Category: Novel

‘Sweep it all below the carpeting, does not imply the dirt will not come back up. There’s a fireplace burnin’ up, solely issue stronger than hate is love. We would like a change’. NO RACISM, NO HATE !!

The Hate U Give-based on the acclaimed YA novel by Angie Thomas, debuts with a then 9-year-old drummer Carter, her younger brother Sekani, UN agency was one year previous, and her older stepbrother Seven, UN agency was 10, being given ‘the talk’ by her formerly-incarcerated father Maverick Carter. Several Black parents across America facilitate their children survive encounters with the police by giving them the speak. in a very similar vein, Maverick reminded not solely his kids, however United States all that, ‘Being Black is an honor as a result of you come back from greatness.’ Now at 16-years-old, ‘Starr Version One’ resides in a very Garden Heights, AN impoverished and preponderantly Black neighborhood. When losing one amongst her nearest childhood friends to gun violence, ‘Starr Version Two’ was registered in Williamson homework. She makes an endeavor to avoid being viewed as ‘ghetto’ by code-switching and being cautious her mannerisms at this preponderantly white school. Meanwhile, her white counter parts area unit praised for victimization American English and slang. ‘Slang makes them cool.

Slang makes American state hood.’ Early within the motion-picture show, drummer goes to a celebration in Garden Heights, wherever she runs into her childhood friend, her initial crush and her initial kiss-Khalil Harris. once shots area unit pink-slipped at the party, Khalil drives drummer home, till the youngsters area unit force over by a white law officer on the manner, with a badge range that reads One-Fifteen. One-Fifteen is that the officer UN agency shoots Khalil, misunderstanding his brush for a gun. These 2 versions of a traumatized and desolated drummer disintegrate because the murder of her childhood friend gains national attention. She is asked by Gregorian calendar month Ofrah , A professional and an activist, to testify once the jury is ordered to contemplate charges against one-fifteen. Speaking up for Khalil and exposing a neighborhood gang known as the King Lords means that golf shot drummer and her family in danger.

Meanwhile at school, tension between drummer and her friend, Hailey issue arises because of Hailey’s racist comments. The a lot of express Hailey’s racism becomes, the less tolerant drummer becomes of small aggressions, like ‘not seeing color.’ drummer ultimately decides to maneuver on along with her life while not Hailey, because of her racism-from deep-fried chicken jokes to implications that Khalil somehow merited to be dead. A relatable facet of this motion-picture show was once Hailey un-followed Starr’s Tumblr diary. ‘Several of my white counterparts from my childhood I once thought-about friends un-followed American state on my social media platforms owing to the items I say on social media and therefore the work I liquidate my community’. As a woman global organization agency is Starr’s age, The Hate U supply was terribly moving to American state. This motion-picture show addresses problems that area unit relevant to the current generation, like code switch, the dearth of answerableness for police brutality and therefore the media’s negative portrayal of Black victims of this issue. It conjointly addresses the trauma and devastation Black people–specifically what Black ladies and ladies got to address within the wake of police brutality. The Hate U offer teaches Black youth, particularly Black ladies that it is value fighting for your community–even if there’s a value to pay.

Conclusion

In America, race is an endlessly debatable subject, but literature is in a very position to produce another perspective besides our own. The Hate U offer, became a significant flick this fall and may be a powerful comment on trendy racism. The protagonist, drummer Carter, lives a twin life between her inner-city neighborhood and therefore the moneyed personal residential area faculty she attends. once a white law officer murders her unarmed friend and past love ‘Khalil’, she is forced to confront the continued struggle with race in America, most importantly the violence that exists between the African Yankee community and therefore the police. Khalil’s death fractures her additional into 2 entirely completely different people, and he or she is challenged to square against the general violence against black folks. This motion-picture show may be a poignant reminder of the work we tend to still got to do as a society to finish the institutionalized violence that plagues minority communities. Thomas’ work superbly contrasts the love of family and friends with the tragedy of racism and discrimination and highlights the variations in Starr’s 2 worlds, even within the manner within which she speaks. Thomas’ writing is a perceptive comment on black identity, particularly in relevancy the police and therefore the media.

‘The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time’, composed by Mark Haddon, is a prose-fiction novel narrated from the aspect of an autistic teenager, Christopher Boone. Christopher is a 15-year-old boy suffering from a condition resembling ‘Asperger’s Syndrome’ (AS), which limits his non-verbal communication skills and demonstrates difficulty when empathizing with peers. These difficulties which arise from Christopher’s disorder sculpt the writing structure of the novel. Mark Haddon structures the autobiographical murder mystery in an unconventional manner, allowing the audience to observe the perspective of an unorthodox narrator who has difficulties with understanding human interactions and societal norms. By using an atypical structure, a character whom cannot grasp human behaviour and social norms, and an exploration of Christopher’s search for meaning, Haddon is able to depict interesting ideas about differences in everyday settings by assisting the audience in grasping an idea of the reality of individuals on the spectrum.

Through the adoption of an unorthodox structure, Mark Haddon is able to implement an unconventional narration arrangement in order to demonstrate the eccentric thought process of the protagonist. The novel commences with the murder of Mrs Shears’ dog, a poodle named Wellington. Using succinct sentences, Haddon establishes the narrator as one with straight forward and truthful observations – “The dog was dead.” (page 1) And “The dog was called Wellington.” (page 1). In establishing these sentences, Haddon is able to create tension and portray the protagonist as unusual, as the language used reflects the values, attitudes and experiences of the narrator. The use of long, run-on sentences where ‘and’ & ‘then’ are the most common conjunctions, illustrate the difficulties which arise when Christopher has a sensory overload. “I make this noise (groaning) when there is too much information coming into my head…… it is like when you are upset, and you hold the radio against your ear…….and then you turn the volume right up so that this is all you can hear and then you know that you are safe.” (page 8). Haddon’s use of colloquial language and run-on sentences allow the audience to understand how Christopher recalls events sequentially.

The lack of typicality is further represented in Christopher’s use of prime numbers to number his chapters. “I have decided to give my chapters prime numbers 2,3,5,7,11,13 and so on because I like prime numbers” (page 14) and “I think prime numbers are like life. They are very logical…” (page 15). These passages indicate how Mark Haddon has explored a tendency of AS and structured the text according to the differences seen by the syndrome. In addition, the contents in consecutive chapters alternate; chapter 2 is about the story, the subsequent chapter explores some aspects of the narrator’s inner life, while chapter 5 sees a return of the narrative. The alternation continues throughout the text with the inclusion of unconnected subjects such as the Cottingley Fairies incident. The utilization of these seemingly random topics in the novel elucidate Christopher’s unique thought process.

Additionally, the use of maths problems, times tables, maps and diagrams allow the narrator to portray a visual image of how his brain works. Christopher uses allusion for several logic and maths puzzles such as The Monty Hall Problem (page 78). The inclusion of these diagrams demonstrate how logical and ordered thinking gives Christopher comfort and stability. By altering the procedure of traditional novels, Haddon is able to portray the functionality of an individual on the spectrum. Therefore, Mark Haddon is able to explore interesting ideas about difference through Christopher’s eccentric writing style and narrative organisation, as well as inviting exploration of how Haddon has used an unconventional novelistic form to analyze the idiosyncrasies of Christopher’s condition.

In addition to the unconventional narration arrangement used, Mark Haddon explores Christopher’s search for meaning through a mid-text genre change. In doing so, Haddon is able to manoeuvre the novel from a classic murder mystery, to an unconventional tale about an insight into the life of a child with AS. This allows the audience to consider the aspect of non-linearity from a different viewpoint. As the novel progresses, a climatic resolution occurs in the middle of the text, when Christopher’s father, Ed, admits to not only the murder of Wellington, but to his masquerade of the truth regarding his ex-wife’s vacancy. The shift in the narrative represents Mark Haddon’s unconventional approach to the typical storyline, with more of an autobiographical approach. However, the denouement leads to Christopher seeking shelter from his father. “I had to get out of the house. Father had murdered Wellington. That meant that he could murder me.” (page 152). This passage sparked the beginning of Christopher’s plan to gain sovereignty and move to London with his mother. Christopher’s development is exhibited when he begins travelling, from page 168 to 233. During his journey, Christopher is able to catch public transport unsupervised, buy a train ticket, deal with police officers and interact with strangers in an attempt to reach 451c Chapter Road (his mother’s place). While his search for meaning was often diluted by his inability to read situations and understand societal norms, Christopher’s development and search for meaning ensured that he reached his destination. Haddon’s ability to divert the genre of the story mid-way through demonstrates not only the flexibility of the storyline but the abnormality and difference of the writing structure. The adoption of a distinct way of storytelling where Haddon uses a red herring to allow the narrator to find his search for meaning, effectively engages the reader. This allows Haddon to demonstrate the interesting ideas about difference by utilising an unconventional mid-text genre change.

Disloyalty and Redemption

Disloyalty, which can be viewed as a type of wrongdoing, is suffering and winds up being repetitive in The Kite Runner. For the greater part of the novel, Amir endeavors to manage his blame by maintaining a strategic distance from it. In any case, doing this plainly does nothing toward making up for himself, and along these lines his blame perseveres. That is the reason regardless he flinches each time Hassan’s name is referenced. At the point when Amir gets some answers concerning Baba’s treachery of Ali , he understands that all that he thought he knew and comprehended about his dad was false. Also, Amir himself feels double-crossed. Be that as it may, Baba has been dead for a long time, and there is nothing he can do about the circumstance. Neither sentiments of selling out nor discipline are sufficient to recover Amir. Saving Sohrab from Assef isn’t sufficient either. Just when Amir chooses to take Sohrab to the United States and give his nephew a shot at satisfaction and flourishing that was denied to his relative does Amir step toward penance and reclamation.

Pardoning

Thoughts regarding pardoning pervade The Kite Runner. Hassan’s activities show that he excuses Amir’s treachery, in spite of the fact that Amir needs to spend for all intents and purposes the whole novel to find out about the idea of pardoning. Baba’s treatment of Hassan is his endeavor at increasing open pardoning for what he has not even freely confessed to have done. However the individual who talks most piercingly about the idea of pardoning is Rahim Khan. In his letter, he approaches Amir to pardon him for staying discreet yet additionally composes unequivocally ‘God will excuse.’ Rahim Khan is sure that God will excuse all offenses, and he urges Amir to do as such, as well. Rahim Khan comprehends that it is God who promptly excuses the individuals who request pardoning, yet it is individuals who experience considerable difficulties excusing. Subsequently, the main way complete absolution can happen is the point at which one pardons oneself, and that will possibly happen when one has really endeavored to make amends for the mix-ups that one has made.

Love

Each relationship in The Kite Runner is resisted some point, in this manner giving numerous instances of the multifaceted nature of different kinds of adoration. Hassan’s adoration for Amir is magnanimous, while Amir’s for Hassan is generally narrow minded. The two connections accordingly exhibit yet unwittingly to the characters the idea of kindly love, an affection that incorporates desire and instability. Ali, Baba, the General, Hassan, Rahim Khan, and even Amir show fluctuating degrees of fatherly love, each having desires for his tyke and giving physical as well as passionate help. Amir and Soraya outline sentimental love, and their relationship has a significant influence in Amir’s character improvement. Hassan’s character comes nearest to showing sacrificial love towards all others, and different characters can gain from his model. The majority of the characters are carrying on with an actual existence that incorporates an individual journey for affection. Furthermore, the vast majority of them understand that both absolution and love of self are vital before you can love another.

Social Class and Ethnic Tensions

The financial conditions in Afghanistan show the dissimilarity between the larger part and the minority and how individuals victimize each other dependent on physical highlights and religious convictions. The financial contrasts are additionally investigated in the United States, as Baba and numerous different outsiders surrender lives of relative success and security for physical work and little pay. Notwithstanding the contrasts between Muslim factions, The Kite Runner additionally insinuates the contrasts among European and Western Christian societies from one viewpoint, and the way of life of the Middle East on the other. What’s more, the preservationist Taliban, which fugitives numerous traditions and customs, likewise exhibits the distinctions inside a similar religious gatherings.

The Immigrant Experience

The Kite Runner adequately shows that the trouble of the migrant experience starts when one endeavors to leave his country. Baba and Amir are among numerous Afghans who battle to leave under front of night, uncertain of the following entry, going for broke. Clearly, a few foreigners kick the bucket before they even arrive at their new homes. Notwithstanding the troubles of their lives in another nation, the foreigners additionally need to manage the view of them among the individuals who remained behind. Amir understands this when he comes back to Afghanistan. At long last, the acclimation to another nation isn’t just about learning another dialect; it is tied in with keeping up customs and some similarity to your very own way of life. Baba loses his status and still has his old world preferences, in this way exhibiting the unsafe harmony among old and new. Soraya and her mom likewise show the troublesome job ladies have adjusting the desires for an old world culture with the new world wherein they are living.

INTRODUCTION

Wuthering Heights was back in those times written by unknown young girl Emily Brontë and it is considered as one of the greatest works of fiction ever written. It is the passionate love story between Catherine and Heathcliff represented as a wild, cruel character. Published in 1847 under the name of Ellis Bell, is considered one of the classic examples of English literature. Novel has been defined as romantic fiction written in the genre of the Gothic novel. As we are modern readers, we become confused by the complexities of the story. When the novel was published many Victorian critics were shocked by its brutality. Wuthering Heights is a tale of two families, the Earnshaws and the Lintons. It is narrated through the faithful servant Ellen Dean and Heathcliff’s servant, Mr. Lockwood. Through the book we can establish that is concerned with three generations in two volumes.

The heroine from Wuthering Heights, Catherine is very stubborn, selfish and sometimes arrogant but she is brave, which we can notice from defending of her attitudes, opinions and interests. Her love of the life, Heathcliff , is revengeful and very brutal. His harsh wish for revenge, two decades long, that makes him so brutal and revengeful. Even though that Catherine knows him she still loves and accepts him the way he is. Their love sometimes can be seen as selfish and destructive. The story of the Earnshaws and Lintons spans three generations and is full of torture, tyranny and intolerable cruelty.

The novel spans fifty years, past and present are banded throughout. The story is set in an extreme landscape on the wild moors, weather-beaten by icy winds, storms and rain. Although not a ruined castle, Wuthering Heights has many Gothic characteristics. It is dark, lit with candles, and has hidden rooms, passages, oak paneled beds, stairwells and banisters.

Also we can see importance of social status and we are aware of that through the entire novel. Heathcliff is not the same social status as Catherine. Our main character was an orphan, saved by Mr.Earnshaw, so from the beginning he is an outcast. It can be also concluded that their love is not only based on reputation and physical attraction but on much deeper, inner kind of love. They grew up together despite the world’s wish to separate them, and the main reason is their social status difference. The two are very similar, yet so different.

BIOGRAPHY

Emily Brontë was born on July 30, 1818, in Thornton, Yorkshire, England. Brontë is best known for her novel “Wuthering Heights”. Emily Bronte had creative sisters too, Charlotte and Anne, who had success in literature too. Bronte’s father had also published several books during his lifetime. It is known that she lived an eccentric, closely guarded life. She preferred the company of animals to people and rarely travelled, forever yearning for the freedom of Haworth and the moors. ( Paraphrased from: https://www.wuthering-heights.co.uk/wh/emily-bronte) Brontë children were a highly creative group, writing stories, plays, and poems for their own entertainment. Back in those times, female authors were often treated less seriously than their male authors in the nineteenth century. Brontë sisters thought it best to publish their adult works under assumed names. Charlotte wrote as Currer Bell, Emily as Ellis Bell, and Anne as Acton Bell. Their real identities remained secret until Emily and Anne had died, when Charlotte at last revealed the truth of their novels’ authorship. Some facts about Emily : a big animal lover, we think of Emily Brontë as a great writer, she was also an accomplished pianist. The Brontës’ family friend Ellen Nussey in Haworth, said that Emily played the family piano “with precision and brilliancy”.

Emily’s parents, Reverend Patrick Bronte and Maria Branwell Brontë, had six children and Emily Bronte was the fifth child. In 1821 Bronte’s mother died because of cancer.When her mother died, her aunt raised them. Aunt was deeply religious, Emily Brontë did not take to her aunt’s Christian enthusiasm; the character of Joseph, a caricature of an evangelical, in her most famous novel Wuthering Heights, may have been inspired by her aunt’s religiosity. It is assumed that also her brother Branwell is embodied in the character of Hindley, because of alcholic addiction. Nine months after she gave birth to Emily Bronte’s sister, Anne, and his aunt, mother’s sister, came to live with them and to care for children. When Bronte was 6 year old she was sent to the Clergy Daughters’ School at Cowan Bridge together with her oldest sisters Elizabeth and Maria. But the two became seriously ill and they had to return back to home, and they died there of tuberculosis in 1825. Bronte’s father took Charlotte and Emily from the school too. Emily Bronte died from tuberculosis on December 19, 1848.

ENGLISH CLASS SYSTEM IN THE 18th AND 19th CENTURY

The social class and reputation were important in England and we can say it is still important and it plays a huge role in life and society. In the 18th century status of one person influenced the life of another. In that time, in England the whole society cared for social hierarchy. There are some primary levels of British society during this period. We have the rich or upper class, the middle class and the low class. Families in Wuthering Heights are both members of the middle class, but they can be considered to be somwhere between the working class and the elite. Heathcliff’s social class and that of the other characters has a deep influence on their fate. Status of woman’s family played important role in her future life and marriage. If woman is from wealthy family this meant that she will be married for rich man. The ones with greater political power usually were the richest and they had influence. In this novel we clearly can see that social status and reputation was nicely described and narrated.

LOVE IN WUTHERING HEIGHTS

Before I begin to talk about love, I need to explain character’s roles in the novel. Heathcliff, whose parents are unknown and whose origin is very mysterious, fell in love with the heroine from Wuthering Heights, Catherine , who was a daughter of wealthy man, Mr. Earnshaw and his benefactor. In Wuthering Heights, through the characters we can find out that the meaning of love to them was hard to understand. Heathcliff’s and Catherine’s love can be called some kind of destructive, dysfunctional relationship even obsessive. These two lovers spend so much time making each other miserable.

‘Did it never strike you that if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars? whereas if I marry Linton, I can aid Heathcliff to rise and place him out of my brother’s power.’ (Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights, page 124)

To Catherine, social status and reputation was far more important then love and marriage with the one who she loves. Marriage to Edgar Linton made her the ‘greatest woman of the neighbourhood’. The question that is important, are Heathcliff and Catherine true lovers? Many researches try to address their love and I will talk about few interpretations of love between our main characters, Heathcliff and Catherine.

One of them is soulmates. Love between two lovers exists on a higher or spiritual way, it is known that Heathcliff call Catherine his soul. They have affinity for each other since early childhood. Some critic named C. Day Lewis, Heathcliff and Catherine ‘represent the essential isolation of the soul, the agony of two souls–or rather, shall we say? two halves of a single soul–forever sundered and struggling to unite.’

It can referred to as life-force relationship, a principle that is not nominal by anything but itself. As we all know relationship of an ideal nature does not exist in life. Their relationship expresses ‘the impersonal essence of personal existence,’ an essence or ocre which Collins calls the life-force. This is the reason why Catherine and Heathcliff describe their love with impersonal terms.

Another kind of relation is ‘creating meaning’. Catherine explained that to Nelly: ‘…surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation if I were entirely contained here? My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff’s miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning; my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and, if all else remained, and he were annihilated, the Universe would turn to a mighty stranger. I should not seem part of it’ (Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights, page 125)

When Catherine was dying she told Nelly about her feelings and the emptiness and misfortune of living and all the suffer in her life. “ I’m tired, tired of being enclosed here. I’m wearying to escape into that glorious world, and to be always there; not seeing it dimly through tears, and yearning for it through the walls of an aching heart; but really with it, and in it’. (Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights, page 245)

We can discuss it as transcending isolation. An attempt to break the boundaries of self and to merge with another to transcend the inherent separateness oft he human condition. That ‘merging’ motivates Heathcliff’s determation to ‘soak’ Catherine’s corpse into his and for them to ‘dissolve’ into each other so thoroughly that Edgar will not be able to distinguish Catherine from him.

Antoher example is love as religion. Love has become a religion in Wuthering Heights, some sort of shield against the fear of death and the obliteration of personal identity.

Robert M. Polhemus said: ( Paraphrased from , Google http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_19c/wuthering/love.html) ‘Wuthering Heights is filled with a religious urgency–unprecedented in British novels–to imagine a faith that might replace the old. Cathy’s ‘secret’ is profaned, and Emily Brontë’s secret, in the novel, is the raging heresy that has become common in modern life: redemption, if it is possible, lies in personal desire, imaginative power, and love. Nobody else’s heaven is good enough. Echoing Cathy, Heathcliff says late in the book, ‘I have nearly attained my heaven; and that of others is altogether unvalued and uncoveted by me!'( Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights, page 507)

The hope for salvation becomes a matter of eroticized private enterprise. This passion is a way of overcoming the threat of death and the separateness of existence. Their calling is to be the other; and that calling, mad and destructive as it sometimes seems, is religious.

The most contoversial is love as addiction. An addiction is considered when a person’s attachment to a sentiment, an object, or another person is such as to decrease his appreciation of and ability to deal with other things in his environment, or in himself. ( Paraphrased from Google, Stanton Peele, http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/novel_19c/wuthering/love.html ) The unstable characters such as Catherine and Heathcliff are isolated and vulnerable. Their love became addicitve, wants to break down the boundaries of identity and merge with the lover into one identity. Catherine said to Nelly: ‘ My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I am Heathcliff! He’s always, always in my mind: not as pleasure, any more than I am always a pleasure to myself, but as my own being. So don’t talk of our separation again: it is impracticable. ‘ (Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights (page 125)

Bronte highlights that people are passionate and that true love can last forever, and we can see that through Heathcliff’s love for Catherine, which doesn’t end until he dies. Also Bronte points out the value of love.

The last notion is a destructive love. Love of Heathcliff was destructive because he has ruined his, Catherine’s, Cate’s, Isabella’s and both Lintons’ lives. But we can not say that Catherine’s love was not.

‘‘It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him: and that, not because he’s handsome, Nelly, but because he’s more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton’s is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.’’ (Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights, page 123)

That words made him angry. But he has not heard the second part of the sentence. Not only describes it that she does love Heathcliff but also that she does not love Edgar. At that moment Catherine decided to use Edgar. She knows that her love will change. She knows that her attacks of fury, which Edgar was a witness that day – will occur again and that some day Edgar will find out the truth and he will have to live with this knowledge. Her real reason why does she wants to marry Edgar is because she knows it is only way to help Heathcliff and her to put him on higher social status. Her love to Heathcliff – justifies deceiving Edgar. In that point of view this love is destructive , it will badly hurt Edgar Linton so it is destructive for him.

The relationship between the two lovers expresses the passionate craving to be whole, to give oneself completely to another and gain a whole self or sense of identity back, to be all-in-all for each other, so that nothing else in the world matters, and to be loved in this way forever. It is uncontrollable , unfulfillable, and persistent in its demands upon both lovers.

MARRIAGES IN WUTHERING HEIGHTS

In general, every marriage in Wuthering Heights ends wickedly. Through Bronte’s mind we can allude that she thinks marriage is destructive mainly to the women and leads to the end of love and romance. It is important to state all the major marriages in the novel because everything is related.

« Yes, you may kiss me, and cry, and wring out my kisses and tears : they’ll blight you- they’ll damn you. You loved me – then what right you had to leave me ? What right – answer me – for the poor fancy you felt for Linton ». (Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights, page 246)

Catherine Earnshaw and Edgar Linton

Catherine Earnshaw marries Edgar Linton to become as I mentioned ‘the greatest woman in the neighborhood.’ She moves over from Wuthering Heights to Thrushcross Grange for socio-economic development. Even though she loves Heathcliff she marries for a better house and more land. Catherine’s interest in commodity culture appears to be a denial of her love for Heathcliff. Catherine claims to “love the ground under Edgar’s feet, and the air over his head, and everything he touches, and everything he says (Bronte, Wuthering Heights, page 119).’ This claim of love is shallow and materialistic, she never claims to love him but the things he has, and touches, a very different kind of love than she has with Heathcliff.

There are many theories why Catherine married Edgar. The first one would be the patriarchal conventions, second Catherine’s desire for wealth and social staus is a clear factor in her urge to marry Edgar Linton as he can comfortably fulfill her economic and social desire. The third one would be that Catherine’s mental health had been in breakdown for most of her life and that it progressively got worse, altering her thought process and ultimately rendering her incapable of making any major decisions.

Heatchliff and Isabella Linton

Brontë described Isabella as weak and foolish woman. She falls in love with Heathcliff , who just used her as a revenge. This marriage between Heathcliff and Isabella Linton, Edgar’s sister, is quite similar to the Catherine and Edgar’s marriage. Isabella marries Heathcliff even though she knows that he loves Catherine: ‘I love him more than ever you loved Edgar, and he might love me, if you would let him!’ (Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights page 156)

Isabella died after giving birth to her child – her son. We may assume they both died because of their love to Heathcliff and that is why in both cases it was destructive affection.

Last marriage is between young Catherine and Linton, Heathcliff and Isabella’s son. They are forced into relationship, if she refused, Linton would be punished. Another represenatation of dysfuntcional relationship. This forced marriage brought no good to anyone. Cathy soon became a widow and lives unhappily on Wuthering Heights. This strange, tense love bring some good to young Catherine and Hareton, (whose life plenty resembled Heathcliff’s) they fall in love and in fact were only ones who were not destruct by Catherine and Heathcliff love. Young Catherine will remember him of his love oft he life as we can see in the following part.

‘It was named Catherine: but he never called it the name in full, as he had never called the first Catherine short: probably because Heathcliff had a habit of doing so. The little one was always Cathy: it formed so a distinction from the mother, and yet a connection with her’.( Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights, page 280)

THE INCEST TABOO IN WUTHERING HEIGHTS

In the 18th and 19th century marrying your first cousin was perfectly acceptable and the practice certainly offered some benefits: Wealth and property were more likely to remain in the same hands, and it was easier for young women to meet and be courted by bachelors within the family circle. Victorians married cousins as substitutes for beloved nuclear family members, toward whom strong attachments, accompanied by powerful unconscious incestuous feelings.

This was highly popular among the upper class. In this novel young Cathy married Hareton, Hindley’s son. Some modern critics said that an unconscious incest taboo impeded Heathcliff and Cathy’s prospect of normal relationship and led them to seek merging after death. Consequences of incest from two perspectives: that of incest as a metaphor for evil, as represented in Heathcliff that of incest as symbolic of innocence, as represented in Cathy.

CONLUSION

This novel may be concluded as the haunting story full of the tragedies, the wrong-headed decisions, the merciless cruelties, the cowardice and judgmental rejection of past life at Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange are inverted and led under in the restoration of heart, mind and soul of young Catherine, Hareton and Heathcliff. Contradictory to all of that are Cathy and Hareton, become devoted to one another. Love in Wuthering Heights between Heathcliff and Catherine is presented as deeply passionate but tragic.. However, Wuthering Heights still is a great novel in shaking every reader’s soul and slips under the skin. It can show that strong and primitive emotions in some ways are a threat to the society, but in other ways, also full of the real emotion, Bronte’s and ours of course.

The novel written by American author Angie Thomas and published in 2017 titled, The Hate U Give explores the relationship between race and identity. The predominant theme (of The Hate U Give) is racism, especially how it manifests in violence and police brutality. Starr, the main protagonist, who faces discrimination and prejudice from her white classmates and white police officers, has witnessed several incidents where prejudice towards her friends has ended in fatality. In comparison, director, Joosje Duk communicates the similar theme of racism but conveyed this through a different light in her short film NIGHT. NIGHT explores the themes of casual everyday racism and microaggressions. Reversing roles, Duk’s intention is to make white women understand their privilege by making them experience what it is like to be a minority in the United States. Differing in different perspectives, both texts influence audiences through language and stylistic features.

The language and settings of both texts determine the mood and atmosphere promoting a range of emotions in the audience, while illustrating themes of discriminative racism and microaggressions. Thomas’s novel is loaded with many different language techniques that create a dramatic tone. Her symbolism represents abstract ideas or concepts in readers’ minds; for example, One Fifteen. Even after learning his real name is Brian Cruise, Starr thinks of the police officer who shot Khalil as One-Fifteen. By referring to him only by badge number, Starr reduces One-Fifteen to a symbol of racism in the system of law enforcement. Thomas’ word choice makes a larger point that Khalil did not die because of One-Fifteen, but because of the way the law enforcement criminalizes black youth. Symbolism is also used in Maverick’s roses. Maverick’s work in his rose garden represents his values as a parent and his devotion to Starr, Seven and Sekani. Maverick mentions that gardens need conversation to grow, and we see conversation as an important part of his parenting style, such as when he talks to Starr about the meaning of Thug Life. The roses start drying out during the initial riots in Garden Heights, which coincides with the height of Starr’s confusion and self-blame. At the end of The Hate U Give, when Maverick says his roses will survive the move to the suburbs, he also means that despite his fears, the values of black power he has given his children will survive the move as well. In complete contrast, the same elements of racism mentioned in The Hate U Give, Duk has conveyed in different elements of cinematography for NIGHT. Unlike Thomas’s novel, Duk’s short film is focused around small incidents of racist micro-aggressions. The films different camera angles and movements make these micro-aggressions noticeable. For example; during the scene of all four girls eating after they had left the nightclub, the two white girls, Sue and Genelva attempt to express how they felt about the discrimination they faced upon entry of the night club. Camera angles and movement are crucial during this scene; all four girls are never in the same camera shot at the same time, only ever Sue and Genelva or Jess and Kitty. The camera cuts between close up shots of both pairs of girls, panning back and forth and there is never a long shot of all four girls together. Duk incorporates this technique for the rest of the film. Separating both pairs of girls has an effect on the audience as in doing this, they notice the discrepancy between races and starts to notice the message that Duk is trying to get across, which is that she believes that its hard for white women to understand their privilege unless they were to experience what it is like to be a minority in the United States. Although very different, language techniques and cinematography convey the main messages effectively to the audience, demonstrating that Thomas and Duk both want their audiences to have a better understanding of the small everyday casual racism that occurs.

Both NIGHT and The Hate U Give share a similar purpose, which is to draw their audience’s attention to the theme of racism and micro aggressions. However, in The Hate U Give Thomas’ main purpose is to bring justice for Starr’s best friend Khalil, who was wrongfully shot and killed by a white police officer, whereas in NIGHT, Duk’s purpose is to elaborate and highlight the way Sue and Genelva are discriminated against in every day situations, for example; the way they weren’t allowed in the club when the rest of the girls were. The purpose of The Hate U Give is to identify the struggles of African Americans who live in a “White World”. Thomas conveys Starr’s purpose through a variety of different themes. For example, in the beginning of the novel, Starr is almost embarrassed of where she comes from. She tries to hide the fact that she’s from “The Hood”; her parents save everything they have to enrol her in a top private school so that she is out of the ghetto as much as she can be. Starr lies about where she comes from and who she is at school so that the girls will not bully her about it; this theme is developed through different author techniques such as motifs and settings. For example; the motif of “THUG LIFE”, Tupac Shakur’s concept of Thug Life- “The Hate U Give Little Infants F**ks Everybody”. This is an important motif that forms many of the themes and is the source of the novels title. Starr and Khalil discuss the acronym shortly before Khalil’s death, and Starr discusses Tupac’s message with her father later on, before coming to the conclusion that she cannot be silent about the shooting. The acronym is symbolic of the struggles that black people in America face, contributing to the main theme of racism. This motif runs throughout the entire novel, as such characters such as DeVante and Khalil get caught up in a system that traps them. Through the theme of belongingness and discrimination, Thomas develops Starr’s character to eventually accept who she is. NIGHT has a similar purpose as Duk also develops the main characters through the theme of micro aggressions to reach the climax of her short film. Duk conveys this theme through sound and lighting. For example, when Genelva and Sue attempt to get into the club, the camera pans in to a close up of both the girls and the lighting becomes dim as the camera focuses on the bouncer and both girls. During this moment, all the loud music blasting from the club behind them becomes quiet and low, allowing for a serious tone as the bouncer’s voice is all the audience can hear now. This scene is when the theme of microaggressions and subtle forms of everyday racism are conveyed. Duks conveys a sense of purpose throughout the film, not only through themes but also through character development. For example, at the beginning of the film, Sue and Genelva are quite introverted and do not stand up to Kitty and Jess when they think they are being discriminated against. Towards the end, the two girls finally speak up, which results in a massive fight. It isn’t until the very end of the film when the roles are reversed and the white girls and the black girls switch positions, that the audience comes to realise that this is the reality of how African Americans feel being a minority within the United States. Duk attempts to make the white women of America feel the discrimination that black women feel daily. Although both pieces of work differ their purposes are similar as both convey themes of racism and microaggression to show the audience the prejudice black people feel regularly. In comparison to each other, Thomas makes it so that Starr tries to disguise her background throughout the entirety of the novel whereas Duk consciously swaps all four girls experiences purposely.

Although the narrative perspective in the two texts are in complete contrast, both successfully make clear the confronting effects of racism. The Hate U Give follows the story line of a single black female and is written in the traditional first-person technique. Thomas’s novel follows Starr in first person, meaning that the reader finds out about her relationships and lifestyle through Starr herself. For example, in the very beginning of the novel readers are introduced to Khalil and Starr’s friendship with him through Starr’s narrative voice: she says that, “The sea of people parts for him like he’s a brown skinned Moses. He smiles at me, and his dimples ruin any G persona he has. Khalil is fine, no other way of putting it.” This first-person perspective often brings readers a sense of closeness to the characters. Through Thomas’ writing the audience is able to connect with the characters within the novel, as its engaging but yet limits the readers from knowing what’s going on in the other characters’ heads. In this case the first-person narrative perspective is carried throughout the whole novel with the readers unravelling the events of the novel through the voice of Starr. In complete contrast to this, Duk’s short film NIGHT follows a third person omniscient point of view. Duk brings all four main characters to life and moves from character to character. For example, NIGHT is never focused on just one character and isn’t told through just one character’s voice; it doesn’t have a reliable narrative voice. Throughout the entirety of the short film, the audience is able to understand the story of every character by demonstrating that only the narrator possesses information. NIGHT follows four females to convey their story of race; here, Duk’s purpose (of using omniscient technique) is to allow the audience to know everything about the four girls, gaining an insight into the characters’ minds and almost creating a bond with them. In doing this, viewers can also see and observe the responses of multiple characters which further helps them understand the plot of the narrative. By experiencing the storyline of the film, the multiple voices of the different characters, the audience can look into the depths of the story of everyday racism. Duk’s storytelling, involves multiple characters and several plot lines with different interpretations of the same event. For example in NIGHT, all four girls have a different experience of trying to get into the club and the audience learns all of these different experiences, with the two black girls being let in and the two white being declined and discriminated against. Despite having different narrative voices, both texts serve the same kind purpose of conveying the message of racism across to their audiences. Thomas has written The Hate U Give so that the audience Is able to connect with the characters as if they are in Starr’s shoes as the story is told by Starr. Whereas in NIGHT, the audience is able to identify with all four of the main characters and develop an understanding of the story line as all the main characters share their experiences. Both techniques are effective and both authors are able to express similar messages of racism and what it’s like to be a black minority in a white America but convey these messages in very different narrative voices.

Although the novel The Hate U Give and the short film NIGHT share similar purpose, each text has successfully incorporated literary and film techniques respectfully, to convey the common theme of racism. In Thomas’ novel, through literary techniques, such as symbolism and motifs, capture the story and convey the message of racism across and brings the text alive for the reader. Similar, though through different techniques, Duks’ short film conveys the theme of everyday racism through elements of cinematography such as camera angels and an omniscient narrative perspective. Thus, each text achieves its desired purpose and engages the audience in an insightful look into everyday racism.

“To the place where my heart takes me, I start my journey that way. I look for my next destination. A delightful excitement” (FTISLAND). These lyrics express the writer’s willingness to go wherever he considers suitable at any given moment. To the writer, an adventure to an unknown place is a fun experience which burdens him not. In contrast to this notion, some classic literary characters experience life-changing events on such trips. Specifically, the protagonists of H.G. Wells’ The Island of Dr. Moreau and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe decide to leave their societies in search of adventure, but instead encounter dangerous situations. Prendick’s condition on the island is initially much better than Crusoe’s, however, Prendick has an overall negative experience while Crusoe has a positive one. This is as a result of their differences in ability to persevere and take advantage of opportunities. This is evident through consideration of settings used to represent comfort, isolation and diligence. Also, it is discernible after an examination of the conflicts experienced in their physical environments, their minds and the people of society. Finally, it is understood after an analysis of the imagery used to represent fear, hope, and power in both works.

To begin, in H.G. Wells’ The Island Of Dr. Moreau and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, it is evident through an examination of the settings representing isolation, comfort, and diligence that though Edward Prendick’s initial living conditions on the island are better than Robinson Crusoe’s, Crusoe has a more positive experience as a result of his perseverance and resourcefulness. In comparison to Crusoe, Prendick’s isolation on his island is not extremely serious. When the Captain of the Ipecacuanha tells Prendick to disembark, he stays on an island with the Beast Folk, Montgomery, and Moreau (Wells 39). Also, when Crusoe arrives on the island, he says, “All the remedy that offered to my thoughts at that time was to get up into a thick bushy tree like a fir, but thorny, which grew near me… .” (Defoe 38-39). Prendick considers himself left for dead on an island, but he is actually accepted into a society. Unfortunately, Crusoe alone makes it onto the island, and his only thoughts are of how to live with the few resources on the island. Throughout the stories, both characters experience contrasting levels of comfort though they both have similarly sufficient resources by the end. When Prendick arrives on the island, he is given a room he describes as, “a small apartment, plainly but not uncomfortably furnished and with its inner door, which was slightly ajar, opening into a paved courtyard” (49). However, Everett Zimmerman says Crusoe not only dislikes comfort being handed to him but also rejects it by saying,“His predilection for the sea represents his fascination with a liminal state in which the seemingly rigorous shipboard order required for safety and successful commerce is persistently threatened by nature, by the fragility of social bonds far from home, and by an ambiguous political order” (506). Since Prendick’s arrival on the island, he is treated well for someone who is uninvited, but he still describes his experience negatively. While Prendick seeks comfort, Crusoe does not like the idea of someone bestowing comfort on him. Which is why instead of staying at home, he leaves to live a more interesting life. While Prendick becomes disturbed after being on his island for less than a year, most of which he lives comfortably, it is because Crusoe does not prioritize comfort, that he is able to have good memories after being stranded for twenty-eight years. Finally, while Prendick lacks perseverance and diligence, Crusoe accepts change and works to make his island inhabitable. Sherryl Vint believes that one difference between Prendick and Moreau is that Prendick empathizes with the animals’ pain during vivisection, and leaves to not hear their screams (90). Unlike him, when Crusoe first tries to sow grains, and none grow, instead of resigning, he tries again in another location and season (88). Though it is evident that Prendick is uncomfortable with the animals’ screams, he tries not to hear instead of helping the animals or identifying the reason for their evident pain. This is unlike Crusoe who sets out to make his surroundings suitable to him. If Prendick makes more effort, he could have an amazing experience on his island as Crusoe does. Not only do different settings in the novels reveal the characters’ tendencies, but also their conflicts show that their conditions do not only influence the experience they have but also their dedications and abilities take advantage of given opportunities.

In addition, the difference in the ultimate outcomes of the protagonists of H.G. Wells’ The Island of Dr. Moreau and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe as a result of their diligence and perseverance is shown through their different conflicts with citizens, their physical surroundings and themselves. The conflicts between Prendick, Crusoe, and people on their respective islands are directly related to whether or not they have a good experience. In their final conflict, Montgomery says to Prendick, “You’re a solemn prig, Prendick, a silly ass! You’re always fearing and fancying. We’re on the edge of things” (169). Defoe and Caldwell say that as Crusoe gains a companion and confidence, he initiates an attack on some cannibals instead of hiding like he usually would (228). When Montgomery leaves after the argument with Prendick, he gives alcohol to the Beast Folk who later kill him and leave Prendick as the only human alive on the island. This increases Prendick’s negative feeling about the island. However, Crusoe’s conflict is only asserting his new power of not being alone, and to gain humans with whom to interact. Prendick, unlike Crusoe, often lose his opportunities in the midst of conflicts with nature. Prendick has a pivotal conflict with a Beast Folk and says, “[I] knew I had missed, and clicked back the cock with my thumb for the next shot. But he was already running headlong, jumping from side to side, and I dared not risk another miss” (180). When the storm washes Crusoe’s ship ashore the deserted island, Crusoe wastes no time resenting but instead resolves to search the ship for useful goods which later aid him to survive and live comfortably on the island (39-40). Of all the Beast Folk, Prendick is aware that the Hyena-Swine is the greatest risk to his life but instead of striving to kill it, he loses his opportunity and lives in fear until he leaves the island. However, conflicts with nature only slightly defer Crusoe and he soon makes things better for himself. The protagonists’ abilities to stay true to their beliefs can be evaluated through their internal conflicts. Rose describe the first instance of Prendick being conflicted with himself as she says, “The men draw lots and resort to cannibalism to survive. Although Prendick initially resists, believing that it would be better to die together than sacrifice one of their number to such a gruesome fate, on the seventh day, he agrees” (1). Crusoe speaks of when he is tempted to return home and says, “I had several times loud calls from my reason and my more composed judgment to go home, yet I had no power to do it” (10). Rose highlights the first instance of Prendick conflicting himself. Cannibalism is against his belief but later agrees out of desperation though the idea is still unsettling. He does not affirm to his beliefs for long, unlike Crusoe who determinedly leaves his father’s house and does not return despite temptations to do so during adversities, following his original plan. In addition to through their conflicts with their environments, themselves and civilians of their societies, Prendick and Crusoe’s differences regarding their abilities to endure and work diligently are evident after an examination of the novels’ imageries representing hope, pain and power.

Finally, the imageries representing hope, pain and power in H.G. Wells’ The Island Of Dr. Moreau and Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe provide insight as to why Crusoe has a more positive experience on his island when compared to Prendick, due to their differences in perseverance and willingness to take advantage of opportunities. Though imageries of pain in both works are evident, the protagonists react differently. Vint emphasizes the type of cruelty Prendick witnesses on the island because of Moreau by saying, “He does not hear the cries of animals, he does not see their flowing blood, he sees nothing but his idea, and is aware of nothing but an organism that conceals from him the problem he is seeking to resolve” (88). Crusoe describes the remains of a cannibalistic feast and says, “The place was covered with human bones, the ground dyed with their blood, and great pieces of flesh left here and there, half-eaten, mangled, and scorched” (174). Vint argues that during his time on the island, Prendick witnesses a lot of animal cruelty, which causes Prendick to associate the island with this bad memory. However, though Crusoe is a possible target for cannibals and could die a painful death, he does not accept this but instead creates defences to protect himself which allows him to more relaxed on his island. Also, the imageries of power protagonists’ reactions to them reveal a lot about their personalities. Anita R. Rose believes both the captain of the Ipecacuanha and Moreau demonstrate barbarity. She says that while the captain is obviously brutish, Moreau appears thoughtful and well educated but has complete control over the Beast People (5). Crusoe is also powerful when he rescues a man from cannibals and takes control of his life by teaching him English, changing his diet, and religion. Defoe and Caldwell say this display of power over a cannibal excite the people of their time as many fear cannibals(228). Both works are reflective of the idea of colonialism in their time. Prendick has no intention to engage in this which explains why he does not take control of the Beast Folk after their masters’ deaths. Crusoe, however, spares no time taking control of the cannibal and quickly makes him into what Crusoe considers civilized. Lastly, the imageries of hope help to explain the protagonists’ perseverance. While Prendick is escaping the island, he is happy but also does not want to see civilization again. He loses all hope in humanity (202-203). Defoe and Caldwell say that Crusoe gets a lot of hope from his religion, but only indulges in it when he is in mortal danger. He believes that if he prays and repents, God will save him (230). During what should be Prendick’s happiest moment, he is daunted by the thought of going back to civilization. He has no desire to be with other humans as he believes they are as illogical as Moreau or will revert to beasts as the Beast Folks. In contrast, Crusoe is full of hope even at dangerous times. His belief in religion allows him to think positively and regain hope, though when he is content again he typically disregards religion.

To summarize, analyses of the settings representing comfort, isolation and diligence, their conflicts with nature, themselves and others, as well as the imageries of hope, pain and power in both works supports the thesis. That is, while Prendick from H.G. Wells’ The Island Of Dr. Moreau is more advantageous, he has a negative experience on his island unlike Crusoe from Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe as a result of their differing perseverance and opportunity taking abilities. Which is why though Prendick and Crusoe do not have delightful excitements on their ways to their respective islands, they both have memorable experiences, for good or for bad.

Works Cited

1. Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. Knopf, 1992.
2. Defoe, Daniel, and Tracy M. Caldwell. “Robinson Crusoe.” Introduction to Literary Context: World Literature, Nov. 2014, p. 227–230. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lkh&AN=101666317&site=lrc-plus.
3. Rose, Anita R. “Literary Contexts in Novels: H.G. Wells’ The Island of Dr. Moreau.” Literary Contexts in Novels: H. G. Wells’ The Island of Dr. Moreau, Sept. 2006, p. 1-5.
4. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lfh&AN=23177127&site=lrc-live.
5. Vint, Sherryl. ‘Animals And Animality From The Island of Moreau to The Uplift Universe.’
6. Yearbook of English Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, 2007, p. 88-90. Literature Resource Center, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A167030907/LitRC?u=ko_k12hs_d60&sid=LitRC&xid=1c040157. Accessed 4 Oct. 2018.
7. Wells, H. G. The Island of Dr. Moreau. Signet Classics, 2014.
8. Zimmerman, Everett. ‘Robinson Crusoe and no Man’s Land.’ The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, vol. 102, no. 4, 2003, p. 506. Literature Resource Center, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A403302236/LitRC?u=ko_k12hs_d60&sid=LitRC&xid=d16ef14f. Accessed 5 Jan. 2019.

The Giver, a young adult novel written by Lois Lowry in 1993, is set in what appears at first to be a utopian society with immaculate and faultless systems. Although as the story progresses, more and more of the society’s imperfections are revealed, posing the question to both readers and the protagonists of the book, is the community a utopia after all? The novel follows the life of a 12-year old boy called Jonas and his struggles in his so-called “perfect” community. Jonas, during his Ceremony of Twelve, is selected to be the next Receiver of Memory, the person who receives and stores memories from times before sameness, a governing ideology practiced by the community. The general concept behind sameness was to prevent any kind of deviation from socially acceptable norms. Sameness was used not only to control social values but also to control other factors like weather and color. Due to the implementation of sameness, the community and its environment were completely devoid of color, climate, terrain, or conflicts such as war. In the community, the role of Receiver of Memory was significantly honored, but as the Chief Elder mentioned during the selection ceremony, the role would bring Jonas sizable amounts of pain, pain that he had never experienced before, pain that the rest of the community simply could not comprehend, which is why the Chief Elder explained, they were convinced Jonas possessed all the qualities required to be the next Receiver of Memory. During his time as Receiver of Memory, Jonas is introduced to concepts such as color, emotion, pain, and war. Jonas is given memories of love and warmth but is also exposed to the horrific struggles of war, poverty, and hunger. As Jonas receives more and more memories, he wishes he could live in a world free of sameness.

As mentioned before, the book highlights the journey that Jonas undergoes after and some time before his selection. The book covers Jonas’ daily life and his relationships with family and friends. Jonas lives with both his parents and his little sister Lily. Jonas’ two closest friends are Asher and Fiona, from whom he feels distanced after the selection. The Giver, the individual in the community who currently possesses all the memories from before sameness, is the one who transmits each day, a new memory to Jonas. Finally, Gabriel, often called Gabe, is a newborn child who is brought home by Jonas’ father in order for him to provide him with special nurturing. As is standard procedure in the community, Gabe was to be released due to his inability to sleep soundly at night as well as his lack of growth. However, due to the plea made by Jonas’ father, Gabe was granted an extra year of nurturing. After this, if he did not meet the requirements of a newborn that is to be given to a family unit, he would have to inevitably be released, which is later on in the book revealed to be a euphemism for death.

Jonas and Asher are both best friends with quite some similarities and differences between them. Jonas and Asher are both residents of the community. They both know nothing about the times before sameness or what the actual meaning of the term release is. However, this is only until Jonas is exposed to the memories and uncovers the dark truths about his community. Another similarity between Jonas and Asher is that they are both just normal kids in the community until their friendship is distanced by Jonas’ selection as the new Receiver of Memory. However similar the two friends maybe, they are definitely far more different from one another. Asher is careless, Jonas is careful and contemplative. Asher is immature and unsophisticated whereas Jonas is mature in both his thinking and his actions. While Asher has difficulty with words like “buoyancy” and “boyishness”, Jonas broods over word choice. Lastly, while Asher is often summoned for chastisement, Jonas, like his impeccable manners would indicate, is summoned for chastisement very rarely.

The Giver is a very intriguing book containing several thought-provoking themes. Some of the main themes explored in the book are living in a utopia and dystopia, death, and the significance of memory to human life. Jonas’ community was initially designed to be a utopia, devoid of any conflict. Jonas before his time as the Receiver felt safe, loved, and happy. However, all this disappears when Jonas is exposed to the memories, causing him to constantly question his surroundings. After a while, as more secrets are revealed, the community begins to seem like more of a dystopia. Death was introduced very early on in the book as “release”. It was constantly mentioned without any explanation until almost the end of the book when Jonas’ sees his father euthanizing one of the newborn twins. Throughout the book, various types of releases are mentioned. Release of the old and elderly, release of those who commit multiple major transgressions, and release of inadequate newborn children. Oftentimes, the punishments seemed heinous, therefore adding to the dystopian nature of the community. Lastly, memories were also quite a significant part of the book. The Giver almost every day, transmitted memories from the past to Jonas. The memories taught Jonas emotion and other qualities that existed before sameness. It was after receiving them, that Jonas learned the true value of human life. The author, Lois Lowry, chose to include memories as one of her main themes thanks to a visit to her aging father. Her father had lost most of his long-term memory. Lowry realized that without memory, there was an absence of pain, and if the pain is not remembered, one might as well not have experienced it. I feel that the message the author is trying to convey through the book is that freedom of choice is not destructive. Rather, the absence of that freedom is actually more destructive.

The book was quite an eventful one, with each different occurrence impacting the storyline in a significant manner. The turn of events began with the exposition, the start of the book, the introduction to Jonas’ life, and the first of many looks into release. Next, the rising action was the December ceremony, where Jonas is selected to be the new Receiver of Memory. Thereafter, came the climax, which was when Jonas learned the truth about the release and witnessed his father lethally inject a newborn twin to death. Then, the falling action, was when Jonas and Gabe fled the community in an effort to escape sameness. Lastly, the resolution was when Jonas and Gabe experienced starvation, extreme cold, and fear. The story ended quite ambiguously with Jonas and Gabe sledding down a snowy hill, witnessing a house filled with lights, and hearing what Jonas knew to be music.

In conclusion, The Giver was a very interesting book that taught me a lot of things. I learned from the book that, there are always secrets. Whether it be a community or a person, secrets will never be absent. The book also helped me realize the value of emotions by showing me how bland life was without them. While reading different parts of the book, I had a lot of moods relating to how I felt. Sometimes, I felt very interested and intrigued like during the ceremony of Twelve. I would want to read on and find out what would be next in the line of events. Other times, I would be very curious and would have questions as to why or how something happened. I personally enjoyed reading the book very much as it was not like anything I’ve read before. However, there were some things I disliked about The Giver. I disliked the way the book portrayed the future in a sort of depressing light. In addition, I also disliked the ending of the book as it was very unclear. I would have preferred it if the author had ended the story on a clearer note and would have indicated what was to be of Jonas and Gabe.

In “The Jungle,” Upton Sinclair had two compatible goals in mind: to simulate outrage at the practice of selling diseased meat to the public and the sympathy for laborers who worked in the unsanitary conditions of warehouses. However, in “The Jungle” Sinclair places psychologically shallow, unrealistic characters in an extremely detailed, realistic environment. Thus causing readers to be more affected by Packingtown’s horrific conditions rather than the emotional and psychological damage on its residents. The novel sabotages Sinclair’s second intention by forcing readers to see, smell, and taste the environment of the meatpacking industry while simultaneously preventing them from sympathizing with the workers who endure its inhumane conditions.

Though The Jungle is a work of fiction, Sinclair’s use of highly evocative details and imagery links the novel to a type of journalism called “muckraking,” which was at its height in the years between the 1890s and 1920s. Muckraking journalists aimed to expose social misconduct through explicit descriptions of shocking conditions and actions, but these writers were rarely interested in nuanced behavioral analysis. Sinclair’s journalistic style of writing registers with photographic precision the external conditions in which the immigrants work. The novel bursts with the gritty, visceral details of Packingtown, and at times it seems as if Sinclair is describing a deserted battlefield rather than a production zone for consumer goods: Packingtown is full of rivers of blood and rotting carcasses. Sinclair emphasized the filthy conditions of the warehouses in the hopes that the revolting depictions would cause the reading public to press for the reform of the immigrants’ working conditions. The public, though, proved more affected by sensation than by sympathy. Indeed, Sinclair’s descriptive reportage clearly aims at “the stomach”; the novel lingers on gory images of poisoned rats and rusty nails in breakfast sausages. As the reading public’s response to The Jungle would seem to indicate, Sinclair’s dedication to blunt and sensational detail was useful for depicting the laborers’ external circumstances, but not their internal anguish or psychological conflict.

The graphic realism of the Packingtown environment engages readers through the stimulation of their senses, but in order to understand the human costs of such unsafe and unsanitary working conditions readers need to feel a sympathetic connection to the workers. In order to accomplish his second goal—prompting reforms to help protect laborers—Sinclair needed to create characters that the upper- and middle-class readers of The Jungle could identify with. However, in his attempt to make his protagonist, Jurgis, sympathetic, Sinclair ends up idealizing him. Patriotic, hardworking, and a devoted son and new husband, the young Lithuanian immigrant is free from any personal flaws. Any adverse consequence seems to occur through no fault of his own, but rather because of environmental contingencies. For example, Sinclair emphasizes how capitalism causes Jurgis’s descent into alcoholism, his abandonment of his family, and his falling prey to the influence of reprobates. He makes this clear by showing how Jurgis’s discovery of Socialist politics restores the humanity that capitalism had taken away from him. After attending the socialist meetings, for example, Jurgis returns immediately to work and to his family, instantly rehabilitated by the other “comrades.” Moreover, by overemphasizing his goodness in the face of the industry barons’ corruption, Sinclair portrays Jurgis as a wholly passive victim rather than an active agent. Such idealism results in a flat, static character, devoid of any realistic humanity. Ironically, the fact that Jurgis has no unsympathetic traits makes it difficult for readers to identify with him. It is no surprise, then, that Sinclair’s initial readers would feel more drawn into the visceral world of Packingtown—a world that engages them on the levels of sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch—and less concerned with characters that hardly seem like real people at all.

The fact that The Jungle featured an unsympathetic protagonist and unbelievable characters didn’t deter the reading public, who turned the book into a bestseller and whose outcry against the meat packing industry’s low standards resulted in the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act. If the public still persisted in advocating for a law that would protect them from consuming potentially tainted meat products, even when faced with the doubtful realism of key aspects of the novel, such as its characters, it paradoxically proves Sinclair’s fundamental point: Human individuals are nothing if not self-interested.

The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas, is about a girl and her family living in oppressed African American neighborhood when a family friend Khalil gets killed by racially motivated police brutality in the presence of the girl (Starr). Starr goes into grief and has to testify for the case against the police officer. When it is decided that the police officer was not held accountable even though there was sufficient evidence the whole town plunges into chaos. During this time their whole family realizes they need to move away and stop following the rules of the neighborhood except for Maverick. Maverick’s ability to adapt and change his character is portrayed through his change of opinions and morals.

Angie Thomas used Starr and her family moving to demonstrate Maverick’s character development throughout the story. Maverick has just brought DeVante home to stay the night until he finds him a place to live out of Garden Heights. “ Then what? We just like all the other sellouts who leave and turn their backs on the neighborhood. (Thomas 180) Maverick is trying to convince Starrs mom Lisa to let DeVante stay the night at their house because he is in danger and has nowhere else to go. Lisa questions maverick about why he is so determined to help DeVante get out but not his own family. You can tell he is blinded by protecting his neighborhood and his reputation and isn’t focusing on protecting his own family. This is an example of him before his character development. The family has just seen their new house and they begin to question Maverick on if he was supportive of this, “But I realize being real ain’t got anything to do with where you live. The realist thing I can do is protect my family and that means leaving Garden Heights” (Thomas 309) Maverick is explaining that he decided to move because he realized that moving out of Garden Heights doesn’t make him “fake” It actually makes him more “real” or authentic and he is protecting his family and that is what is most important. From this quote, you can tell how he has developed as a character. His priorities changed from protecting his town to protecting his family. In addition to the family moving, Maverick’s character development was also proven through how he followed the rules of surrounding gangs.

The surrounding gang’s impact on Maverick proves how he has developed during the story. Mr.Lewis has just gone on live TV and snitched on King. “Man, you can’t be going on live TV snitching like that. you a dead man walking, you know that right.” (181) In this moment, Maverick is worried about Mr. Lewis snitching on live TV. He thinks this Mr.Lewis will get beat up by King. Through this, you can see how Maverick while not in a gang is still following the gangs unwritten laws. He doesn’t realize he’s following the laws but unconsciously is. He’s following the law of no snitching. King and his gang have this grown-up the family store when the police arrive. “ he turns to the cop who’s holding Mr. Lewis and says ‘ he ain’t lying, King dead started officer.’ HOLY S**T Daddy snitched. Once Starr, DeVante, Seven, and Chris escape the fire, the police start asking bystanders who started it. Mr. Lewis immediately blames it on King and his gang members who claim Mr. Lewis was lying. But then Maverick, who has always followed the laws of no snitching, snitches on King. Maverick has endured a character change and now isn’t following the law of no snitching. Maverick’s relationship with surrounding gangs illustrates how his character adapted as the story progressed.

In the Realistic Fiction novel, The Hate U Give Maverick’s skill of modifying his character is depicted through his point of view and values. His acceptance and realization that moving was the best thing to do for his family even though it didn’t seem as if at first. When he finally flipped his switch on not switching and ratted out King. When you are in a situation similar to the one Maverick was in; take a second to step back and ask yourself, Am I doing the right thing?

I think that the novel “The Kite Runner” had a better ending than “A Complicated Kindness” It used the four elements of an effective ending more effectively. I really enjoyed the ending in the “The Kite Runner,” but the ending in “A Complicated Kindness” really disappointed me and I felt like it left me hanging. I think the ending from “The Kite Runner” was the better of the two. Firstly, I think the use of unity was used very effectively in both “The Kite Runner” and “A Complicated Kindness.” At the beginning of “A Complicated Kindness,” the author tells us about the character and how she lives with her father because her mother and sister left. They left years ago because her sister was excommunicated and her mother couldn’t handle living in the Mennonite community anymore.

Then the novel transitions into remembering events that had happened before they left and how that has affected her life now. She talks about where they might be now, and gives a few suggestions. At the end of this story, Nomi goes back to discussing how her life has changed since they left and where they might be now. She also talks about her father a lot, something that happened at the start of the book as well. Many of the ideas that are explored at the beginning of this novel are also looked into at the end, so I feel satisfied with the ending. Additionally, in “The Kite Runner,” the introduction is a passage where the author recollects an event that took place when he was a child. Then it moves into learning about his childhood friend, Hassan, who’s father was the housekeeper in his home. We also learn about the home he had in Afghanistan and what it looked like. Also, we learn about the history of his family plus whom he has in his family now. In the conclusion of this book, Amir is spending time with his new family in the country he relocated to, as he is celebrating the Afghan New Year with fellow immigrants. This gives a satisfying ending because the author’s ideas come full circle. In the beginning we learn about his family, their history and his home and in the conclusion we see a moment with his new family, in the country he relocated to after he left Afghanistan. Both of these novels use the element of unity effectively.

Secondly, I believe’The kite runner’ use the elment of resolution better than ‘A complicated kindness.’ In the movie the kite runner we get the answers to all of the questions that were created and the plot is brought to and end. We learn that Amir is able to repay his moral debt to Hassan and Rahim, he returns safely to America with Sohrab and he is able to runite to his family. In ‘A compicated kindness’, questions were not adequately answered and the pot didn’t conclude the way I thought it would. For exmple we don’t learn about what happened to Nomi after she leaves or where her father end up. The kite runner used the element of resolution better than a complicated kindness’

Again,the kite runner used the element of character growth far better than ‘A compicated kindness.’ Nomi didn’t realize anyhing or discoverd anything about herself. The novel seemed pointless because she doesn’t develop any new attributes about her personality. Whereas in the kite runner the author tells about his dfficult and life changing experience when he was young. Since Amir is shown over a lifeime, his character is able to grow more than Nomi’s did. These things develop his character, as he bcomes more mature, responsible and humble from the tragedies he faces in his life. ‘The kite runner’ used the element of character growth the most effectively.

Lastly in my opinion, ‘The kite runner’ utilizes the element of recurrent symbol/themes better than ‘A complicated kindness’.I believe this because not only does the idea of kite running return in the conclusion of this novel, but the idea of home and family are also included. At the beginning of the novel Amir talksabout his hom life and family when he was a child. We learn about the house he grew up in and who was important in his life,like Hassan,Rahin and his father. Then, after he moves to America partway through the story, we learn about his new home in America and new family, his wife Soraya and parents. Then finally, at the end, there are chapters that discuss his family of Soraya, her parents and Sohrab. This is also after we learn that his original family, Hassan, his father and Rahin have all died. We see how his life in America has changed and he feels more at home. The only theme that is cnsistently mentioned throughout ‘A complicated kindness’ is leaving, and it isn’t focused on as much as the themes and symbols in ‘The kite runner’. This is why I believe ‘The kite runner’ utilizes the element of recurrent symbols/themes better. ‘The kite runner had a more effective ending than ‘A complicated kindness’ because it used the four elements far better. I felt satisfied with the ending and thee was a better conclusion than ‘ A complicated kindness’.