The structure of IEEE computer society website contains many parts and navigations on several useful sections. It contains the homepage, the main sections, and the sub-sections. The site categorizes information in its homepage for easy navigation. The homepage links include publications, conferences, digital library, build your career, e-learning campus, certification and training, communities, and store. Thus, it is clear that the main purpose of this website is to promote and sell its products and services, which entails information about software engineering. The subsections are where most of the website content is displayed is one click access from the main section. However, it is not easy to tell what the website is promoting just by the look of the homepage and thus, visitors with less time might not be interested to click to the sub-sections and so its should be improved.
General Review of the Website
The IEEE website contains learning resources that are helpful to those interested learning software engineering. Its online digital library contains magazines and books based on software engineering topics such as IEEE internet computing, IEEE Software, and IT professional. The library is accessible to registered members only, although the non-members are allowed free access to table of contents and abstracts, but can also purchase articles containing subjects of their interests online.
The IEEE computer society also provides e-learning options to students, where they log in and learn. These online courses are provided using 10 different languages and so, students who cannot learn languages such as English can learn through other languages that they understand. Training is done through classroom training or distance training. The registered colleges such as Roe Hulman Institute have been listed. Others include, Purna Career Solutions, which is in India and provides Oracle learning services. Similarly, Pressman asserts that United Training Centre provides the distance learning through live instructor led training, which contains detailed information as well as answers to questions (210). United Training is one of the best in IT training and is based in North America. The books from leading publishers are provided to the students through Safari Books Online. The members also get free access to the exams and certificates are also available. Some of the members do these exams to become Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) or Certified Software Development Associate (CSDA) examinations. The CSDA certification is for the students graduating as software engineers as well as software professionals which CSDP certification is for those members whose aim is to advance their careers.
Helpful Links
There are very helpful links, such as the one leading to job trends, which shows where to find jobs. For example, the site advises members on the new opportunities that are expected to open up in US and Canada. The site also notifies members about the hot sectors such as Mobile Applications innovation because is a new technology that is usually ignored due to its dynamic nature. However, better and only a few professionals are interested in it. The website has also posted interviews for Members, for example, Sumi Helal who has advanced their career and has found innovative ways in software engineering field.
Usefulness to Software Engineers’ Professional Resources List
The site is helpful because it contains many events such as conferences, which address major issues such as software maintenance and evolution. Many professionals meet and share ideas on vital software maintenance issues or problems. The geographically varied conferences and workshops provide many inventive forums that allow many views on diverse knowledge and thus it benefits its members. The conference calendar also shows the date of the conferences. The IEEE computer society enables professionals to find new jobs on different sections such as programming and software development. The IEEE computer society publications provide computing specialists with journals and books and other career advancement materials.
Moreover, IEEE website offers spaces for advertising where there are opportunities where people can post banners and newsletters. In the FAQ section, there are the frequently asked questions by new members such as cost of examinations, how to become a member and acceptable methods of payment. It also has the frequently asked questions by members such as membership renewal, IEEE policies and change of address. The social networking applications are also available and professionals use them to exchange ideas and collaborate more easily as compared to emails. It enables the professional to interact, hence helping them to advance in software engineering field. Social networking can be done through discussion rooms, video sharing and podcasts.
Bottom-line Evaluation of the Site’s Value
The IEEE computer society is a helpful website because it has helped the software engineering professionals to build their careers. Its digital library is essential because the members can access the materials online. With its e-learning campus, it has overcome the diverse geographical location distance challenges and its members can access its resources as long as they are connected to the internet – it is easy to build career at any place. In general, the website has highlighted on important issues such as career watch, training and education, new technologies and career advancement. Therefore, it is a helpful website for those aspiring to be software engineers.
Weiss, Eric. “Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers–Computer Society (IEEE-CS).” Encyclopedia of Computer Science. John Wiley & Sons. 2003: 881, Print.
As the web has entered the very sphere of development programs, it has also not remained aloof even in the context where the learning process is concerned. Like many nations, Australia is also in the midst of change, from the old mechanical ways to the age of information. These trends are clear, with stakes high and tasks very important. For the fulfillment of this goal, the initiative and all the efforts are towards the Vocational Education and Training process. The goal is the construction of a mass of vocational education and training staff, which would take the learning approaches to increment the needs and increase the transition process towards the information economy. In this whole process, learning has to be made flexible, enjoyable, and more interactive. Net, World Wide Web, and related communication software have allowed the online environment to appear as providing support to learners. (Curtain, 8).
Main body
The latest developments in the sphere of information and technology have made vocational education possible beyond the stereotyped system of classrooms. (Charp, 1) This system not only helps in dispensing education but also makes them aware of the latest in the IT sector. Online learning has also facilitated the process of distance education. Its importance lies in the fact that everyone interested can have easy access to the learning process at his or her convenience.
Online learning provides different ways to increase the flexibility of the learning process and delivery of vocational education and training. It makes the communication process between students and tutors easier and direct, gives ample space to enhance the communication process between the peers, permits the update process of study materials on regular basis, and allows for easy access to the online sources of all over the world with many kinds of interactive multimedia and computer-assisted programs. (Curtain, 8).
In organizations too, online learning has its own importance as the learning process can reach a wide network of people to fulfill the purpose of business operations. Often an organization has well-developed local and wide area network communications for purposes of its business operations. In such a case, online learning is the most conducive, and economically advantageous way to bring the new staff into the working environment while providing them the know-how of the same.
However, this online and net basis learning requires a different set of infrastructure and services and that depends on the purpose and avenue where the learning process has to take place. There are different variations in the process of learning on the basis of the types of combination and integration with the other technologies used for the teaching and learning process. For e.g. face to face teaching in the classroom can be supported by the online reading of the reference materials and or online learning process can be supported in turn by the on-the-job work. The main aspect of this whole learning process is the use of some of the teaching or learning activities in the course. This whole process of networking communication is through Internet protocols and has now become synonymous names for online learning. The infrastructure required for online learning is no doubt personal computers, Internet access, and within it, the web pages besides others and the most important is a web course server. To meet the technical server needs for online learning, the web course server is considered to be most specific, most critical, and mysterious. Here there is a need to define strategy, selection of tools, framing, and implementation of the courses, units, and other training programs. (Atkinson, par. 5).
According to Kaplan, there are two choices when it comes to software for development purposes, the first one is component, off-the-shelf software that permits the audio slide lectures, course materials, discussion forums, animations, synchronous chat groups, quiz creators, e-mail, and so forth. Second are the integrated packages, which contain many of the same features but lack in several other areas. (Kaplan, 44-46).
Experimental or pilot developments are easy if the organization has in-house servers, which give lecturers or trainers many facilities to form their web files pertaining to their curriculum. In many educational institutions, it has been characterized as an “anarchic” stage of development, but for other practitioners, this stage has been set for “successive refinement of existing capabilities in an organisational web course server”. (Atkinson, par. 13) The process goes like this, you can begin with simple web pages on a standard web server, for example, NCSA or Apache servers, then some functions can be added to this via email discussions and or web-based bulletin boards. Further add more functionality via webserver scripts, javascript applets, and other techniques, and so on. If there are any more developments, they are yet again diverged. Many institutes have been developing in-house web course servers whereas others have changed to a purchased “off the shelf” integrated product. Generally adding the products is a continuous process and change is inevitable according to the needs and aspirations of the time schedule curriculum. For e.g. the way Techworks has created their online system of learning is clear on these lines, “…Through the use of new and emerging technologies associated with the Internet, TechWorks online learning system can deliver customised learning programs on demand, administer individual assessment, manage learner progress, manage corporate learning programs, provide learning support for a range of learning models and provide access to learning resources of unprecedented magnitude” (Atkinson, par. 18) Quite large number of corporations is required in the online education and training of staff and customers for e.g. Microsoft, Sun Microsystems and Cisco Systems, etc. Some send for outsourcing for making deliveries and providing services to other educational institutions or other partners, basically in the cases where certification is a marketable qualification. (Atkinson, par. 23).
Adult learners want flexible timings for their learning process and online learning provides the same. Flexibility in the learning process brings out good scope and results for students. There are many VET institutions that are implementing programs to meet the increase in demand of the adult learners for the flexible timings and placing online content. In the due course of time, VET institutions have also developed thousand of hours for undergoing online courses both within the state management frameworks. Any online content created under the VET sector would involve the process of the collection of resources, creating various strategies to give the best learning experience, and providing related supporting material. Packages so designed offer the best opportunity to gain learning experience online and at their own flexible timings, and their own settings. This process has been achieved by incorporating the learning tools into the courses to have an interactive feeling, the support of which they get through the online communications with teachers and peers. (Australian Government Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, par. 3).
The most important part of the whole process is the development of teaching resources and framing curriculum structure in an easy and interactive way. The development of the teaching and learning process has always been a part of the education and training process. Content development is the most important part of the online learning procedure and involves a consultative approach and team effort. All the teaching and learning process involves interactivity, and deep consideration should be given to how best and effective designs can be created and resources established. Good online teaching and learning services involve different types of interactive services and consideration needs to be given how best the design services can be effectively used to develop the resources.
The points also are kept in mind on the best way the materials are reused and materials adapted. (Australian Flexible Learning Framework, 4).
Some of the critics of online learning like Alexander and Baud argue that the potentialities in the online learning process are being lost because too much of the pedagogy of online learning has been transferred unreflectively from didactic traditional teaching where the computer substitutes for the teacher and textbook as a conveyor of information. (Stephenson, 3) Yet online learning is the ongoing trend of today, it is another physical environment, and in fact more complex than some others. (Stephenson, 4) The most conventional way of lecturing has taken the form of e-lectures. What is passed on as online learning or e-learning is little more than lectures that could be delivered online in the form of text, audio, and video.
But the main aspect of all the e-learning processes is the way the curriculum is set and the way the learning process is adapted. The most crucial aspect in the planning phase whereby the steps involved are articulating the learning objectives, characterizing the requirements of learners, locating and assessing learning resources, and identifying the need for new content. Before preparing any curriculum or content, the aims and objectives of the learning process should be clear, this should include the things you want your students to see, feel and experience. There should be a need to know the intended audience, the circumstances they could fall into, and their particular needs. There should also be a need to identify new content and make assessments of all the requirements. There is also a need to identify various technical considerations like several constraints and possibilities that can arrive in the teaching process.
In the content design and writing process, there is a need to consider the way interest can be generated among students and also building up the assessment criteria. Online provides many options where lot more ideas can open up the horizons to develop the meaningful and integrated assessment process within the learning areas. A way should also be provided to keep the key elements of the content in the sequence form. Instructional designs are the best way in choosing the most appropriate way by which teaching strategies can be adopted.
In the US Secretary of Education (2000), the aspect and effect of online learning are emphasized, “If technology is used as an add on to existing activities, rather than as a means to reshape education, then it will simply add to the total cost of operations and few savings will be realized. Business has learned that productivity gained and cost savings come only when old ways of doing business are abandoned and technological solutions replace them”. (US Secretary of Education, 120) Hereby the suggestion of Moore is very important in the context of distance education in the line with the detailed proposal. Hereby the distance education has three forms of communication process: the first one is learner content interaction, the second is learner instructor interaction, and the third is learner interaction. (Curtain, 17) As regards the interaction between the learner and content, Smith, Ferguson, and Caris suggested that online delivery due to the dependence on context based interaction and lack of visual cues requires that each aspect of the course should be laid out in meticulous detail to avoid misunderstanding. In other words, the directions for each assignment should be spelled in a logical way. “Web-based distance classes require considerably more work, often including hundreds of hours of up-front work to set up the course. On the other hand, the development of an online class, especially one that began as a face-to-face course, makes the instructor confront and analyse the material in new and different ways.” (Smith, Ferguson & Caris, 3). Smith, Ferguson, and Caris also noted that the written word is laid on the online discussions would help in developing a deeper level of understanding and thinking process and would help in the encouragement of much wider participation among learners. In addition to, the instructors focus on the fact that the importance of the instructor should change from the content provider to the content facilitator bringing in the proficiency in the use of language. The number of users and potential assessment programs in the Australia’s vocational education and training (VET) had been examined and taken care of.
In 1991, the World Bank with the International Labor Organization produced its policy paper on Vocational Education and Training. Since that time, the reforms of VET in both poor and rapidly growing countries have turned into new directions for making skills more relevant for fulfilling the needs of growing private sector employment. (Gill, Fluitman & Dar, 1) Since then the Government’s expectations towards VET have increased manifold leading to the various programs and policies to increase this kind of education to reduce unemployment and increasing the need for private companies in the globalized environment. And, what is the best way than online to give fast, proficient, and most effective vocational training to adults.
Conclusion
E-learning develops new knowledge through the socially dynamic process and interplay of several beliefs and previous knowledge. We can say that knowledge building is the most important social component and a catalyst in this whole process and online learning increases the scope of this knowledge-based learning. As individuals gain more and more knowledge, she or he disseminates to the others who would enter into this knowledge-building dialogue to conform themselves to the ideas, increases the modification process, raises the question, creates a contradiction, and corrects and shares information.
Works Cited
Australian Flexible Learning Framework. “Flexibility through online learning” Internet (2003). Web.
Australian Government Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy. “Broadband use in the vocational education and training sector” 2008. Web.
Atkinson, Roger. “Going online: Infrastructures and services for Internet delivered vocational education”. 2008. Web.
Bates,T. “The impact of technological change in open and distance learning” Distance Education, 1997, vol.18, no.1, pp.93–109.
Charp, S. ‘E-learning’, T.H.E Journal Online, 2001, vol. 28, no.9.
Curtain, Richard. “Online delivery in the vocational education and training sector: Improving cost effectiveness” National Education for Vocational Education and Research Internet (2002). Web.
Gill, Indermit Singh, Fluitman, Fred & Dar, A. “Vocational Education and Training Reform: Matching Skills to Markets and Budgets”. New York: Oxford University Press US.
Kaplan, Howard. “Building your own web course: The case for off-the-shelf component software”. CAUSE/EFFECT, 21(4), 1998, pp. 44-46, 52. Web.
Smith, G. Glen, Ferguson, David & Caris, Mieke. “Teaching college courses online vs face-to-face’”, T.H.E Journal Online vol.28, no.9. 2008. Web.
Stephenson, John. “Teaching & Learning Online: Pedagogies for New Technologies”. London: Kogan Page Limited, 2001.
US Secretary of Education 2000. The Power of the internet for learning: Moving from promise to practice. Washington, DC :Web-based Education Commission, 2000.
Warner, D, Christie, G & Choy, S. “The readiness of the VET sector for flexible delivery including online learning” EdNA–VET Working Group. Brisbane: ANTA, 1998.
Distance education is a relatively new way of knowledge acquisition in which a student-teacher interaction is carried out using information and communication technologies. On the one hand, modernization of education allows it to expand the usual boundaries of transmitting and receiving information in the educational process while retaining all the integral components. On the other hand, a lack of practical tasks and socialization leads to adverse outcomes such as insufficient knowledge. In this essay, the main benefits and drawbacks of online education will be addressed by using rhetoric principles to avoid any fallacies impeding the understanding of this essay.
Aristotle’s Concepts
For compiling this essay, it is vital to operate different approaches to speech rhetoric to have a structured composition. One of the most ancient classifications of persuasion methods is the concept of the ancient Greek thinker Aristotle, which divides all possible arguments of the speaker into only three groups: ethos, logos, and pathos. Logos usually refers to verbal means used to implement the idea of speech or a text and contains only the logical chain of the author’s judgments (Bartlett, 2019; Meyer, 2017). Ethos is interpreted as portraying a person’s character through purposefulness as the main feature of human activity; it also relates to morality (Herrick, 2017). Finally, pathos encompasses all the elements of argumentation that emotionally affect listeners.
Hence, this essay will primarily rely upon Aristotle’s principles. For instance, logos will be the foundation of the text since there is a need to incorporate much factual information from credible sources. As a part of the ethos, the paper will focus on the ethic of online education and its effect on the psyche of an adolescent. Ultimately, the pathos component is not the least significant in the paper – it will be used to explain how distant education affects the development of socialization among children.
Cicero’s Approach
In classical rhetoric, the canons (as defined by Cicero and the anonymous author of the Rhetoric of the Latin text) are five overlapping divisions or divisions of the rhetorical process. The first canon is the invention, including the creation of ideas in a speech or text (Raylor, 2018). In this case, there is a need to investigate different scientific resources regarding the positive and negative influences of distance education. The arrangement is the process of organizing information in the proper order to convince the audience. The essay will follow a precise structure: introduction, main body, and conclusion. The canon of style considers how a person competently expresses their thoughts. It is necessary to use formal language in this writing. Memory and delivery are not the most crucial components for this assignment since they imply oral performance.
Conclusion
In summation, the essay about the pros and cons of distance education will incorporate rhetorical principles, which are supposed to help structure the text and make it coherent. The approaches of Cicero and Aristotle will be the foundation of the composition structure. The selected strategies (implementation of logos and ethos and three canons of rhetoric) can be helpful for sending the right message to the audience.
References
Bartlett, R. (2019). Aristotle’s “Art of rhetoric.” University of Chicago Press.
Herrick, J. (2017). The theory and history of rhetoric. Taylor & Francis.
Meyer, M. (2017). What is rhetoric? Oxford University Press.
Raylor, T. (2018). Philosophy, rhetoric, and Thomas Hobbes. OUP Oxford.
Distance learning, often known as distance education, is a type of learning in which students are not required to attend class in a physical location such as a classroom. Synchronous and asynchronous learning are the two forms of distance education that are available. Synchronous learning is defined as a situation in which both participants must be present at the same time during the session. Asynchronous learning refers to when the student may access the content at their convenience and their timing. This study focuses on the fundamental decisions necessary for an organization to start or expand a distance learning program.
Decision-makers should pay more attention to organizational structures, particularly as they relate to student service. One issue with distance learning planning is that it places an excessive amount of emphasis on instruction rather than student services. Distance learning is about enabling students who are unable or unwilling to come to learning institutions by delivering the same sorts of student services online that an on-campus student has (Kireev et al., 2019). Therefore, decision-makers must grapple with the problem of distant learning planning, as institutions are caught between the desire to serve students online and the requirement to maintain traditional student services.
The majority of distant learning planning relies on cost and people difficulties rather than important pedagogical challenges. Distance learning is a unique and cohesive sector of education aiming at novel delivery means and pedagogical philosophy rather than a teaching methodology. Administrators have a habit of putting strict constraints on how to do technology work while expecting wide results. Technology is only a means to an end, not an end in itself (Surma & Kirschner, 2020). The removal of access hurdles does not imply that the impediments to student achievement have been removed. Administrators appear to assume that if they provide the technology, the students and courses will follow. Decision-makers should consider the likelihood of teachers changing their teaching methods. Therefore, the technological infrastructure should be constructed with the intellectual and pedagogical needs of distant learning programs in mind.
Instructors will require training and support before accepting this new teaching paradigm; thus, decision-makers should keep that in mind. The teachers must also be aware of how their course’s details will be applied in the new environment. This fast evolution of knowledge necessitates new curriculum creation, and instructors must be more flexible in their teaching. In order to connect with their students effectively in distance learning, teachers must have not only a thorough understanding of the subject matter but also interpersonal skills to coordinate students online (Markova et al., 2017). Student learning can be improved when an instructor’s professional development requirements are satisfied. Therefore, administrators should consider educating teachers on new technologies and training methods to assist them in dealing effectively with change.
Decision-makers should consider all stakeholders’ respect, value, and experience while developing the learning institution’s vision and plan for distance learning. Many remote learning programs are developed based on a vision that is not widely accepted and goals that are not communicated clearly. It will be simpler to reach a campus-wide consensus on the vision if the administration, teachers, staff, and students are all involved in the process (Simpson, 2018). Consequently, teachers should be involved in setting the priorities, rules, and processes for adopting distance. Many difficulties may not be addressed, and concerns may stay unanswered without the dedication of individuals engaged in decision-making, generating uncertainty, irritation, and dissatisfaction. The problem for educational institutions in the twenty-first century is to determine not why they should have a distant learning program but how to develop and implement one (Unger & Meiran, 2020). Therefore, knowing how to plan a good program with vision is critical to their success.
Additionally, decision-makers should consider the integration of distance learning into organizational vision and culture. The challenge for learning institutions is creating a self-reforming system. Traditional learning institutions may not disappear, but organizational change is expected due to the changes and advancements that distant learning offers to teaching, learning, and satisfying student needs. Curriculum and teaching are also undergoing adjustments. In the online context, the instructor’s job will be unbundled (Schneider & Council, 2021). Therefore, unbundling means that multiple persons will be responsible for different aspects of a typical instructor’s job. Education will become a more personalized process in which neither the instructor nor the student will miss a class. Thus, for distant learning to be effective, it must be integrated into the learning institution’s organizational structure and vision.
Distance learning programs and the technology and personnel required to support them may be a costly endeavor for learning institutions. While the initiative is executed, a lack of suitable preparation will only produce budgetary and otherwise issues. The time it takes to plan for all aspects of remote learning properly will assist the institution in making the most of its limited resources. The goal of planning is to implement ways to match an institution with its surroundings. It allows an organization to develop and adapt systematically and purposefully; it contributes a lot to learning. Therefore, decision-makers must evaluate all aspects of giving an education, which is much more than merely placing lessons online, in order to create a successful distance learning program.
References
Kireev, B., Zhundibayeva, A., & Aktanova, A. (2019). Distance learning in higher education institutions: Results of an experiment. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(3), 387-403.
Markova, T., Glazkova, I., & Zaborova, E. (2017). Quality issues of online distance learning. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237, 685-691.
Schneider, S. L., & Council, M. L. (2021). Distance learning in the era of COVID-19. Archives of Dermatological Research, 313(5), 389-390.
Simpson, O. (2018). Supporting students in online, open, and distance learning. Routledge.
Surma, T., & Kirschner, P. A. (2020). Technology-enhanced distance learning should not forget how learning happens—Computers in Human Behavior, 110, 106390.
Unger, S., & Meiran, W. R. (2020). Student attitudes towards online education during the COVID-19 viral outbreak of 2020: Distance learning in a time of social distance. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 4(4), 256-266.
Zaborova, E. N., Glazkova, I. G., & Markova, T. L. (2017). Distance learning: Students’ perspective. Sociological Studies, 2(2), 131-139.
When starting or expanding a distance learning program, a firm must identify strategies that are likely to enhance its delivery and success. One of the issues that an organization has to focus on is making distance learning available for all students. Another factor that an organization has to consider when starting or expanding distance learning is how to ensure that students with special needs do not face challenges in learning. An institution has to focus on deciding the communication tools and media to be used in distance learning. When initiating or expanding distance learning, a firm must decide on the training and support needed for tutors to teach effectively.
One of the concerns that an institution should have when starting or expanding distance learning is whether it will be accessible to all students. For distance learning to be operational, all students need to have uninterrupted access to a network connection and a computer or smartphone. Some of the students might be from rural areas or low-income families thus are likely to find it difficult to access fixed internet connections and devices (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2020). This might pose a significant challenge for them to participate in distance learning successfully and thus be academically disadvantaged. Therefore, organizations must lay out strategies to ensure that all learners access the internet and devices needed in distance learning.
An institution has to focus on ensuring that students with disabilities have a smooth experience with distance learning. Students with disabilities have unique needs and require more support to ensure that they learn effectively. In this case, it might be necessary for an organization to lay out strategies that help to enhance individualized instruction to meet each student’s needs (California Department of Education. 2021). Organizations have to consider the most effective implementation strategy for distance learning that is likely to be appropriate for students with disabilities for academic progress. Students with disabilities are also likely to need more specialized devices to learn and progress academically. An institution has to identify strategies that minimize challenges likely to be faced by students with disabilities in a distance learning environment.
When starting or expanding distance learning, a firm must identify the training required for teachers and students to engage in such a program. Teachers have to have adequate knowledge on how to implement course details in a distance learning environment. It is also necessary for an institution to offer training that enables teachers to establish their presence in a distance learning environment (Roddy et al., 2017). Teachers also need to gain interpersonal skills that will enhance their communications with students in an online environment. Teacher training helps to promote effective delivery of distance learning and student mastery of taught content. Students also require adequate training to ensure that they participate in a distance learning environment with minimal challenges. Students who are not adequately prepared for distance learning are likely to have a negative impact on the delivery process. An institution has to identify appropriate strategies to ensure students have the knowledge and skills required to prosper in distance learning.
It is also necessary for a firm to lay out strategies for students to establish a presence in a distance learning environment. In this case, it might be necessary for an organization to apply collaborative methods to enable learners to effectively share knowledge and complete assigned tasks (The Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], 2021). An organization can choose to use threaded discussions to establish student presence in a digital learning environment. Allowing students to establish a presence in a distance learning environment supports collaboration, thus positively impacting their academic achievement (Charlotte, 2018). An organization has to decide how to enable students to establish a presence in a digital learning environment for the program’s success.
An institution has to identify the most appropriate communication tools and media to be used by students and teachers in a distance learning program. The main aim should be on choosing tools and media that have ease of use to eliminate the likelihood of students and teachers facing challenges when using them. New technologies provide an avenue for students to interact, learn and explore by themselves, thus enabling learning (Sarwar et al., 2018). An organization must consider communication tools that are not likely to tolerate cyberbullying to provide a conducive environment for all students to learn. Selected tools and media have to enhance access to course content while also promoting student interaction (Ansari & Khan, 2020). An organization must choose communication media and tools that are likely to enhance distance learning delivery.
In conclusion, for an organization to start or expand a distance learning program, it has to make decisions that enhance access and delivery of education. One of the decisions has to make is whether students have reliable internet and devices necessary for them to engage in distance learning. An institution has to identify how to make learning effective for students with disabilities in a digital learning environment. An organization also has to identify the training required for students and teachers to gain the knowledge and skills necessary to participate in digital learning effectively. It is also necessary to identify the most appropriate communication tools and media to deliver distance learning.
I have decided to choose the topic “Pros and cons of distant education.” In this essay, I am going to explore the psychological, physical, and educational aspects of online education. On the one hand, such an educational format can help to improve the pandemic situation and to provide equal opportunities to study. On the other hand, children can lack socialization when they do not communicate with their classmates. The essay can be addressed both to the children and parents for whom the issues of health and psychology are important. While writing the essay, I am going to follow different rhetoric strategies and avoid the fallacies that would make my essay less logical. Moreover, I am going to appeal to the audience’s minds and feelings, thus conveying the message from different points of view.
Logos, Ethos, and Pathos
Logos, ethos, and pathos are the focuses that have been described by Aristotle and that are supposed to be addressed in any rhetoric speech. Logos appeals to logic and uses arguments that make the audience think in a certain way (Saaty, 2020). It is aimed at the logical persuasion of an opponent supported by facts. Ethos appeals to the audience’s morals and ethics, influencing the opponent’s opinion via the reference to authority or to the credibility of beliefs. Pathos appeals to the opponent’s emotions and aims at influencing the beliefs of the audience through feelings.
As for my essay, I am going to make an accent on logos, using the arguments that are proved by science and peer-reviewed sources. A smaller appeal I would make to pathos, pointing, on the one hand, at the difficulties in the adaptation that schoolchildren experience. On the other hand, I would point to bigger problems that can occur to children that did not have any chance to develop their communicative skills in class. An ethos part could contain a question about whether it is ethical at all to force a child to go to an environment they do not like when there is an opportunity to study online.
Five Canons of Rhetoric
Five tenets, or canons, of rhetoric, were first described by Cicero, an ancient Roman philosopher. Among these canons, there are arrangement, invention, style, delivery, and memory (Madson, 2018). These are the ways of making the speech inventing process more efficient. The first canon is the invention, which refers to searching material for the text. As for the chosen topic, different psychological resources can be analyzed. Academic and peer-reviewed sources should be used, which would make the arguments stronger.
As for the arrangement, I would order the material according to the demands of an argumentative essay. The essay should have an introduction, a body with arguments for and against distant education, and a conclusion. As for the style, academic standards should be met when writing an essay. Memory and delivery tenets are not applicable to writing an essay, as they are used in oral speech.
Logical Fallacies to Avoid
The main logical fallacies that should be avoided in an essay are ad hominem, a straw man, and a slippery slope. When the writer uses an ad hominem fallacy, a person under question is attacked instead of the arguments. A straw man fallacy means that the arguments opposed to the defended point of view are oversimplified. Thus, the arguments are distorted, which makes the whole essay illogical (El Khoiri & Widiati, 2017). As for the chosen topic, the arguments should be supported by real quantitative and qualitative statistics which would prove the positive or negative influence of distance education on children. A slippery slope in rhetoric means an assumption that a single event will be followed by a certain chain of inevitable events.
Conclusion
Thus, the essay should be prepared considering not only factual information concerning distance education but also considering different rhetorical strategies. Three of five canons of rhetoric can be useful while preparing the material and arranging it in proper order. Besides, during the writing process, different logical fallacies should be avoided. All these strategies can help to convey the message to the audience in a proper manner.
References
El Khoiri, N., & Widiati, U. (2017). Logical Fallacies in Indonesian EFL Learners’ Argumentative Writing: Students’ Perspectives. Dinamika Ilmu, 17(1), 71—81.
Madson, M. (2018). Five-Canon Feedback: Triaging Errors in Writing With Classical Rhetoric. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 49(2), 57–59. Web.
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Today, it is wrong to neglect the idea of technological progress and its spread over the field of education. Online or e-learning turns out to be a popular activity around the whole world with a number of unique characteristics, advantages, and the possibility to overcome barriers of physical distances and time management. At the same time, educators find it helpful to use a virtual learning environment. This type of environment introduces a collection of platforms to promote teaching and learning activities across the Internet, educational courses, and online tasks (Jain, 2015). There are many reasons for the importance of a virtual learning environment, including interaction development, self-dependence, fast access to external sources and embedded content, and practice. However, along with benefits and positive effects, its limitations and challenges cannot be ignored. This paper aims at discussing the use of virtual learning environments in nursing and recognizing the limits in nursing education regarding current needs, requirements, and expectations.
Main body
Despite the expected benefits and improvements in nursing education due to the use of virtual learning environments, this practice may create a number of challenges for students and teachers. In addition to the necessity of high-level digital literacy, participants have to consider certain organizational and emotional issues. Personalized learning remains a serious challenge for many academic facilities (Skiba, 2016). The field of nursing is characterized by the development of specific skills, effective motivation, and awareness of outside factors that may influence the maintenance of professional and interpersonal relationships. Online learning decreases the importance of these qualities because of the possibility to avoid face-to-face contact with people and neglect some communication rules and social obligations. Another limit of nursing education is the balance between connected and unconnected lives (Skiba, 2016). One of the goals of education is to explain to students how to use personal experience, reflect on different events, and behave in accordance with expectations. Not all educators and platforms can promote these practices.
Regarding the needs of students and the resources available to educators, the creation of virtual learning environments becomes a solution to several important problems and limitations. Every year, new types of virtual learning environments are offered to academic facilities. For example, Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment, also known as Moodle, is based on sound pedagogical principles (Jain, 2015). Eduism is another platform that introduces a 3D virtual world where classrooms can be connected through their interactive whiteboards (Jain, 2015). In fact, a variety of virtual platforms is impressive, and teachers can use them to track the progress of students, inspire teamwork, and promote enthusiasm. Though nursing education is limited in its cost, training importance, security, and technological support, the worth of virtual learning environments cannot be ignored as it offers the answers to many organizational questions.
Conclusion
To conclude, the connection between nurses and the virtual learning environment is evident. Due to the existing limits in nursing education and the inability to take into consideration all personal and professional needs of nursing students, teachers have to think about the alternatives that can encourage knowledge and never challenge students. However, the main limitations of nursing education through virtual learning environments cannot be removed. When students have access to distant learning, multiple sources, and tasks, they can easily be lost in a variety of the material, technology discomfort, and the lack of concentration.
References
Jain, P. (2015). Virtual learning environment. International Journal in IT & Engineering, 3(5), 75-84.
Skiba, D. J. (2016). On the horizon: Trends, challenges, and educational technologies in higher education. Nursing Education Perspectives, 37(3), 183-185.
Distance education is the program where the student and instructor are separated by space and often time, is one of the formats of the fastest-growing instruction in the United States of America and globally (Tracey & Richey, 2005). Definitions of distance education are varied and diverse, but the main concept of distance learning can be summarized from the situation wherein the student and the educator are separated by distance and time and the lessons are delivered to the students through some form of information transference media such as the postal system, television, radio, or the Internet.
Unlike many modern definitions of distance learning that encompass only electronic media as the means of transfer of lessons, this definition amalgamates all forms of delivery methods throughout the evolution process of distance learning.
This paper presents a discussion of the evolution of distance learning, which started as correspondence courses to the present lesson plans over the Internet. Further, the paper discusses how the changes in technology and its adaptation have altered the delivery method of distance learning over the ages.
Evolution of Distance Education
The beginning of distance education traces back to the early days of correspondence course to the present cyberspace based teaching. This section discusses the evolution of the distance learning experience. The history is divided into three phases – first, the print-based correspondence courses, second, television and radio-based era of educating, and third, is the Internet-based distance learning method.
First Phase
Distance education began in the eighteenth century as a form of correspondence learning wherein the printed course material was mailed to the students. In such cases, printed course material became the primary delivery method. Correspondence courses began to provide education to women, deprived of school or university education in the pre-Industrial Europe and America in the 1800s (Tracey & Richey, 2005). The earliest evidence of correspondence education was found in Boston Gazette on 20th March 1728, where a shorthand teacher named Celeb Phillips offered weekly lessons to those who lived in remote locations (Bower & Hardy, 2004).
In 1833, a Swedish university posted an advertisement to teach composition via post. An Englishman named Isaac Pitman invented a system of shorthand to fit a postcard and sent them to the students (Tracey & Richey, 2005; Bower & Hardy, 2004). Throughout the nineteenth century, correspondence courses flourished due to the efforts of noted educators like Anna Eliot Ticknor in 1873, Cary Agassiz, founder of Radcliff College, Elizabeth Cleveland of Boston Museum of Fine Arts, William Rainey Harper of University of Chicago, Wesleyan College in 1874, Correspondence University of Ithaca, New York in 1883, etc. (Bower & Hardy, 2004).
Second Phase
Even though there was a rapid expansion in correspondence learning in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the postal mails were often an unreliable medium of lesson delivery due to the postal system’s limitations. With the invention of the radio in the beginning of the twentieth century, distance education became a mass phenomenon. In the 1920s, there were almost two hundred American radio stations delivering distance education (Bower & Hardy, 2004). Then with the advent of the television, distance learning became a phenomenon with televised courses in the 1950s when Westerns Reserve University became the first university to provide regular televised courses (Bower & Hardy, 2004).
Satellite technology in the 1960s and the fiber-optic system in the 1980s helped expand distance learning phenomenally (Bower & Hardy, 2004). However, these new technologies were costly due to high investment in infrastructure building, but the interactive learning allowed by this media compensated for the high cost (Bower & Hardy, 2004).
Third Phase
With the development of the Internet, there has been a boom in credit and non-credit distance education. The main advantage of the medium is that it allows two-way communication “involving a time delay between transmission and receipt” as well as lesson plays without “extended time delay” (Bower & Hardy, 2004, p. 8). The Internet has made distance learning highly interactive, allowing real-time transmission of lectures and interactive sessions that have increased learners’ engagement. Further, increased interaction between students as well as students and instructors facilitates the learning process. The Internet provides varied opportunities in doing research and following previous academic classes without physically being present in the classrooms. In other words, the Internet has allowed the whole university campus to the virtually shifted to the cyberspace.
Technology and the Mode of Delivery
The debate that arose with the statement made by Clarke that if technology is a “mere vehicle” for imparting distance learning then there is no need to discuss the various ways the Internet can be used to expand the learning experience of students points out. Hill (2012) points out that delivery methods of distance learning differ widely and have evolved even after the adoption of the Internet. Online courses established initially as ad hoc courses by the faculty members were useful by the instructors, but the institution did not accredit the courses. Then there came the courses that were specifically designed for online education and were dedicated to distance learning.
For instance, under this model, a master’s course replicated to impart an online course. The other approach to online learning pointed out by Hill, removes the barriers between a large-scale online course and traditional learning method with the aid of an external partner to develop online content. These companies help in developing curriculum and content for online courses. For instance, Pearson is one such company that aids Arizona State University and California State University to develop the curriculum and content of online courses (Hill, 2012).
There are blended or hybrid education that allows face-to-face real-time online classroom that replicates a physical classroom. In these forms of online courses, lesson dissemination is modeled on traditional classroom teaching but the mode of delivery is online. The latest development in online education is Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). In this, the faculty members lead and design the course and an unlimited number of students can enroll in the course (Hill, 2012). The MOOCs have been formed in the 2007-08s as open online courses designed by David Wiley at Utah State University and Alec Couros at the University of Regina (Hill, 2012). However, it was with the advent of the Stanford’s MOOC, this form of delivery mode received maximum attention.
Factors that Changed Distance Learning
Distance learning has transformed with changes in technology and social factors. Technological change has completely altered the mode of delivery of the lessons over time and social factors have raised the need to start such distance educations. In the early phase, distance learning changed with the mass popularity of radio and television. Radio provided a voice that imparted education over a distance while television provided audio-visual experience to the students. The invention of satellite facilitated an interactive distance learning process. However, the invention of the Internet revolutionized the delivery of education over a distance.
Most Important Technology Change to the Advance Distance Education
Online education is the most important technological change that has altered the face of distance learning. What was impossible for the first generation distance educators, the Internet has made it possible. Real-time lecture delivery, interaction between students as well as with instructors makes the learning process more engaging. Further, online education has not only changed the distance education but has affected higher education as a whole across the globe (Kentnor, 2015). The impact of cyberspace on online education is not only in delivering the courses but also in changing how the courses are delivered. So it is no longer a mere mode that provided “access” rather it has become a method of improving the “quality of education” (Kentnor, 2015, p. 30). Undoubtedly, online education has altered the face of distance learning.
Technology as a “Mere Vehicle”
Richard Clarke states, “media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do not influence student achievement” (2012a, p. 2). In other words, Clarke believes students require an instruction that gives them learning goals and information to learn. The word, “media” used by Clarke implies technology as a mode of transferring information or lessons or a medium that provides access to the course material.
In this limited definition provided by Clarke, “media” is definitely a mere “vehicle” to transfer curricula. It is a mere access point. However, if the meaning of the word “media” is broadened then media cannot be considered as a mere vehicle. If a technology shapes both the process of transferring of lessons as well as transforms the education design then it cannot be considered a mere vehicle. Information technology steers both the delivery method and the information given to the students to provide effective support to the learning process (2012b). In other words, technology can change distance learning in two different ways – first, technology can alter delivery method and second, technology can shape the instructions and methods of teaching. Internet has not only made access to instruction easy but has also altered the method of teaching. This is because, the Internet provides varied avenues and possibilities to make the courses interactive, and real that reduces the difference between a brick-and-mortar classroom and a virtual classroom.
Works Cited
Bower, B. L., & Hardy, K. P. (2004). From correspondence to cyberspace: Changes and challenges in distance education. New Directions for Community Colleges 2004(128) , 5-12. Print.
Clarke, R. E. (2012a). Media are the “Mere Vehicles”: The Opening Argument. In R. E. Clarke (Eds.), Learning from Media: Arguments, Analysis, and Evidence (pp. 1-12). Charlotte, North Carolina: IAP. Print.
Clarke, R. E. (2012b). A Summary of the Disagreements with the “Mere Vehicles” Argument. In R. E. Clarke (Eds.), Learning from Media: Arguments, Analysis, and Evidence (pp. 91-102). Charlotte, North Carolina: IAP. Print.
Hill, P. (2012). Online Educational Delivery Models: A Descriptive View. Educause Review 47(6) , 84-97. Print.
Kentnor, H. (2015). Distance Education and the Evolution of Online Learning In the United States. Curriculum and Teaching Dialogue 17(1) , 15-41. Print.
Tracey, M. W., & Richey, R. C. (2005). The evolution of distance education. Distance Learning 2(6) , 17-21. Print.
A college or an advanced degree was historically a dream among many people especially the full time employed people and family oriented career professionals but today academic achievements are a reality that is almost becoming the standard style. Many people are taking studies concurrently with their jobs in the aim of becoming apprentices in their field of specialization.
Most people mainly work to get good remunerations, but the level of payment mostly depends on skill area and level of skills. What many potential students have discovered is the ability to blow off their academic limits by considering other options of attending classes without having to be physically involved.
This is a practical strategy of influencing the payment levels or staying competitive in the job market among the part-time students. What are the differences between the online classes and the physical or traditional classes?
An Online Class
Online classes provide one with a chance to learn by combining college theory work, with the work training provided by employers at the work place. According to online education guides, one is able to get a competitive edge over those who have to attend fulltime classes physically before they can engage work placements.
One can easily connect the online studies to real work situations, thus making the learning process to become easier, since there is no need to keep remembering facts. Much of the learning is achievable though application of what one learns during fieldwork. An online study therefore provides one with the ability to turn theories to practice without further delays.
The diversity of technology and availability of wide choices without any physical limits enables a student to be in a position of recognizing institutions with high qualifications internationally and enroll in the best institutions, without extra economic requirements such as travel and accommodation expenses.
A Traditional Class
With a traditional class, one attends the class full-time as per the set class schedule. Here most of the learning occurs theoretically with fewer practical or applications that do not involve real job market as in the online class, where one has freedom to practice.
However, the learner is able to concentrate on the syllabus taught fully without interruptions and later translate the theory practically in the job market.
Unlike the online class, the learner’s errors may cause inconveniences to training, the traditional class is different as all materials and facilities are for learning purposes.
There is also no much pressure on the student in traditional class as the instructors or teachers are patient to guide one through, unlike online class where the learner or even the instructors are on pressure to meet the high market level.
In most cases, the traditional class syllabus is usually a bit wider hence offering the trainee much more as opposed to online classes where there is lack of provisions for diversification of the subject.
Educational websites restrict the materials to what is necessary for the trainee rather than wasting resources on giving what is pertained in the whole field of expertise. Traditional classes offer one freedom to choose from the whole library of books.
Conclusion
The choice between online classes and the traditional classes solely depends on career requirements or vital and technical skills requirements, therefore one should be in a position to make a personal choice that will enable achievement of goals by contrasting between the two.
Recent changes in the global market require people who are able to invest heavily in education, thus the need to find alternative methods of attending classes. Either Part or full time learning can enhance competitive edge and ability to find extra skills in educational level for career advancement.
This is a modern way of learning where by one is able to get the required information without the need for an instructor. These systems are analyzed so that a learner can be able to know the weaknesses and the strengths of using the distance learning system. In this learning there is the involvement of use of new technologies that can assist the learner. The learning strategies provide the necessary means meeting the readiness requirements of the teaching environment. (Rael, 2000)
Tapped in system
In the tapped in system of distance learning it is an international community of education for professionals and there is the k-12students, libraries, professional staff development, there are also faculties that are for the teachers and students and also the researchers are able to get their information and be able to engage in professional programs that enable them in taking their work of research. This system mainly targets the teachers, students and researchers and thus it provides information that is required by the concerned group. It has libraries that have information from the published and unpublished articles, posters, images, instruments and datasets.
This information helps that concerned group to get information that will help them in getting the required information. It is a system that can be of great impact to the researchers this is because one is able to get information that will help him or her get a cue for that group that one is supposed to research on this is because it allows the researcher to be able to pass their views through producing articles that are published and others not published and this information can be used by other people who will require the same information and therefore this system compared with other systems it gives allowance to people who need information.
For any one who is willing to get information that is based on the research that one has to undertake then it is readily available in the libraries in the form that one can be able to understand and get information that is not biased. The advantages of this system are that it provides information that can be saved to be used later by others and therefore changes are done in this system concerning the information that is saved. One is able to get information readily without delays this is because it is saved in the libraries and therefore one only needs to sacrifice his of her time so that information can be received.
The disadvantages are that it does not target the business people and therefore the companies have no link in this system. It only targets that educational institutions that are covered by the students, teachers, and still has a link to researchers. This system is very important to learners because they are able to get information from different writers and compare them therefore a learner will get standard information that will assist him of her in whatever information one will be in need of. Thus a learner is bale to get a lot of information that he or she can make amendments that are required so that it can fit that particular time that is required to give the answer.
There is also wastage of time this is because one has to get sufficient time so that he or she can get the information that will fit the research that one has to undertake and therefore it means that one has to waste a lot of time in this investigation that is required. (MacDonald, 1999)
Second life system
In the second life system it gives people the opportunity to live another life online where by these people are able to interact with others. In this system one can be able to purchase a product and also one can be able to start a business and sell goods and services online without the need of this person going to the market to sell that particular product. This system is used by educational institutions where by things like computers are used by the instructors to follow instructions to the students when they are far away. This means that through the internet a lecturer can give information to the students without the need of him or her been physically with the students.
Also companies are able to do their selling through the online where the consumers pay them through credit cards. Therefore this system is used by both the educational institutions and other institutions like the companies to be able to sell their products.
The advantages of this system is that it can be used as a way of refreshment through the playing of the plays that are available in these machines then one is able to feel relaxed from the days activities, also it saves time that is incase of the business people as they do not need to got to get the buyers this is because the products are readily available to them. In case of learning it helps the learners to know more than what can be provided by their lecturers and also it saves time that could have been spent in attending classes can be used to do other things that are required. (Kidwell, 2001)
Therefore this system includes the learners and the business people. Its disadvantages are that through use of these machines then one will learn things that are not supposed for that particular time. Thus incases of children then they learn things that are for adults and thus it means that the culture that was for that society will be interrupted as this generation will not be ready to follow the rules that were set for them but instead they are ready to do what they see from this new technology.
The learning through this method is also interrupted and one does not get adequate information that can be applied in one’s life this is because through the use of internet one gets bored and just gets any information whether it is for his or her benefit or not provided the information is related on what one is supposed to know.
This system has also a problem of not differentiating the audiences because it provides information for any one who is willing to know the information that is displayed. The system covers that business people and the educational institutions like universities where the lecturers give guide lines to the students when they are far off and it is the work of the student to know where to get the information so as to complete the given assignment. (Kidwell, 2001)
WebCT system
In webCT system there are the learning theories such as the behaviorism, cognition and constructivism that enable the learner to know what he or she is expected to know. In the behaviorism theory then one is supposed to have a certain behavior that is accepted in any learning department. Therefore the learner is supposed to know that in learning then he or she has to behave well so that they can be able to fit in that particular place in any learning institution the learner has to ensure that they follow the rules that are set for one to be able to get the targeted information. These theories ensure that one gets the knowledge that is expected so that he or she can get the learning goals that are set.
Without proper knowledge then it is hard for one to get the information that is expected of him or her in the learning institution. Through these learning theories then one is able to know the kind of information that has to be given to the students. The advantages of this theory are that it is able to give the guide lines of the desired behavior that one needs to possess so that he or she can fit in the society therefore it acts as a way of ensuring that one follows the right behaviors that are acceptable in the society. It helps students to compare information from different theories so that they can be able to know what is accepted of them by the tutors.
One gets information that can be applied in other areas where need be so that incase where by the information is required by a certain people then this system works. Its disadvantages are that it does not cover all the people in that it is only targeted to learners only ands thus other people are taken out. There is also the problem of the fact that one has to follow the cultures that were used a long time ago without minding of the changes that are taking place in the current world. This theory targets the students and the young generation so that they can be shaped in the right direction. (Rael, 2000)
Blackboard system
Blackboard system incorporates virtual service centers of excellence, geographically dispersed or mobile services, interoperable platforms and software’s, distributed management and support subsystems. The online degrees have improved the success rates of these students who were initially in a home based study which involved the attendance of classes for these students to be trained. In this system then it means that a learner knows what the expected information is.
The advantages in this system are that the learner gets the information that the instructor requires from him or her. The learners are also able to more information concerning the research that they are required to find. The disadvantages are that it does not provide sufficient information that a learner requires as it only gives the information in brief form. The learner also is left with the duty of ensuring that the information that is left out is incorporated in that completed work thus one is left with the duty of getting further information so that they can be able to get the information that is required. It does not have libraries like the tapped system and therefore the information that one gets is not of high standard as it can be biased.
This is because one only gets information from one source unlike in the tapped system. It is targeted to the students only and has left out the other people so that one is in a fix to give that particular information.
Moodle system
Moodle is a course management system. It is free and open source software which is designed in a way to provide sound pedagogical principles. This software is meant to provide the people with an effective online education system. In this system the learner gets information that he or she is supposed to provide and compared with other systems this system is simpler than the other systems and therefore one will be required to get information that will assist other people who will need of that particular information. The advantages of this system are that the concerned gets information easily from the sources that are provided meaning that it does not have to search from many sources.
There is limited time wastage and this the concerned will get information without having to spend a lot of time as compared with the tapped system where by one has to go in the libraries so as to get the information from the books that are provided. The disadvantages are that one can not get the information for future reference this is because the information is not saved in documents that are required for future use. It does not have to cover all the people but it has the targeted group that is the students and thus the other populations have no place in this system. (Hanson, 2002)
Conclusion
In this type of clearing then one has to get the required information that he or she is researching on meaning that the information that will be provided will be more reliable and be used later if need be. In these systems then the advantages that one gets in any of the information that is required can be later used in other places and not only on educational basis but also the society has to benefit from the information that is provided by these systems.
Reference:
Hanson, J. (2002). Rethinking innovation. Environment and Planning.
Kidwell, J. (2001). Distance Learning. Educause.
MacDonald, L. (1999). Online learning communities. Journal of Developmental Education.
Rael, M (2000). The process of community building in distance learning classes. Journal of Asynchronous Learning networks.