Category: Modern Society

Slavery is a concept that has existed in various forms in all societies since the beginning of human history. Although it has been banned from the past to the present with various legal and administrative arrangements and theological approaches, slavery has in fact never disappeared. On the contrary, the concept of the concept of slavery, which is based on the relationship of ownership, has been gradually expanded over time and has been articulated by processes such as human trafficking, forced labor and debt captivity. As a result of this expansion, the concept of slavery has been replaced by modern slavery.

Firstly theoretical explanations are given about modern slavery and the concepts of forced labor and human trafficking. The types of modern slavery were then evaluated. Following this, the analyzes made by different institutions on modern slavery are presented and finally the strategies to combat modern slavery are discussed.

The Concept of Modern Slavery

Slavery has existed for thousands of years in various forms and in all civilizations. Although it was abolished and banned in developed countries in the 19th and 20th centuries, slavery was moved to different areas over time, and the informal economy, race based discrimination and so on added with topics.

Slavery has traditionally been defined as a process of persistent, violent domination, often confronted by individuals excluded from society. In the literature, there is a broad consensus that violence or control of another person plays a central role in slavery. Violence ensures the continuation of the relationship of domination in slavery.

Slavery has been used synonymously with the concepts of trafficking and forced labor for a long time. There have also been studies that define slavery within national boundaries and identify this concept with forced labor. Historically, both approaches have one thing in common: the management of the process based on violence.

Palermo Protocol 1 also known and adopted in 2000 In addition to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, the Protocol on the Prevention, Stopping and Punishment of Trafficking in Persons, in particular Women and Children, emphasizes sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery and organ trafficking, while defining the concept of trafficking. In the convention, human trafficking is based on the subject of exchange, transportation, transfers, housing or earning from people for the purpose of exploitation.

In this sense, methods such as coercion, threat or use of force are considered to be elements of trafficking, fraud, deception, abuse of power, and dealing with an individual’s debts or earnings against his / her consent in order to control it.

Forced labor 2, a concept developed by the International Labor Organization (ILO), is a concept adopted by the international community, including women and men, girls and boys, and includes the following elements:

• i) Working of the individual against his / her free will.
• ii) employers or their intermediaries to employ violence, threats or permanent debts. iii) the retention of employers or intermediaries with the threat of notifying their identity or passport to the authorities.

Such cases have also begun to be considered as slavery-like practices in recent studies. International rules of law define forced labor as a crime and foresee that penalties for crime should be such as to prevent the rise of crime. Governments and their partners need to develop more efficient and effective policies than today to improve the fight against forced labor

However, the studies also show that this type of work, which is considered as a criminal activity and hidden by various methods and which is carried out by passing the laws from behind, makes the struggle difficult. For this reason, the ILO supports the national governments in their struggle with various activities.

Terrorism has existed in one form or another and has been an issue within society throughout history. One of the first attempts at a terrorist attack in Britain was Guy Fawkes’ gunpowder plot of 1605, terrorism existed throughout Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia during the twentieth century and the definition of terrorism is derived from the French, ‘reign of terror’ in the late eighteenth century. In a more modern context however, terrorism is often viewed as a twenty-first-century phenomenon, this is far from the truth but it is evident to see that a new era of terrorism has emerged. In 1972 alone the worst year on record throughout, ‘The Troubles’ in Northern Ireland 476 people were killed as a result of terrorist attacks (Wesley Johnston Website). In contrast to this, according to official data from, 11 September 2001 to 31 March 2016, there were fifty-four deaths in Great Britain as a direct result of terrorist acts (House of Commons). This raises the question, Is terrorism really the current and growing major threat to society that we perceive it to be?

Since 2000, there have been seven deaths per year in the UK as a result of terrorism, this means you are more likely to be killed by dogs (responsible for eighteen deaths per year) according to a study conducted by, The Telegraph (2017). Of course, any intentional act of taking of life should be dealt with with the utmost severity but these statistics indicate that terrorism although a very real threat within our society is exasperated greatly by the government and particularly the media resulting in the creation of a moral panic (Cohen 2011). It is the purpose of this essay to examine the threat terrorism poses on the UK and to evaluate how successful we are at policing and tackling these threats. Terrorism has become a very real threat in today’s society and the responsibility to stop it in its tracks lies with us all. The government, security services, and the general public all play a crucial role in the prevention of terrorism.

Terrorism is defined under section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 as, ‘The use or threat of action … designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public … for the purpose of advancing a political, religious or ideological cause.’ This is the idea of using violence to pursue a particular agenda. With specific reference to Northern Ireland, we often fail to recognize that ‘The Troubles’ from 1969 to 1998 and the IRA terror campaign were one of the largest terror regimes in history. Placed Britain at number one on the ‘Global Terrorism Index’ from 1970 and for the thirty years that followed. The Northern Irish conflict was second only to Columbia as the longest-lasting terror campaign in the world between 1964 and 2016. Currently, the majority of terror attacks are conducted in the middle east accounting for over eighty percent of terrorist attacks globally since 2000.

Extremism is defined under the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 as, ‘Vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values, including democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and beliefs.’ Extremists can denunciate the values of a nation in either a violent or nonviolent manner and it is important to consider that they can exert this extremism from anywhere, for instance, an extremist opposed to British values but who is living in Iraq, is still an extremist thus making extremism incredibly difficult to police. Violent extremism seeks change using violence, intimidation, and fear to achieve a religious, political, or ideological agenda. Whilst non-violent extremism is not as pacifistic as its name suggests, defined by Desai (2011), ‘Non-violent extremism encompasses those who condemn terrorist attacks in this country but are happy to justify suicide attacks against British troops in the Middle East.’

Radicalisation is defined by Prevent (2015) as, ‘the process by which a person comes to support terrorism and forms of extremism leading to terrorism.’ Radicalization is best viewed as, ‘A process of change, a personal and political transformation from one condition to another.’, Muro (2016) also notes ‘Becoming radicalised is a gradual process’ and highlights that this happens neither quickly nor easily and in many cases, a catalyst event triggers this process according to Horgan (2014). There is a range of perspectives offered to explain radicalization, a sociological explanation suggests that radicalization lies with the individual and is an attempt to reclaim a lost identity in a hostile environment (Kepel, 2004). A Social movement perspective offered by Tarrow and Tilly (2001) believes that radicalization occurs as a result of growing support for a constructed reality typically within groups of like-minded people. Psychological reasoning for becoming radicalized includes emotional vulnerability, dissatisfaction with current political activity, identifying with victims, and belief that using violence is not immoral (Horgan, 2008). Empiricists such as Nesser (2004), argue individual level motivations and socioeconomic gain are the incentives behind becoming radicalized.

One major issue facing the policing of terrorism is the idea that ‘one man’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter.’ as addressed by Moxon-Browne (1981). This often causes tension between the police and not only the terrorists but those who may not be directly involved but understand the motives of these so-called terrorists. The IRA for instance were regarded as terrorists by the state but on a local level, many people supported their actions as they understood their reasoning for doing so. As a result, the majority of the nationalist community grew skeptical of the RUC and later the army, viewing them as enforcers of the state, and to this day the PSNI still face distrust from many members of the nationalist community despite countless attempts to rectify their image.

The Global Terrorism Index is a database used to record the terrorist incidents that occur around the world. A report is published annually offering a detailed account of every incident and providing statistics regarding casualties. The UK has a system used to assess the current threat level. It is currently severe. It is important to have this gauge on the likelihood of a terrorist attack however it is also damaging as it instills fear amongst the public. It has never fallen below substantial since its implementation in 2008. The threat towards Britain from IRA terrorist attacks currently resides on moderate which proves very promising however it also signals this shift in terrorism from the Irish republicans to Islamic extremists. ‘Muslim communities today are subjected to a similar process of construction as ‘suspect’ as Irish communities in the previous era’ contends Hickman et al (2011).

In today’s society of heightened fears of terrorism, the government must introduce relevant legislation to tackle this. The Terrorism Act 2000 was the first piece of legislation ever drafted to tackle terrorism other than Northern Irish-related terrorism which prompted the issuing of The Terrorism Act 1974. This was under constant review and The Terrorism Act 2006 was released as an updated version due to numerous terrorist incidents globally during this period such as the Attack on the world trade center, in the USA, in 2001, the Madrid train bombings, in 2004, and London 7/7 attack in 2005.

Legislation that tackles terrorism is often critiqued as being intrusive on people’s privacy. Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 is the legislation behind ‘Prevent’ which has been strongly criticized for this. Counter Terrorism and Security Act 2015 and the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 focus mainly on the use of modern methods of communication and the access to terrorist recruitment and sharing of material online.

Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000, allowed police to stop and search anybody, the search was only to be, ‘for the purpose of searching for articles of a kind which could be used in connection with terrorism’, however there was no requirement for the police conducting the search to have grounds for reasonable suspicion that the person may be involved in terrorism. This was addressed and later replaced by Section 47a which laid out a much higher threshold for stop and search to be authorised regarding reasonable suspicion. One of the main criticisms of searches under section 44, where that certain people were constantly targeted because of their characteristics rather than any suspected involvement in terrorism.

The government has implemented various strategies to tackle terrorism. The key one is ‘Consent ‘ which is the UKs counter-terrorism response strategy which aims to, ‘reduce the risk to the UK and its interests overseas from terrorism, so people can go about their lives freely and with confidence’ (Contest 2018). It focuses on four key areas, prevents, pursues, protects, and prepares. Prevent aims to stop people supporting terrorism or becoming terrorists, pursue focuses on stopping terrorist attacks before they happen, protect work on keeping the public safe by strengthening the protection against a terrorist attack, and lastly prepare deals with mitigating the impact of a terrorist attack should it occur.

Project Champion is part of the Prevent strategy which aims to, ‘tackle the wider ideological challenges and causes of terrorism from extremist groups’ (HM government 2011). This scheme was based in the Alum Rock area of Birmingham and entailed placing more CCTV in the area where there was a perceived threat of people engaging in terrorist activity. This resulted in the Muslim community feeling targeted and critiques have been raised surrounding the issue that victimization such as this can lead to radicalization thus having the opposite effect of this strategy’s intentions. Another key scheme under the prevention strategy is, ‘Channel’ which is, a multi-agency approach to identify and provide support to individuals who are at risk of being drawn into terrorism.’ This is a counter-radicalization approach that targets the most vulnerable.

As a result of these terrorism prevention schemes, there has been an emergence of a new suspect community within the UK. A stigma has been created against the Muslim community. Becker (1963) contends that making people feel as though they are ‘suspects’ can be a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’ a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true. This was a key concern surrounding Project Champion. Khan, (2006) stipulated, ‘We simply cannot ignore the fact that our country’s foreign policy is being used… to tell British Muslims that their country hates them.’

The government has implemented a host of legislation and official schemes to tackle terrorism however they have also initiated a range of basic programs at a ground level to ensure that everyone can play their part in the prevention of terrorism. There is a key focus on early intervention and prevention such as the Prevent strategy being implemented in schools and universities as well as prisons. Nationwide campaigns are implemented to teach the public what to do in the event of an attack for instance, the ‘Run, Hide, Tell’ campaign and the creation of, the ‘ACT – action against Terrorism’ organization which runs workshops in schools and workplaces and highlights what to look out for with regards to spotting terrorist activity.

With terrorism regarded as such a major concern in our society, it is important that the government and the police respond accordingly. George Bush (2001) declared the ‘War on Terror’ in response to the 9/11 attack. This was the key event that signaled the change in how we deal with terrorism. A crucial point to consider here is the view of Chomsky (2001) who said, ‘The killing of innocent civilians is terrorism, not a war against terrorism.’

‘Nine terrorist attacks have been prevented in the UK in the past year,’ according to MI5 director, Andrew Parker (2017). The police manage to prevent lots of terrorist attacks and infiltrate known or suspected terrorist gangs or persons on a regular basis however we do not hear of this very often, we only hear of the attacks that are ‘successful’, It is crucial to bare this in mind. ‘society expects the police rapidly and effectively to detect and prevent acts of terrorism’ Gregory (1981). As Wilkinson (1992) stated, ‘Fighting terrorism is like being a goalkeeper. You can make a hundred brilliant saves but the only shot that people remember is the one that gets past you.’

In conclusion, it is evidently clear to see that the response of the police services and other security organizations across the United Kingdom has played a major role in dealing with the terrorist threat and has been effective to an extent in countering terrorism. Although they have been successful there is still a long road ahead as recent major terrorist events such as the Manchester Arena attack, Westminster and London Bridge attacks in 2017, remind us that terrorism is a real and current problem that needs to constantly be addressed and we must continue to seek new and alternative ways to police terrorism. It is vitally important to remember that it is not solely the responsibility of the police to prevent terrorism as each and every one of us has a crucial role to play in the prevention of terrorism.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of poverty and terrorism in the Philippines and give a general idea of poverty is the main cause of terrorism. The study will provide an overview of the current status of Mindanao. Also, this research will provide an idea about terrorism in Mindanao.

Most terrorist activities include bomb-for-hire, bomb-for-sale, extortion, and kidnappings or kidnap-for-ransom is a dreadful activity that can earn money for the protection of their family and self-sustainment. Therefore, poverty is the number one cause of terrorism in the Philippines. The Philippine government must be developing a lot of projects that everyone will benefit, particularly the Filipinos who are living or suffering scarcity to lessen poverty as a result of minimizing the cases of terrorism. Poverty is one of the major problems in the Philippines; it is a scourge that needs the aid of the community and industrialized that should work to reduce it. Terrorism is also a problem in our country; in fact, it is a dilemma in the contemporary world. What is less clear now is whether poverty and low education are the root causes of terrorism.

The problem of terrorism in the Philippines is unfortunately not a new one. Although for some years now the terrorist threat .has spread throughout the world and increased. The armed groups and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) have been fighting for decades on the territory of our country. Based on the study of (Boumghar, Ceuppens, and Rajab 2008), those armed groups include a variety of movements: the so-called “leftist” groups advocating for national democracy and economic and social rights (the New People’s Army – NPA, the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines); secessionist groups calling for the independence of Mindanao in groups with the unclear objective which appeared more recently (Abu Sayyaf, Jemaah Islamiyah, Rajah Solaiman Movement)and Southern island of the country (the Moro National Liberation Front – MNLF, and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front – MILF). Some of these groups are considered terrorist organizations. Those terrorists have a big impact on Mindanao that causes violence and poverty

The highest among the three islands with four out of the top five poorest regions in the Philippines is Mindanao. Poverty incidence in Mindanao is at 40%. It has one-third of the Philippines’ poor but only a quarter of the country’s population. Although Mindanao has the highest poverty incidence, it has received only a 14.5% share of the national budget in the past five years. The poverty in Mindanao has an issue of greater budget and share in national offices is only one dimension of the complex issue of poverty. Poverty is symptomatic and only one of the products of a bigger problem which is injustice. The historical injustice is now commonly regarded as the underlying root of Mindanao’s poverty and conflict. Injustice is in various forms: environmental, social, political, cultural, economic, and political.

Terrorism explained the acts of violence carried out in the name of an organization or religion, or against an ideology. It is mostly in the form of kidnapping, shooting, bombing, and any other forms of mass murder. It is one of the major social issues in the Philippines following the long month’s siege of the terrorist group ISIS in the city of Marawi a few months back. Furthermore, it is also one of the world’s top ten problems together with poverty, climate change, and unemployment among others. Also, it brings everyday horror or tragedy to the people not just living in a certain area, but also in the country as a whole. Therefore, it’s true that terrorism is not new in the Philippines since attacks have been recorded way back in the ’70s, its impact is undeniably profound.

In 1847, salaries ranged from 300 to 2000 and after years it became 1500 to 1600.

(Paragraph 1, 1st sentence in Philippine History& Constitution p.65 ). It is too little for a growing family. Although the price of basic needs is also not that much, it is still not enough to sustain life. In a family which has 5-7 members, it is hard for them to eat three times a day for a 300 salary.

The government supervises the resolution of conflicting interests, the workings of the political process, the enforcement of law and rights, and the monitoring of national income. ( Paragraph 2, 1st sentence in Philippine History& Government p.223). With the growth of the welfare state, governments began to provide services such as social security and health insurance. But some areas in Mindanao province don’t reach by the government so the benefits are allotted for the Filipinos.

In our country, it is used as a home for many terrorism-related activities that are conducted by Islamic terrorist groups, particularly in the southern area. But these groups have conducted many attacks within the Philippines for almost three decades that have killed hundreds of people, and most of them were civilians. Some of these groups were also involved in many issues of kidnappings (kidnap-for-ransom), extortions, bombings, robbery, piracy, and assassinations. Besides, some group primarily targets the Philippine security forces, politicians, judges, government informers, and former NPA rebels.

The Philippines Government should be having a development project that could be like providing essential government services, building infrastructures, establishments, and schools, and giving more quality education. Having more quality education will lessen poverty and will promote good leadership that will resulting in a more peaceful and unified nation.

As for all the problems that the government faced with terrorism, we should bethink that the most important that for every faced by the country, there should be a solution or needs actions with appropriate solutions, a long-term one.

Terrorism is a difficult threat to tackle as it comes in different forms and for various reasons. For the most part, it is politically motivated and its purpose is to disturb the peace by installing fear into populations so that they can achieve what they want more easily. Using military power as a deterrent for terrorism can be seen to be effective in some aspects as it has the ability to take out their support and supplies which would slow them down however, with this use of hard power we have seen how it is not entirely effective in all cases of Terrorism. In fact, it has proved at times to be quite counter-productive due to ethical reasons as it seems to have collateral damage to civilians’ lives and the abuse of human rights. Other tactics might prove to be better suited to tackling terrorism such as soft power as some believe that it is easier to achieve the ideal outcome through negotiations rather than coercion. Ultimately, the combination of the two seems to be the most efficient way to deal with terrorism as a whole if you are looking at ways to eventually eradicate it however, realistically it looks like the best thing any nation can do is look to minimize the damage from terrorism as much as possible by implementing the right strategies in specific situations.

Military responses towards terrorist activities aim for the regime’s sponsorships as a way to weaken them. For instance, in 2001 the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. Military repression also includes the targeting of specific training camps and leaders. By directly attacking these they are able to weaken and slow down terrorist activity. We have seen successes of these through examples such as the Sri Lankan army carrying out an offensive push against the Tamil Tigers in 2008-09, destroying the movement’s ability as a fighting force and bringing an end to a 26-year conflict (Heywood, 2014). However, the issue with these attacks is that there are far too many civilian casualties. In this example of the Sri Lankan army, there was an estimated between 7000 and 20,000 civilian lives lost creating a negative image at times on military interventions. Moreover, military action is seen to be even more counterproductive when its reputation is defined by the abuse of human rights as we saw in the Abu Ghraib scandal whereby photos were leaked of how US soldiers had taken over one of their detention centers and had used it to torture and abuse captives. This had damaged the US’s ‘defender of the free world’ (Heywood, 2014) image heavily leading to a surge of anti-Americanism throughout the middle east enabling terrorist propaganda further. Military operations have their limitations as terrorist threats are so complex it creates great difficulty in finding a single strategy that could possibly provide a solution. That is why it is complicated to fully grasp a terrorist organization and to establish how we might effectively deter its acts (Jackson, 2011).

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) employed terrorism as a strategy in their political battle as the conflict began with authorities attempting to crush protests, which resulted in violence and the creation of armed paramilitary units (O’Neill, 2019). However, this was a scenario where soft power would come in handier than just using brute force. Attempting to use hard power here would just lead to unnecessary conflict and death as there was a clear political aim that the IRA wanted to achieve therefore a balance between the two was needed to strike a deal and create safety. The UK’s willingness to negotiate here saw the end to the terrorism in Northern Ireland as the Belfast agreement had been made. On the other hand, we must use this example to see how crucial it is to have a balance between soft and hard power as there are other cases that exemplify how the use of soft power alone is not an effective method to prevent terrorism. For example, as a gesture of goodwill and to prevent hostilities, President Andres Pastrana offered the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) a vast region on November 7, 1998, but he prompted the FARC to continue building significant pressure by seizing FARC camps (Rubin, 2014). As a result, the president followed through by increasing military measures which had led to a decrease in FARC activity demonstrating the importance of having a clear balance between the two types of powers. Other criticisms of the use of soft power alone are that it is seen as appeasement, or a form of moral retreat from intimidation and a lack of will to stand up for people’s beliefs (Heywood, 2014). In addition, it may only be an effective solution to use this in cases of nationalist terrorism such as the example of the IRA whereby the motivation lies within sovereignty redistribution and political autonomy.

What is terrorism?

Firstly, the question arises, what does “Terrorism” means? In simple words, “Terrorism”, means the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. Terrorism comes from the word ‘Terror’ which means creating fear in the minds of the people in the country. The word “Terrorism” joins with the suffix “ism” which means in English, that, a distinctive practice, system, or philosophy, typically a political ideology. Terrorism in India is the biggest problem. India is the most diversified country in the whole world, similarly, India would be the land of the most diverse terrorism. Religious terrorism, Political terrorism, State terrorism, and any other. Unless we the civilians are more responsible and tolerant eradication of terrorism from India will be impossible.

The problem which arises in terrorism, firstly, terrorism has not been defined in any provisions of the Terrorism Act, only terrorist activities have been defined. When the word has not been defined how can it constitute terrorism? If the terrorist activities which are clearly stated constitute terrorism then other activities cannot amount to terrorism which should be mounted. Secondly, an issue arises that the Government still cannot tackle the problem of terrorism due to their policies, laws enacted, and their relationships. Terrorist organizations are made so powerful and there is still no proper law that has been enacted to govern terrorism or to improve the future prospects and danger. And due to this, the most immediate and measurable impact of terrorism is physical and direct economic destruction from waging war, abetting against Government, smuggling activities, murder, kidnapping, abduction, bomb blasting, etc this leads to major crimes. The impact of terrorism is always negative on the economy.

Laws & Judicial Interpretation

The question arises why there is no tough “Anti-Terrorism Legislation” made in India and secondly why the word “Terrorism” is not been defined in the Act. While it is difficult to precisely define what is meant by ‘terrorism’. The Indian National Security Guard Act defines a ‘Terrorist.’ Earlier the first Act which enacted was- The Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA). It is normally designed to deal with associations and activities that questioned the territorial integrity of India, but, it remains no stringed laws to govern terrorism. The Act has all along been worked holistically as such and is completely within the purview of the Central list in the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. The second major Act that came into force was the Terrorist & Disruptive Activities Act (TADA). This Act was more stringed than UAPA, and it was designed to deal with terrorist activities in India.

However, later the provisions of this Act came to be misused and abused. It lapsed in 1995. Then, the Prevention Of Terrorists Act (POTA) was enforced. But this Act was also repealed. Another major Anti-terrorist law in India is ‘The Maharashtra Control Of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA).’ This law is designed to look into the crimes rising in Maharashtra, especially, Mumbai, due to the underworld. POTA does only mention organized crimes but MCOCA not only mentions this but also, the ‘ promotion of insurgency’ as a terrorist act. To prove a person guilty under POTA lies on the prosecution while under the Maharashtra law person is presumed guilty unless he is able to prove his innocence. MCOCA does not stipulate prosecution of police officers found guilty of its misuse. But POTA did.

Presently, in India, Acts govern for Terrorism are UAPA only. And states like Maharashtra and Kerala have made their own laws, mainly: MCOCA and KCOCA (Kerala Control Of Organised Crime Act). The Unlawful And Prevention Act, which is governing is not sufficient to regulate terrorist activities. In terms, of our sovereignty, unity, and integrity, and our feeling of nationalism, terrorism strikes at each one of them.

The UAPA does not define the word ‘ terrorist’ and ‘ terrorism’ in its definition clause it defines ‘ terrorist act,’ after the Amendment. The word ‘Terrorism’ has been defined in the UK. The Terrorism Act is the first of a number of general Terrorism Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom

In 2013, a set of amendments were introduced in UAPA which penalized financial activities related to terrorism. First, it introduced the concept of ‘offenses threatening economic security’ within the scope of a terrorist act under Section 5, including the smuggling of ‘high-value counterfeit currency. Since this is a recent amendment, it has not been judicially interpreted in any significant manner. It is thus, not yet clear under what circumstances counterfeiting is already an offence under the IPC.

Terrorism has several consequences which the country India is facing. There should be stringent laws to be made especially for the areas of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jammu & Kashmir, and other areas. So, it becomes very necessary in a country like India that if the laws regarding terrorism are enacted and it will be so tough that the culprit is brought he cannot be scot-free just because of some loopholes. When our neighboring nation Pakistan can make stringent laws then why can’t India?

Terrorism is, however, threatening people in order to achieve religious political, or ideological objectives. In India, the past years have established so many terrorist organizations which make intimate to the Government or to societies. The question arises why this is happening in India. Yet, what the Government is doing? Why they cannot find still a solution to this problem? The answer to these questions still remains unanswered and due to this problem, our Country is lacking behind. The most common roots of terrorism are globalization, culture clashes, etc.

The 26/11 Mumbai attack was one of the worst terror attacks India ever faced. The attack lasted for 4 days. 164 people were killed and 308 were injured. Terrorists captured Nariman’s house, Hotel Taj, and Hotel Oberoi Trident. Apart from these Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Leopold Café Cama Hospital, Metro Cinema, and in a lane behind the Times of India office. One attacker Ajmal Kasab was arrested and nine others were killed by police and NSG commandos in a long battle. The attack was conducted by Pakistan-based militant organization Lashkkar-e-Taiba and the mastermind was Hafiz Saeed.

Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab v. State of Maharashtra was a Pakistani national, who earned himself five death penalties and an equal number of life imprisonment for multiple crimes. Some of the major crimes were waging and abetting war against the Government of India; criminal conspiracy to commit murder committing murder of a number of persons; attempt to murder with common intention; criminal conspiracy and abetment; abduction for murder; and causing explosions. He and his comrades entered India illegally, bought arms and ammunition fired indiscriminately, and killed hundreds. Kasab was tried with two other accused persons and 9 dead accused and 5 wanted to be accused for various offenses under-

• Indian Penal Code, 1860
• Arms Act, 1959
• Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967
• Explosives Act,1884
• Explosives Substances Act, 1908
• Passport Act, 1920
• Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act, 198
• Railways Act, 1989
• Customs Act, 1962
• Foreignness Act, 11946

The accused Kasab was awarded five death sentences, five sentences of life imprisonment and 66 years and one month of rigorous imprisonment, and a fine of Rs. 136900. All the sentences were confirmed by the High Court and the Supreme Court. Kasab’s petition for Presidential clemency was turned down and he was executed.

Geelani Afsan, Afzal & Shaukat’s Hussain Guru v State of Delhi were proclaimed offenders and were said to be the leaders of the banned terrorist organization known as Jaish-e-Mohammed. The charges were framed under various sections of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002, and Explosives Substances Act by the designated session court. Geelani was acquitted of all charges except one under section 12 of IPC for which he was convicted and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for five years and to pay a fine. His acquittal blew a gaping hole in the prosecution’s version of the Parliament attack. The other two were upheld with death sentences under sections 302 and 120B of IPC and section 3(2) of POTA. They were also sentenced to life imprisonment and a fine. Shaukat Hussain was released nine months prior to his official date of release because of his good conduct. Afzal Guru was hanged on February 2013.

Hafiz Saeed v State was arrested in 2008 for 26/11 and on November 2017 he was released. As Lahore High Court had decided to release him as there were no charges against Saeed and the decision to free him was within the bounds of the law.

There is a problem of speedy justice. As our Judiciary is independent it should also try fair and speedy justice. It is truly said ‘Justice delay is Justice Denial.’ Kasab case was only the case in history whose judgment doesn’t takes years to come. But the Afzal Guru case took 12 years to uphold his death. Also recently Hafiz’s case, in which he had been arrested in the 26/11 attack in 2008, he was released just because there were no charges to be framed. This decision of the Judiciary is vague. Just because of a small thing he walks out freely. This is the problem with our Country there are no such stringed laws to govern terrorism. As the days are passing terrorism is going on increasing. How Judiciary led Saeed to be free and continue with his evil acts? If a country is implementing terrorism laws then how far such terrorists are released? This means that our laws are not strict to regulate such acts.

The major problem of the Judiciary is backlog of the cases. These activities are serious to the people and societies and immediately strict actions are to be taken but our judicial system doesn’t lead it to be. Though their implementation of new laws in UAPA and Special Investigation Agencies has been established then also it is lacking somewhere. That’s the reason after implementation also there is the raising of this problem.

Again the question arises of how the Government reacts to terrorism. The answer to the question is their response is episodic. Soon after an attack, the government appears to take short-term measures. ‘India lacks a coherent strategic response to terrorism’, there is no doctrine, and most of the responses our useless. If we look at the other countries they have been provided with tight security, proper training been given they know how to deal with the terrorists and therefore, they are in a safer zone. But our people are not in a safer zone. What the Government is doing in protecting the citizens of the Country? If they are doing something, why it is taking such a long time? When they will take action when the whole country will go to the downside?

In the world we live in today it is very difficult to ignore the fact that international terrorism is very present and it is present everywhere. Random acts of violence have been happening for the several last decades bringing with them death and destruction. Such acts do not only affect political stability and people’s lives, they also have an enormous effect on the economy and of course on business ventures. It is widely known that the attacks on the Twin Towers in New York City, on the 11th of September 2001 have had a significant impact on the American economy. The New York stock exchange simply crashed as a result. This had not been an isolated event, a similar situation was repeated in London, Paris, and Berlin, leading us to the conclusion that terrorism was a substantial obstacle to not only peaceful living but also a lucrative business.

Globalization has certainly played its part in the increasing trends of terrorism because it affected trade, travel, and information transfers which in turn had an effect on economic differences and brought forth ideological competition. The rise of religious fundamentalism also played an enormous part due to its extension to military operations, which has been in constant uprising, particularly in the Islamic world. Also, technological advancement has made many new weapons available to such individuals, weapons which have the power to cause mass destruction such as nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons and thus giving certain interest groups the means to attain deadly power and use it against those who they have deemed had done them wrong.

The most straightforward effects terrorism has can be seen in the loss of life but also in the destruction of infrastructure, buildings, and equipment, even though this doesn’t tend to affect private companies as much as government-owned facilities. It’s the indirect effects of terrorism that are far more widespread and felt by various companies and people because they tend to cause a decline in buyer demand, increase costs of transactions, cause interruptions in international supply chains, and can very well cause a decline in foreign direct investment. They also tend to affect tourism significantly.

Costs associated with terrorism have been known to affect international trade which was again seen after the attacks on the Twins when Ford closed down five of their plants, however temporary and FedEx lost over a hundred million dollars in the first two days after the attacks alone. Such instances have been an incentive for scholars to debate the connection between acts of terrorism and the negative trends in international business. Terrorism produces new impediments to cross-national trade and investment, as national and supra-national governments impose anti-terrorism policies, regulations, and procedures (Czinkota et al., 2004; Spich & Grosse, 2005). Such responses have the potential to alter the commercial environment in ways more harmful to business interests than the terrorist events that provoked them (Czinkota et al., 2004; Enders & Sandler, 2006).

To counteract the effects of terrorism and to stop new terrorist attacks many countries had seen fit to implement new rules and regulations, not just for passengers but also for international shipping, which had decreased its efficiency and increased costs.

Terrorism affects governments, militaries, and private resources because they all need to be extended in order to protect people and property from terrorism. This can be seen in the amounts the United States government alone is spending on their military, let alone international organizations and other countries. Terrorist attacks had called for more vigilance, more police on the streets, more firefighters, and more medical staff, and this all incurs costs.

But they are not the only ones. In order to protect their assets, many companies have started including in the strategies measures on how to counter effects that can be linked to terrorism. In a Gallup International survey (2008) of 61,600 randomly chosen people in 60 countries, out of 13 choices the ‘‘war on terrorism’’ was cited as the fourth most important priority for world leaders (following ‘‘eliminating poverty’’, ‘‘economic growth’’, and ‘‘reducing wars’’).

It often seems like the world is in a constant state of panic. Technology has facilitated many everyday activities and has provided immediate information to those seeking it. People are informed about major events in seconds and this, inevitably, causes people to persistently feel alarmed and anxious. Terrorism, or “ the threat or use of violence to change an existing political order” (Chernotsky), is one of the major events shaping the world today and adding to this panic. In 2016, 47 percent of attacks were bombings or explosions, 8,937 people were kidnapped worldwide, 19,461 people were injured from an attack, and there were 18,753 fatalities from terrorist attacks (Statista, 2018). Terrorism is a very complex subject, but it is one that many people should be somewhat informed about. The effects extend past the casualties and destruction; trade, politics, and economics are also affected by terrorism.

People are heavily influenced by the negative outcomes of terrorism. According to Radu, there were over 11,000 terrorist attacks around the world in 2016 which approximately killed 25,600 and injured 34,000 people (Radu, 2018). These numbers are not including the thousands of individuals that were kidnapped or became hostage to terrorists. Additionally, Radu mentions that terrorism “made the news in 104 countries” (Radu, 2018). This continuous exposure to terrorist attacks has caused terrorism to become one of the most important issues for people to discuss around the world. Terrorism is such a relevant subject that, according to the 2018 Best Countries survey and rankings, about 35 percent of 21,000+ individuals taking a global survey preferred the subject of terrorism over others including climate change, immigration, and gender inequality (Radu, 2018).

People have become so interested in terrorism that schools around the world have begun to incorporate the study of terrorism into their curricula. University professors in Sri Lanka have experienced a higher demand from students to study counterterrorism studies. Additionally, Ion Duvac, a terrorism studies professor in Romania states that people working in careers involving national security, business, law, and journalism are most involved in studying the subject (Radu, 2018). These fields affect multiple types of careers but they also affect the type of training that would be required for different jobs. The increased interest in terrorism has already affected education. In school, individuals are learning the causes and effects of terrorism. Eventually, schools will incorporate ways students should protect themselves in a terrorist attack and theories on how to prevent attacks. However, it is obvious that the upcoming workforce around the world will have new knowledge and skills pertaining to terrorist attacks that the current workforce does not yet have. Since educators are seeing an increased interest in the subject of terrorism, future generations are likely to keep monitoring terrorism closely. Perhaps the increased study of terrorism will bring the world closer to ending terrorism for good.

There have been multiple attacks across the world. On December 16, 2014, a terrorist attack in Pakistan left 145 individuals dead, 132 of them being children. On the very same day, a double bombing attack killed 25 in Yemen (Shelton, 2018). Surprisingly, the day before 185 individuals were kidnapped from a village in Nigeria (Shelton, 2018). Terrorism does not exclusively affect one nation. For this reason, as mentioned before, people are in a constant state of anxiety; no place is safe from terrorism. According to Fitzsimmons, 39 percent of individuals feel anxious about a changing workplace structure, 30 percent about redundancy, 24 percent about broader economic conditions, 18 percent about technological change, and 14 percent about international economic conditions (Fitzsimmons, 2018). These statistics are not taking into consideration the anxiety that individuals must feel from living in a world with continuous unexpected terrorist attacks. Dr. Leahy states that the purpose of terrorism is for terrorist groups to install fear onto a victim to increase the group’s relevance and this may result in an increased level of anxiety (Leahy, 2018). Since attacks happen so frequently and are dispersed, it is no surprise that individuals feel so anxious. However, terrorism not only affects an individual’s mental state, but their working capabilities as well. Anxiety in the workforce may result in missed deadlines, higher employee turnover, and damage to the company’s image (Jones, 2018). These effects are very damaging to a workplace in any part of the world.

Unfortunately, the effect of terrorism is beyond the people; additionally, it affects global trade, politics, and the economy. Terrorism has a very sudden impact on trade: terrorism increases uncertainty. Uncertainty in global trade can raise the cost of trade goods which can hurt a country’s economy by depreciating the monetary value. Another effect on trade is the increased cost of doing business by having countries take part in insurance measures and security costs. Terrorism can also slow down the flow of goods and services between nations due to uncertainty (Bandyopadhyay, 2016). Most importantly, terrorism can impact trade severely because some nations might want to steer clear of uncertainty in nations. Trade is most productive when there is political stability and terrorism can disrupt this state.

Politically, terrorism can be a big influence on the outcome of elections. When the 2017 terrorist attack in Paris occurred, the country was going through presidential elections, and the right-wing party looked appealing to a lot of voters (Fisher, 2017). Fisher states that terrorist attacks can alter the way that people vote with studies showing that there is an increase in polarization after an attack. Israel, a country with a “complex multiparty system,” has best demonstrated the effects of terrorism on political elections (Fisher, 2017). According to Claude Berrebi, a 2008 study found that when an area experienced a terrorist attack months away from an election, voters “shifted toward right-wing parties at an average of 1.35 percentage points” (Fisher, 2017). Terrorist attacks cause so much uncertainty that they may influence political elections under the right circumstances.

A country’s economy is heavily disrupted by terrorism. The very first impact of terrorism, besides the casualties, is the destruction caused by the attacks. Depending on the attack, there could be a lot of physical destruction after an attack (Ross, 2016). A building can collapse and cause a lot of damage to its surroundings, as happened during the 9/11 attacks. The World Trade Center was a very important place of business in the United States and they were destroyed in a matter of minutes. This is true for other important locations around the world, whether it be hospitals, churches, or other businesses. Another impact of terrorism on the economy is the probability of war. If a nation is shaken enough, it might decide it is reasonable to go to war over a terrorist attack (Ross, 2016). The U.S. is most famous for doing this after the 9/11 attacks. However, other countries have joined the U.S. in fighting terrorist groups, including ISIS. The U.S. is currently in the war against ISIS and 68 nations have joined the country in this fight (O’Connor, 2017). The nations include Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Italy, and many more. Although the effort has good intentions, it is no secret that funding these wars is expensive. To finance a war, a country may rely on higher taxes, deficits, and inflation (Ross, 2016). Finally, terrorist attacks can bring about skepticism toward foreign nationals (Ross, 2016). Once again, best demonstrated by the United States and the installment of travel bans against countries with terrorist influence. Although the travel bans are debatable, the reaction toward terrorism by the U.S. was a very normal one.

All this said the number of terrorist attacks has statistically fallen. Dudley states that in 2016, the casualties resulting from terrorism fell 13 percent from 2015 and 22 percent from 2014 (Dudley, 2018). Additionally, the 2017 Global Terrorism Index concluded that Syria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria – four of five countries most affected by terrorism – had a decrease in deaths from terrorism in 2016 (Dudley, 2017). Although this is good news, it does not mean that people should feel relief and assume terrorism is declining indefinitely. The number of deaths may have fallen, but more places around the world were affected by terrorism, with “77 countries [suffering] at least one death from terrorism” in 2016 (Dudley, 2017). While the four previously mentioned countries saw a decrease in casualties, “Europe and other developed countries have seen their situations get worse” (Dudley, 2017). These statistics can be interpreted in a number of ways, however, terrorism is far from being obliterated. What can probably be concluded from the numbers is that terrorist groups have increasingly favored surprise attacks in Western countries since they would be more unexpected and thus, more damaging. Since there is more interest in terrorism subject in schools, perhaps increased awareness and studies will help further decrease these numbers around the world.

All of these effects are significant because every day the world is leaning more toward globalization and terrorism is a threat to it. People are more focused on the destruction occurring around the world that they will be less likely to want to travel and work with other nations.

Terrorism is a complicated subject; yet, its importance is undeniable. People are heavily affected by the attacks and thousands of individuals have died due to attacks. Those that survive may find themselves battling PTSD and those that are viewing the attacks on media can find themselves in a constant state of anxiety as they try to make sense of the world’s current situation. However, The effects of terrorism stretch beyond the people. Terrorism affects trade among nations due to increased uncertainty. Around the world, political elections and laws can be heavily influenced by terrorist attacks. Countries can find themselves in economic turmoil after a terrorist attack due to increased destruction and anger. All of this ends up affecting the global workforce because globalization has caused the world’s nations to be so intertwined that a terrorist attack in one country is really an attack toward world peace.

In November 2008, A series of terrorist attacks took place in Mumbai. A terrorist organization, based in Pakistan, Lashkar-e-Taiba carried out eight attacks that lasted for 4 days across Mumbai. Eight of the attacks occurred on prestigious and historic locations in which there was an estimation of 174 people died including 9 attackers and more than 300 were wounded. This attack was well-planned and coordinated, and it involved the usage of digital technology for communication.

Eight of the attacks occurred in prestigious and historic locations which were

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
• The Oberoi Trident
• The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel
• Leopold Café
• Cama Hospital
• Mumbai Chabad House
• The Nariman House
• Explosion at Mazagaon, Mumbai’s port area

Background

The Mumbai terrorist attacks of November 26, 2008, in India were a massive blow to the internal security and peace of the Indian sovereign territory. Investigations revealed that the attacks were not sporadic but rather studied and pre-planned series of several skirmishes that led to the siege of four densely populated areas in the city of Mumbai. Interestingly, crime analysts point out that the Central Intelligence Agency had already intercepted the messages exchanged between the responsible persons who belonged to the organization, Lashkar-e- table, a Pakistan-based terror group, and informed the Indian intelligence organization- RAW. The Indian overseas authority however continued to take no immediate action against the lead on the attack. Thus, it is argued that the calamity of the attacks could have been avoided if the inland security was alerted. However, based on the research, it also emerges that although the attacks could have been minimized in their impact, the attacks could not have been completely stopped. This is because the convicted personnel who were involved in the implementation of the multifold attacks testified that the plans for the siege of Mumbai were carried out much in advance and involved a high level of coordination between the different teams. Moreover, peculiar to this incident was the direct involvement of the Pakistan state intelligence (ISI) in providing logistics support to the terrorists. Thus, the acts were resilient to mere preventive measures as they appear to have been strengthened both in terms of training and the financial costs for the maintenance of the personnel. Given that the weapons and the personnel came from the neighboring country Pakistan through the sea route via the Arabian Sea, the plan was extremely expensive in terms of the monetary costs involved. However, the Mumbai attacks proved to be additionally heavy in terms of the costs incurred by the suffering country in order to curb and arrest the terrorists and it additionally took a toll on civilian lives both in terms of survival as well as trauma of the survivors.

Objectives

“The two landing sites and the targets – two iconic five-star hotels, a Jewish Centre, and a prominent railway station complex – had been meticulously recced by a LeT ferret planted in Mumbai.

The attacks possibly had dual tactical objectives.

• To extract a video-game-counter-like toll of civilian lives and later, to lay prolonged, multiple sieges in India’s commercial capital. The strategic objectives also appeared to be two-fold.
• To strike at the booming Indian economy and heighten border tensions which could jeopardize Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari’s peace outreach towards India.

The feeble reception that awaited the gunmen in Mumbai was inexplicable. For at least two years prior to the attacks, Indian intelligence agencies issued at least twenty-six alerts warning of possible Fedayeen strikes, seaborne attacks, and multi-target raids. Yet this spreading bloom of alerts, did not cause even a murmur and was instead, lazily passed down from the Central intelligence agencies down the bureaucratic chain in the Mumbai police. Hotels on the target list did not even install basic measures like doorframe metal detectors or blast-protected doors or even rehearse emergencies.

Reaction in India

The terrorist attacks in Mumbai exposed loopholes in the security system that India had in place to deal with this “new brand” of terrorism—urban warfare characterized by symbolic attacks, multiple targets, and high casualties. Subsequent reports indicated that several intelligence warnings by Indian as well as U.S. sources had preceded the attacks but that authorities, citing the lack of “actionable intelligence,” had ignored them. Moreover, there was an inordinate delay in the deployment of India’s elite National Security Guards, whose commandos reached the besieged hotels some 10 hours after the first shootings took place on November 26. The lack of coordination between authorities in the Indian capital New Delhi and officials in Maharashtra state also weakened the immediate crisis response. India’s interior minister, Shivraj Patil, who was widely criticized in the aftermath of the attacks, tendered his resignation on November 30, 2008, declaring that he took “moral responsibility” for the assault.

Weakness in the process

The reactions that do not help in a mitigation effort are also important to understand, to get the complete picture of the information processing mechanism during the Mumbai Police Department’s response to the attacks. The Control Room officials disagreed with the fact that officers believed that they could counter the terrorists with existing technologies and weapons. But the field officers, on the other hand, agreed that the officers hoped to counter the terrorists with existing weapons and technologies.

“I felt that I had never experienced something like this in Mumbai. Most officers were trained in or had experienced one-strike attacks – not live attacks. Field officers were not trained or equipped.” [Control Room Officer]

Both Control Room and Zone 1 personnel believed that officers did not think that the attacks were minor, and they also believed that the media did not help in collecting and passing correct information about the attacks. In one of the interviews, a Control Room officer mentioned that the media reported wrong information about the death of a senior police officer, and it was corrected later on by the police control room. According to the interviews, the Control Room officers believed that the officers thought that attack would end soon, and the terrorists would be captured. But the Zone 1 officials believed the opposite. Overall, the assumptions made in order to mitigate the terror attack were somewhat more than neutral for Control Room, and the Zone 1 officials disagreed with such assumptions.

“One officer did not know what actually happened at VT which was because he did not voluntarily switch the broadcasting channel to South Zone. In fact, most in the line of duty that day got to know most of the news and reports from the TV news ticker.” [Field Officer]

Impact

The Leopold Cafe opened its doors to customers just four days after the attacks. The owners wanted to repair the damaged parts of the cafe while retaining some of the damaged pieces as a tribute to those who lost their lives in the attacks.

Security forces handed back control of the Taj Mahal Hotel to the Taj group on 1 December 2008, and work on its repairs began that same day. Celebrated artist M.F. Hussain, whose art was destroyed in the attacks, has agreed to replace the paintings with a series that will condemn the attack. Hussain plans this series as a tribute to the staff of the hotel, who laid down their lives to save other people.

Control of the Trident has already been handed back to the management, while the Oberoi will take 3–4 months to resume operations. Both the Taj and Trident hotels reopened on 21 December 2008.

Nariman House will also reopen soon, but it is not known exactly when. Several young Chabad couples from all over the world have stepped forward to move to Mumbai and continue the movement’s work.

In the aftermath of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, all schools and colleges, and most offices were closed. The Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange remained closed on 27 November 2008. Shooting of Bollywood films and TV series had also been halted in the city. Many international airlines temporarily discontinued operations in Mumbai, in the interest of passenger and crew safety.

The Indian Cricket League’s ongoing tournament in Ahmedabad was canceled. The two remaining One Day Internationals of the seven-match series between the visiting England cricket team and India were canceled. The visiting team flew home but returned to continue the test series. The attacks have brought into significance the issue of 379 Indian boats and 336 fishermen apprehended by the Pakistan marine agency, for entering their waters. Nearly 200 of the boats have reportedly been auctioned, now recognized as a national security issue for India. On 28 November, Pakistan released 99 fishermen who were apprehended, as part of confidence-building measures with India. There were threats to blow up ITC Fortune Hotel in Navi Mumbai after Mumbai police received a bomb threat from terrorists. Rumors about further shootings at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus were doing the rounds in Mumbai on 28 November and were widely reported by the news channels. The Railway Police denied these rumors but stopped trains approaching CST.

The committee evaluated lapses in the law enforcement agencies and suggests measures to prevent events like the 26/11 Mumbai attacks.

The aim of the commission was to ‘analyze how far the existing procedures, instruments and administrative culture are to be blamed for what is perceived as lapses. The committee’s stress was on identifying systemic failures,’ as opposed to blaming individuals.

The report stated that there was a lack of leadership among senior police officers. It attacks Hasan Gafoor who was the Commissioner of Mumbai during 26/11. ‘We have found a series of lapses on the part of the Commissioner of Mumbai in the handling of the multi-pronged attack. There was an absence of overt leadership on the part of CP Hasan Gafoor and a lack of visible command and control at the CP’s office. “Instead of taking charge of the Control Room, Gafoor stationed himself outside the Trident Hotel and coordinated the police’s response to the terror strikes from there. The reports Gafoor went against the standard operating procedure laid down to deal with terror attacks.

Gafoor was transferred a week after the report was submitted to the government.

The Pradhan Committee Report also said the government under-performed during 26/11. ‘We found several lacunae in workings both within Mantralaya and within the Police establishment. We’ll set out procedures for handling intelligence… crisis management was overlooked’. It is also critical of the two hotels attacked during 26/11, the Trident and the Taj, for not following security advice issued to them.

The Pradhan Committee report is not all anti-police. It praises Director General of Police A N Roy and Joint Commissioner of Police (Crime) Rakesh Maria who was in charge of the control room. The report has also raised critical questions on the Mumbai Police’s lack of equipment and arms, saying that the state police had not received any ammunition since 2006. It has also pointed out that the Mumbai Police last received AK 47 bullets in 2005 and that the Quick Response Team has had no practice since 2007.

The report was leaked before the first anniversary of 26/11 as divisions within the Mumbai Police peaked. Speaking to NDTV’s Barkha Dutt on the eve of the 26/11 anniversary, Home Minister P Chidambaram had said: ‘It’s time the Mumbai Police talked less and did more and stopped wasting time in running to the media.’

Responding to ‘26/11’

Initial claims that 26/11 represented a paradigm shift in the Indian state’s approach to security governance have proven overstated. Yet the attacks did produce some important policy developments.

Police modernization efforts increased greatly at the Mumbai city and Maharashtra state levels.

Following 26/11, police modernization accelerated rapidly, albeit temporarily. Less than a month after the attacks, a new budget totaling Rs 126 crore (USD approx. 23.3 million) had been sanctioned by the Maharashtra legislative assembly (Agarwal 2008). This budget authorized a range of new purchases including imported weaponry, a fleet of new armored vehicles, speedboats, amphibious vehicles, and other security gadgets.

Shortly after 26/11, the state government also announced a surveillance scheme to cover Mumbai with 6000 CCTV cameras. In addition to the pace of these developments, it is important to draw attention to the nature of the procurements themselves. Whereas the MFG largely focused on basic weaponry and equipment, the response to 26/11 focused on purchasing expensive imported weapons, armored vehicles, and new uniforms for special operations forces with distinctly militaristic features. One of the most visible examples was the fleet of Mahindra Marksman bulletproof jeeps, ironically painted with desert camouflage. These were stationed at prominent locations across south Mumbai such as the Maharashtra state government headquarters Mantralaya, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station, and the Gateway of India/Taj hotel, and are typically manned by police officers carrying automatic rifles.

By 2 April 2009, the government of Maharashtra passed an order authorizing the creation of the state’s own ‘crack’ commando squad Force One tasked with responding to live terror incidents.2 The government also considerably expanded, strengthened and restructured the Mumbai police’s Quick Response Teams (QRTs) through new training regimens, uniforms, weapons, and equipment. These units were permanently stationed at all of Mumbai’s five regional police stations, under the command of their local Additional Commissioner of Police.

Terrorism is something that has influenced the lives of the American population in the United States in any event once in their lifetimes. It is something that Americans have found out about in history books and have seen on national TV. Terrorism has sadly been a part of the United States of America’s history since as early as the 1920s. Terrorism has caused the United States of America to have to make new laws or make some changes to how things are in the country. The fight against terrorism in the United States is an important issue for the safety of its civilians. The government addresses it by making laws against its weapons, having critical infrastructure security, and the government has a national terrorism advisory system. Although the government does everything that it can to try and prevent these types of incidents from occurring, people still have found ways to terrorist Americans. Most terrorist attacks are not from Americans, they are usually part of a terrorist group who try to gain power and want political attention. September 11, 2001, the most catastrophic date in the history of the United States of America, the ‘9/11 Attack’ occurred in New York City, Washington D.C, and Pennsylvania. The deadliest attack that the United States has ever experienced was on September 11, 2001, led by the Islamic extremist group Al-Qaeda.

World War I was an extraordinary misfortune both physically and inwardly. It was a contention between the Allies and the Central Powers from 1914 to 1918. In excess of 15 million individuals were executed in struggle, making it a standout amongst the most fatal clashes ever. Sadly the United States of America was a part of this horrible war. The United States President Woodrow Wilson looked to keep up the United States neutral yet was at last unfit to keep the United States out of the war, due to how aggressive the Germans were in the war. On May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the British sea liner RMS Lusitania, which had over a hundred Americans ready. Wilson cautioned that the United States would not allow unrestricted submarine fighting or any further infringement of universal law. This was a warning to all the countries a part of World War 1 That the United States was not happy with what had happened and that it would not be tolerated. In January 1917, the Germans continued submarine fighting. A couple of days after this declaration, the Wilson organization acquired a duplicate of the Zimmermann Telegram, which encouraged Mexico to join the war as an ally to the Germans. Why would they agree to join the Germans and go against the United States? Germany informed Mexico that if they won the war Mexico will be given back the states that now belong to the United States which are Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico. This was somewhat of a treat to the United States who did not take it lightly. The continuation of German submarine assaults on US trader vessels drove the United States Congress to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. This is when the United States caused great terror to the whole entire country and had to now go to war. Of course, there were people who agreed with the decision on declaring war with Germany but no one thought about “ all the lives that will be lost.” or “ who is going to have to serve for this country to go to this war.” This then causes lots of problems in the future. After World War 1 was overcame all the effects on the civilians. The experience of the First World War was Traumatizing. The alleged ‘cultivated’ Western majority rules systems had dove into a brutal and lethal clash with questionable starting points and an unacceptable result. Causing many to wound up baffled by the qualities and standards of the American political majority rule government and shopper culture. The age that grew up amid the First World War and the ‘1920s is known as the ‘Lost Generation.’ Losing a Generation just because of a War is truly an act of terrorism due to all the lives lost not only american but all lives in general. This will certainly bring change in the view of the United States when it comes to Terror in America.

All Americans have the right to bear arms given to them by the second amendment. The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution reads: ‘A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.’This amendment brings great honor to a lot of Americans, but with that honor, it also brings great terror to other Americans. There have been a lot of terrible tragedies due to this amendment. It is always people who are not in the correct state of mind and do not have good intentions to get a hold of a deadly weapon. Throughout the years there have been multiple acts in place to help avoid any incidents. The National Firearms Act of 1934 was one of the first restrictions on guns. The National Firearm Act of 1934 was put in place to avoid large massacres from happening. It covered the machine gun which was a deadly weapon used in most if not all killings at the time and also any short-barrel firearm. This controlled the activity with the usage of guns and how they aren’t safe for the environment. This occurring only a couple of years before the world war ll happened was a big act that was in place. This showed the country that no matter what was happening to prevent tragedies to happen they will still occur. The government’s effort made no massive change in the way citizens would react to their problems.

The beginning of World War ll was in 1939 and the United States of America being a part of it brought great terror to the whole country. The country had gone through great change during the First World War. They would begin World War ll as a neutral country. As the country didn’t want any more terror in the country as there was in the previous World War. Even as the country had a neutral position in this war they would soon get an unexpected surprise. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese propelled an unexpected assault on the US Naval Base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, utilizing planes, torpedo aircraft, and diminutive person submarines. On December 8, President Franklin D. Roosevelt conveyed his ‘Disgrace Speech’ to American citizens, illuminating them this happened in spite of the way that the US was amidst converses with keeping harmony with Japan. On that equivalent day, with congressional endorsement, America went into World War II. This caused great tension in the country as the last time they went into a World War they lost thousands of lives. This would also be the case for this war as they feared. The attack made the whole country think twice about what would occur from that point forward as they didn’t expect Japan or anyone to attack them since they were a neutral country. The country was now going into yet another War that they didn’t want to be in, last time by choice and this time by force. The fact that they went into this war because Japan attacked them for the only purpose is to get an advantage over the other countries made american citizens angry.

As many may know the war was a total massacre hundreds of thousands died in the war but no one will ever believe the unthinkable bombing that the United States had done to Japan. On the sixth of August 1945, the US dropped a nuclear bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, ushering in the atomic age. The bomb caused the passing of more than 100,000 people, with the greater part of the devastation relating to guiltless regular folks. After three days, the Americans rehashed their activity at Nagasaki. The point of the US was not, to cause complete annihilation of the Japanese, but to cause total obliteration of the Japanese, yet to catch the wild patriotism inside Japan. This was a terrorizing event for all the people in Japan but also for all of the world showing that the United States just did the unthinkable and destroyed 2 whole cities, killing thousands of people in a matter of 3 days. This would be the end of the Second World War. But this did not mean that everything would now be okay has now the world became aware of the type of weapons one can make which will lead the United States into yet another one of these awful and traumatizing wars. This would now bring up the cold war for the United States.

‘The Cold War became a dominant influence on many aspects of American society for much of the second half of the 20th century. It escalated due to antagonist values between the United States, representing capitalism and democracy, and the Soviet Union, representing communism and authoritarianism.’ Being the two prevailing world powers after WWII, the dispute between the Americans and the Soviets turned into a worldwide clash. The Cold War varied from most wars in that it was quite a bit of a purposeful publicity war as a war with military commitment. The Cold War was not an actual war that was fought with the military but mostly just threats being said from one to another. Saying this doesn’t make it a nun important time of terror in the United States. Most people believed that since the United States had bombed Japan with nuclear weapons maybe Russia would do the same. This is very critical due to the fact that if they were to be attacked with would kill thousands of people, innocent people. In spite of the fact that the Cold War had many negative impacts on worldwide society, it likewise made a stable political world, as proven by the way that amid the Cold War time, common wars, nationalistic uprisings, and ethnic cleansings were nearly non-existent. Too, the world’s financial circumstance was thusly enormously improved by the military development brought about by the Cold War. The execution of the American ‘Marshall Plan’ and the Communist ‘Molotov Plan’, the atomic weapons contest, and the worldwide military development all served to make worldwide political solidness and monetary thriving. At the end of the day this war was completely unnecessary but ended up with a couple of good things. So not only was the Cold War terror it helped in a way.

The attack on September 11, 2001, is defined as a group of Islamic terrorists who are believed to be members of al-Qaeda, attacking the Pentagon and the World Trade Center, also known as the Twin Towers, by hijacking four commercial airlines. Only three of the four attacks succeed. This is considered a terrorist attack by most of us. From this incident, we can define terrorism as a well-planned violent attack that targets innocent people to send a political message by planting fear not just in the country or government but also in civilians. However, terrorism cannot and should not be easily defined in this way. The definition of terrorism defined above is defined from America’s point of view and not al-Qaeda’s perspective. If we put ourselves in al-Qaeda’s shoes, our definition of terrorism is going to change. Al-Qaeda declared war on America because they felt that the Muslims were threatened by the U.S. as well as their freedom. It is not to be said that the actions of al-Qaeda should be justified, but we should try to understand them before making assumptions. Al-Qaeda dealt with their situation to the extreme by planning massive attacks but it could be considered as a method of protection instead of a terrorist attack.

The most unexpected horrifying day in the United States can be said to be the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, which killed approximately 3,000 and injured almost 10,000 people. As most already know, the attack was carried out by 19 Islamic members on November 11th of 2001. The al-Qaeda group hijacked four airplanes and it also send suicide people with bombs to create an explosion and kill people. Two of the airplanes were flown into the famous United States towers known as the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, the third plane hit the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C, and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. The emotional ascent in psychological oppression started the unscrupulous headway of cross-examination strategies so as to be all the more successful procure data. The development of the ‘War on Terror’ required government authorities to procure insight in another manner subsequently bringing forth the rise of ‘improved cross examination’ strategies, notwithstanding, the profound quality of these systems would come into inquiry as they were uncovered to general society. Psychological oppression was another danger not at all like the United States had ever experienced. Several fear-based oppressor bunches grouped together with the shared objective of devastating America which was an accomplishment that recently had never been cultivated to that scale.

Why is slavery still prevalent in today’s days? What are the impacts they have on society? Slavery existed since prehistoric times, when primitive communities began to break down, and man begins to use other individuals for commercial purposes. But what was fair? Has there ever been an instant of justice for the poor? Everything about democracy and the opportunities it fed them was to prevent them from burning down the palaces. Consequently, there were hundreds of thousands buried in the slums, jailed, insane, suicidal, drugged, or drunk. And many more working for a miserable salary, wasting their lives for mere subsistence. Slavery is still prevalent today’s days and has an impact on racial inequality in the system of inherited slavery.

What Are the Characteristics of Slavery?

The slave business was one of the most profitable in the world. Slaves were indispensable instruments for the increase of commerce and the progress of the new world. The exact moment in which slavery was created or known by the name of commerce is unknown, but it was estimated that it has existed since the beginnings of great empires. In addition, slavery was a general practice where not one area of the planet is free to say that it was not practiced. How can one person become the property of another? Since the origin of slavery, went through injustices, and most of them were in the categories of age, gender, social status, and economic status. For example, slavery was hereditary: if a child were born to slave parents, therefore, he would end up being a slave when he was old enough to fulfill specific tasks. The owners of slaves bought children or young people because they would last longer, however, they continued to keep older adults with them until their last gasps. Once these older adults were no longer serving them for profit, older adults were discarded or killed.

The slaves belonged to the lower class, and therefore many of them could not question the treatment they got from the upper class. However, slaves were selected for the color of their skin. It is estimated that between the 16th century and the end of the 19th century, around 12.5 million African men and women were forcibly removed from their lands of origin and taken to America to be sold, where they had to perform forced tasks of different kinds. This slave trade was extensive and based on the racism and colonialism that originated what is considered the largest forced movement in history. Africans were the main victims of this human trafficking. Women, children, and men were kidnapped and transferred in boats where their quality of life was lamentable, unsanitary, and inhumane. Finally, most of these ships were crammed with slaves and they had to be held in one position the entire voyage, many died of disease on these voyages, while others were tortured to death. Economic status has a crucial point in what and how slavery was formed.

From a young age, individuals are taught that there are differences between a black person and a white person, so black people do not have the same rights or opportunities. Slavery was the principal means of denying people of color rights and privileges. Consequently, they could be exploited for personal and economic purposes. As social structures and what was known as the economy became complex, slaves were called outsiders. However, slavery was related to the economy, so social prestige had a considerable impact. It was obvious that the slaves would not have social prestige because they only served the upper class, even if they would save all their salary or the little that the owners paid them for their services, the slaves’ money was never enough to pay for their freedom. The slaves had no choice. They could have no choice about their sexual or predictor abilities. Many male slaves were castrated because the dry revealed a price in the slave market. Finally, not all slaves suffered the same fate. By having a crucial number of male slaves instead of women, women were usually sold to men with high prestige (many children of female slaves with high-ranking men no longer lived in slavery), so they would be free of slavery.

The Economic Activity Since Slavers Were Employed as Labor

Strengthening and sustaining economic activity since slavers were employed as labor, although there are exceptions, such as the janissaries. Slavery was an accepted and legal practice (1783) in Great Britain and most of the world, slavery was an accepted and legal practice. This practice was legalized mainly by the income that was obtained from it. The European states participating in the trade were not only interested in the benefits that slave labor could make on the farms of sugar cane, cotton, tobacco, or mining. The trade of slaves mattered to them because from the first moment systems of taxes on the import of slaves were established. Consequently, this system was a crucial source of income for the royal coffers. However, attorneys like Granville Sharp worked to change the law. Former slaves like Olaudah Equiano wrote their stories and worked for freedom by making cases that were brought to court from these stories. Clarkson and others formed the Committee to Abolish the Slave Trade, which began as a sustained campaign bylaw to ban the slave trade. Briefly, after 18 years, the British Parliament approved the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Although the United States Congress approved a bill for the suppression of commerce, slavery, of course, continued.

Despite the legal abolition of slavery, the principal forms of modern slavery are associated with human trafficking by international criminal groups. In some countries, but mainly in Africa, boys and girls carry out forced labor or tasks inappropriate for their age, which endangers their physical or emotional integrity and deprive them of their freedom as they are taken away from school. The new forms of slavery… Economically, it includes the labor exploitation of domestic workers and migrant workers, child labor, and forced labor. Sexually, there is the prostitution of others, forced marriages, sexual tourism, and the use of the Internet for sexual exploitation. In armed conflicts, recruiting child soldiers and captive soldiers. One type of forced labor, which affects countries such as Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, and Paraguay is that of workers who must use their entire salary to support themselves, which is provided to them by the worker’s same organizations. The most outrageous aspect of slavery concerns young boys and girls. It is estimated that more than millions of children have slaved around the world. Along with boys and girls, women have been and are the most precious commodity in human trafficking due to their connection with the sex market.

Slavery Today, in the Modern World

On the other hand, in the 21st century, slavery still exists. Society is still found people as slaves in a world in which they assume that individuals are freer than ever. An attitude of neutral vision has formed, regarding the phenomenon to which many women are subjected. For example, placing it as another form of work, but only if it is described as a free decision of women and not something forced to do. The idea that in the sexual field, women can act as autonomous subjects, masters of the exercise of their sexuality was seen as fiction. Human begins becoming the object of technological and advertising manipulation that intervene in people’s choice. They are slaves of capitalism. The form of society dictates fashion or the correct way to follow because this is what most cities do.

What is happening now in the United States is related to the inheritance that slavery generated. In these times, it has spread from European countries, it is due in large part to the details of American society with its long-standing racial divide with its second amendment to the constitution. The constitution gives citizens the barbaric and unacceptable right in any country with a culture of owning weapons, with its ruthless and senseless electoral system, taking first place in the world in terms of the number of prisoners and police violence. The irony of the story is that the Democratic Party was the party of the slave owners, so the South a century and a half ago are now the roles have been completely reversed.

The Relation Between Slavery and Racism

It is impossible to say that racism and slavery are not related to each other. Racism is more alive than ever today, and nowhere on the planet is safe from it. Although individuals think that with the end and being illegal to practice slavery, racism is still a breach in the world today. In recent times, African Americans and black Americans have had trouble surviving in a society where the white races have a majority. For example, police justice has brutality against African Americans since a policeman tends to persecute a black man more than a white man. Job opportunities are rare for people of color, making this a problem of unemployment and poverty. Slavery has a direct impact on the class system. Society is classified, and the class that has the worst treatment, opportunities, and socioeconomic level is the class of African American individuals. Segregation is the most experienced experience in poor schools due to a lack of resources. The classic continues to have a considerable impact on today’s society, as while white students have expanded opportunities in their schools, black students don’t even manage to graduate. Slavery is a story that has been present in the world for centuries, but it does not stop being told again under another type of name – racism.

Slavery was associated with the name of barbarians since in ancient times slavery had a physical appearance as its main characteristic. Slavery was also a phenomenon that generated wars since slavery was not a racial institution, it was an institution of conquest. But slaves did not differ in their physical form or the color of their skin. The population born free were those born white. While people of color did not have the same luck, for that reason, slavery and race are connected. The association of people of color and slavery was a mistake made after slavery ended. For example, Eric Williams argued that slavery caused what is known as racism. The reason was that there were economic motives that drove racial injustices. Studies have argued that the term race is a modern invention and that the reason for this was imperial expansion. It is not possible to classify people by groups, or their skin color, but why are there still distinctions between races? What classifies people in a society is essential to make known that there are differences between people imposed by classism.

Racism Against the African American Population in the United States, Results of Slavery?

Racism against the African American population in the United States is an ideology that encourages hatred, rejection, or exclusion because of their skin color because white people have an irrational feeling of superiority. For example, to access higher education, people of color were required to present ‘certificates of race’. At present, this no longer exists, but it is these kinds of things that led Afro-descendants in general to have a worse quality of life today. Many Afro-descendants today do not recognize themselves as such, beyond having ancestors who were brought from Africa as slaves, since the racism they experience is not like that of other parts of the world. They are not so black. According to Menasce’s article, black adults continue to have a crucial impact on their lives because of slavery. Although the House of Representatives may negotiate a memorial for people affected by slavery, all history will not be erased, and citizens of color in the United States know it. Since 45% of American adults think that the country has not evolved enough to grant black people the same rights that white individuals have.

Conclusion

To conclude, slavery recurrence is a universal complaint in which the work required to create wealth is diminished and its aggregate quantity is vastly increased (they continually engender unequal distribution). For example, the engines in the hands of the rich and those skilled oppress the working classes. The big cities are devouring the little ones, and the big capitalists are eating the little ones. Each day they send new swarms to the destitute, while each month it spawns a millionaire. The little capitalist sympathizes with his workers a little, because it is not far from eliminating their social condition from them, and it knows them as people, knows their feelings, and their desires. The ‘rich’ capitalist soon learns to look at them as mere human machines that represent both physical and industrial power. It is a notorious statistical fact that free workers, in general, suffer terrible physical discomfort and destitution. It is equally notorious that slaves of all ages and countries have had their physical needs well supplied. The wealth that works creates daily are just new chains that are forged for your limbs and that must be tied since only work produces and pays profits to capital (the greater the amount of capital is equal the more hand will be required of ‘work’ to pay your rent, interest, and dividends). The condition of the domestic slave generally improves to some degree as his master becomes the richest.

Slavery and racism remain words that individuals fear speaking out about because of the impact they continue to have. People of color continue to be the sustenance of racism and threats. Because of the lack of rights in the past, Black people’s economy continues in the lower place. Black people continue to be afoot on the page where they currently live. Events like the daughter of Floy will continue to be present in future societies. Technology will advance, and people will have better opportunities, but people of color will continue to be trapped by slavery. Researchers and individuals may continue to say that racism and classics are not part of slavery, but there are many examples in today’s society that will reveal that everything still has a connection. The difference can be seen when there are more movements of people of color, than movements of white people.