associated with the rationale, recruitment, deployment and management of multinational police in a UN context. UNPOL encourages a public good on behalf of the international community. Its strategic mission is to develop institutional police capacity in post-conflict environments, and support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of local police. But some UNPOL have less professional experience and competence than the police they are advising. And also the transnational standards are undermined by the behavior of many of its officers.

The fourth article is Transnational Policing: The Globalization Thesis, a Typology and a Research Agenda (Ben Bowling, 2009)

This article explores the thesis features of policing are gradually transforming as the world is becoming more economically, politically, technologically and socially interconnected. Exploring the dimensions of transnational policing based on a socio-spatial typology.

The author used descriptive, explanatory and normative research methods to describe the dimensions of transnational policing practices and plan out programs.

The concept of the article is addressing that the globalization thesis agenda on transnational policing is developing in a variety of different socio-geographical scopes which is described in relation to policing in the local, national, regional, international and global scopes. As a fact, contemporary policing requires collaboration across international boundaries has become accepted. Transnational networks have become wider, intensive and closer flowing global forces are having a greater local impact. Globalization researchers have noted the rise of an integrated world economy, advancing in transport and telecommunications technologies and numerous other dimensions of global interconnectedness. These have led to the globalization of insecurity in its broadest sense provoking many other changes relevant to understanding contemporary policing.

As pointed in the literature, driven by technological innovation, political change and economic policy choices, product, capital and labor markets are integrating and world trade is increasing. The capacity to communicate around the world has profoundly increased through personal computers and mobile telephony. Global interconnectedness creates new chances for illegality and enables criminal collaborations and also constructs horizontal communication and collaboration among police officers. Interpol was intended to be a communication network designed to promote mutual assistance between police organizations. As mentioned in the literature, Interpol offers four core functions; it provides a secure global communication system to share information, it provides databases that can be accessed through the global communication system, offers operational support through a command and coordination center, and training national police forces.

The author concluded that, by raising some practical, political and ethical issues on transnational policing. Transnational policing in its various forms will continue to expand in coming decades. The impact emerging from network or the technology and innovation development and this effect change the communication system with other country. The enormous challenges presented by the shifting nature of policing.

The Overall critiques of the articles reviewed

Most part of the articles was well written and well organized in review of literature to develop the situation and the authors cited in review of literature several references, but there are complicated due to the complex comparison of policing used in different frameworks with in different countries experiences in policing, structure and standards. The statements of problems in each article were not clearly visible, and it required several readings to establish why the researchers needed to be study.

Still the questions raised in the articles are further questions and unanswered. The first article has no clear conclusion. The second article is also concentrated on the NIM rather than analyzing the other models as stated in the object. And also all the articles have no clear methods and findings and recommendations.

Conclusion

This reviewed paper is tried to assess the concept that organized crime has grown beyond the competence of the traditional criminal justice investigative agencies. Since organized crime is a global problem, a collaborative and coordinated effort is required to against organized crime.

The policing approach was standardized through the implementation of the National Intelligence Model (NIM). Policing teams tasked with attempting crime at an inter-force, national and international level had always made use of intelligence information. The NIM process sets out a system for the collection and evaluation of information.

Awareness of occupational linkage is currently reinforced by the broadly shared opinion that police forces must co-operate to respond effectively to crime and insecurity. Various forms of bilateral, multilateral and international cooperation are encouraged by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). The operational requirements of multinational peacekeeping deployments play role as the conformation of UN police (UNPOL) missions emphasizes

The globalization thesis agenda on transnational policing is rising in a variety of different socio-geographical scopes which is described in relation to policing in the local, national, regional, international and global scopes. As a fact, contemporary policing requires collaboration across international boundaries has become accepted. Transnational networks have become wider, intensive and faster flowing global forces are having a greater local impact.

Analytical Essay on the Functions of International and Local Police to Control Transnational Organized Crime

Introduction

This paper is an article review analysis with local and international police functions to control transnational organized crime’ articulated by different authors. In this review objective of the each author on the cases, the central idea that was discussed and issue raised and the drawback of the authors and, review of the article will end with the conclusions and recommendations.

The review of the article has four articles reviewed with the author of the article. The first article is on the organization of transnational organized crime policing explained by author Clive Harfield with the objective of demonstrating a decade of developments in the organization of organized crime policing. The second article’s review objectives by the authors Stan Gilmour and Robert France are to describe how local police with the collaboration of the national and international police will be effective well in reducing transnational organized crime which is very harmful to society at large. The third parts of review of article are the Alice Hills article that assesses the possibility of developing transnational policing in the light of UN peacekeeping operations and he offers an explanation of transnational policing limitations depend on the primary of sub-state practice over international standards. The fourth review of the article are transnational policing: The Globalization Thesis, a Typology and a Research Agenda explored by an author Ben Bowling main objective is an article explores the thesis that the idea contemporary policing requires collaboration across international boundaries has become accepted as a fact and transnational policing is most frequently cited as a solution to organized crime. The police role is very crucial to control and prevent transnational organized crime which across the national borders by supporting the sub-state and supranational policing.

Analysis of the Reviews

Clive Harfield’s article is discussed on the organization of transnational organized crime policing. The objectives of his article are to demonstrate a decade of developments in the organization of organized crime policing within the international context and shows that the policing of organized crime is based on certain prerequisites.

He stated that policing is organized and depends on an understanding of what needs to be policed. The awareness of the threat of organized crime is changed, hence, organized crime has various characteristics in terms of nation-wide conspiracy; ethnic grouping; socio-political elites and state-organized crime; professional or white-collar crime; ongoing illicit business enterprises; a global phenomenon; a core threat to democracy; and, increasingly, as having a terrorist connection.

He also explain the functional pre-requisites around which the organization policing organized crime is structured within the international context: domestic statute law; courts with relevant competency; instruments of international co-operation; agencies with appropriate powers and capabilities; preventive capability; upstream interdiction; the capacity to generate, manage, share and apply knowledge; all within an appropriate framework of good governance and legitimacy.

He explained that collaborative and co-ordinated effort is required to translate different and differing national capacities and capabilities into an effective multilateral mechanism against organized crime and so appropriately organize organized crime policing in its international context. His article emphasized on the development of organized crime policing over the past decade and viewed in the widest sense and the question arises, the variation in opinion and premise, and the inherent complexity of multilayered, multi-actor collaboration, to what extent effective or even efficient organization of organized crime policing is possible at all

He also argued on the strengths and limitation of organized crime policing. Policing of organized crime are characterized by flexibility and innovation, with opportunities to achieve successful prosecutions and reduce harm within a transnational context, whereas differences in capacity and capability between jurisdictions; different and indifferent attitudes towards treaty negotiation, ratification and implementation; different attitudes and agenda in relation to mutual legal assistance and international law enforcement co-operation raised as limitation.

He pointed out that the organization of policing organized crime needs prerequisites of domestic statute law, courts with relevant competency, instruments of inter-national co-operation, agencies with appropriate powers and capabilities, preventative capability, upstream interdiction; the capacity to generate, manage, share and apply knowledge; all within an appropriate framework of good governance and legitimacy for policing of organized crimes or transnational criminals.

Stan Gilmour and Robert France discuss the problems associated with a crime management model instituted geographically, and the advantages of different models of policing to counter transnational organized crime. The main objectives of the authors are to describe how local police with the collaboration of the national and international police will be effective well in reducing transnational organized crime which is very harmful to the society at large. They analyzed the different policing approaches to the level of criminality from three organized frameworks; intelligence-led policing, problem-solving policing, and goal-oriented policing.

At the transnational level, the basic premise of the NIM is being replicated in the European Criminal Intelligence Model, seen as an alternative to a pan-European criminal law enforcement agency or centralization of effort through Europol. The NIM process sets out a system for the collection and evaluation of information, taking a much broader view of the information that should be considered than simply intelligence material. He proposed the importance of understanding that caused by the fact that the NIM with a range of policing activity from the local to the national and international level during the decision-making process. The NIM is applied across the police service, and its aim is to provide a holistic business process that can be applied to the policing of crime from neighborhood issues through to national and international criminality.

At the global international level, individual agency, criminal justice policy and foreign policy agenda in relation to transnational organized crime, diffused through the geopolitical prism, limits consensus, constricts collaboration and denies meaningful opportunities for large-scale organization and coordination. He recommended that from an intelligence base and with a problem-solving perspective local officers should be encouraged to coordinate a much richer response to the harms of transnational organized crime within their communities and concludes with a suggestion to look towards an Intelligent Problem Solving solution that prioritizes the grassroots by focusing on threat, harm, and risk within a crime continuum.

Author Alice Hills’ article assess the possibility of developing transnational policing in the light of UN peacekeeping operations and he offers an explanation of transnational policing limitations depend on the primary of sub-state practice over international standards.

He point out that occupational linkage of police forces today’s world is must co-operate to respond effectively to crime and ethic is founded on a ‘politically, economically, culturally and socially incorporate global social order..

The debates presented by the author on the various forms of bilateral, multilateral and international cooperation that are encouraged by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the EU, UN police (UNPOL)and Interpol, as is the notion of shared professional standards. first he note the tendency of many commentators to idealize the concept of a transnational ethic while disregarding, second, the subjective nature of active policing, and the role of force within it; these issues come to the power in the artificial environment of UN peacekeeping, which the third subdivision uses as a laboratory in which to scrutinize the possibility of transnational policing; Fourth, the relationship between international sub-state standards is demonstrated by reference to Norwegian provision for Nigerian peacekeepers; fifth, he conclude that the chances of developing a transnational police ethic are least.

He noted that UNPOL operation for confirmation of a common ethic is given on the basis of the UN’s codes, declarations and standards on policing. The possibility of developing a genuinely transnational police craft is accordingly slight due to political, to do with power, and sub-state policing realities customarily balance the idealism and universalizing tendencies of profuse analysts and organizations such as the UN.

He conclude that there is no transnational agreement on the levels of force required for effective policing, and each country assumes that its own practices are appropriate, but he put priority of sub-state practice as a limitation. Transnational policing is progressively widespread in response to the promotion of international human-rights legislation, humanitarian intervention strategies and cross-border security operations. He admits that that institutional fragmentation prevents global common interest into practical action and the transnational condition is not conducive to fostering an ethic of good policing but he argues that choosing to foster a constabulary ethic is both desirable and necessary. He focuses on the interests and experiences of international actors, rather than on the performance, effectiveness and conduct of, and popular support for, indigenous police organizations and he concludes that it is difficult to realize a transnational ethic capable of incorporating

UNPOL operations reflect changing expectations of transnational policing, the limits on what it can achieve, and the dominance of pragmatic and technical necessities over ideology. UNPOL encourages the perception that it provides a public good on behalf of the international community. Its strategic mission of UNPOL is to developing institutional police capacity in post-conflict environments, and its role is supporting the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of local police. He generalized that UNPOL’s promotion of transnational standards is undermined by the behavior of many of its officers

Ben Bowling main objective is an article explores the thesis that all features of policing are gradually transforming as the world is becoming more economically, politically, technologically and socially interconnected. It also exploring the scopes of transnational policing based on a socio-spatial typology, the globalization thesis is demarcated in relation to policing in the local, national, regional, international and global spheres. He used descriptive, explanatory and normative research methods to describe the dimensions of transnational policing practices and plan out program.

As the concept of the article, he address that the globalization thesis is described in relation to policing in the local, national, regional, international and global scopes and the idea of collaboration across international boundaries has become accepted. Transnational networks have be-come more extensive, intensive and faster flowing, global forces are having greater local impacts that led to insecurity. The interconnectedness of the world has radically increased through personal computers and mobile telephony creates new opportunities for illegality and facilitates criminal collaborations however it creates new possibilities for ‘horizontal’ communication and collaboration among police officers.

Global policing is emerging within local police forces, national agencies, and regional and other transnational bodies and it is possible to say that it exists as an empirical reality. The development of Interpol is starting point of global policing network that designed to promote mutual assistance between police organizations and it provides secure global communication, provides databases, and offers operational support through a command and coordination center, and training national police forces.

The author concluded that transnational policing in its various forms will continue to expand in the coming decades. The influence of emerging from network or the technology and innovation development and this effect change the communication system with another country. The enormous challenges presented by the shifting nature of policing to be based on a solid normative and legal framework and an evidence base to guide practice, a major programmed of research, advanced scholarship, empirical researchers to follow funding to describe and explain the new transnational policing practices, the cooperation of the police and other security sector agencies to facilitate access, promote the research effort and engage constructively in constitutes good policing

Conclusion

Transnational policing is providing security across national borders by peacekeeping/peace enforcement. Because of growing threat posed by new forms of international organized crime, global terrorism, increasing human trafficking, drug trafficking and human smuggling, and many countries began to link domestic policing to fight it. Policing of those crimes needs coordination or collaboration of multination because of its harm to every society and the country socially, economically and politically. Transnational organized crime means any crime against the given national domestic criminal law, perpetrated across national boundaries. The main objectives of these reviews are to analyze how transnational policing functioning to control local and international organized crime.. There is a weakness with the issue raised with the authors. On the article review of the possibility of transnational policing by Alice Hills is only based on UN peacekeeping standards with no attention to other countries. Effective policing under the legislation of UN is not incorporating other countries’ experiences only by taking the Nigeria and Norway trend in UN. As it is discussed by author Stan Gilmour and Robert France in local policing and transnational organized crime, policing at a local level had more often relied on a reactive approach to its work that that means waiting for an incident to occur, and then responding it but not concerned with a proactive approach to its work and preventing crime before it happens to save the society from the harm by criminals. In addition, he discusses that in relation to local policing transnational organized crime local policing depends on only three models of policing: intelligence-led policing, problem-oriented policing and goal-oriented policing without considering other models of policing.

To sum up, the collaboration of the local and international police will be effective well in reducing transnational organized crime which is very harmful to society at large since one country and agency alone doesn’t prevent its harmful and risks from the community and country without group effort and co-ordination of multilateral groups and agencies of criminal justice components. The reduction of transnational organized crime; effective police force, having good police ethic, the commitment of the local and supranational state creation of strong national security policing with the collaboration of other components of the criminal justice system as well as other voluntary agencies have a vital role as well as the solution to diminish the commission of an organized crime which across the existing borders.

Role of Transnational and Local Policing in Organized Crime Prevention: Analytical Essay

Article review

1. Alice Hills(2009) the possibility of transnational policing, Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 19:3, 300-317, DOI: 10.1080/10439460902871363
2. Ben Bowling (2009), Transnational Policing: The Globalization Thesis, a Typology, and a Research Advance Access Publication: 21 April 2009Policing, Volume 3, Number 2, pp.149– 160doi:10.1093/police/pap001
3. Stan Gilmour and Robert France (2011) local policing and transnational organized crime, International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 25:1-2, 17-26, DOI:10.1080/13600869.2011.594644
4. Clive Harfield, (2008) the organization of ‘organized crime policing’ and its international context the British Society of Criminology. www.sage publications.com ISSN 1748–8958;Vol: 8(4): 483– 507DOI: 10.1177/1748895808096472

Introduction

This paper is an article review on How policing is organized depending on perceptions of what needs to be policed the aim of this paper is to discuss, evaluate and criticize articles written on transnational policing in fighting organized crime, challenges in implementing transnational policing and local policing in fighting transnational crime. The transnational offences may include organized crimes such as terrorism, human trafficking, human smuggling, and drug trafficking etc. Those crimes are the most challenging types of crimes even they have economically and politically destruction to every country. So, one country and agency only cannot to prevent its risk from society as well as from country without collaboration and co-ordination of multilateral agency of criminal justice components. The police role is very crucial to control and prevent transnational organized crime which across the national borders by supporting the sub-state and supranational policing. For this solution the effective police force, having good police ethic, commitment of the local and supranational state creation of strong national security policing has crucial role as well as building strong transnational policing is the remedies to reduce the commission of organized crime across the existing borders. CLIVE HARFIELD, Stan Gilmour, and Robert France, Alice Hills, Bon en Bowling argued and write article related with transnational policing, local policing, globalization effect on transnational policing and possibility of transnational policing. Transnational organized crime policing has been passing through different debates on how transnational policing be supposed to implement, governed, where the jurisdiction shall lay, how shall the law is integrated with local criminal laws and how it should be organized, which policing model is important raised in your own way by those authors The article organized into four parts introduction part, summary of articles, analysis of review, and conclusion with a recommendation.

Analysis of the review

1. The possibility of transnational policing

The Alice Hills (2009), method of analysis is explanatory case study of transnational policing limitations based on the predominance of sub-state practice over international standards. Her objective is assessing the possibility of developing transnational policing in the light of UN peacekeeping operations. Author argues that interaction across national frontiers in networks with a high degree of mutual dependence and obligation has led to a self-perception of Tran’s nationality among a growing number of actors, institutions and agreements. Author some critical comments on its form and substance in the introductory chapter, the author acknowledged others work provides a brief review of the literature on systematic attention in edited crafting transnational policing the perception of the author occupational commonality are nowadays reinforced by the widely shared conviction that police forces must co-operate if they are to respond effectively to the crime and insecurity facilitated by globalization. Various forms of bilateral, multilateral and international co-operation are encouraged by intergovernmental organizations. Author concludes that Current modes of transnational policing are not primarily intended as a means for ensuring effective policing.

Critics of the article

• Alice hills does not take into consideration underdeveloped countries rather than developed countries and even for developed countries it does not put forms of standardized of pre-deployment training.
• Hills were emphasis on the possibility of transnational policing, effectiveness policing under the legislation of United Nation policing standard only. Not including other experiences for recruitment, training and operational deployment.
• Hills debate on the internationalization of policing has too crystallized across the western

2. Transnational Policing: The Globalization Thesis, a Typology

Ben Bowling (2009), method of analysis is explores all aspects of policing in relation to economically, politically, technologically, socially interconnected and socio-spatial typology. The author objective is exploring the dimensions of transnational policing based on a socio-spatial typology, the globalization delineated in relation to policing in the local, national, regional, international and global spheres. perception of the author, Each sphere of governance above the nation state is creating an drive for the transformation of policing structures will undergo transformation as the world becomes more economically, politically, technologically and socially interconnected. The globalization changes are likely to occur in the working lives of police officers from the local community constables to the liaison officers posted around the world. The author concludes that enormous challenges presented by the shifting nature of policing to be based on a solid normative and legal framework and an evidence base to guide practice, a major programme of research are needed. This will require advanced scholarship in the fields of criminology and criminal justice, police studies, criminal law, legal philosophy and public international law to get to grips with the difficult questions of law, governance and regulation in the transnational sphere.

Critics

• The author views do not see in human rights perspective and effective policing force. Author views policing on neo – liberalism economy, political, technologically, socially interconnected and local, national, regional and international dimension. Though knowledge, capacity and capability, human right perspectives are ignored by his view.
• The abstract of the article is does not clear regarding to methodology
• The authors does not incorporate how to affect globalization on local policing system

3. Local policing and transnational organized crime

Stan Gilmour and Robert (2011), method of analysis was explanation the case study from in different sub-state policing perspectives with UN standard policing. Objective of the author was discusses problems associated with a crime management model that is underpinned by the geographical reach of the investigating agencies, and the merits of different models of policing that work to counter transnational organized crime. Perception of the author was Policing with tackling crime at an inter-force, national and international level had always made use of intelligence information. Policing at a local level had more often relied on a reactive approach to its work – waiting for an incident to occur, and then responding to it. Author conclude that by underpinning the decision-making process with Intelligent Problem Solving based on the concept of threat and harm, rather than geography, we provide a vision for policing– one that fits comfortably alongside the national drive to modernize the way police officers work by giving them greater flexibility to address the needs and expectations of the public Clearly, specialist and other scare resources cannot be expected to contribute to every problem that arises – but where the threat or harm justify it (regardless of the perceived seriousness of the offending or the place where it occurs) they have an important role to play in dealing with the local problems of Transnational Organized Crime.

Critics

• local policing and transnational organized crime, policing at a local level had more often relied on a reactive approach to its work that means waiting for an incident to occur, and then responding it but not concerned with proactive approach to its work and preventing crime before it happens to save the society from the harm.
• does not incorporate other policing model and it focuses only the three models in relation to organized crime over look models of policing that is intelligence-led policing, problem-solving policing and goal-oriented policing to counter transnational organized crime.

4. The organization of organized crime policing and its international context

CLIVE HARFIELD (2008), Method of analysis was Descriptive level a sample of the developments in the organizational practicalities of organized crime policing and comprehensive level of policing. Objective of author was discussing the problems associated with a crime management model that is underpinned by the geographical reach of the investigating agencies, and the merits of different models of policing that work to counter transnational organized crime. Perception of the author organization of organized crime policing should be viewed holistically, so as to set police organizational infrastructure into the context of the organization of organized crime policing in its widest sense goes beyond investigation, leading to prosecution and enforcement of the criminal law. Prevention of crime is also part of the repertoire in ‘policing’ criminal behavior. author view on Agreements that is multilateral and bilateral, common understanding both criminal law and transnational crimes, public legitimacy and role of other criminal justice actors like EU, international investigator; NGO, Europol’s annual Organized Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA) and a multi-layered agency liaison community for organization of organized crime policing. Author conclude that the next decade needs, arguably, to be characterized by creative (though evidence-influenced) conceptualizations of the threat and what is threatened in order better to understand how organized crime will feed off the variant state-types now being identified. This in turn will inform the organization of policing and its governance. The state context within which organized crime must be understood is changing. The implication of not recognizing the changing context is that the organization of organized crime policing will only ever be reactive and defensive, and not necessarily focused on the most effective interventions

Critics

• Clive Hadfield it does not put a clear central authority or any forms of international agreement between requesting and requested state regarding to reduce organized crime.
• In the organization of ‘organized crime policing’ and its international context, he doesn’t put a clear cut issues about the jurisdiction of organized crime and who have ultimate decision-making process. In the organization of ‘organized crime policing’ and its international context he explained that the organization of organized crime policing is depend on European Criminal Intelligence Model (ECIM) without considering the experiences of other countries.

Conclusion

Significant success factors in policing transnational organized crime (TOC). Some of the key issues with international policing ventures are the difference in policing capabilities, powers and resources between states. The successful targeting of policing transnational organized crime (TOC) is predicated on the need for international cooperation, capacity building, effective and efficient collection, analysis and dissemination of intelligence amongst international partner agencies and increased compatibility of national legal frameworks and criminal justice systems. The effectively and efficiently to minimize the risk of transnational organized crime it is better to having professionally trained and skill full police with communication skills, knowledge about the nature of transnational organized crime, and criminal law of the country. Also the motivation of the local, national, regional, and international active participation and involvement police, as well as the security sector agencies, are very important for the decrease of the rises transnational organized crime that has been committed within countries. The paper also makes recommendations on how the police role in prevention of organized crime, various government organizations all over the world have issued a strong endorsement of crucial aspects in the fight against transnational organized crime, of the way this approach should be structured and of the idea that many transnational organized crime problems are shared problems, there is relatively little operational cooperation on multilateral level apart from widespread information exchange. The reasons for this include national mandates and the national focus of the most prominent actors, differing threat perceptions, and the minimal implementation obligation issuing from global agreements. Through greater cooperation and collaboration between law enforcement agencies, whole of government approaches can be applied to TOC, regardless of where occurs.

Conclusion

New crime threats in an increasingly interdependent security environment require novel law enforcement strategies. A critical feature of such strategies is likely to be much denser and more intimate networks of cooperation between the law enforcement regimes of particular states. The effectively and efficiently to minimize the risk of transnational organized crime it is better to having professionally trained and skill full police with communication skills, knowledge about the nature of transnational organized crime, and criminal law of the country. Also the motivation of the local, national, regional and international active participation and involvement police as well as the security sector agencies are very important for the decrease of the rises transnational organized crime that has been committed within countries. The newfound strength that organized crime has gained through international alliances is also its weakness. Networks of these enterprises are brutal, but fragile. Though groups may exploit gaps in legislation and enforcement abroad, they can also be severely weakened when law enforcement and prosecutors in many nations coordinate their efforts and strategies. If united in common cause, governments can prevail against criminal groups to protect democracy, free markets, and the public. The paper also makes recommendations on how the police role in prevention of organized crime. Better skilled personnel are only part of the solution to addressing increased asymmetrical threats. The better integration of modern technology, in compliance with international and national criminal justice and human rights laws, norms and standards, will also be needed.

Assessment of Policing Transnational Organized Crime: Analytical Essay

1. Introduction

Globalization and growing economic interdependence have optimistic and promoted transnational crime outside borders in all parts of the globe. Enhanced communications and information technologies, increased blurring of nation borders, greater mobility of people, goods and services across countries and the crisis of the globalized economy have moved crime advance gone from its domestic base. The natural world of globalized crime in the present-day world then cannot be understood unconnectedly from idea of globalization.

Today’s organized crime involves activity in more than one country and therefore, to tackle it successfully, police need to seek cooperation partners across borders to share intelligence, coordinate operations, secure evidence, and track down suspects by using transnational policing. Therefore, organized crime and transnational policing are one side of two coins –which means there is always exist transnational policing where organized crime has existed. A similar argument has been made about the changing character of terrorism: it has become more transnational in scope, involves complex global conspiracies and therefore, the answer lies in transnational police cooperation.

Because transnational networks have become more extensive, intensive and faster flowing, global forces are having a greater local impact. Globalization researchers have noted the emergence of an integrated world economy, leaps forward in transport and telecommunications technologies and numerous other dimensions of global interconnectedness. These have led to the globalization of insecurity in its broadest sense prompting many other changes relevant to understanding contemporary policing. Driven by technological innovation, political change and economic policy choices, product, capital, and labor markets are integrating and world trade is increasing

1. The purpose of Articles Review

The main purpose of the this Article Review is to understand the rationale for the study, Resolve definitional ambiguities and outline the scope of the topic, to provide an integrated, synthesized overview of the current state of knowledge, Identify inconsistencies in prior results, and Evaluate existing methodological approaches, to Describe existing gaps, to describe future research directions, to assess and evaluate the given articles across organized crimes based on the transnational and international level of organized crime policing which reacts to resolve or minimize the severity, cause and challenges of organized crime.

2. General Description of articles

CLIVEHARFIELD(2008) the organization of ‘organized crime policing’ and its international context, 2008.

The article, the organization of ‘organized crime policing’ and its international context the policing coordination in the international context by CLIV seeks to address how policing organized nationwide conspiracy; ethnic grouping, socio-political elites and state-organized crime; professional or white collar crime; ongoing illicit business enterprises; global experience; a core threat to democracy; and increasingly, as having a terrorism nexus for a more careful review of the crime for profit– terrorism connections).

Perspective: the spectrum of difference and similarity in capacity, capability, circumstances and conceptualization of international law enforcement cooperation and mutual legal assistance.

Method: the author followed the qualitative method which is an ethnographic approach toward greater insight into organized crime policing.

Stan Gilmour & Robert France (2011) local policing and transnational organized crime, the international review of law, computers &technology.

The article, Local Policing and transnational policing to analyze different policing approaches associated with the level of criminality by Stan Gilmour & Robert France seeks to address how approaches of policing that is national intelligence model, intelligence-led policing and transnational organized crime in the case of local policing and transnational organized crime. The team tasked with tackling crime at an inter-force, national and international level had always made use of intelligence information policing at a local level had more often relied on a reactive approach to its work waiting for an incident to occur and then responding to it.

However, if police commanders were to address the issues of efficiency they needed some mechanism to understand the demand on their resources and to allow effective decisions to be made to deploy resources in line with their force’s priorities and objectives.

Perspective: all aspects of policing in terms of economically, politically, technologically and socially interconnected.

Methods: the author followed the qualitative method of transnational policing practices and sketches out an agenda for descriptive, explanatory, and normative research.

Ben Bowling (2009) transnational policing, the globalization thesis, topology and a research agenda.

The article, transnational policing to explores all aspects of policing as time pass as the world is becoming more economically, politically, technologically and socially interconnected by Ben stated that seeks to address the corporation of the police and other security sector agencies themselves to facilitate access and becoming good policing in the age of globalization..

Perspective: the spectrum of difference and similarity in capacity, capability, circumstances and conceptualization of international law enforcement cooperation and mutual legal assistance.

Method: the author followed qualitative method that is an ethnographic approach towards greater insight into organized crime policing.

Alice Hills (2009) the possibility of transnational policing, policing and society.

The article, the possibility of transnational policing to assess the possibility of developing transnational policing in the light of US peacekeeping operations accordingly, Aice Perceptions of occupational commonality are nowadays reinforced by the widely shared conviction that police forces must co-operate if they are to respond effectively to the crime and insecurity facilitated by globalization. Various forms of bilateral, multilateral, and international cooperation are encouraged by intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the EU and Interpol, as is the notion of shared professional standards. Donors such as the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID), which sponsors police reform projects as a means of implementing liberal values, further strengthen the desire for commonality. The operational requirements of multinational peacekeeping deployments play a part, too, as the composition of UN police (UNPOL) missions emphasizes: in August 2007, the top contributing countries included Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, China, France, Ghana, India, Jordan, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Ukraine, and the USA, none of which provided any form of standardized pre-deployment training.

Perspective: reinforced by the wide commonality conviction that police forces must cooperate if they are respond effectively to the crime and in security to facilitated by globalization.

Method: the author followed a qualitative method a real sense of the value of a common police craft.

3. Summary

Accordingly, Edwards and Gill, stated that collaborative and coordinated exertion is essential in translating different and differing national capacities and capabilities into a successful multilateral system against organized crime and so appropriately organizing organized crime policing in its international circumstance. The question arises, given the ambiguity of definition, the variation in perception and premise, and the innate complication of multi-layered, multi-actor teamwork, to what extent successful or even well-organized organization of organized crime policing is achievable at all.

Organized crime policing outlines requirements for policing organized crime, instruments enabling cooperation and collaboration, investigator collaborative structures, agencies with appropriate powers, knowledge management and information sharing the article focus about those issues.

Accordingly, Nadelmann, stated that global policing showed that international police organizations, cooperative mechanisms, regional police conferences and multi-lateral law enforcement arrangements intended to help law enforcement agencies reduce, and transcend frictions generated by conflicting sovereignties, political tensions, and differences among law enforcement systems. In the transnational policing article the author used descriptive, explanatory, and normative methods are employed.

Accordingly, Compare Larsson, stated that even Nigeria’s uneven record, a degree of occupational commonality exists within the artificial environment of UN operations, just as it exists outside, too; organizations such as UNPOL could not otherwise function. The accommodation and networking that undoubtedly exists between officers is not synonymous with a transnational ethic.

Accordingly Fayemi, the approach of transnational policing is not mainly intended as a way for ensuring effective policing. Neither are they concerned with creating police capable of dealing with organized crime, trafficking or armed robbery. Enhancing accountability and responsiveness may, of course, ensure and therefore do not need to rely on force, but transnational policing, like reform projects more generally, ignores the nature and purpose of police institutions in the south and downplays the underlying cause of insecurity.

4. Critiques Of The Articles

4.1. The Strength Of Articles

• The title of these articles is clearly put.
• The article was prepared by famous and well-experienced researchers and published by a well-known organization.
• The articles celery put what was happened and what is going on in the selected world.
• The articles examined the economically, political, technologically and socially interconnected holistically.
• The authors clearly stated the approaches of policing in transnational organized crime.

4.2. The Weakness Of Articles

• The possibility of transnational policing articles cannot tell us the real meaning of effective policing
• the articles are not clearly stated what approaches they used
• the possibility of transnational policing experiences not taking many countries rather use small countries due to this reason it is not applicable
• the possibility of transnational policing it is not applicable universally due to clashing cultural values
• transnational policing peacekeeping is difficult to apply in heterogeneous societies rather than in homogenous
• The research cannot tell us about the social impact of capital flight they only tell us about economical, institutional, and political aspects
• there is no systematic hard evidence of peacekeeping operations
• the local policing and transnational organized crime use limited policing approaches rather than using other policing approaches like community-oriented policing, problem oriented, predictive policing, etc
• the organization of organized crime policing and its international context only consider international not consider regional context
• The articles do not have specific objectives
• The local policing and Transnational organized crime national intelligence model policing was researched only in England and Wales but not include other countries’ experiences

5. Conclusion and recommendation

In these articles, I have tried to show that globalization and the growth of transnational organized crime and criminal networks is a cause for great concern in society. While advancements in communication technologies have changed the communication landscape, they have also created opportunities for organized criminals to use the available technology for their own illegal gains. Organized crime can no longer be considered in relation to strict geographic boundaries – it now extends globally across a spectrum of activities including money laundering, drug trafficking, sex/human trafficking, people smuggling, arms trafficking, endangered species trafficking, cybercrime and, most notably over the last decade, terrorism, crime networks also make use of new and available technologies to advance their own illicit goals, and their structures pose great difficulties to those attempting to infiltrate and disrupt them. However, while the increased availability of communication technologies and their usage presents opportunities for criminals and corrupt networks, it also presents opportunities for the law enforcement agencies tasked with fighting crimes.

The other issue that come into the recommendation is the cooperation and collaboration of different members of the countries in policing transnational organized crime. A special focus needs to be put in place to encourage not only the members of the countries to engage in policing transnational organized crime in activities but also include not member countries. In connection to this, organized crime in all countries of the world needs to give recognition and reward to police officers and members of the country who perform well and use them as locally accessible case studies for further training of police officers.

Corruption Through Organized Crime as an Important Issue

Corruption as a widely named term has no universal definition however it can be described as a dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power or an abuse of entrusted power for private gains. Widely spread in developing countries, it wires the propagation of organised criminal groups, enabling its activities and illicit operations and this occurs in developing countries with weak governance and state institutions. Organised criminal groups penetrate political, economic and social levels all over the world using all forms of corruption as well as avoiding investigation and escape prosecution. Invariably, corruption becomes rooted in the society when instrumentalised by organised crime.

Various definitions have been given by different scholars, institutions, legislations and academic bodies about the definition of organised crime however, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime defines it as “structured groups committing serious crime for profit”. Pertinent characteristics to note amongst various definitions of organised crime include:

1. They are subjected to rules and codes of secrecy.
2. They use tactical and strategic or long-term planning to reach their goals.
3. They use legal businesses as fronts for illegal activities.
4. They engage in money laundering.
5. They engage in more than one illicit activity (diversity in business).

In the face of an economic downturn, an increasing number of business entities turn to the shadow economy for capitalisation. Over time, various organised criminal groups have grown through their activities and used various means to gain their grounds in the society. Corruption was the major factor through which they established themselves.

Organised Crime in Russia

Organised criminal groups grew in the society through criminal sources such as drugs and weapons, but Russia flourished beyond this as it exercised its power over all the economy. The period of transition from a state-owned economy to a market economy created an environment conducive for the expansion of organised crime and provided numerous opportunities for the misuse of public power. Its privatization sector turned the country’s assets to criminals because the investors who participated in privatization were from the shadow economy. 70-80% of private and commercial firms were forced to pay criminal groups and corrupt officials.

In the Russian government, there was little or no difference between crime and politics as they were often intertwined. Organised criminal groups often influenced police and custom organizations, military establishments and financial institutions and spread to the highest levels of government.

Larger criminal groups were eager to transform their wealth into political influence because they had the resources to finance a candidate in election at both local and national levels which resulted in the election of more authoritarian governments.

Furthermore, the Russian criminal group thrived and flourished as a result of numerous other flaws of the Russian government .

They had the power to infiltrate the various ministries as well as the courts. This occurred as a result of corrupt government officials and the financial gains they received from the activities of the group.

Organised crime flourished because they provided a certain kind of stability to the economy. They contributed to the infrastructure of the community and payment for the construction of hospitals and schools as a means of insurance against co-operation of community members with law enforcement.

They have superseded many functions of the state and represented the fully functioning social institution of the economy. Organized crime provides many of the services the citizens expect from the state.

The judicial statutes needed to fight organised crime such as banking laws, regulation of securities market and specific measures as law against corruption have been hindered by corrupt legislators and a reliable and effective system for combating organised crime and corruption can only be built upon a solid legal and regulatory foundation.

Organised Crime in the Balkans

Organised crime in the Balkans which is dated back to the wars in the former Yusgoslav, began developing and has grown over the years to become a part of the state. Geographically situated, various other factors contributed to the expansion of organised crime; Historical, economic, political and social factors is a contributory evidence to its growth . Centrally situated between Asia and Europe, dealers in drugs created a channel through which it will be smuggled.

Surrounded by different states such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Kosovo organised crime has grown to be known as a legal business in the state. Smuggling of all sorts became the order of the day through which organised crime flourished. Albania was known for the smuggling of cocaine and cannabis, Bosnia and Herzegovina smuggled migrants, drugs and money, Serbia was known for trafficking and repackaging of cigarette, also known as “a hub for cigarette trafficking and repackaging”, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Kosovo were also known for smuggling of drugs.

Social factors which contributed to the growth of organised crime in the Balkans included the links which were established between the security sector and criminals in all the countries. The activities of the black market and smuggling channels saw to the needs of the people which the state was unable to meet.

Security operatives, a weak border control and governmental institution inadvertently gave way to smuggling. They took part in illegal trade of alcohol, cigarettes and various consumer goods across the border. Visa requirement which is an important document for every individual to cross between countries was not required to travel between the Balkan countries.

The 1990 Yugoslav war gave rise to the growth of organised crime in the Balkan. In September 1991, a ban was placed on the distribution of arms and ammunitions which subsequently led to the formation of several smuggling routes and black market. Weapons were smuggled in from other countries. The ban on oil in Serbia and Montenegro which also occurred in May 1992 also gave rise to the development of organised crime from countries like Bulgaria and Romania. These countries acted as intermediaries as a result of the profits they got through smuggling and later became dealers in organised crime.

Conclusion

In conclusion, corruptible actions could be seen in the various activities of organised criminal groups. Actions arising from the state involving top government officials down to the ordinary citizen of the state, organised crime developed through various means which later became a known part of the system.

The need to address the issue of corruption in the various states through organised crime is important. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized crime between the year 2003 and 2005 adopted various protocol by the general assembly resolution 55/25 and same were entered into force . Various other means through which corruption could be curbed in the system is by having a strong independent anti-corruption agency. The actions of government officials who believe they could commit an offence and get away with it could be dealt with through the agency however, the powers of these agencies also need to be put in check to ensure they don’t get overtaken by members of organised crime groups. Furthermore, there is the need for law enforcement agencies to come together to work hand in hand with each other in order to improve the border security. There is also a need for the restructuring of the Justice sector.

Essay about Corruption

Corruption the Mother of all ills:

Introduction:

Definition of Corruption:

Corruption is a phenomenon in which dishonesty is adopted by a person or an organization with a position of authority for one’s private gain.

The Issue:

Corruption is the mother of all ills. Corruption is a common problem in the whole world. Nowadays there is no country that is saved from this evil. Corruption is a disease that is spoiling developed countries. Corruption is the main reason due to developing countries are losing their further progress. Pakistan is much affected by this problem.

Causes of Corruption:

There are many causes of this problem. There are two major causes of corruption.

1. Political Causes
2. Social causes

Political Causes :

1. Absence of accountability
2. In component Judiciary
3. Political influence in NAB
4. Absence of role and law
5. Political instability
6. The highly centralized political system

Social causes :

1. High inflation rate
2. Highly prices in food
3. Religious values
4. Illiteracy
5. Nepotism
6. Feudalism
7. Favoritism
8. Meager salaries of government servants

Absence of accountability :

Where there is no proper system for accountability to overcome this issue this is prevailing at high risk. When there is no accountability then there will be no control over corruption. Countries having poor accountability systems are suffering from this issue.

Unfortunately, our country also suffered from this evil. This is deep-rooted in our country. The absence of accountability is also a type of nepotism.

In component Judiciary :

The component Judiciary is also the main reason for the prevailing corruption. There is extremely political pressure on our judiciary system. They can not work freely. Judges make their decisions under the pressure of politicians. These all factors are common in our country. Poor people are hit by their dead.

Political influence in NAB :

NAB (National Accountability Bureau) is a federal institution that works against corruption. It stops corruption. Unfortunately our country, it is also suffered from political influence. NAB does not take any action against power full politicians. There is huge pressure on NAB.

Absence of role and law :

In Pakistan, all strict roles are made for poor people. All corrupt people are free from all kinds of roles. They do not accept the roles of the country. The absence of role and law corruption is prevailing at a high level. Rich and corrupt people don’t need to follow the laws. They have no care about them.

Politically instability :

All politicians want to be rich. Therefore they commit this crime. There is competition between them. They want to be superior to one another. They have no care about their people. This competition of being superior made them corrupt. In this way all parties become unstable.

High inflation rate :

Inflation is a process in which prices rise. When prices rise people can not afford to buy eatables. Then they commit this crime. They can not live without doing this. They started corruption.

Religious values:

Religious values are also the main reason for the prevailing corruption. People believe in religious beliefs and trust some corrupt people who are affiliated with corruption by the name of Islam. They cheat common people.

Nepotism :

Nepotism is also a type of corruption. In this way a person having good authority and position misuse his power. He has no care about people who are on merit. He prefers who are his relatives.

Meager salaries of government servants :

Meager salaries of government servants are also the main reason for corruption. People having low income can not full fill their wishes therefore they commit this crime. They take money for their own interests. They use bad means for making money.

Ways to root out the corruption :

There are many ways to eradicate corruption from our beloved Country. Corruption is making our country poor. There are some ways to eradicate corruption which are given below.

1. Strong accountability system
2. Consoling through education
3. Enhancing of transparency
4. Increase in salaries of government servants
5. Full implementation of the law
6. Effective legislation to eradicate the corruption
7. Root out of the political influence in NAB

Strong accountability system :

A country having a strong accountability system has less corruption other than where there is an accountability system is poor. Unfortunately, our country has a poor accountability system. We should increase the strong accountability system.

Counseling through education :

Counseling through education is an effective way to eradicate corruption in our country. A well-educated society does not commit this crime.

Education plays important role in the eradication of corruption. Government should take steps to prevail in education against corruption. Government should counsel the people through education.

Enhancing transparency :

Corruption can be not decreased until transparency could be increased. Good transparency makes society’s corruption less. All the roles and laws should be equal for everyone. No one is superior to the laws.

Increase in salaries of government servants :

Government servants have very low incomes. There they commit this crime. Until the government does not increase their salaries they continue this crime.

There for government should increase the salaries of government servants. In this way, they would be not able to do corruption.

Full implementation of the law :

Unfortunately, our system of implementation of the law is very weak. There are two different types of law in Pakistan. 1st is a law for the rich and the 2nd one is the law for the poor. The rich people commit any type of crime they escape from law and punishment. The poor people are stuck in problems. There for, there is no implementation of equal law there is no justice and we can not overcome the problem of corruption. The government of Pakistan should ensure the full implementation of the law.

Political influence in NAB :

NAB is a freely working institution. Sometimes our politicians use it for their own purposes. There is a huge influence of politics in NAB. It is not working clearly and freely.

There should be no influence of political powers in NAB. In this way, our country may be free from corruption.

Role of media :

Many positive factors can be derived from social media and its impact on Pakistan. But it is not without its problems. The lack of legislation and the implementation of defamation laws have left propaganda directed at certain people, especially politicians, out of control. How to prevent such elements on social media without infringing on freedom of expression should be a topic of debate among future legislators.

Conclusion :

Corruption is a social curse that must be eradicated The rule of law, the supremacy of the constitution, and the independence of the judiciary, of course, a free and vibrant media is the fourth pillar of the country, which must be implemented with true words and spirit. The defendant must take a cold punch. The time has come to take drastic measures to eliminate this tsunami of corruption. There is no doubt that the tsunami of corruption has torn apart and destroyed our social and economic fabric. With enough indifference and negligence, the immediate need is to work hand in hand to overthrow this curse on all fronts in all members and social fields. If Pakistan wants to participate in the social and economic development competition it should control corruption.