Category: Napoleon

In order to understand the long-term economic impact that the revolution had on France, one needs to first have a general idea of what their economic situation was like at the beginning of the revolution and during the revolution. In 1789 when the revolution began the nation was in an immense amount of debt, (See, 1968, p. 93) most of which was blamed heavily on the war. Even though the war was responsible for the larger portion of the debt it was not the only reason for the overwhelming debt that France was in. There were other circumstances that added to the situation. The financiers that were in charge of making financial decision then were not as reliable as they should have been. For them, the idea of clearing the people of France from debt was to borrow money from international countries. This would not necessarily be a bad thing if they had also developed an appropriate plan to repay these additional debts. However, they did come up with a plan which later proved to be unsuccessful. They came up with “assignats” which was a compulsory currency, in fact it was more like a bond that obligates them to make payments which during those time would be a piece of land or a church property (Thom,182). This came to an end when the value of the assignats dropped and it became more and more unaccepted as a form of payment. And at this time the country plunged into even more debt.

The financiers did not only create assignats, but they also decided to increase taxes to assist with the paying off of the country’s debt. The increase of taxes did not favor the economy, but it took a turn for the worst, it actually led to one of the hardest time the French population had to experience. During this time the nation experienced riots, famine and people dying from hunger (Shovlin, 119). This did not affect the Nobles and Wealthy as much since they had already accumulated property. They used their money and wealth to bribe the King (Louis XVI) yearly so as to exempt them and their families from this tax increase; and meanwhile the poor and middle class families were struggling to pay their taxes and keep their families alive. It was very hard during that time for the farmers and merchants because when the tax collectors collected their taxes it was even higher than it really should be, this was because the tax collectors themselves would add more to the amount, which they later used feed their families and fatten themselves. However, it was during these hard times that the government and the financiers decided to inform the people of France of how much debt that they were really in (Shovlin, 218).

The French Revolution, which began in the year 1789, was a very difficult time for France. The nation ventured through several unsuccessful methods of trying to manage the economical problems they were facing. The public (the French people) or the communities of France were unaware because most parts of the country were in debt. With years of trial and failure, France was able to plough its way through patriotism to gain back some form of stability to their country’s economy. This is a true example of what it means to come together as one for the better good. The people of France truly expressed their loyalty to their country, a true attribute that was or is still needed by many other countries. During the revolution, France economy underwent a series of circumstances that crippled the country’s economic development. Despite of these circumstances, France was able to conquer the problems at hand and at the same time influenced their country’s economic development on a long-term basis. The revolution was without a doubt a tough time for the nation of France, but with a lot of persistence and dedication the people prevailed.

In 1792 a new political order was formed and France became a Republic. With this new convention the King Louis XVI was killed. With the king gone it was a fresh start for the country. But nothing in life came easy because even though the new convention meant well, there was still havoc within the French communities and coming to a solution was still difficult. When the king was executed his rulings were no longer followed and so the people still needed to be out of debt and they also needed a firm control over their country (Shovlin, 203). In the late part of the year of 1792 the convention received a petitioner’s demand for price control as the price for supplies such as grain were extremely out of control. In December of that same year the convention held a meeting and discussed in length the problem that people were facing with the price of supplies. It was in that meeting that Creuzé- Latouche president of the Sine agricultural society brought to the conventions attention that society really misunderstood what agriculture truly is (See, 1968, p. 106). He explained how due to the wealthy and their gullible way of been dazzled by expensive fabrics and elegant furniture that they were better than farmers because they didn’t have or expressed the need for those items. He went on to say that if it wasn’t for that, people would consider each other on an equal level. In that same meeting, Creuzé mentioned that the convention should put a limit on the amount of land space that people used for cultivating. The convention took what he said and embarked upon it. It was through this movement that the people of France embraced the way of Patriotism by cultivating grains to assist with the stabilizing the nation’s debt.

After being away, in 1799 Napoleon returned to France and joined the council. He was very impressed with the way the convention handled the country’s debt recovery and so he too got involved with the cultivating of grains. (Thom, 177)That was not the only thing that Napoleon did to encourage the reform, he encouraged change that created stability in the governing of the country. Napoleon promoted higher education, developed codes for taxes and he was even responsible for establishing the Bank of France. He was a strong believer in change for the better and it was through his leadership and a country’s will to develop its economy that the people of France today are still standing strong.

Works Cited

See, Henri. Economic and Social Conditions in France during the Eighteenth Century. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, Inc, 1968.

Shovlin, John. The Political Economy of Virtue. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.

Thom, Martin. The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Napoleon

Introduction

The article chosen for evaluation was “Napoleon’s Account of the Internal Situation of France in 1804”. The text was written as an explanation to why France needed the position of Emperor who was appointed for a lifetime. The letter also explains why the position should be inheritable rather than an elected position.

Religion

Napoleon describes his relationship with religion as one that can perform under the “eye of the Eternal”. He attaches himself, and his heirs, to religion by stating that religion “exhibits itself in the acts of humanity”. Napoleon wanted to impress upon the people that the position of Emperor was one that could govern with acts of humanity and thus be sanctioned by the “Eternal” and those who lead the different sects who worship God. The approval of the religious sects was granted when the ceremony anointing him as Emperor was officiated by the head of the Church.

His Legacy

Napoleon reveals his concern about his legacy by pushing for the declaration of him as Emperor and for including that his position should be inheritable. His legacy is insured by the passing of the title to his sons, grandsons, etc. So long as his heirs act upon the good faith promised by Napoleon, to the people of France, then his legacy lives on. If his heirs act differently, or negatively, then his legacy dies.

Accomplishments of Rule

There are four major accomplishments of Napoleon’s rule.

The first is the safeguarding of the legislation that’s was active when he was declared Emperor. He explained that the legislation would need little modification because of the consistency of Imperial rule. He also mentioned that the criminal code would need little modification.

The second major accomplishment of Napoleon’s rule was the opening of new schools. He mentioned the existence of motivated learners ready to take their places in these schools. Most significant was the establishment of the polytechnic schools which provided educated workers ready, and prepared for, work.

The third major accomplishment of Napoleon’s rule was the establishment of commerce on the left bank of the Rhine (River). The French had established manufacturing that was comparable or better than what the English could provide. It sounds important to Napoleon that the French be able to compete in the open market outside of France as well as on the shores of France.

The fourth major accomplishment of Napoleon’s rule was the resumption of religion within France. He mentions the mutual respect among the religions that worship the same God.

Confirming the resumption of religion was the Church’s officiating at his Imperial Coronation.

The Best Government

Napoleon believed that the best government was one that passed from father to son so that nothing would be lost in the transfer of an elected government. To Napoleon, the best government-provided France with the consistency that is required to remain a strong, viable, nation.

A Letter from the Left Bank of the Rhine

My Dear Francois;

I am writing from my newly established schoolroom on the left bank of the Rhine. We have been in session for nearly a week now and the situation is full of both good and bad. My students are so excited to be in school learning rather than working alongside their parents. Oftentimes these students miss school because their parents value their work over their future. My students often come to school hungry and tired. It is surprising that they are still motivated to learn.

Napoleon has allowed the churches to once again be a part of everyday life. Many of my students look forward to attending. The churches have also reestablished schools that focus more on religion than the basics of an education.

We can only hope that Napoleon as Emperor will make France a stronger, better, country to live in.

We have visits to our taverns by the English who trash talk our government and people. Napoleon should oust these people as our goods are good, if not better, than the English.

A Brief Biographic Review

• August 15, 1769: the day Napoleon Bonaparte was born – the future emperor of France, the great commander, and a politician.
• 1780 – 1784: Studies at Brienne Military Academy at the expense of the State.
• 1784 – October 1785: Napoleon is sent to an elite military school in Paris. After the graduation, he became a second lieutenant of artillery (his first title).
• 1793: Napoleon got a promotion and became a general of brigade (“Napoleon Bonaparte Biography” par. 2).
• 1796 – 1797: Bonaparte becomes commander in chief of the Italian army.
• 1798 – 1799: an unsuccessful Egyptian campaign of Napoleon.
• 9 – 10 November 1799 – Napoleon overthrew the Directory and gained power over France. Then he received the title of lifelong Consul of the French Republic in 1802.
• 1801 – 1802: peace treaties with Russia, Austria, Prussia and England.
• 1803: The war with England.
• 1805: Coronation of Napoleon I in Paris (“Napoleon Bonaparte Biography” par. 3).
• 1806: Creation of the “Confederation of the Rhine.“
• June 1812: The Russian Campaign.
• October 1813: The battle of Leipzig, often called the “Battle of the Nations”, in which Napoleon was defeated.
• March 1814: Louis XVIII becomes a new king of France.
• April 6, 1814 – Napoleon abdicates the post. He is sent to Elba.
• 20 March – 22 June 1815: During this period, Bonaparte returned to France, and immediately began to gather an army to deal with his major opponents at a time. Napoleon didn’t succeed and was consequently sent to St. Helena Island.
• May 5, 1821: Bonaparte’s Death

International Premises for the War of 1812

The war of 1812 was one of the central events in the history of European countries in the 19^th century. It has predetermined the development of the political and economic relations among the countries for the several following decades.

After several unfortunate military campaigns initiated by the Russian governor, Alexander I, in 1805, 1806, and 1807, France and Russia sign the Treaties of Tilsit that established peace between the States. Nevertheless, there were political and economic controversies in Russia-France relations that have eventually provoked the war in 1812.

The controversies were related to continental trade system issues. Napoleon attempted to destroy the GB trade and forbade the economic relations with the country. The legal foundation for the continental blockade was the decree Napoleon signed in Berlin in 1806.

Russia adopted Napoleon’s continental blockade but continued to have economic relations with Britain.

The further isolation of the GB from other European countries invoked negative economic outcomes for Bonaparte’s allies while British trade relations in Asia have significantly improved (Bickham 55). The outcomes inspired indignation and, as the result, led to the disruption of relations between Alexander I and Napoleon.

In December 1810, Russia commenced imposing the tariffs on the export of coins and luxury items to France. Some merchandise produced at the French factories was forbidden in Russia and other products were excessively taxed. In the response to these actions, Napoleon interrupted purchasing material for the French marine department from Russia (Neumann 13).

In 1811, in the articles characterized by the hostile attitudes towards Russia began to be published in the French periodic issues. It was regarded as the portent of war. At the same time, the universal conscription has followed in France. Russia started preparation to war as well.

Napoleon stated to strengthen relations with allies, i.e. Sweden. He began to supplement army with weapons and artillery at the beginning of 1811.

On June 12, 1812, Napoleon commenced his military campaign against Russia.

Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia

On June 12, 1812, Napoleon’s Army under the command of Marshals Davout, Ney, and Murat started the invasion Russia without the preliminary declaration of war. The Russian opposition consisted 300 soldiers. The Russian army was divided in order to protect all the areas in which Napoleon aimed to move: St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Kiev (Neumann 15).

August 3, 1812: the first and the second Russian armies were defeated in the Battle of Smolensk. However, Napoleon’s plan to split the Russian army and force Russia to conclude a peace treaty was disrupted – the Russian army began to retreat. The war dragged on. The losses of the French army increased, and its supply deteriorated. From Smolensk, Napoleon sent a proposal to Alexander I for concluding a peace treaty, but he didn’t receive a response. Following the Russian armies, Napoleon went on against Moscow in hoping for a decisive battle.

Battle of Borodino: A Fundamental Change in the War between France and Russia

August 26: in the village of Borodino (outside Moscow) there was the Battle of Borodino that played a decisive role in the war. After a day-long battle, the French were able to occupy the position of the Russian army but failed to defeat it. The Russian army was rescued and able to continue the military campaign.

September 1, 1812: at the council in a village near Moscow, Fillip Kutuzov, the Russian military commander, took responsibility for the difficult decision to abandon Moscow without a battle for the sake of the army. While leaving Moscow, he ordered to destroy ammunition and provision depots. The city was set on fire. The fire destroyed more than 70% of the buildings and all the food and arms supplies.

September 2: Napoleon entered the burning Moscow. Napoleon couldn’t let the French army stay in the devastated city in winter. On October 7, the French army left Moscow, moving to the Kaluga road. After Kutuzov’s Tarutino maneuver and the battle of Maloyaroslavets (12 October), the French army was forced to retreat along the ravaged Smolensk road.

Hunger, extreme cold, and the constant strikes caused by Russian troops turned the retreat of the French army into a stampede. In the battle at Berezina River, the French army faced a crushing defeat. Napoleon fled leaving the remnants of his army.

December 25, 1812: Alexander I issued a manifesto about the end of World War II.

Napoleonic Wars

Napoleonic wars conducted from 1796 to 1815, have changed the face of Europe, but their value is now regarded as controversial. On their bayonets, the French soldiers carried the idea of ​​freedom to the European people (“Napoleonic Wars” par. 1).

Napoleon’s wars have completely crushed the feudal system in Europe, primarily in its major powers of that time – Austria and Prussia. The French governor was considered a symbol of freedom. However, Napoleon soon became a “despot” in the eyes of the nations. The shifts in the public opinions gave rise to a powerful national liberation movement on the continent (especially in Germany and Spain). Having started the war in Europe, Napoleon sought to establish a pan-European dominance of France. As the result, the balance of power on the continent was disturbed. And it was one of the reasons for the collapse of the empire in 1814.

This new era in the world history was established by a great and equally controversial personality of Bonaparte. Comprehension of his ideological and political views’ evolution is important for the understanding of Napoleon’s motivation and cases for his political and military decision-making.

Napoleon’s Ideology

Youth was a difficult and challenging time for Napoleon Bonaparte. He was alienated in the French surroundings because of interest in Pasquale Paoli and Corsican patriotism. The curiosity led Bonaparte to the acquaintance with the ideas and concepts of the prominent figures of the Enlightenment era. As the result, Napoleon became involved in the anti-feudalism ideas and became a follower of the political freedom and the civil equality concepts (Murphy 1).

As the majority of the Napoleon’s contemporaries, the aspiration with the idea of freedom was combined in him with the support for the revolution. Bonaparte desired to transfer revolutionary movement to his homeland, Corsica (Heilbron 30).

Among the bourgeois revolutions of the new time, the French revolution of the 18^th century is regarded as one of the major battles of capitalism and feudalism both at the regional and global scales. In France, it has provoked the fundamental changes in the order of social and political life: the gentry privileges were destroyed as well as the peasants’ obligations in feudalism; the power of church declined, the land-owning regulations were transformed; the entrepreneurship freedom was ensured, etc. (“French Revolution” par. 2).

Based on this, Napoleon was against the separatism of Corsica from France.

The Shifts in Napoleon’s Ideological Principles

The shifts in views and ideological breakdowns in Napoleon were caused by the clashes with his idol, Pasquale Paoli, who advocated for the separation of Corsica. Paoli’s success and Napoleon’s defeat made him flee from the homeland. Napoleon remained to be a follower of royalism but he no longer regarded himself as a Jacobin (a member of French democratic club).

It is possible to say that Napoleon was conceptually close to Thermidorians who were in favor of the bourgeois revolution.

The success of the Italian campaign inspired confidence in Napoleon. The conquering character of the Egypt campaign, the failure to spread the revolution to Asia catalyzed Napoleon’s idea about the seizure of power in France (Murphy 8).

The commander headed to France where he usurped the power during the coup, and during this period the complete transformation of his ideological views took place. Napoleon became a supporter of strong centralized authority and integrity of the personal property, as well as the enemy of people’s democracy and the general principle of separation of powers.

Napoleon’s republicanism at the time was quite sincere, and it is not so much gave way to ambition, despotism and lust for power but changed the awareness of new historical realities. Initially, all the policies and regulations adopted by Napoleon were largely influenced by his desire to maintain and consolidate the seized power. But at the same time, it is hard to say that his previous views were insincere.

The shifts in Napoleon’s viewpoints can be considered a natural result of the ideological evolution. And it the result of this evolution, Bonaparte found that France needs a strong authoritarian government.

During the period of his reign, Napoleon declared his genetic connection with the revolution and saw the progressive meaning in his actions and decisions till the end of his life.

Conclusion

The work is devoted to the examination and evaluation of the historical events that took place in Europe at the beginning of the 19^th century. The main focus of the presentation is made on research and review of Napoleon Bonaparte’s political relations with the European States, and the connections between his ideological views and the political actions. The examination of the ideological evolution of the given historical figure is of significant importance because it helps to understand the inner motivation of Bonaparte in his decision-making. Evaluation of his personal views and concepts helps to comprehend his goals as a politician and State leader. The review of the historical events and social attitudes facilitates the understanding of the political structure that existed in France in the 18^th-19^th centuries.

Works Cited

“French Revolution.” The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide. Abington: Helicon, 2015. Print.

“Napoleonic Wars.” The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide. Abington: Helicon, 2015. Print.

Bickham, Troy. The Weight of Vengeance. Oxford, UK: Oxford Press, 2012. Print.

Hailbron, Johan. “Sociology and positivism in 19th-century France: the vicissitudes of the Société de Sociologie (1872–4).” History of the Human Sciences 22.4 (2009): 30-62. Print.

Murphy, Robert Damien. “Napoleon Bonaparte: Savior Or Destroyer of the French Revolution?“ California State University, Dominguez Hills, 2002. ProQuest. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.

Neumann, Iver. Russia and the Idea of Europe: A Study in Identity and International Relations. London, UK: Routledge, 1996. Print.

Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise and fall still fascinate people around the world. An unknown Corsican, a native of a small island in the Mediterranean Sea, gained unlimited power over France, and then over the European continent. Such a prominent life’s journey proves that Napoleon, who initially was a typical outsider, was talented enough as a leader and commander to mastermind his career from the lieutenant to the First Consul. Despite being undoubtedly gifted, the French revolution of 1789-1799 became the primary catalyst for his brilliant political career. This revolutionary era, together with his talents, enabled Napoleon to rise in prominence and gain power.

The young Corsican decided to pursue a military career, so he finished studies at the Brienne military college and Paris military school. In 1789, Napoleon unconditionally supported the French Revolution and sided with the Revolutionaries (Frankforter and Spellman, p. 516). In December 1793, he commanded the artillery of the army besieging Toulon, which was occupied by the British forces. Captain Bonaparte proposed a plan that led to the rapid seizure of the city, for which he eventually received the rank of brigadier general.

In 1795 the future emperor helped the National Convention to suppress royalist insurgents in Paris being in charge of the Convention’s artillery. The government appreciated his contribution and promoted him to the division general and commander of the Army of Italy. In 1796 Napoleon invaded Italy and inflicted a series of defeats on the Austrian and Piedmontese troops, forcing Piedmont, the Papal State, and Austria to sign a peace treaty with France (Esdaile, p. 5). In general, he put an end to the first Anti-French coalition.

The last remained enemy was Britain, and the Directory, which was unable to land its forces on the British Isles due to the English fleet superiority, opted to capture Egypt. Despite the quite successful land war waged by Bonaparte, the French fleet was defeated at the Battle of the Nile in 1798 (Esdaile, p. 6). Ambitious Napoleon realized the futility of the situation and decided to abandon his army in Egypt to slip back into France. At that moment, Paris suffered from internal unrest, political disintegration, and economic crisis (Esdaile, p. 6). In 1799 Napoleon led the coup d’état organized by conservative factions and overthrew the Directory. People successfully approved the popular military commander as a “First Consul” under a newly created constitution. The subsequent victories helped him to consolidate public support, which he skillfully used to strengthen his own power. In 1802, based on the results of plebiscites, Napoleon was declared the First Consul for life (Frankforter and Spellman, p. 516). Then, in 1804 he proclaimed himself Emperor of the French.

Bonaparte dominated Europe approximately from 1800 till 1815, waging the so-called Napoleonic Wars. Despite being, in fact, a dictator, he forced European countries to change their political systems by spreading revolutions. The emperor also established freedoms and liberty for his people that were never seen before. Common people were granted some rights that they deserved, and the nobility was taken out of power. Napoleon is famous for bringing the metric system and the Civil Code to the rest of Europe (Frankforter and Spellman, p. 518). His reign also reshaped borders of Europe and consolidated European leaders to defeat the system of conflict, threatening to ignite multiple revolutions in the region.

To conclude, the French Revolution and its aspirations significantly promoted Napoleon’s rapid rise to power and his brilliant career. He was talented and fortunate enough to exploit the situation to his own advantage. The rapid rise of Napoleon was possible due to his successful wars, high ambitions, and a sound understanding of emerging political challenges and chances. His personality, reforms, and war outcomes had its repercussions across Europe until 1914.

Works Cited

1. Frankforter, Daniel A., and William M. Spellman. The West: A Narrative History, Volume Two: 1400 to the Present. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2012.
2. Esdaile, Charles J. The Wars of Napoleon. 2d ed., Routledge, 2019.

The history of Europe is a rather interesting and complex matter of study. However, there are certain personalities that make this history, and this paper will focus on three of such personalities. Napoleon Bonaparte, Klemens von Metternich, and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck are the great historical figures who successes and failures were the results of their own actions but not of their acting according to the circumstances under which they lived; these persons made events and processes happen rather than managed to be at the right place in the right time. Napoleon, Metternich, and Bismarck were the people to shape the history.

Thus, Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821) was one of the most prominent figures through the whole history of France (Stearns et al., 2005). To achieve this, Napoleon exercised his will much and finally, supported by few people, managed to carry out coup-d’etat that dismissed the Directory and placed Napoleon on the top of the French state authority in 1799, which would be impossible if he lived according to circumstances and not shaped them himself (Brummett, 2006, p. 553). Napoleon was a talented statesman who established the basics of the French state structure. Napoleon, based on the political reforms of 1802, managed to develop a state apparatus able of controlling and operating the army, economic and financial affairs of the country, exploiting the country’s natural and human resources, etc. (Brummett, 2006, p. 554). Thus, Napoleon was the man to shape himself and the history of France and the whole Europe.

The same, to some extent, can be said about Metternich, the Prime Minister and the actual ruler of Austria and the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the early 19^th century after the Napoleonic Wars (Stearns et al., 2005). Pursuing the interests of his own and his country, Metternich was also concerned with the overall stability in Europe, and it was mainly his work at the 1815 Vienna Congress of the European nations that allowed the continent to have the 40-year long period of the peaceful co-existence of countries (Brummett, 2006, p. 753). Accordingly, Metternich needed a strong basis for his power, which he found in “a backward system” that helped him to win the 1830 elections and remain in power for almost a decade more (Brummett, 2006, p. 754) as contrasted to the liberalist and nationalist ideologies that dominated Europe after the Napoleonic Wars (Stearns et al., 2005). So, all the facts mentioned are results of Metternich’s actions that met no support by the rich and powerful people. Metternich can also be viewed as the person who created the events and made history develop in the direction beneficial to him and his country.

Otto von Bismarck was also a person of strong will and great power. His concept of Realpolitik is still viewed as the role model for the modern politicians as it allowed achieving peace with Russia in 1863, waging the joint was against Denmark with Austria in 1864, and uniting Germany in 1871 (Brummett, 2006, p. 761). Being a skillful politician, Bismarck managed to control the state affairs in the united Germany which he himself created. The fact that Wilhelm II dismissed Bismarck from the position of Chancellor in 1888 also evidences the strong will of this person, whom even the kings of Germany were afraid of and did not want to compete with (Brummett, 2006, p. 764). Thus, Bismarck can also be called the strong personality who shaped the history.

To conclude, Napoleon Bonaparte, Klemens von Metternich, and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck are the great historical figures who successes and failures were the results of their own actions but not of their acting according to the circumstances under which they lived. Descending from ordinary families, these people managed to achieve the highest state powers and leave their traces in the European history.

Works Cited

1. Brummett, Palmira J., Robert R. Edgar, Neil J. Hackett, George F. Jewsbury, Barbara S. Molony. Civilization: Past & Present, Volume II: From 1300. Longman, 2006
2. Stearns, Peter N., Stephen S. Gosch, Erwin P. Grieshaber. Documents in World History: The Modern Centuries, Volume 2 (From 1500 to the Present). Longman, 2005.

Introduction

Without doubt, the current civilization in the Western world is based on the exploits of the former leaders and conquerors. Through their exploits, geographical definitions were marked to identify the stretches of a kingdoms and empires. These later marked country boundaries. In addition, the socioeconomic, cultural and political interactions in the current world can be traced down the history line. These sentiments are clearly portrayed in Hunt and colleagues in their book The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. This book acts as a clear portrayal of the factors that have contributed to the formation of the current outlook of Western Civilization. The book identifies three main components of historical perspectives that have acted as the shaping forces of the evolved global entity. The three factors identified in the book include global influences, the interactions of the different sociopolitical and cultural factors and the roots of today’s civilization in the historical backdrop. Accordingly, this paper will identify Napoleon Bonaparte’s exploits and how they have greatly contributed to the contemporary society’s civilization. These contributions will therefore be used to support the argument that Napoleon Bonaparte was a hero.

Napoleon’s early life

Napoleon Bonaparte was born on 15^th August, 1769 in Corsica. He was named Napoleon di Buonaparte, a name that he adopted from his uncle who had died fighting in the Army. He later changed his name to Napoleon Bonaparte which had a more French touch as compared to the older version. Napoleon was brought up in a working class family as his father, Carlo Buonaparte served in the Louis XVI Courts as a representative of Corsica and he was an attorney. However, the greatest impact in Napoleon’s life was from his mother. With a strict sense of discipline, Maria Ramolino developed a rambunctious child from Napoleon.

Educational background

Coming from an affluent family, Napoleon was able to access an education level that was beyond other young men from Corsica. This was due to his connections and his background that was marked by Affluence. He attended his first few years of education in Autun before joining a Military academy situated in Brienne-le-Chateau later in 1779. Word from one of his instructors pointed out that Napoleon excelled in mathematics, History and Geography. From Brienne-le-Chateau he moved to Paris where he joined the Ecole militaire. Later, the death of his father resulted into Napoleon’s compressing of his two year study to a single year. Here, he trained as an artillery officer, a change from his initial ambition of becoming a sailor and joining the British Royal Navy.

Themes in the making of the west, their relationship to Napoleon

Considering the thesis of this paper, it is evident that Napoleon was a hero. With the events in his life, how can one justify this supposition? Hunt and colleagues point out that the contemporary society was founded on historical events. ³ This therefore means that without certain events in life, some very important cultural, social or political events in the contemporary society would not have been achieved. Therefore, whoever gets credit for having been the founder of these events becomes a hero for starting a cause that eventually bore fruits that are being enjoyed to this moment. Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the people who are recognized for having achieved this. By using the arguments from Hunt et al, the dynamism within the social interactions of the community acted as shaping forces that eventually resulted into contemporary societal civilization. What was Napoleon’s contribution to the social forces that later shaped the current society?

Napoleon’s contribution to human rights

Napoleon was a great contributor to the social cause. His contributions in these lines can be felt to this moment. To begin with, he was a father of great ideas that called upon people to be enlightened. Among these great ideas that he spread all through Europe and parts of Latin America were concepts of human rights, citizenship, equality and constitution. ⁴ These are great ideas that are still valued to this moment. They have been promoted through other organizations like the United Nations and the Human Rights Commission. More so, there are several other civil rights organizations that that have been fighting strongly to push for equality and the constitution. This means that Napoleon was a hero in championing for human rights and other civil rights including equality.

Napoleon’s contribution to France

The only country in the world that recognizes Napoleon in their National anthem is Poland. The country has attached significant importance to Napoleon because of his great contribution that helped the country attain independence after a long stint under the rule of Prussia and Russia. This notwithstanding, it was Napoleon’s effort that led to the removal of barbaric laws that had unfairly forced the Jews to the Ghettos. In addition, the laws and rules that, for a long time had restricted European Jewish community from enjoying free rights to worship, own property and pursue careers as other citizens of the countries did were abolished under Napoleon’s rule. Among the current benefits of this move was that the Rothschild banking family which has French Hunt et al, The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, roots had its long successful exploits germinating in France under the rule of Napoleon.

Formerly, Europe had been dominated by the Holy Roman empire. Under Napoleon Bonaparte, the more than 1,000 small entities that had made up the empire were reorganized coming up with 40 streamlined states. These states were the foundation of the German Confederation. In addition, this acted as the basis on which the unification of Germany in future would be founded.

Another factor that Hunt and colleagues highlight to be among the greatest contributors to the molding of the current civilization is the political factors. Equally, Napoleon Bonaparte will be considered a hero because of his contribution to the political scene in history that have eventually shaped the current political civilization. During his time, Bonaparte is credited to have come up with the premier civil legal system in the whole continent of Europe. This was the Napoleonic code. We can attribute the heroic status to Napoleon considering that the Napoleonic code forms the basis of legal systems in Europe including those in France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain and many countries that were colonies of these mentioned countries. Without doubt, Napoleon was a hero in the legal realms.

In the same line, Napoleon served as protector of the French flag and National anthem which remain to this moment. Initially, these were simply symbols of the French revolution. In addition, Napoleon was the initiator of the metric system that was later proclaimed a system of measure in 1799. Currently, all countries in the world except the United States, Sierra Leone and Myanmar have adopted it as a measurement system that is universal.

Finally, the foundations of the current civilization have its roots in the cultural events that happened in history. Again, Napoleon’s contributions are had great impacts. To begin with, Napoleon was a devoted sponsor of most of those who are currently referred to as neoclassical artists. Among these benefactors of Napoleon’s charitable hand is Jacques-Louis David also known as Ingres. Furthermore, one of the greatest works in music- Beethoven’s Heroic Symphony was composed through Napoleon’s inspiration and was in fact dedicated to Napoleon Bonaparte. Finally, his contributions to the world of philosophical quotes cannot be down played.

Conclusion

Hunt and colleagues argue that the contemporary civilization is a repercussion of the historic political, cultural, social and economic events in history. This means that without some of these events, important societal developments would not have been achieved. Therefore, civilization would have been impeded. What does this imply in relation to the thesis? It implies that without Napoleon’s contribution in the legal system, there would not have existed the current legal system, the French national anthem and flag would have been changed, there would be a different form of metric system whose credibility could be questionable, citizens of Poland and the European Jewish population would have been subjected to endless tribulations under the old laws that ⁹Hunt et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures, hampered them from enjoying their civil rights, some of these neoclassical artists and composers who benefited from his charity would not have had a chance to explore their talents to their best and above all, we could not have had the opportunity to enjoy great compositions like Beethoven’s Heroic Symphony and the sweetness of some of Napoleonic quotes. According to me, this is the essence of heroism.

References

Hunt, Lynn, Thomas Martin, Barbara Rosenwein,Po-Chia Hsia and Bonnie Smith. 2008. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. (3^rd ed). New York: Bedford/St.Martins Publishers.

There is no use denying the fact that history of any country and the world is comprised of a great number of various events, triggered by the activity of leaders, who are able to inspire people, make them believe in a certain idea, and follow them. These personalities change the image of the world forever and lead to the appearance of some unique phenomena which predetermine the further development of society and the whole world. These personalities contribute to the development of social thought and mentality. They are also known by people all over the world due to their unique achievements or ambivalent character. Julius Caesar is known as the founder of the Roman Empire.

Charles the Great is the great Emperor of the Middle Ages and there are a great number of other famous names that changed our world. Napoleon Bonaparte is among them. He became the hero of the French Revolution, a person who was expected to change the image of France providing liberation and equality for its citizens. Thus, having plunged France into the chain of wars, Napoleon turned into the tyrant, which contradicted to the ideas of revolution. However, he still dreamed of equality and prosperity of France, trying to protect it and guarantee its leading role in the world policy in order to use its influence and spread the ideas of revolution.

Trying to support this statement with the clear evidence, it is necessary to analyze the background of the rise of Napoleon and conditions under which he obtained power. The thing is that before the events of the French Revolution Napoleon was an unimportant and even forgotten military who, though, had some blistering victories and great ambitions. However, the mood of the end of XVIII and beginning of XIX centuries influenced him greatly and he became the great admirer of the French Revolution. Very soon he became one of the most genuine French generals who brought a great number of victories. However, ideas of revolution and processes that took place in France were taken as dangerous by other monarchies and they tried to revive the monarchy. That is why, Napoleon had to protect the new republic. This period of his life can be taken as the time when his vision of the future of France was formed. France was a colonial empire and Napoleon fought in Egypt, surrounded by sick with plague soldiers, having no fear to become ill. Since that time, he was beloved by all people who surrounded him. This fact became very important for his further career.

Having a great power concentrated in his arms, Napoleon, though, did not use it to become the only governor of France until the Coup of 18 Brumaire. There are various points of view on this event and the role that Napoleon played in it. The fact is that he returned to France and, using his power, managed to put to the end this rebellion, promoting creation of the constitution. Under the Napoleon’s pressure, it was accepted in 10 days. This document could be taken as the very important evidence of Napoleon’s intentions and his vision of the development of situation. The thing is that according to this constitution, the legislative branch of power became weak and inefficient, while executive one obtained all the needed levers of influence and remedies to provide various innovations. Needless to say that the executive power belonged to three councils and two of them had only formal duties, while the third one, Napoleon, obtained almost absolute power which were not limited by any other institution. It should be said that this fact can be taken as the evidence of absolutist Napoleon’s inclinations as de facto, this constitution could be taken as the first step made by Napoleon towards the absolute power. However, while analyzing the rule of Napoleon in general, it should be said that the way he managed his power differed from the reign of monarchs who fought against him greatly.

Nevertheless, to the majority of population, Napoleon is known as one of the greatest commanders the history has ever known. However, the wars in which he participated, could hardly be taken as expansionist. The thing is that having become the council with the unlimited power, Napoleon had to respond to the aggression of Britain and Austria, who were not able to accept the results of the French Revolution. That is why, he had to fight in order to protect the newborn republic. As the result of the campaign of 1800 – 1802, the France spread its influence over the Italy and Germany. Thus, it could hardly be taken as an occupation. The thing is that at that period of time Germany and Italy were not united states, they were comprised of a great number of small principalities that were weak and not able to resist the influence of other countries and protect their people and mentality. However, being conquered by Napoleon, these lands obtained their own ruler and were united in a state. However, it is a mistake to say that Napoleon wanted to restore these countries. Yet, he needed buffer states that could be loyal to him and which could support his army in a great number of various military campaigns.

Due to this fact, Italy and Germany obtained at least some vision of freedom and people, who lived there felt, some relief. Moreover, the main pattern of governance was similar to the French one. Napoleon tried to implement all steps and practices which he introduced to the political machinery of his own state. With this in mind, it is possible to say that the lands, that were conquered by Napoleon during his blistering campaigns, did not suffer from the manifestations of totalitarianism or extreme pressure of the conquerors. On the contrary, Napoleon was interested in creation of the positive image of his figure and France, in order to continue his struggle and guarantee his victories. That is why, the idea that he brings freedom and liberty to people was cultivated.

The same pattern was used when Napoleon started the fatal campaign against Russian Empire. It is obvious, that powerful Russian state was a threat to the world dominance of France and the alliance between British and Russian Empires could destroy it. Due to these reasons, the war started. However, according to the official statements, the French army were going to bring liberty to millions of Russian serfs. The idea was quite clear as Napoleon wanted to obtain support of the masses. However, he failed. Overcame by patriotic feelings, Russian people stood against Napoleon and he suffered his most disastrous repulse which resulted in the collapse of his Empire. However, even under these conditions, it is possible to say that his actions influenced the state of Russian serfs greatly. The Patriotic War against invaders fastened this class of people and Russian Emperors understood that they became a great force which interests should be taken into account. Napoleon’s invasion served as the stimuli for the process of emancipation of serfs and in 1861 Emancipation reform, that gave them freedom, was adopted. Unknowingly, Napoleon had started the process which liberated millions of people.

It should also be said that having spent the greater part of his life in constant wars and campaigns, Napoleon, though, did not forget about his motherland, trying to promote its development and guarantee its prosperity. Being proclaimed an Emperor, Napoleon obtained the absolute power and strong remedies that helped him to embody his ideas. However, it should be said that the most important amendments to the traditional political system were made by Napoleon in the years of his consulship and changed the image of the whole world. Even nowadays his decisions are still topical and very often Napoleon’s name is associated with them. There is no use denying the fact that Napoleonic code is one of his greatest achievements. This document established the dominance of law and introduced some new rules to civil law. It forbade all privileges based on birth and declared that these laws apply to everyone without discrimination.

In other words, Napoleon created the basis of meritocracy, when only the most talented people, no matter what social status they belonged to, should rule a state. Due to this policy, Napoleon managed to change the image of France in a very short period of time. The state of millions of people, who suffered from the manifestations of discrimination, improved. They obtained the chance to become really important for their state, no matter what their state was. Moreover, the Napoleon’s banking reform and foundation of the Banque de France promoted the financial stability of France. The fact that this bank still functions and serves as the basis of the whole financial system of France could be taken as the best evidence of the great significance of this step.

With this in mind, having analyzed the main events of the life and activity of Napoleon Bonaparte, it is possible to make a certain conclusion. He came into power in the difficult period of time, when France suffered from a great number of various problems that tore it apart. However, being the brood of revolution, Napoleon managed to find the only possible way to save the state and promote its blistering development. It is obvious, that his main desires were to save his power and guarantee further existence of his dynasty, which is evidenced by the establishment of Empire and a great number of wars that he initiated. However, at the same time. trying to conquer the whole world, he unwillingly liberated millions of people in various states, triggering the processes which changed the whole world. Napoleon’s influence on the estates system of France and the state of society of countries, conquered by him, could hardly be overestimated. With this in mind, being a great commander, he also could be called a liberator who helped people to recognize their authenticity.

Bibliography

Canfora, Luciano. “Bonaparte, the liberator.” Estudos Avançados 22, no. 62. (2008): 119 – 127. Web.

Geyl, Pieter. Napoleon: For and Against. New York: Penguin Books, 1965.

Markham, Felix, and Steve Englund. Napoleon. New York: Signet Classics, 2010.

“Timeline: Napoleon as First Consul.”Brown University Library for Digital Scholarship. Web.

Tulard, Jean. Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour. Faraday Cl: Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1984.

Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 and died in 1821. He was a French revolutionist who ensured his people lived better lives. His family background and recruitment into the army gave him an insight into what happened in his society. This essay describes his achievements that make him a child of the French Revolution. First, Napoleon realized that the legal structure of France did not meet the threshold for protecting human rights. Therefore, he founded the Napoleonic Code that became the basis of law in France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, and the Netherlands (Fukuyama 38). This ensured that France had a unified and progressive legal system that respected the need to uphold human rights and promote equality and justice in his country and its colonies. Napoleon claimed that his glory was not in winning battles, but getting France out of oppressive legal systems that denied the right to enjoy its freedoms (Grayson 64). His code was a revolutionary project because it led to the development of a bourgeois society where people were allowed to own property and develop them. He was committed to eradicating feudalism and seeing the Holy Roman Empire unified and this led to the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine that united more than a thousand entities to form 40 states (Dwyer 54). As a result, other countries followed suit, and this led to the formation of the German Confederation that streamlined its entities into states. Napoleon wanted to see all countries in Europe adopt his code, and this was successful when Italy embraced nationalism that became a very influential legal system in most parts of the world.

Napoleon was educated and understood various issues about leadership. He realized that France had a poor economy because of poor leadership, and this is one of the reasons he was motivated to participate in the French revolution (Grayson 82). He transformed the economy of France within a year after he came to power. First, he ensured that all imports were heavily taxed to raise their prices and discourage the local population from buying them; therefore, this encouraged people to invest in businesses that promoted the development of the economy of France (Dwyer 79). In addition, property tax was transformed, and people realized the need to finance national and local projects to get good services from the government. Napoleon ensured that all major roads, railways, and telecommunication networks were improved to facilitate business activities within the country. In addition, French businesses got subsidies from the government and business loans to expand their activities. He reformed the country’s currency and helped in the establishment of the Bank of France that controlled monetary policies. Lastly, he developed a uniformed legal, economic code that regulated commercial activities by reforming weights and measures system, and this facilitated local and international trade in France (Fukuyama 71).

The Jews were discriminated against in France, but Napoleon refused to propagate this practice. He ensured the Jews were allowed to live and enjoy their rights just like civilians without any violation of their freedoms (Dwyer 151). The Jews were forced to wear armbands to differentiate them from the local population. In addition, they were not allowed to apply for jobs in some professions like teaching and nursing. Moreover, they were not allowed to worship in synagogues, and past regimes ensured these people lived in poor housing units. Napoleon ensured that all these practices were abolished and gave the Jews full citizenship. He fostered a cordial relationship between Israel and France to highlight the need to abolish discrimination against the Jews. The Catholic Church had a major impact on French society and controlled most of its political and religious activities, and this hindered the development and spread of other religions (Grayson 119). However, he did not allow this to continue; therefore, he sought assistance in reaching an agreement (the Concordat of 1801) that allowed the Catholic Church to play major roles in France and allow other religions to enjoy their freedoms (Fukuyama 173). In addition, he did not support slavery, and captives were released and given full citizenship; for instance, the Serfs had been imprisoned for a long time and when Napoleon came into power he released them and abolished the slave trade.

Napoleon realized that most poor and middle-class people in France did not access good education. He was lucky his family was rich and this afforded him a good education; however, most of his countrymen did not get a good education because they were poor. Napoleon revolutionized the education system by restarting primary schools in all parts of the country and creating elite secondary learning institutions that targeted the poor population (Grayson 119). He ensured that girls got a good education and abolished any traditional practice that denied women access to education and training. In addition, he expanded teacher training by establishing additional centers for them. This ensured that illiteracy was reduced, and more people were trained in various professions. Napoleon established the University of France to ensure reforms in the education system involved modernization of school curriculums, improved training for teachers, and expansion of need-based learning institutions (Fukuyama 207). Teachers were recruited by the central government to ensure all regions got equal representation to improve the quality of education offered in their learning facilities. He was motivated to revolutionize the education system so that he could get professions to work in his government. In addition, he realized the need to educate his citizens to give them the power to develop France by gaining the right principles. Lastly, the education system was managed by the Catholic Church, and this limited the scope of training given to students; therefore, it was necessary to ensure the state-controlled learning activities to promote uniformity and enable middle-class youths to be military and civil leaders (Dwyer 217).

The European Union derived its origin from Napoleon’s influence in reforming the legal system of France (Fukuyama 213). He was committed to ensuring countries like Poland, Italy and Germany were united and had independent legal systems to promote unity, freedoms, education, and trade within and outside their boundaries. He influenced other European countries to abolish old regimes that promoted capitalism and discrimination in economic, social, and political aspects (Dwyer 241). Napoleon played a significant role in ensuring equality was promoted in European nations, and this fostered their solidarity. He influenced nations like Egypt, Poland, Belgium, and others to establish modern middle-class bureaucracies that promoted equality (Grayson 148). Napoleon Bonaparte did not achieve a perfect society as he had planned. However, his reforms influenced legal, education, economic and political systems in France and other countries outside Europe. He is regarded as the father of modern Europe because of his legacies that continue to influence the lives of current leaders across the globe. Therefore, he is a child of the French Revolution, and his contributions to history cannot be ignored.

Works Cited

Dwyer, Philip. Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power. Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2013. Print.

Fukuyama, Francis. The Origins of Political Order: From Pre-Human Times to the French Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. Print.

Grayson, Luke. Napoleon Bonaparte: A biography of His Life Illustrated in Art and Accompanied by His Wisdom. New York: Wiley, 2013. Print.

Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars in Europe (Howell 103). Below is a creative response to a portrait of the leader, dubbed Napoleon Bonaparte in his study (David 1).

Creative response

One day in 1812, as the Peninsular War and the Invasion of Russia were taking place, Napoleon Bonaparte summoned his official portrait painter Jacques-Louis David to his study. The French Army had been badly wounded in the two wars and Bonaparte could not think of a better way to calm his nerves than to spend a few hours getting his portrait done.

So, while waiting for David to arrive, Bonaparte went through his wardrobe looking for something to wear. This was a painting that would be around for hundreds of years and he wanted future generations to think of him as a stylish leader.

After rummaging through the racks of clothes, he picked out his favorite green breeches, white tights and a cream vest. On top of the vest, he pulled on a navy blue jacket and fixed the red cuffs in place. He thought of putting on a jabot as well but after some deliberation thought against the idea.

“I will be overdoing the attire,” he said to himself. However, he stuck a lapel pin on the left breast of the jacket, before stepping into a pair of black shoes. To add sparkle to the footwear, he fixed a set of golden buckles in place. “That’s about it,” he thought.

As he stepped out of the room, he noticed that the breeches were tight around the crotch. He wondered whether he had put on so much weight that he could not fit into clothes that he previously slipped into. In the 1800s, wearing clothes that exposed the outline of one’s private area was viewed as indecent.

Napoleon regarded himself a leader chosen by the people and would not dare let anyone see him in the green breeches, which left his genitals tracing a moderate lump between his thighs. He walked back to his closet, picked khaki breeches and pulled off the green one. He loved those green breeches and he swore to lose enough weight to fit into them.

He was just about to hang the breeches back in the closet, when he noticed that there was a big stain on the back-side of the left leg. Never had Napoleon been seen so angry. He yelled out the name of his laundry man-“Yoshua! Yoshua!

You better come out here Yoshua before I do something illegitimate! Unbeknown to him, Yoshua had been sent out with the rest of the army a day earlier, when Bonaparte decreed that all men aged 30 years and above had enough experience to help his forces win the wars.

“Remind me to kill him when he gets back. Nobody destroys Napoleon Bonaparte’s favorite breeches and gets away with it,” he scoffed at the house maidens, who had answered to his call. “Get out! Get out! I do not want to see any of you here. The maidens scampered away, like mice, which had seen a cat.

Bonaparte sat on the edge of the bed, cooled down, and pulled on the khaki breeches he had laid out. His day had already been messed and he now wanted to get the painting over and done with. As he walked past the mirror, he noticed that some of his hairs were out of place.

To fix them, he dipped his fingers in the gel container on his table, rubbed it into his hair and eased the few front strands into a nice pile towards the front. He was now ready.

In the study, he had a brief chat with David, the talk centering on the political activities of the day and war going on afield. With the formalities over, Bonaparte assumed position at one corner, next to a reading chair. He wanted to appear relaxed without losing the powerful aura that always surrounded him in paintings.

“I want you to stand with your left leg slightly in front of the right one,” David instructed. “Turn sideways a bit and let your shoulders relax…Perfect.” Bonaparte still had an issue with having both his hands hang on his sides. He thought the pose made him look weak.

“Try placing your right hand on your belly…maybe you should let your hand relax in the jacket a bit. Are you comfortable like that?” David continued. Bonaparte nodded in agreement. “Ok, now just look at me and try not to move,” said David.

The artist spent next one hour setting the base and the next three hours weaving in the details. He had done so many paintings before and he worked through this one with the skill of a master. There was no talking in the room- it was time for the artiste to visually interact with his subject and talking could lead to critical mistakes.

By the end of the third hour, Bonaparte, known for his impatience, asked to be released, forcing David to complete the painting from memory. Still, he managed to create a masterpiece, one which Bonaparte marveled at for one hour after he was called in to give his opinion. He would have stayed in the study longer, had a messenger not rushed in to inform him that they had lost more soldiers in Russia.

“50 of our newest dispatches have been felled,” said the messenger. “Which new dispatches?” asked Bonaparte. “The lot that included Yoshua, your laundryman,” answered the messenger. Bonaparte did not know whether to celebrate the fact that he would not have to kill the careless laundryman himself, or to mourn losing more soldiers.”

He had started the day not knowing what to make of the wars going on at the borders and he thought he needed to get his painting done to relax. Now here he was, clad in his finest gear and still clueless on how to handle the calamities that appeared to be approaching him from all possible directions. He dismissed the messenger then went to his room and removed the pieces of clothing on his body, one after another.

He placed the red cuffs in the specially-made cuff-holder he had imported from Brazil and then hung the navy-blue jacket and cream vest on their respective hangers. With only the white tights covering his nakedness, he entered his blankets and covered himself from head to toe. Perhaps what he needed to organize his thoughts was a good sleep- not getting his painting done.

Works Cited

David, Jacques. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) in his Study n.d. JPEG file. MyArtPrints.co.uk. Web. <https://www.myartprints.co.uk/a/jacques-louis-david/napoleon-bonaparte-1769-1.html>

Howell, Jon. Snapshots of Great Leadership, London: Routledge, 2012. Print.

Introduction

Classical music has remained relevant in music for a long period even after the end of classical period. Classical period, between 1950 and 1825 brought great changes in Europe. The influence of this period was also reflected in the classical music. Among the major event in this era were rise of Napoleon Bonaparte and the fall of Monarchy rule in France. As it has always been, musicians tried to understand and interpret the events in this era. Beethoven and Tchaikovsky are some of re-known artists that featured Napoleon in their works.

Classical Period

Classical period came between the year 1750 and 1825. This period experienced various discoveries, famous individual and events. Among the important happenings experienced in this period, include the discovery of electricity, American Revolution to French revolution (Bour, 1967, p121). Among famous individuals in this period includes, George Washington, Napoleon Bonaparte and King Lois XIV of France. Likewise, famous classical artists such as Francisco de Gova Eugene Delacroix, John Constable, Tchaikovsky and Beethoven also marked the period (Burrows, 2005, p89).

The term, classical, as used in art is used to show the characteristic of works of art in this period. Starting from around 1750’s artist, architects and musician wanted to separate them from opulence observed in Baroque period. Instead, the artist wanted to frame their works of art to clean, uncluttered style used in classical Greece. In consequence, the period is referred to as classic to show the desire of the artists to emulate ancient Greeks’ works.

Classical art had characteristic that were different from the early Baroque period. Unlike the Baroque period where most works of arts were dedicated to the church, classical arts addressed subjects that are more secular. Due to political upheavals experienced in Europe in this period, the Church and Monarchs failed to be the only benefactors of works of art. From this changed, new aristocratic leader became the main feature in art. The aristocracy were appealed by music that were impersonalized but with good melody. The result of this was music aimed at entertainment that characterised classical music. Most of the classical music composer composed and performed their work for commercial purpose (Burrows, 2005, p123). For instance, most of classical music was composed for ceremonies, parties of for individuals. Although Vienna was the main place where most classical music were composed, there was pockets of composers were found across Europe.

Among the major achievement in classical period, include development of symphonic form, sonata, string quartets, popularity of opera, and invention of modern piano and development of various themes. Among famous composers in this period, include Christopher Willibald, Franz Joseph Haydn, Franz Schubert, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig Von Beethoven and Peter Tchaikovsky.

Works of arts of classical era reveals the issues that touched people during the period. French revolution is one of the major events that marked the period. The main figure the French revolution is Napoleon Bonaparte. Due to his dramatic influence in France other part of Europe, Napoleon became a subject to many artists. His influence to classical art if evident is paintings, sculptures and music from classical era.

Napoleon Bonaparte and the French revolution

Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 in the city of Ajaccio, Corsica. He was son to Carlo, an attorney and representative to Louis XVI court. For his education, he was taken to a French military school where his interests in military developed. Napoleon joined the military immediately after completing his studies and given the rank of left lieutenant. In a short period, Napoleon rose in the ranks to become a commander.

Napoleon great success in military came in 1795 when he organised a successful armed protest against the National Convention. His role in this protest earned him the favour of new rulers in France. Other military success followed when Napoleon was made the head of France military (Bour, 1967, p14). He was able to lead a successful military attach against Austrians in Lombardy and defeat the army of Papal. Under his leadership, France won military battles after military battles. These successes earned him adoration from his fellow military officer and people in general.

In 1798, Napoleon led the French army in an effort to prevent British entry into India. Although his army made some victories, he was forced to retreat and go back to France. In France, he met a bankrupt country divided by internal politics and decided to overthrow it. After managing to overthrow the government, Napoleon made himself as a Consul (Snipe, 1998, p54). This move highly welcomed by people France and other parts of Europe. People had great hope and confidence in his leadership especially after the revolution. Against expectation of many, Bonaparte established himself as Emperor of France in 1799. After this, Napoleon started to lead his army against other nation, conquering many of them.

Effect of Napoleon to classical art

Napoleon military success during the struggle with British occupation in France, foreign military success leader of French army, his role as Consul and event in Bonaparte war of many works of art. Various paintings, Sculptures and graphical art were made to depict events or individuals during the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars (Burrows, 2005, p119). Among the Napoleonic works of art includes Napoleon on Campaign, which shows Napoleon and his officer as they retreat from Moscow and Bonaparte Crossing the Great Saint Bernards Pass. Some of the works of arts from individuals’ artist interest while others were used as political tool for Bonaparte.

Influence in Classical Music

Napoleon Bonaparte era came during the classical period when classical music were on the rise. Napoleon personality, character and military success appealed to many classical music artists. Some artists praised Bonaparte and his endeavours while others were critical of him.

Ludwig Von Beethoven

Beethoven was a German classic musician that is considered as one of the most successful musicians in history. He begun his career as a skilled improviser at the piano and composer of piano music. Afterward he started to compose, string quartet, opera, chamber music and symphonies (Bour, 1967, p 33). His Symphony number 9 in D minor is perhaps the most famous work of classical music in existence. Beethoven works such as his Opera, Fidelio and his symphonies shows the artist’s interest in freedom and social harmony.

Symphony no 3: Eroica Symphony

Erotica Symphony is the most referred work of Beethoven. The connection of this work to Napoleon Bonaparte makes Eroica Symphony an important source of discussion on Classical music. Eroica Symphony was composed in E flat major. The orchestration required two oboes, two flutes, two bassoons, two clarinets three horns, stings and timpani. It is claimed that the work was originally composed to be dedicated to Napoleon by Beethoven later changed his mind (Whit tall, 1994, p 79). As the work was initially aimed for Bonaparte, the ideas in the music were influenced by Napoleon.

Napoleon success in French revolution was admired by many people in Europe. Most countries in Europe before the classical era were ruled by Monarchy. Most monarchies were oppressive to their people. This made success in French revolution to be viewed as a hope for other nations.

The inspiration to compose a symphony on Bonaparte could have come from General Bernadotte. By then, Bernadotte was the French Ambassador I Vienna. Beethoven was greatly moved by Napoleons personality. He saw him as a sign of hope for Europe. Beethoven saw Napoleon as a figure that would bring great positive changes to Europe; he hoped that Napoleon would bring in justice, freedom and fraternity (Whit tall, 1994, p 56). Eroica symphony reflects this hope as it is curled in the structure of a music. He considered Napoleon a rebirth of Roman consuls who once brought justice in Roman Empire. Erotica symphony reflects these ideas conceived of Napoleon.

Originally, Beethoven intended to name the work as Bonaparte Symphony, as a tribute to Napoleon Bonaparte. This was to honour the French Consul role in reforming Europe. This was after Napoleon had succeeded in leading military campaigns across the Europe. However, in 1784, Napoleon made himself emperor against the expectation of many. This act disappointed and angered Beethoven that he decided to change the title of the work (Whit tall, 1994, p 76). As it is legendary told, Beethoven cut the title from the work with a knife as a show of his disappointment. The new title, Erotica implied his refusal to name the work to Napoleon, whom he considered as a tyrant. Despite of this, Beethoven allowed the part of the title, composed to celebrate a great man, to be included in the title.

Tchaikovsky: 1812 overture

1812 Overture is theatrical and thunderous music made in 1880’s. The music is thought to have been prepared to depict the Battle of Borodino. The Battle of Borodino is a battle fought in classical era where Napoleon’s strong army advanced to meet the Russian army. In this battle, neither of the armies was defeated but it had significant effect to the relationship between the French and the Russians (Bour, 1967, p76). The deep vibration in the overture brings about the situation during the war. The work is an important work that features the feeling during the battle. The music continues to be important on how it capture the heart of many battles and celebrate success.

Tchaikovsky was a Russian and started to be involved in music at a tender age. At the age of five, Tchaikovsky started to attend piano lessons (Tchaikovsky, 1996, p71). He proved to be good at piano that he marched his teacher in less than years. Although Tchaikovsky was naturally good at music, his parent sent him to a school that would have ensured him a career in civil service. Despite of this, at age fourteen, he turned his attention to music again. After completing his service in civil service, Tchaikovsky started to attend classes in music under Nikolai Zaremba. 1812 Overture is an evidence of Tchaikovsky ability in music. The melody of this classical music is still relevant in music industry.

Before encountering Russian in the battle of Baroba, Napoleon army had trampled over almost every army in Europe. Knowing Napoleon’s success in other parts of Europe, Russia was greatly trouble by this advance. Russia was poorly developed with few industries (Bour, 1967, p55). War with France meant that its economy mould be affected severely due hindered trade. Faced with this reality, Russian leaders resolved to face France in a war. Napoleon sent correspondence to Russia requiring it to conform to its economic requirement bur received no response from Russia (Tchaikovsky, 1996, p51). After failing to get response from Russia Napoleon decided to send his troupes to fight with it.

1812 Overture can be interpreted as a campaign made to gain support for the war. Since, the victorious Napoleon army troubled the Russian army; they needed to be motivated to go war. The music achieved it motive when the French started to retreat.

Conclusion

Events in classical era provided artist with ideas to base their work. Classical works of art show the idea, inspirations and event in the most important era in Europe. Classical era was a break away from Baroque era. The work of art focused on more secular issues rather than religious issues. One of the classical figures that influenced classical art is Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon leadership in French Revolutions together with Napoleonic wars that followed attracted artists’ interest. Beethoven, Erotica symphony show the confidence and hope that the artist had on Napoleon. On the other hands, 1812 Overture reflect Russia campaign in war against France.

Reference List

Bour, R. (1967). Classical art. Birmingham: W. C. Brown Co.

Burrows, J. (2005). Classical Music. New York: DK Pub.

Snipe, T. (1998). Beethoven, Erotica symphony. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Tchaikovsky, P. (1996). 1812 overture: Marche slave, and; Francesca da Rimini. Oxford: Courier Dover Publications.

Whit tall, M (1994). Ludwig van Beethoven: approaches to his music. London: Oxford University Press.