The exoskeleton can be used to provide additional protection to soldiers when in combat. Since the extreme is made of hard material, it acts as body armor to the soldier wearing it (Doyle 10). Military personnel can use the exoskeleton can move heavy objects on the battlefield. Through its hydraulic system, the suit enables the soldier to move heavy weights, therefore making it unnecessary to have heavy-lift machinery present for these tasks.
Advantages
The armor will protect soldiers from enemy fire, ensuring that the number of deaths and injuries suffered during military confrontations is reduced. The efficiency of the soldiers will be increased since they will be able to travel for greater distances while carrying heavy loads with little fatigue. The use of exoskeletons by the military will lead to a reduction in the need for heavy-lift machinery on the battlefield since the soldiers will be able to lift heavy objects with the help of these machines. Finally, exoskeletons will enable soldiers to single-handedly carry and operate heavy weapons that normally require two or more soldiers to handle (Donaldson 58).
Disadvantages
A major disadvantage is that exoskeletons require a constant power supply. These machines would be ineffective when the battery runs out. Another disadvantage is that if the exoskeleton is damaged during combat, the soldier will be trapped inside it, making him/her vulnerable to enemy fire (Doyle 10). In addition to this, exoskeletons would significantly increase military spending in the country. These machines are complicated robotic systems and the military would have to spend billions of dollars to equip an adequate number of soldiers with them. Finally, soldiers would need specialized training to gain the expertise needed to maintain the complex exoskeleton machine on the battlefield.
Space Industry
Use of Exoskeletons
The space industry can use exoskeletons to protect astronauts from harm when they venture into hostile environments. The exosuits can also be used to assist astronauts to walk in environments that have reduced gravitational pull. In addition to this, exoskeletons can be used for exercising purposes by astronauts who are confined in space stations for long durations. Howell explains that exoskeletons can be used to add resistive force in microgravity environments (par. 4).
Advantages
A major merit of exoskeletons in the space industry is that they protect astronauts who are working in high-risk environments. These suits have a hard shell that encases the body of the astronaut ensuring that he/she is safe from environmental hazards. Exoskeletons increase the efficiency of astronauts by reducing the effort required to perform tasks. Newman observes that these machines minimize energetic expenditures, therefore making it possible for astronauts to carry out energy-intensive tasks without suffering from fatigue (par. 3). Exoskeletons enable astronauts to deal with heavy weights by providing robotic power boosts. Astronauts are therefore able to carry out laborious tasks without using heavy-duty equipment.
Disadvantages
The exoskeletons used in the space industry require constant power to operate. As such, astronauts may have to be tethered to a power source since the mobile battery units are exhausted after a limited duration. Another significant disadvantage is that they limit the mobility and dexterity of astronauts (Newman 975). The astronauts using exoskeletons are not able to move are free as they would without these machines. Their range of motion is restricted making it hard for them to perform intricate procedures. Finally, the cost of developing and implementing exoskeletons is very high. The space industry has therefore had to abandon some projects aimed at creating advanced exosuits for astronauts.
Works Cited
Donaldson, Peter. Biomechanical Developments. Military Technology 38.12 (2014): 58-59. Web.
The demand for solid, lightweight, reduced-power electronics intensified by the rising need for enhanced data output and transmission is influencing the application of optical expertise in aerospace and military operations. Optical elements and systems are progressively being examined, in addition to adoption by aerospace and military engineers, for diverse air, land, space, and sea operations. Clients are progressively requiring more optical advances in the mil-aero sector, and the concern is characteristically propelled by optics benefits over copper. There are numerous advantages to optical computing encompassing decreased size, power, and weight, in addition to electromagnetic interference resistance. These are some of the reasons behind fiber optics providing a safe communication system where any tapping might be discovered with the effortlessness of installation and information frequency over distance. Most of the gains from fiber optics are inter-reliant, for example, attributable to its being immune to electromagnetic interference, it is not essential to shield the cables. Petrescu (2019) has established that shielding is difficult, increases size, and generates installation and operation issues. In some airplanes, distinct provisions are necessary to ensure that shields bond to assigned grounds and for the fortification of shielding in relation to lightning. Optical fiber technologies tackle nearly all the underlying military operation problems successfully.
Optical Fiber Products
Apart from enabling enhanced computer networks and high-speed internet, fiber-optics products play a fundamental role in military engagements across the globe. The application of fiber-optics technology in military operations is set to progressively increase with continued technological advancements. The international optical fiber market is projected to reach a value of more than 10 million US dollars by 2027, which represents a compound yearly development rate of over 5% (Hecht, 2018). Moreover, military and aerospace segments have been listed among the vital market sectors of the optical fiber cable. Optical fiber technology has occurred in fast progress and may be employed in numerous practices that vary from video to broadband.
In the recent past, the application of optical fiber cable expertise in the Australian military has rapidly risen. The Australian military initially had a committed optical fiber support team and many others have kept on and will continue to come up, particularly attributable to the usage of optical fiber technology becoming more fundamental in martial operations. Governments across the globe have been incredibly supportive in the development of optical fiber technologies for military operations (Campbell, 2018). Such advancements will enable the military personnel to fight using aircraft, tanks, and ships with enhanced security and communication facilitated by the incorporation of Information Technology.
Military Applications
Since optical fiber technologies are being highly employed for practices such as internet and phone communication, the military has been employing such products in their land-based establishments. Even more considerably, there are numerous military-specific engagements for which optical fiber cables are preferably suited (Yao et al., 2018). For instance, some practices for which optical fiber products may offer unparalleled stability and safety encompass shipboard, deployable strategic, and ship to seashore communications. The enhanced rate of data transmissions enabled by optical fiber products is a fundamental aspect that leads to their application for military operations. Since every second in military engagements is crucial, all the available information is helpful.
It is essential to employ equipment that allows the fastest, consistent, and convenient degree of performance; and concerning the transmission of data, that effectiveness may only be offered by optical fiber technology. In addition, optical fiber cables have in many cases been established to be tougher than other options besides being highly resistant to the numerous hazards and traffic that are prevalent in the military space. The benefits of optical fiber technology are the reasons that made the military sector to become an early adopter, and its usage is gradually becoming fundamental even in other fields (Campbell, 2018). Some optical fiber products are particularly made for military operations.
Attributable to the numerous gains provided by optical fiber products, they have become perfect for military roles. An instance of a product that is particularly made for military operations is the MIL-PRF-28876 shipboard optical fiber connector, an invention that has become critical for Navy roles. The MIL-PRF-28876 has been commended for the provision of excellent performance devoid of ever faltering (Yao et al., 2018). The provision of accurate optical arrangements and environmental conditions that support connectivity regardless of the situation is a vital practice in the military sector (Hecht, 2018). Over and above supporting such practices, optical fiber technology offers corrosion resistance, which results in functionality becoming consistent.
The rare degree of steadiness is a vital aspect behind military sectors, both locally and internationally, adopting optical fiber technologies as crucial components. With military operations continuing to advance and evolve, their use of optical fiber cables is only probable of continued increase (Yao et al., 2018). Intensification in the optical fiber cable markets for aerospace and military engagements may be attributed to the rising commercial implementation of the technology and improvement of platforms such as satellites, space launch machines, and remote-controlled systems. The MIL-DTL-3899 has provided another valuable product that has been tailored for military tasks since it has been generated with an exceedingly broad scope of customizable alternatives. Currently, the MIL-DTL-3899 is available in numerous models with many options occurring in the form of materials (for example, aluminum alloy) and finishes (for instance, cadmium) (Yao et al., 2018). A broad range of customization alternatives has been made to make sure that optical fiber products are suitable for nearly all military roles (Campbell, 2018). Interconnected networks have an extensive role in the military and aerospace sectors. They have eased the creation of outfits for machines, ships, and equipment with optical fiber products.
Optical Fiber Technologies
Optical fiber elements and structures are remarkable for airborne operations, varying from a sensor linkage to video or flight-vital databus considering the need for the decreased size, weight, and power, easiness of connection, and electromagnetic interference immunity. In ground-anchored operations such as safe bunker-to-bunker operations, electro-optic detector mast-to-regulator station connections, or radio over fiber antennae systems, the technology has been fundamental. The benefits of optics in line with distance is usually the determining aspect, followed by safety, electromagnetic interference immunity, and decreased weight. A major factor that is evident in major aircraft is the need for decreased weight. Fiber has a lesser weight when compared to copper, which offers the benefit of easy operation of fiber-optic systems (Hecht, 2018). In telecommunication and military operations, the application of fiber optics began with the longest links where the expertise was deemed cost-efficient. Over time, the development of optical fiber expertise has become extensive and its application is evident even in minor networks, in addition to local and international systems, office connections, and linkages within airplanes, vehicles, and ships.
Farther and Quicker
Optical fiber technologies have the possibility for improved application, a striking quality reliant on the quantity of information being developed and transmitted on the digital battleground. Optical interconnections permit quick data exchange thus improved processing speeds. With transceivers that are employed on airplanes being quicker, designers are seeking increased data rates, which has been provided by the optical technology (Petrescu, 2019). The technology provides switches that are all-optical without the provision of optical-electrical-optical conversion, and this ensures that it can successfully handle extensive data rates.
Optical expertise allows the capacity for the transportation of high volumes of information over considerably long distances. Copper backplanes, in addition to cable networks, are employed throughout the mil-aero environment and are length sensitive. The longer the distance, the greater the diminution, which results in a low rate of data. The development of optical fiber expertise has provided decreased attenuation hence disregarding distance as a fundamental design limitation. Computerized networks that ease communication may be thousands of meters apart but still enable clear interaction as if both parties were communicating from the same room (Petrescu, 2019). The degrees of transmission in fiber optics technologies have reached more than 10 gigabits per input/output pin hence improving all forms of digital interconnects anchored in copper (Hecht, 2018). This has led to the optical computing approach being more striking for use not only in aerospace but also in the military sector. The input/output system may be a short link that holds a couple of plug-in modules under a single chassis or longer, for example, from the detector in a shipboard mast to the processor and information storage site. There are several data-extensive practices, but optical fiber technologies surpass them all attributable to their payment of dividends, the inclusion of radar installations, electro-optic sensor suites, insistent broad area surveillance, and signals intellect, to mention a few.
Design Superiority
Most processing operations in optical fiber technology occurs in an electronic chip and provides the possibility of its conversion to light. Following the electro-optic alteration, the light may be directed in circuit boards in the form of a waveguide that is characteristically being developed in modern applications. The moment that light is initiated in fiber, the fiber can be used from anyplace. One can take a fast stream of data and use it in a daughter component via the backplane to an input/output link and make it remain within the framework or be transmitted over a kilometer away. Optical fiber technologies do not ensure distance sensitivity like the case of copper. For a person who is concerned with a large platform such as a C5 or 747 airplane or military base boundary network, they could have the cards in nearly any place where they prefer (Petrescu, 2019). Assuming that it was occurring in an airplane, one may set such boxes where they seem sensible in spreading of weight or heat, over and above protection concerns. In the case of copper, one should co-detect the items attributable to the length sensitivity. This has been among the strengths of fiber optics technology: position-independent system. It liberates the planners of distance limitations.
Safety and Security
Enhanced safety has a great benefit in military-aero operations. Optical fiber technologies, characteristically, are insusceptible to electronic countermeasures and explorations since there are no electromagnetic discharges. Optical fiber technologies such as networking, communications, and computing evade transient electromagnetic pulse standard problems thus improving safety (Yao et al., 2018). Transient electromagnetic pulse standards are associated with copper cable emissions that convey indicators, which may be snuffled or discovered by some means. The moment that data gets into the fiber, there is no electromagnetic radioactivity through which information may be transmitted and received by even the people who were not meant to get it. One is required to acquire the fiber physically to obtain the data.
In military operations that employ data communications using copper wire, the bombardment of emissions checking to demonstrate the safety of the information path is characteristically called transient electromagnetic pulse standard. The application of optical fiber communication may considerably decrease all forms of data safety problems (Hecht, 2018). The transient electromagnetic pulse standard is of great consideration for product developers and clients. There is a need to make sure that information does not leak to the wrong individuals. Enhanced data security is a vital benefit in fiber optics technology and particularly optical networks (Campbell, 2018). Optical fiber expertise also improves physical security, for instance, intrusion recognition technology from Future Fiber Technologies in California safeguards incredibly sensitive data at a military base in the United States.
The application of optical fiber technology systems as an alarmed conveyer Protective Distribution System safeguards Secret Internet Protocol Router Network information connections between establishments against unlawful intrusion, data tapping, and illegal physical meddling. The Secret Internet Protocol Router Network is an enhanced security system of interconnected computer linkage employed by the United States Department of Defense to convey classified data (Murphy, 2017). The Future Fiber Technology solution acts as a seamless application for military systems that entail real-time recognition of interference attempts. A safe connection is a cost-efficient option for undertaking periodic visual checks and offering real-time detection of the actual point of interference attempt.
Boeing P-8A Poseidon
The Boeing P-8A Poseidon is an airplane designed for military purposes and generated for defense and security operations. The P-8 model was developed for the American Navy and is used in the anti-submarine war, anti-surface combat, delivery, and interdiction tasks. Rising interest from defense plans over time resorted to the establishment of optical fiber switches for the American Navy. The optical Secure Switching Unit, a technological device that enhances fiber-optic security was employed in the initial testing of the aircraft (Petrescu, 2019). The American Navy representatives have made plans for the replacement of the P-3C aircraft with the P-8A Poseidon model. The commercial off-the-shelf optical fiber technology gadget has been incorporated in the Secure Switching Unit to give Boeing a reliable means of routing safe indicators in the P-8A aircraft (Hecht, 2018). The military-spec, common criteria-certified, all-optical Secure Switching Unit ensures compact size, minimal weight, reduced power usage, the capacity to endure harsh conditions, and a frictionless plan that permits proper application for millions of switch sequences.
Fiber-Optic Gyros
Fiber-optic gyros that enhance the scope of performance from tactical to premediated uses in military-aero operations are a priority in the application of optical technology. Optical fiber gyros are unparalleled with respect to performance in challenging conditions, encompassing varied operating temperature and increased vibration. The increased-performance optical fiber gyros are utilized in the Javelin Basic Skills Trainer undertaken by the American Army to enable soldiers to use the anti-tank projectile system (Murphy, 2017). Optical fiber gyros are employed in the assessment of shoulder-fired basic skills training practices and the computerized system coordinates all approaches with digital images that are portrayed on the finder of the simulator. In the Javelin Basic Skills Training, optical fiber gyros examine angular gyration accurately prior to the delivery of swift data to the computerized simulator system that enables the practice to give the trainee a perfect and realistic user experience. Precision optical fiber gyros are highly suited to an increasing rate of visual and image stabilization operations, encompassing mobile plotting, dynamic review, gimbaled photographic cameras, self-directed vehicles, and subsurface remote-propelled machines (Hecht, 2018). Optical fiber gyros also provide military equipment for air, maritime, land, and unmanned applications.
UAV Fiber-Optic Gyros
The Rafael Advanced Defense Systems located in Israel are implementing the dual-axis fiber-optic gyros for incorporation in its armament station. Optical fiber gyros offer crucial visual and armament stabilization ability to enhance Remote Weapon Station precision and success (Hecht, 2018). Remote armament bases such as the ones created by the Rafael Advanced Defense Systems have a significant role on the battleground because they facilitate soldiers in the acquisition of victory upon targets, over and above protecting them from the dangerous fire in the armored body of the vehicle. The Rafael Advanced Defense Systems employ a superior model of the militarized, dual-axis optical fiber gyro that ensures decreased noise, increased bandwidth, enhanced resolution, balance, and tracking capacities for antenna, tower, visualization, and armament stabilization practices. The Tamam Navigation optical fiber gyro based in Israel represents airborne steering and posture heading reference approach for unmanned aerial machines, target drones, helicopters, small airplanes, and precise aiming applications in set electro-optic systems (Petrescu, 2019). It connects an optical fiber gyro-anchored inertial assessment component in the Tamam Division to the Space Group and a Global Positioning System receiver.
Testing
Carrying out tests is a significant approach in the application of optical fiber technology and equipment in military-aero situations. Without a testing method and practice, an operator might be disconnecting and rejoining a fiber each time that they seek to assess a different streak. Every time that there is a disconnection and rejoining, the operator is at great risk (Murphy, 2017). If the connector is not careful and fails to clean it, it could become detrimental. If there is some dust on the fiber and it is reconnected without awareness of the dirt, problems could be initiated and negatively affect the flow of data. Nevertheless, optical fiber technology employed by defense workers assists in the automation of the testing approach using software. Enhanced technology offers a portfolio of assessment and measurement equipment and networks for the planning and setting of machines for optical computing (Petrescu, 2019). With the help of fiber-optics technology in military testing, clients acquire increased assurance in the readiness of structures thus making them center on the fulfillment of different missions and management of transitions to different operations.
Optical Fiber Technologys Future
Optical fiber technologies and elements have the likelihood of enjoying a bright future in military-aerospace operations. Technology companies are seeking to establish rapid optical improvements to numerous practices in defense and aerospace environments. Over time, there is a possibility of witnessing the increased presence of wavelength-aspect multiplexing to realize increased bandwidth from fiber-optics infrastructure (Yao et al., 2018). Although optical fiber technology has been used in telecommunication and military operations for some time, it seems to be changing from fixed dense wavelength-division multiplexing applications to others that can be reconfigured in real-time. In military-aerospace practices, the next approach could perhaps lead to the enhancement of reconfigurable fiber-optics networks (Hecht, 2018). Modification of infrastructure to the adjustment of information patterns, inclusion, elimination of service connections, and reconfiguring of networks hold implausible promise for military-aerospace uses.
Conclusion
The requirement of a solid, lightweight, low-power electronics strengthened by the rising need for enhanced data output and transmission is swaying the application of optical proficiency in aerospace and martial operations. There are many advantages to optical computing encompassing reduced size, power, and weight, as well as electromagnetic interference resistance. These are part of the reasons behind fiber optics offering a safe communication structure where any tapping might be revealed with ease of installation and information rate over distance. Optical fiber technologies address almost all the fundamental military operation problems effectively. Since each second in military operations is vital, every available information is supportive. It is important to employ equipment that allows the quickest, reliable, and convenient degree of performance; and regarding the transmission of data, that efficiency might only be provided by optical fiber technology. The Boeing P-8A Poseidon is an aircraft designed for military roles and created for defense and security processes. The commercial off-the-shelf optical fiber device has been merged with the Secure Switching Unit to give Boeing a consistent means of routing safe indicators in the military aircraft. Fiber-optic gyros that improve the scope of performance from strategic to premeditated application in military-aerospace operations are a precedence in the use of optical fiber technology.
Reference List
Campbell, P. (2018) Generals in cyberspace: military insights for defending cyberspace, Orbis, 62(2), pp. 262-277.
Hecht, J. (2018) High-power fiber lasers, Optics and Photonics News, 29(10), pp. 30-37.
Murphy, J. (2017) Optics: form, function and the future, Photonics Spectra, 51(10), pp. 65-67.
Petrescu, R. V. (2019) Boeings autonomous military aircraft, Journal of Aircraft and Spacecraft Technology, 3(1), pp. 138-153.
Yao, H. et al. (2018) The space-terrestrial integrated network: an overview, IEEE Communications Magazine, 56(9), pp. 178-185.
This paper will deal with the issues of Race in the Military, it will further fully include in scope and bring to full comprehension the issues of ethnics and racism discrimination in the military base and practice. However, to understand or comprehend the nature or meaning of race in the present day military practice we must consider the past in detail.
In line with this, it was discovered that there was a time in the recent past that the military was separated by race or religion, thereby practicing a policy of racial segregation which resulted in the soldiers being set apart from others or isolated.
Furthermore, the military completely or entirely practiced obvious racism among the personnels or officers, moreover, in line with the racial discrimination in the military, the inclusion of unkind, cruel or uncivil treatment and incomprehensible possibility due to a favourable combination of circumstances for individuals or personnels of different race and colour is also observable to a great extent or degree.
Consequently, to fully comprehend and assimilate the nature of racial and ethical discrimination meted out on the black military personnels or to better put it for military officers of different race or colour, one will discover that the black military personnel or officers are two times as likely as white military personnels to become aware of or comprehend racial unfair treatment on the basis of prejudice in the military.
Nevertheless, on account of and the consequence of severe and unethical racial discrimination meted out on majority of black soldiers, it made them conclude and say that race relations are better in the military than in civilian life.
Furthermore, in relation to the race discrimination practice in the military, it is observable that black military personnels are to a great degree or extent more likely to be lock up or confine in jail than their white counterpart.
Additionally, Black recruits in the armed services who hold a position of authority or command are less likely than whites to be given a promotion or assigned to the middle rank positions or any other higher positions within the military order of hierarchy, but are more likely to stay put in connection to the act of raising in rank or positions.
The Military unit usually consisting of two or more divisions and their support is not to a disproportionate degree white. The military draw attention to the fact that the military unit large enough to sustain combat of any kind add to event of dying or departure from life in period of war.
The institutional knowledge and values shared by a society prevents most absolute discriminatory or abusive behaviour towards members of another race in the military.
Impact of WW 11 in Race in the Military
World War 11 marked a crossroads in the position of racial group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part and women in the U.S. armed services.
The essential qualities or characteristics of the hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war questioned the truth or validity of existing forms of condition of being arranged in social strata or classes within the military, in addition to other American institutions.
Previous military act of limiting or restricting that was placed on race were lifted as a result of the Selective Service Training Act of 1940, and African American men were formally registered as a participant or member for the war earnest and conscientious activity in greater numbers than in preceding wars. They were also served in a greater selection of military assignments (Moore, 1997, p.1).
Issues of ethnicity and racism in the military
An ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties and race have been to a lesser extent causing inconvenience or discomfort to military subject matter at issue of racial or ethnicity discrimination in the military for American or most world government than for politically organized body of people under a single government where shared knowledge and values of a society, characteristic of tribal demanding or stimulating situation, demanding attempts for political power or right to give orders or make decisions, social class separated from others by distinctions of hereditary rank, and professional systems have had a military aspect (Nalty, 1986). Nonetheless, the above stated factors have brought the military State of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavourable options for Americans as of the earliest colonial inhabitants who remain nationals of their home state but are not literally under the home states system of government into existence.
As a result, prior to the Revolutionary waging of armed conflict against an enemy, a large number white settlers, who viewed the black inhabitants as physically and racially less important and useless material to serve as soldiers in the military, were also filled with fear or apprehension of equipping slaves with weapons in preparation for war thereby, setting the black slaves free, hence, ceasing to have their labour force, either physically or in an abstract sense (Nalty, 1986).
Overview of Race in Military
On several occasions blacks were kept out from colonial militias, more so to a greater extent or degree in the South, however, the desires for military was greater in significance than cultural panic, like those experienced for the period of the war between French and Indian. A number of slaves were constantly accorded their free will for the period of war in the service of military.
Furthermore belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group, doubt about someones honesty, and deprivation of labour as well had and exerted influence or effect on the military use of nontraditional immigrants, consequently, the desire for international boundary or the area of defence in history provided part of a whole amount to the settlement of ScotchIrish, German, and Swiss clusters on the boundary to take the initiative and go on the offensive and discourage slave resistances.
As the rebellion got excited or provoked to move to the west and journeyed to far areas enhanced the appearance of the military standard, much of the effective operational was made by existing immigrants on the outside boundary or surface of the social association.
The markedly new War was seen as a war for confinement or oppression; whereas those in the northern part engaged blacks, the South expressed opposition to equipping African Americans with weapons in preparation for war. Lessening the authority, dignity, or reputation of mobilization by whites and British acts of independence for blacks, who would leave someone who needs or counts on you and bear arms to win a victory over preliminary endeavours by southerners in the Continental Congress and to keep out blacks from the military service.
More or less than five thousand African Americans made a strenuous or labored effort by fighting with the universal combatant soldiers or the opposition military, and nevertheless, after the fight, one thousand of them were recruited in the British military forces.
Fighting for their freedom, many blacks were victorious, even though some presiding officers tried to establish the existence of and to claim back their slaves and a number of blacks who engaged in fighting for the British were afterwards exchanged or delivered for money or its equivalent into slavery in the West Indies.
The drastic and far-reaching change in ways of thinking and behaving placed an continuing approach of giving as judged due or on the basis of merit and meticulous position or standing of things to peaceful religious groups, like the German Mennonites and Brethren, were nonEnglish, by way of a mandatory substitution fee, the act of giving something useful or necessary to surrogate, or special taxes.
The war also brought about the standard of rendering citizenship for military service, in particular for enemy military personnel allowed to control sides and to American, who moves toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach so to join the Continental forces. The work done by one person of several European military specialists in the American army during the time of Revolutionary War soon after entered or assumed a definite cause or initiation of feeling of self-respect and personal worth to their cultural assemblages in the United States.
Earnest and conscientious activity intended to bar those who moves to a foreign country and blacks from armed forces service reappeared on the surface after the drastic and far-reaching change due to the reduced desire for the force of workers available in the small normal army of the former national period.
Researchers authoritative rule drove away noncitizen from the act of getting recruits in the army not including extraordinary consent; but the lack of enthusiasm of Americans to enrol in an elaborating financial era, have or possess in combination with a gesture of immigration from Northern and Western Europe brought about the foreignborn militants set up or laid the groundwork for widely held of the armys enrolled positions, with Irish and Germans appearing very large or occupying a commanding position.
This perceptual structure re-emerged in the postCivil War army and navy, and was advantageous for the overseasborn, who gained knowledge or skills of English and American traditions, came into possession of some professional education, and acquired geographic quality to the boundary.
Blacks were expelled, by official verdict from army recruitment by a comprehensive order from John C. Calhoun of South Carolina who was at that time the Secretary of War, even though the army without stop or interruption to keep in ones mind the blacks who have served in the armed forces and to make use of black labour.
The organization of military vessels belonging to a country and available for sea warfare was not pleased with reference to enrol AfricanAmerican serviceman in the navy, though their call for black labour was even superior than the armys, and black member of a ships crew were less noticeable to the community than black soldiers. The 1812War, the Mexican War, and in particular the Civil War increased in extent or intensity since military needed them for manpower.
The form of life assumed to exist outside the Earth or its atmosphere who had instituted the practice of being brought into Orthodoxy in thoughts and belief with nature were fit for the plan during the Civil War, even though there was an increase in the rate of unpaid assistant occupation among some of the people born in another area or country.
Quite a number of Western Europeans proceed to accomplish an anticipated outcome that is intended in the Union army, most probable in more detectable cultural group of people regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole who are inspire with confidence and led by social relationships involving authority and practical hardheaded intelligence immigrant heads.
There was relatively large plan opposition in the North, and draft state of disorder involving group violence.
However, the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861 was not as much of showing great excitement and interest about racial components, even though the military involvement of people who moved to a foreign country to live there permanently helped to transform race discrimination of complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways toward immigration and contributed to some degree of enlistment in the military several related operations aimed at achieving a particular goal in order to contribute to the progress or growth of European movement from one locality into the South region.
In relation to this, in the military base of the Northern part of America also, the state of being suspected and hostile (very unfriendly) disposition to immigrants went down, and selfconscious assimilation into American military culture was encouraged (Bruce, 1971).
The military forces of so many nation has become racially distinctly dissimilar or unlike for some time, as a result of this, the present day military can be represented in words especially with sharpness and detail as a vast environment in which many ideas and races are socially assimilated.
Furthermore, the present day military is reversing the issue of race discrimination, by this means, recruiting and filled with people from diverse race and culture.
Looking back at the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future, it will be discovered or observed that the African Americans were not accept gladly in the military or armed forces of so many western countries (like the United States of America).
The Negro in the American Revolution
The historical review of race in military proved that, in the past, it is of less importance the blacks were slaves or not held in a state of subjection to an owner, master or forced labour imposed as punishment; the then America President George Washington did not however, permit the black Americans to be recruited into the countries Continental Army.
In relation to this, President George Washington did not alter his stands up to a time that it was found out that the British Army were recruiting the black African Americans to engage in war or fights in their favour. However, with this British development, the Black African Americans were recruited or permitted to join the military in order to add to the Continental Armys battalion of soldiers available in the military.
The Black Americans were also used as fronts in war thereby being the furthermost troops sent to suffer or face the pain of death for the first time to prevent the white soldiers from being ruined, destroyed, or harmed by their enemies. Furthermore, slave merchants employ the services of their black slaves by sending them to war fronts, so that they the merchants or the white vendors would not have to engage in wars themselves, they only give orders while the Black recruited soldiers faces and fights the war.
On the account of past war events of World War II it was discovered that male populace who were drafted into military service were of minimal supply and racial discriminatory recruitment was imposed, although small number of African Americans populace and other group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part were also recruited into the military force that is a branch of the armed forces.
With the recruitment of the minority soldiers into the military, they proved to be solemnly dedicated to the line of action, hence avoiding a situation of Absence without leave (AWOL), but racial inequity still occupied the most important aspects of the service.
The group of soldiers who differ racially or politically from a larger group of which it is a part were positioned in separated or isolated units, and offered domestic servant job such as chefs and repair member of staff.
However, the Second World War was the opportunity to an event whose occurrence put an end to the social system that provides separate facilities for minority groups in the military.
The inclusion of the African American populace and the Navajo Indians into the military during the World War II influenced a great change throughout the period of war. The African American centre of population forced the then organization that is the governing authority of a political unit to train African Americans in the aggregation of the countrys military aircraft.
Moreover, the African Americans recruited soldiers continued to live through hardship or adversity the embarrassment meted on them and continuous harass by imposing humiliating or painful tasks.
After series of pressure on the government to form or create the Black air force their training was successful and the populace from a town in eastern Alabama Airmen was created (Tuskegee Airmen of World War II, 2005). On the creation of this group of Airman, they proved there worth by killing several of Hadolf Hitlers (German) aircraft operators as well as escorting white aircraft operators all over the war opponent lines.
Navajo Code Talkers
One of the most important and effective group during the world war 11 was the Navajo Indians, as a result of their distinctive and incomprehensible language of communication.
With the Navajo Indians incomprehensible language, the world soldiers could not contrast the novel language to any other thereby not being able to make the Navajo Indians codes inoperable or ineffective (Molnar, n.d).
The Navajo Indians communicative language was fast and simple, on the contrary to programming machines that took some minutes to decode. With the communicative advantage of the Navajo Indians, they were fully sheltered and valued in the military (Molnar, n.d).
Moreover, the organization regarded as part of a larger social group became racially integrated, despite the fact that some white soldiers were still to a high degree or extent racist.
With the inclusion or recruitment of minority groups into the military, it was no more separated or isolated from others or a main group by colour and had the prevalent figure of African Americans serving in the military.
The group of soldiers has a desired or expected effect or outcome in the direction of a general aim to conquer the opponent and triumph in the war.
However, at the same time as trying to preserve their target a lot of collective soldiers widen their eyes and started to view all other members of the troop as human being hence not taking note of the colour of the skin.
Nevertheless, a number of sections of the military did not become integrated, since the soldiers that were not on the line along which opposing armies face each other did not require to be contingent upon any person to prevent their lives from being ruined, destroyed, or harmed and maintained on to their racist belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty.
In line with the discriminating act in the military and the torture that the black soldiers were made to go through, the military officers that went to battle did not come back the same way they went on their respective missions.
This made the other soldiers that were educated on the racist personal belief or judgment and to extremely dislike the African American soldiers because of their skin colour; now had a transformation of heart.
The soldiers main concern was to remain full of life and spirit, so each military officer or soldier had to understand each other and to live together as one hence avoiding racism in the military.
Nevertheless, mutually and unitedly combating the opponent assisted and motivated the soldiers in the understanding that skin colour does not count and that they are all one entity fighting together for a common purpose.
In spite of the fact that the military has ameliorated race and discrimination mutual dealings or connections among persons or groups there is still partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation in the military it is just not as completely obvious.
In an early investigation carried out in the year 1995 It was revealed that there were soldiers who were fraction of the racial and ethnic extreme dislike groups. This group of soldiers had been engaged in or performed crime in opposition to populace not within their race.
It was also reported that three white military officers or soldiers killed an African American married couple who were away from home for a walk; in a state of proper readiness, preparation or arrangement to earn a racist emblem.
However, the soldiers were taken into custody the next day and the law enforcement officers found a lot of racist objects. Their room was covered in a cross with the arms bent at right angles in a clockwise direction and there was even an instrument used to assemble bombs (Spencer, 1998).
Nevertheless, to better understand and comprehend the issue and initiative about the militarys most recent race mutual dealings or connections among persons or groups, researchers classification according to general type can be employed.
Types of racist in the military
In a recent research carried out on the military race relationship it was discovered that there are four types of racial discrimination in the military, which are:
The free from undue bias or preconceived opinions military racist: better known and called operative or practised open-minded,
The unbiased differentiator: These groups of military officers are known as the unenthusiastic liberal,
The discriminatory non-racist: better known as the hesitant prejudiced person who is intolerant of any opinions differing from his own, and lastly
The subjective person who differentiates: These groups of people are known as unrestricted extremist.(Schaefer, 2006, p.37)
In grouping the different type of racist in the military one will discover that the first group of racist are the military officers from various racial groups and skin color is of less importance because they have confidence in equal opportunity.
The second type of racist in the military is not as physically powerful as the first type and can be effortlessly persuaded in the other way.
They encourage state of being essentially equal or equivalent on condition that it does not bring about any difficulty, and oblige them to speak out or take a firm ground on the problem of race in the military.
The third Type of racist in the military is the more widespread practice to discrimination in the military. The anxious biased human being who is prejudiced of any views contradictory from his personal view does not accept equal opportunity for cultural and racial sets, and hides their exact emotions.
They possess the qualities of leadership in that, they motivate the workforce because they must carry out and finalize their assignment and must be obedient to their high rank officers.
In line with this, the nervous person who holds extreme views will not relate with the populace outside his current employment except it is a military gathering, however, the public not within their race is not welcomed to visit their homes.
Furthermore, in the military it is rare to observe the fourth type of racist which are known as the unrestricted extremist.
The unrestricted prejudiced person who is intolerant of any opinions differing from his own does not conceal their lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike for other racial or cultural groups. They take action and communicate on their narrow-mindedness principles.
On serious investigation, one will discover that the military implements penal act against the soldier.
The military has become extremely distinctly dissimilar or unlike over the years. With the latest transformation in the military one will notice that, in all the military base and camps worldwide there are soldiers of different race and colour in the present day military, and moreover race discrimination is being faced out gradually in most countries military base.
Present military officers or Soldiers are assigned to a particular location all over the world and in certain cases but not always the military officers falls in love at their alien duty locations, thereby practicing intermarriage and putting an end to race in the military.
In relation to this, there are many children who have dual citizenship or combining two different races as a result of interracial matrimony or interracial courtship. Though, this is not an unusual instance of visual perception on a military system.
The military presents some other officers the possibility due to a favourable combination of circumstances to observe different races and cultures, which they would not have noticed (Ford, 1994).
Consequently, there are individuals from little settlements that have not had the opportunity to see people from a difference race other than theirs.
In conclusion, the military centre of population provides avenues for the military officers to accept and acquaint with one anothers race and cultures. The military have implemented once a year events that lay emphasis on diverse ethnic groups.
These events make it possible for the military to come together and gain knowledge about one anothers food, tradition and culture, thereby making it possible for the military officers to be acquainted with other cultures and race.
With the recent reshuffle and transformation in the military, it will be noticed that life in the military base is packed with racial compatibility in opinion and action. The medium of information transmission was not demonstrating African American soldiers to the extent of White soldiers, and if one is to observe the gulf war, it will be perceived that only the white military officers were engaged in war.
Nevertheless, the military has compelled or put in force the same opportunity exercise to declare that there are no racial differences.
Military officers are given moral and racial training every year to keep them informed on what is reserved and not-reserved.
The military services still has some racial issues and worries, but they are not as strict as the earlier period.
It appears possible that the military services will go on to include ethnic and racial minorities in excess of their proportion of the entire population, and that they will serve in an environment more harmonious and hospitable than in the ancient times (Ford, 1994).
The set and closely controlled in the military setting has always with an option of becoming literal has enhanced the militarys ability to terminate or put an end to narrow-mindedness and discrimination, and the services appear more enthusiastic than ever before to characterize equal opportunity as a advantageous aspiration.
Reference List
Bruce, W. (1971). The American Military and the Melting Pot in World War I in J. L. Granatstein and R. D. Cuff, eds. War and Society in North America.
Ford, N. G. (1994). War and Ethnicity: ForeignBorn Soldiers and United States Military Policy during World War I. Ph.D. dissertation, Temple University.
Molnar, A. (n.d). Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Facts Sheet. Web.
Moore, B. L. (1997). To Serve My Country, to Serve My Race: The Story of the Only African-American WACS Stationed Overseas During World War II. New York, NY: NYU Press, 1997.
Nalty, Bernard C. (1986). Strenght for the Fight. New York, NY: Free Press.
Schaefer, R. T. (2006). Racial and Ethnic Groups, tenth Edition. Delhi, India: McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Ltd.
Spencer, C. T. (1998). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Racism Within The Ranks, Covert Action Quarterly. Web.
The Institute of full-time military chaplains has been operating in the USA for many years, which is a return to centuries-old traditions. And today, divine services and spiritual conversations on historical and other topics bring to light and generate a high state of mind. Chaplains go to the troops and ships and give the soul of warrior support: they determine the coordinate system and spiritual and moral criteria. They also have a significant impact on the development of the religious situation in the country, the dynamics of relations between confessions, and their relationship with the state in the context of the rapid spread of religious pluralism.
The duties of military chaplains include not only the performance of divine services and rituals on the territory of military and law enforcement formations. They also organize work with servicemen of different faiths and members of their families on the principles of voluntariness and taking into account the specifics of their religious affiliation (Odierno 2015). Military chaplains are engaged in spiritual and educational work and participate in events held by the command for patriotic and moral education of servicemen and their family members. Priests in the army assist the command in carrying out preventive work to strengthen law, order, and discipline. Thus, they participate in the prevention of offenses, non-statutory relationships, and suicidal incidents. All these duties are universal and can be applied to representatives of any religion.
The chaplain can still provide when they can not actually perform because a soldier has a different faith or religious belief. This is due to the fact that religious values are usually associated with universal values that model correct attitudes and behavior in society. Most religions share this type of moral principle (National Conference on Ministry to the Armed Forces 2015). Although each religion has certain differences, they all strive for the same goal. Any religious teaching instructs the correct behavior of people, which will lead to a life in harmony and the attainment of God. Thus, a chaplain can be guided by universal moral principles when instructing a person from another religion. Then they will be able to help a serviceman as a spiritual mentor.
For the same reason, a chaplain can help soldiers with their spiritual needs without compromising their own faith. Any religious values are associated with universal, ethical, moral values and all those that are considered correct in society. For example, values such as respect, honesty, and kindness are likely to be shared by both the chaplains religion and the employees religion. An army priest, in his instruction, may seek to support the importance of love, kindness, respect, and solidarity in order to achieve greater closeness to God. If they adhere to this principle, they will be able to help a soldier of another faith while not compromising their own religious beliefs.
The army is an integral part of the rapidly globalizing world, and the processes taking place in it cannot bypass it. The growth of religious pluralism is one of the most important of these phenomena. The world is divided by fundamental differences ideas, so the institution of military priests seriously affects the unity of representatives of different religions. Chaplains act not only as religious abbots but also as advisers on issues of morality and morality in relation to the personnel of the unit. Thanks to this, they are able to help representatives of any religion, including the one to which they do not belong.
Length on par and reasonable for research studies;
Clearly lays out the topic without adding unnecessary information;
Key concept terms on topic experiences and posttraumatic present but not mentioning methods;
Very specific such as military and combat-related focusing the topic;
Keywords clear in the title contributing to searchability;
The studied population mentioned directly spouses of veterans (Yambo et al., 2016).
Overall, the title is very direct and concise, outlining the topic and population. It does not mention the type of study or methodology in the title, but that is not necessarily expected. However, the title provides a clear outline of what the research paper will be about and does not seek to be overall technical or catchy title. It is highly appropriate for a clinical study scholarly article.
Abstract
Follows informative (complete) abstract design;
Informative abstracts are expert-oriented, specifically laying out contents of the paper ( Types of abstracts , n.d.);
Purpose stated, largely just clarifying some aspects of the title;
Summary of results is present through findings and conclusions;
Notably, clinical relevance is present which is rare to see in abstracts.
The abstract is well-structured through the informative design which is easy for the reader to scan and identify key pieces of information. Brief descriptions are present for each element of the study with key details. The fundamental concepts, methodologies, and outcomes of the study are present and clearly stated in the abstract. It is easy to read and does not delve into technicalities. The presence of clinical relevance is helpful in identifying whether this study could be useful for clinical guidance or research.
Introduction
The problem statement is not clearly identified;
Introduction mentions some of the problems which the study is meant to address;
Focus on negative impact on military families impacted by PTSD and filling the gap in knowledge (Yambo et al., 2016);
Importance to nursing specifically not discussed rather mental health practitioners, international clinicians and researchers in the field;
Introduction presents vital information but lacks some clear structure.
The introduction to the article sets up the research well in terms of outlining the topic, defining some key concepts and terms, and emphasizing the importance of this research. It is easy to follow, but seemingly lacks some structure. There is no problem statement directly, but it does state a purpose and importance to clinical practice.
Literature Review
Literature review present but brief and labeled as background;
Review divided into empirical data and philosophical framework very helpful;
Data comes from primary sources such as health organizations mostly recent within 1-2 years of publication;
Framework and supporting information originate from secondary sources majority outdated, some close to or older than 10 years from publication;
Review is summary of work and concepts and does not seek to compare or evaluate the sources in any manner.
The literature review for this study is very brief, with a significant background already established in the introduction. However the decision to split the review into a data section (containing empirical data, symptoms of PTSD) and the philosophical framework element was highly beneficial as it allowed to differentiate easily between the theoretical elements driving the research and then the data which was also evidence to support it. Sources are all academic or from leading health organizations so there is no question of validity, but the use of a significant number of outdated sources and the lack of the authors to critically evaluate them, focusing strongly on summary, is concerning.
Methods
Data collection took place until redundancy and data saturation was achieved;
Interviews were the primary method of data collection 2 conducted via telephone;
Written informed consent given by participants;
Review board of Rush University approved the study;
Participants were protected to preserve confidentiality and assigned aliases.
The study follows standard qualitative methods for interviews. One notable aspect is that interview questions are not discussed. All consent, permissions are obtained, and proper measures are taken for confidentiality. In terms of these administrative elements the researchers did really well. In terms of data collection however it is unclear why the researchers believed that data saturation was achieved after just 14 interviews.
Interviews were conducted individually with participants, most in-person;
Interviews were unstructured with open-ended questions;
Researchers sought to probe participants to clarify certain issues;
Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and field notes were written;
The method matches the design of the study;
Experiences can be accurately described through guided narrative of an interview.
The data collection method of unstructured interviews was the proper choice for this qualitative study as it is the best method of direct data collection on such broad psychological and behavioral elements that the topic encompasses. As later analysis shows, the researchers were able to properly reiterate the participants experiences in their descriptions, thus contributing to the identification of common themes among these spouses of veterans.
Samples
Researchers indicate the use of purposive sampling no reason given;
Recruitment was conducted through social networks and participant referrals;
Sampling appropriate given the qualitative and subjective nature of the study and had to consider mental health issues;
Sampling had to follow relatively specific inclusion criteria and avoid general exclusion aspects that were listed;
Setting of the study is not identified in any manner other participants and their spouses had to reside in the United States;
Sample size very small 14.
Other than a lack of description for the setting, the sampling technique is appropriate for this type of research. The inclusion and exclusion criteria determined by the researchers are important in determining the proper participants while also following ethical guidelines and excluding those for whom this type of research may be traumatic.
Analysis
Use of qualitative data management software ATLAS.ti;
Implemented Colaizzis phenomenological analysis;
This method ensured that findings accurately described experiences of participants;
Therefore, the method prevented bias from researchers;
Researchers noted four major themes that indicated transition of veterans.
Data analysis is described briefly. While Colaizzis analysis is not commonly used, it is effective in this case in decreasing bias and ensuring experiences are properly relayed. Other potential analyses could have been performed such as thematic analysis. Coding is mentioned briefly but not elaborated upon. It is unclear how the data management software itself was used. The four themes identified included: recognizing veteran is a different person, living with unpredictability, bearing the burden, and creating a new life.
Results/Discussion
The four previously mentioned themes are identified, each with their own subthemes that describe specific behaviors undertaken by spouses and families.
The discussion goes on to elaborate on the research questions regarding how spouses are not prepared to deal with their husbands PTSD or TBI (Yambo et al., 2016).
The researchers mention how their study relates to other few qualitative studies on the topic of military spouses living with veterans with PTSD and how the research contributes to the literature.
The researchers note only one limitation in that all participants were female spouses with male veterans and not vice versa, thus findings not generalizable.
The findings are very well described and discussed, with a strong emphasis on comparing and contrasting said findings to other research both directly and related to the topic from historic and modern conflicts. There is a strong discussion regarding both the practical living conditions and experiences as well as the emotional states of both spouses. It is strange that no other limitations in methodology or analysis were discussed. While the mentioned limitation is viable, there are others such as a small sample size, potential effect of researchers on subject responses, and skills of the researchers which may not be mental health professionals (Anderson, 2010).
Summary Assessment
Spouses living with PTSD veterans are unprepared and struggling to deal with issues that their husbands experience.
The families undergo key stages, each with challenges in behavior and adaptation, but can eventually transition to a newer healthy life.
For clinical nursing practice this indicates that greater attention and support should be given to mental health for diagnosed PTSD and TBI patients.
Other than some questionable choices in analysis by researchers, study seems trustworthy.
The study is valid but not highly generalizable.
Evidence of transferability as the fundamentals on the topic are well-established along with a strong theoretical base and thematical discussions.
The study contributes significantly to a poorly researched topic. Further expanding on the clinical practice issue, it further emphasizes that all family members may be affected by PTSD, and it is through the support of spouses that the veteran can aim towards recovery, but the spouses require guidance and information as well. Overall, the study is comprehensible and very detailed in many aspects, with its validity not being questionable, but it is not generalizable due to sampling and methodological elements.
References
Anderson, C. (2010). Presenting and evaluating qualitative research. AmericanJournal of Pharmaceutical Education, 74(8), 141. Web.
Types of abstracts. (n.d.). Web.
Yambo, T. W., Johnson, M. E., Delaney, K. R., Hamilton, R., Miller, A. M., & York, J. A. (2016). Experiences of military spouses of veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(6), 543551.
The article Sexual Assault and How It Changed the Military provides an overview of an issue of sexual assault in the area of military practice. The author puts forward a statement that despite a number of persistent efforts to contribute to the decrease of sexual assault and rape, the issue still remains unsolved due to the lack of educational training. The article includes the historical background of the issue as well as the ongoing problems. There are no specific solutions given that can solve the problem of sexual assault in the military; however, there are listed reporting options that can be very useful when it comes to ensuring that sexual assault victims are able to get justice. The article provides a list of credible references that include scholarly articles that were cited properly.
The paper examines the current research on the topic of sexual assault in the military as well as negative physical and mental effects the problem has on male and female service members. Despite the fact that the used resources fully reflect the topic, there are few aspects of an article that have a relation to military psychology. Because the focus of the paper is put on the analysis of statistics as well as legal actions victims can take for achieving justice, the desired emphasis on the psychological issues of sexual assault and how it relates to military psychology remains unclear. It is worth noting the significance of the Future Resources, Training, Education and Advances part as it provides an overview of what can the Department of Defense do to be aware of the issue as well as what is being implemented currently.
The paper fully summarizes the authors viewpoint on the topic that military is an institution that deems itself a no-tolerance organization when it comes to sexual assault but unknowingly makes barriers for treatment and reporting of military sexual trauma. As mentioned above, the article does not fully provide an evaluation of the area in military psychology based on a review of the literature; however, it sheds light on the issue of military sexual assault that is very often being overlooked. Moreover, it relates to the issue of women maltreatment because the research has shown that women are being assaulted and killed behind enemy lines more frequently than men.
Lastly, the article underlines the fact that despite the attention of the media to the issue of military sexual assault, military service members are still being assaulted and will continue to suffer from this crime without any strict measures put into action.
The paper is structured into nine logical parts starting from the thesis statement and ending with a conclusion. Each section has a specific topic that the author expands on. There are some minor mistakes as the usage of incorrect verb form with a plural subject: real-life situations that threaten their rights and life and incorrect verb form with a compound subject the policies and resources provided do not break barriers and offer the help intended.
However, there are no wordy sentences that take away from understanding the main points outlined in the paper. References are provided to support the points; nevertheless, there is doubt about the correctness of the www.justice.gov citation. It is advised to select an article from the U.S. Department of Justice website that supports a claim and to cite it according to the required citation style. Lastly, the reference page consists of text typed in different font sizes and the article citation in the APA style does not need Vol and pp. to designate the volume and pages.
While the all-volunteer military force established in 1973 by the US has been adequate up to the end of the last century, recent events have resulted in the over stretching of the military forces of the country.
These events have been in the form of the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan; both of which have resulted in the deployment of thousands of US troops. This has resulted in some policy makers giving consideration to reinstating a military draft to increase the military forces numbers therefore relieving the armed forces of the pressures that they currently face.
These propositions have been met by mostly negative reactions by the American public who deem a military draft as a violation of their civil liberties. However, the US faces multiple wars and increasing threats from hostile nations leading to a high demand for a bigger army. These realities seem to dictate that a reinstatement of a military draft may be in the best interest of the US. This paper shall set out to argue that a military draft should be reinstated since it holds numerous merits for the country.
Arguments In Favor of Military Draft
A military draft will result in a situation whereby all citizens will be required to serve the country in an equitable manner. This will result in a sense of patriotism and loyalty by the army personnel. As it currently stands, military service is viewed as a way to make a living. It can therefore be alluded that most of the people enlist to the army as a means of employment rather than from a sense of duty to the country.
Asher reveals that in 18th century France, the army was made up mainly of enlisted personnel who joined the army to avoid poverty, unemployment or the law (3). In effect, this army had a severe desertion problem and there was lack of loyalty since the soldiers were little more than mercenaries. However, when conscription was introduced where all French men and women were eligible for mandatory military service, the draft was regarded as a republican duty and hence loyalty increased and desertion decreased.
Defending the country should be the civic responsibility of every citizen of the country. As it currently stands, the United States army is mostly composed of minorities and the working class. Dickinson reveals that African-Americans who make up approximately 13% of the population form about 22% of the armed forces (49).
The author goes on to note that recruits mostly hail from the middle and lower-middle socioeconomic strata (49). This clearly points out that the military does not have an equal representation from all levels of the society but rather is made up mostly of minorities and the working class.
Rangel Charles, a politician in favor of the draft quips that the current all-volunteer system is unjust and immoral since it shouldnt be just the poor and the working poor who find their way into harms way (Dickinson 49).By reintroducing the military draft, this situation would be changed since all members of the society would be forced to participate in military service in an equal manner.
A military draft would result in more public involvement in the activities of the military. As it currently stands, most citizens are apathetic to the military and their only concern is how military activities affect their taxation. As a result of this non-committal nature, politicians do not have to seek popular approval before committing troops to battle.
Weisberg best illustrates this by noting that in 2006, 3 years after the Iraq war had began, the US did not feel like a nation at war even though American troops had been killed and maimed in battle up to the date. Dickinson states that a society wide draft would result in more families and politicians having their children or kin in the military (49). This would result in greater deliberations before sending the soldiers into battle since the human sacrifice being made in war would be greater felt (Bardes, Shelley and Schmidt 516).
In addition to this, military draft would result in greater political fallout from unpopular wars since people would be more willing to take onto the streets to demonstrate against the war. The huge anti-war sentiments expressed by Americans following the Vietnam War in 1965 were as a direct result of the military draft that was in place at the time.
Arguments Against Military Draft
A major argument advanced by opponents to military draft is that this system results in forcing of people to serve in an army against their wills. For these opponents, the draft is a form of slavery and individuals surrender part of life when called to serve (Asher 21).
While military drafts evoke negative images of being forced to fight for ones country against your will, Asher notes that the concept of conscription can trace its roots back to ancient Greece where all citizens enjoyed the benefits of freedom in exchange for their obligation to defend the sate (3). From this, it can be seen that a military draft is in reality a system where the citizens are afforded the chance to fight for their country.
Another argument against military draft is that it would degrade the militarys performance greatly therefore making it less effective. Bandow states that conscription would lower the level of the US military since it would require the induction of less qualified personnel who are rejected in the all-volunteer system of present time (1).
This ideal is corroborated by a retired general, Sullivan, who declares that the army prefers high quality volunteers to mixed quality draftees This argument is faulty since as it currently stands, the US military does not necessarily get the best applications for service. As it currently stands, there is a shortage of young men and women willing to serve despite the increase in need for service men in the military (Kagan and OHanlon, 11).
Dickinson reveals that Pentagon is having problems attracting enough recruits to maintain current troop levels and in desperation, the army has lowered standards leading to 25% more high school dropouts being let into the army (50). The argument that conscription will lower the standards of the army therefore fails to hold true in light of this revelations.
Conclusion
This paper set out to argue that a military draft is needed to ensure in the US. To reinforce this assertion, this paper has discussed the merits that military draft would have to the military as well as the society as a whole. Reinstating the military draft would result in equal representation from all levels of the society therefore leading to more citizen involvement in military affairs and hence accountability by politicians.
A military draft would also strengthen the US military in numbers which would be desirable since the US is facing a much dangerous world today and the all-volunteer military is simply too small to meet the global demands that the US military faces.
Works Cited
Asher, Robbie. Draft or volunteer army: our nations best interest. U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, 2008.
Bandow, Doug. Fighting the war against terrorism: Elite forces, yes; conscripts, no . Policy Analysis, No. 430, April 2002.
Bardes, Barbara., Shelley, Mack and Schmidt, Steffen. American Government and Politics Today. Cengage Learning, 2008. Print.
Dickinson, Tim. The return of the draft . Rolling Stone, New York, Is. 967: Feb 10, 2005.
Kagan, Fredrick and OHanlon, Michael. Increasing the Size and power of the U.S. Military. The Brookings Institution, 2008.
Sullivan, Gordo. Washington Tightwads Are Creating a Hollow Military, Wall Street Journal, 22 September 1998.
Weisberg, Jacob. The Gross Unfairness of an All Volunteer Army. Slate Magazine, 22 March 2006.
For a commander in the military, the first thing they do when they take command will be to meet with the property book officer and account for all equipment they will sign for. And, the last task a commander has to do before the change of command ceremony is to account for all the property they had signed for and meet with the property book officer and the incoming commander to sign over all the equipment. For the incoming commander, the process of inspecting and signing for equipment is an opportunity to establish himself as an organized leader that values equipment maintenance and accountability.
Signing the hand receipt for the equipment belonging to the unit is no less than a huge responsibility for the incoming commander. The commander is also responsible for sub-hand receipting equipment to members of his command. Again, this is an opportunity to establish him/herself as a commander that values accountability. For some commanders, this means selecting and assigning multi-million dollar equipment to subordinates.
Company-level commanders arrive at the command after advanced class within their specialty. For example, in an engineering company, the commander assumes command after completion of Engineer Officer Advanced Class at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. In the advanced class, these soldiers learn about accountability, property, and hand receipts.
Tasks that the new commander must do to take command include opportunities for the commander to get to know the command and equipment.
Purpose of Accountability
The main purpose of accountability is to assure that the unit has the appropriate equipment that has been properly maintained to complete the mission assigned to the unit. Accountability assures that equipment is in possession of the assigned sub-hand receipt holder and ensures that equipment does not walk away or disappear from inventory. In addition, a commander that insists on proper accountability of equipment puts forth the sincerity of the person taking command. According to the Platoon Leaders Guide to Inventory and Accountability From The Field (Herd, 1) accountability of equipment permits the commander to:
Establish themself as organized leaders with a thorough inventory.
Learn about and employing the equipment that they are becoming responsible for.
Avoid the pitfalls, which could jeopardize their accountability.
Accept responsibility before, during, and after inventories.
Possess the resolve to account for equipment on a regular basis.
It is the responsibility of senior non-commissioned officers within the command to assist the incoming commander with inventory and sub-hand receipts. Senior NCOs have years of experience in the accountability and maintenance of assigned equipment. The Senior NCO is also charged with training his subordinates in accountability of and maintaining equipment. The Senior NCO knows that subordinates, platoon leaders, and new commanders have little experience in inventory and accountability. The Senior NCO can make the difference between the success and failure of the unit when it comes to accountability.
Often, the Senior NCO must be patient and creative when teaching superiors and subordinates the intricacies of accountability of equipment. The Senior NCO is familiar with the idea that the equipment and whether or not it is properly maintained could mean the difference between life and death in combat operations. You are only as good as the equipment you have available to you.
The Inventory Process
The Department of Defense has issued an Instruction (Number 5000.64, November 2, 2006) that outlines the accountability and management of DoD-owned equipment and other accountable property. This instruction is designed to instruct Department of Defense-wide on accountability issues. It is written specifically for those individuals tasked with documenting the management of, and accountability for, DoDowned equipment. This instruction goes into great detail about the responsibilities of those tasked with the identification, classification, and reporting of property. This instruction encourages and promotes the use of best practices for property accountability and management (Number 5000.64, November 2, 2006). This instruction covers:
Accountability and Management Policy
Applicability who the policy applies to
Definitions specific definitions unique to accountability and inventory
Policy as it pertains to different individuals at each level of accountability
Responsibilities who is responsible and what they are responsible for
Procedures how inventory and accountability should be conducted
In short, this Instruction gives a by the book accounting of the responsibilities of individuals who are assigned the responsibility of inventory and accountability.
Six Sigma
The Armed Forces of the United States have a history of inventing ways to handle operational tasks. Oftentimes the same task conducted by two different branches of service would be written in different manuals, each specific to that service. The Armed Forces are undergoing changes that incorporate all branches. The Armed Forces are focusing on how the civilian sector deals with similar problems or operational requirements. Six Sigma is being adopted as a tool by the Armed Forces to take measured steps to control costs and ensure resources are applied to the most critical requirements. (Office of the Georgia Department of Defense)
The Army is adopting Lean Six Sigma Army-wide. The idea is to observe processes and figure out how to do them better (Office of the Georgia Department of Defense). For the Army that means applying Lean Six Sigma methods to logistics and supply. The Army will use Lean Six Sigma to work on process improvement. With Six Sigma processes will improve and costs will be cut. In essence, the Army is learning how to operate like a business and businesses dont like to lose money.
Six Sigma was developed by Motorola beginning in the 1970s as an approach to improving quality and effectiveness through statistical control. Its roots go back more than 150 years to a Prussian mathematician who introduced the concept of the normal curve. (Reese, 1)
Lean Six Sigma is important to Army Supply and Logistics because it is a way for units to streamline inventory and accountability.
Together, Lean and Six Sigma are powerful tools in transforming organizations, Army Materiel Command officials said. They said Lean Six Sigma enables a culture of innovation that continuously listens to customers, questions the status quo, and improves results through fact-based decisions
It is believed that using Lean Six Sigma will allow the Army to run logistics and supply like successful businesses. The Army plans to train individuals from units up to the Black Belt level (Lean Six Sigma uses martial arts designations to signify an individuals level of training) and send these individuals out to units to train others. For those tasked with inventory and accountability Lean Six Sigma means streamlined reporting of equipment readiness.
Regulations
No one in the military has to guess how to handle accountability. There are many publications that can be used to guide the new leader through the accountability process. Again, conducting accountability inspections gives the impression that a leader is organized and values inventory and accountability. Some publications that can be used to conduct inventory and accountability functions (Herd, 1):
AR 710-2 Supply Policy Below the National Level
DA Pam 710-2-1 Using Unit Supply System
Update 2-14 Unit Supply Update 14
FM 10-27-4 Organizational Supply and Services for Unit Leaders
FM 10-14-1 Commanders Handbook for Property Accountability at Unit Level
TB 710-5 Unit Commanders Supply Handbook
AR 735-5 Policies and Procedures For Property Accountability
Those tasked with accountability inventory should have the above-listed publications on their reading lists. Using the above publications can help the leader or commander prevent inventory or accountability problems or assist the commander in dealing with lost or damaged property. Accounting for equipment on a regular basis helps keep equipment from getting into the wrong hands. Accounting and inventory of equipment also help leaders identify what equipment is missing after a combat operation. Certainly, the armed forces cannot let equipment get into the wrong hands so regular inventory and accountability can be used to keep track of equipment and its condition.
Regular hands-on inventory can assist in identifying equipment that made needs maintenance, repair, or need to be turned in for new equipment. Regular inventory can help the command ensure that sensitive items do not get into enemy hands. Familiarity with accountability publications is a must for anyone in a leadership position.
Property Management
Leaders must be aware that the inventory and accountability process needs to be ongoing rather than just a change of command function. Ongoing property management includes regular inventory, accountability, maintenance, or turn-in. Property management requires that the leader put together a resource management team (Powell, 1). This team should include sub-hand receipt holders from within the command. This team needs to be properly trained using the publications mentioned earlier especially AR 735-5. This AR lists the five levels of property management. The five levels are (AR 735-5):
Command. A commander is responsible for all property within his command.
Supervisory. A leader is responsible for the property in the possession of the personnel he supervises.
Direct. The accountable officer is responsible for property not issued on a hand receipt, and the primary hand receipt holder is responsible for a property accepted on hand receipt from the accountable officer.
Custodial. The supply sergeant, supply custodian, supply clerk, or warehouse person is responsible for the property in storage awaiting issue or turn-in.
Personal. Each person is responsible for exercising reasonable and prudent actions to properly use, care for, safeguard, and dispose of all Government property issued for, acquired for, or converted to his exclusive use, with or without a receipt.
The resource management team needs to develop a standing operating procedure (SOP) that includes how the inventory and accountability process should be undertaken within the specific unit. SOPs are written to meet the requirements of individual units. An SOP for a tank unit wouldnt be appropriate for a signal unit. Both units have different equipment requirements and inventories. The development of the SOP should be a collaborative effort of the resource management team. The SOP should include what soldiers should do with equipment (including weapons) upon return from the field or combat operations.
There should also be sections concerned with garrison operations, field operations, and combat operations. The SOP should be written in a manner that is understandable to someone who has had to take command because of the death or injury of the commander or other key leaders.
The SOP should include proper management of the property book that includes a 10% inventory once a month that takes note of shortages found or missing equipment. If the loss of equipment is attributable to an individual (such as a lost gas mask) then the leader needs to be prepared to complete form 362, Statement of Charges/Cash Collection.
In the case of a change of command inventory and accountability, it is the responsibility of the outgoing commander to present a complete listing of all property and property missing with charges filed. It is the responsibility of the incoming command to arrange a joint inspection of all property before the incoming command can sign for the property and sub-hand receipt the property to the appropriate individuals. The outgoing commander typically prepares an inventory plan well in advance of his leaving. The plan addresses major requirements of the inventory, lists the schedule to be followed, and incorporates this plan into a coordinated unit training schedule. (Powell, 4).
While in charge of inventory and accountability functions there are some donts that need to be mentioned. Most of the donts keep the person tasked with inventory and accountability out of trouble. The dont list includes (Powell, 6)
Dont delegate a physical inventory.
Dont extend the inventory past the allotted time.
Dont delay an investigation of responsibility (financial).
Dont issue property unless the person is authorized to have it.
Dont let temporary hand receipts expire.
Issues With Maintaining Inventory in Wartime
The importance of keeping inventory and accountability up to date is even more vital once a unit has been sent into a wartime situation. The Iraq war and the War in Afghanistan have are good examples of why inventory and accountability functions are important. In both wars, equipment is used daily by troops conducting assigned operations. Leadership within organizations at war needs to keep a close eye on the status of the equipment being used.
When those in leadership positions account for the equipment they must also take time to evaluate the equipments functional capabilities and ensure that equipment receives maintenance and upgrades as they become available or according to the maintenance schedule for that piece of equipment. The command needs to know when a piece of equipment is deadlined and needs repair or replaced. The availability of equipment required to complete missions assigned to a unit is very important. The unit leadership must be informed of equipment not functioning properly.
A recent article in USA Today pointed out the problem units are having with equipment wearing down. The article War wearing down a military gear at cost of about $2 billion a month focused on the Army and Marine Corps problem with equipment wearing out in units still tasked with combat operations. According to the article (Kelley, 1):
Thats equal to about a quarter of the $8 billion per month in military war costs. The wear and tear may lead to future equipment shortages and cutbacks in more advanced weapons, such as the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter being developed with allies around the world and the Armys new, high-tech family of weapons and equipment, says William Cohen, secretary of Defense from 1997 to 2001.
Correct, up to date, inventory and accountability give the Armed Forces a better picture of its ability to continue on as a fighting force. If a unit has not correctly completed their inventory and accountability they may receive tasking for combat operations that they are not able to complete. The higher command needs to know as much about a units ability to conduct combat operations as possible. It is not recommended that leaders falsely report inventory or readiness. Equipment wear and tear need to be promptly reported so that it can be either replaced or the unit deemed unready for combat operations.
Although there are many stories written that report that deployed units are having equipment problems senior military officials report otherwise:
Army officials emphasize that units currently deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan and other areas are equipped, trained, and ready. The problem resides with the units located in the states, who are threatened with equipment shortfalls and a shortage of deployment eligible soldiers. (Powers, 1)
During Vietnam, War units deployed and drew equipment upon arrival in-country. The 21st Replacement Battalion supplied new soldiers to units as replacements. Equipment replacements were much harder to receive but eventually, a replacement was provided. In the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan units are deployed with assigned personnel and equipment. The units are responsible for maintaining assigned equipment while in the theater. When the unit redeploys back to the U.S. they bring their equipment back with them. Oftentimes units that have deployed once are not ready to deploy again because of inventory and accountability issues.
Army Chief of Staff Gen. Peter Schoomaker and Lt. Gen. Steven Blum, chief of the National Guard Bureau, have both testified that the primary reason for their readiness concerns is equipment which has been worn out, damaged, or destroyed by deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. Much of this equipment has not been replaced. pointed to equipment worn out or destroyed by the missions in Iraq and Afghanistan and never replaced as the source of their components readiness problems. An additional problem is equipment left behind when units rotate back to the states. (Powers, 1)
Conclusion
The military has come a long way from the accountability system in place during the Vietnam War and earlier. Movies depicting that era often have supply sergeants using all kinds of tricks and deceptions to acquire property (equipment and other supplies) for their units. Many can recall a Korea-era program called MASH where characters Klinger and Radar spent much of their time making deals with other units to acquire the 4077th MASHs much-needed supplies.
Inventory and accountability are some of the most important functions a unit must do. Often, inventories are conducted pre-change of command and consist of a unit looking in every corner for assigned equipment. This equipment is checked for accountability, condition (functional or deadlined), and assignment (who operates the equipment). Leaders at all levels are responsible for inventory and accountability. Leaders are responsible for making sure that their unit can perform the functions it is tasked to do.
The first task a new commander must complete is inventory, accountability, and sub-hand receipting equipment to the appropriate personnel. Commanders often arrive at their units with little experience when it comes to inventory and accountability. It is here that the senior NCOs perform their most important function. They must carefully guide and teach new leadership about the equipment assigned. The senior NCO must go through the inventory and accountability process with the new leader explaining the function and condition of equipment, as well as the units readiness for combat operations. The role of the senior NCO is not exaggerated here. The senior NCO is tasked with making sure the unit, personnel, and equipment function such that they can complete assigned missions.
The purpose of accountability is to ensure that a unit has what it needs to do its job. Not only must the unit account for equipment it must also ensure that the equipment is functional and mission ready.
The initial inventory and accountability inspection for an incoming commander allows that commander to set the standard for their command. The new leader can use this process to establish himself as an organized and informed leader. The senior NCO and the new commander work hand in hand to accomplish the mission. Oftentimes it is the senior NCO that knows more about the unit and its ability to perform assigned tasks.
The inventory process itself is outlined in AR 735-2 (Policies and Procedures for Property Accountability). There are several other publications designed to assist the leadership to accomplish the inventory and accountability functions.
After years and years of the Department of Defense allowing the different branches of the service to write and implement their own policies and procedures for conducting accountability and inventory, the DoD is moving toward a service-wide system of accountability. The DoD has published a letter of instruction (Number 5000.64 dated November 2, 2006) streamlining the inventory and accountability process service-wide. This letter of instruction covers all aspects of accountability. The DoD has also adopted Lean Six Sigma as its business-like process that allows for observing processes and figure out how to do them better. The DoD is applying Lean Six Sigma methods to inventory and accountability.
The purpose of inventory and accountability is to account for equipment, determine its condition, and get an idea as to whether or not a unit is mission-ready. There are many regulations that instruct the command on the proper methods to conduct inventory and accountability. Senior NCOs, platoon leaders, and commanders should have these publications on their reading list.
Property management is not just a change of command function. Commanders are tasked with completing at least a 10% inventory once a month while they are in command. Senior NCOs and platoon leaders must continually inventory, account for, and report the readiness of their equipment. Improper reporting could have disastrous results, especially in combat operations.
There are five levels of property management: Command, Supervisory, Direct, Custodial, and Personal. The resource management team is tasked with writing an SOP outlining how the inventory and accountability process should be undertaken at the unit level.
Inventory and accountability are very important functions for combat units. These units can not allow any of their equipment to end up in enemy hands. Also, combat units must accurately report the condition of their equipment and its ability to function in a combat environment.
Works Cited:
Department of Defense Instruction (Number 5000.64, 2006). Web.
Herd, Timothy C. (2002). The Importance of Accountability. A Platoon Leaders Guide to Inventory and accountability From The Field. Web.
Kelley, Matt. (2006). Wars wearing down military gear at cost of about $2 billion a month. USA Today. Web.
Office of the Georgia Department of Defence. (2007). 23 Green Belts Graduate From Lean Six Sigma Course. Army Business Transformation Knowledge Center. Web.
Powell, Jaren. (2006). Property Management For Company Commanders. Army Logistician. PB 700-06-05 Volume 38, Issue 5.
Powers, Rod. (2006). Most Army Units Not Ready to Deploy. Your Guide to the U.S. Military. Web.
Reese, John. (2006). Army Adopting Lean Six Sigma. Army News Service. Web.
In the course of the twentieth century, there have been many military interventions into sovereign states. They have been aimed at stopping or reducing violence within certain countries. The critics of this strategy argue that such an approach can turn into an instrument of coercion. In their opinion, this main purpose of this interference is to impose ones geopolitical interests upon another country (Manokha, 2008, p. 11). Furthermore, one can say that this form of interference is more likely to endanger the lives of many innocent people. However, at the same time, this intrusion can also save millions of people who can be victimized by dictatorial governments. Moreover, in many cases, there are ethnic conflicts within societies. Under such circumstances, it is vital to stop different ethnic groups from entering into a military confrontation with one another. These are the main issues that should be discussed.
First of all, humanitarian intervention is particularly necessary when there is a risk of violence that is based on national, religious, or ethnic prejudice. For instance, one can mention such a country as Rwanda in which Hutu political leaders provoked the ethnic genocide of Tutsi people (Chatterjee & Scheid, 2003, p. 5). One should bear in mind that international organizations were aware about these threats, but unfortunately no action was taken. Similarly, it is possible to mention the ethnic hostilities in the former Yugoslavia. The deployment of peacekeepers can avert a disaster such as genocide. Overall, this argument is based on the premises of the just war theory which postulates that a military action be justified when it is necessary to stop injustice (Al-Haj, 2013).
Additionally, it is possible that in the course of this ethnic conflict, a dictatorial and totalitarian government can come into power. In the long term, this government can turn into an enemy of the United States and its allies (Seybolt, 2007, p. 3). This is one of the main threats that should be taken into account. This is another rationale for implementing a military intervention. The argument is particularly important when one speaks about the international intervention into the Korean War which broke out in 1950 (Krieg, 2012). In turn, contemporary Southern Korea is one of the most advanced countries in the world, and it is a long-term ally of the United States. Therefore, a humanitarian intervention can be critical for protection the geopolitical interests of a country as well as its national security.
Certainly, one can also offer arguments against this intrusion. In particular, it is possible to say that this military action can be motivated primarily by political or economic interests, rather than the intention to save innocent people (Kegley, 2011, p. 364). For instance, the critics of this strategy point out that this military intrusion is more likely to boost the geopolitical aims of economically and military advanced countries. This is of the main pitfalls that should be avoided. In particular, one should mention that the War in Iraq. This case is important because it shows that sometimes political leaders may not have accurate information (Amstutz, 2013). One should bear in mind that the U.S. troops could not find weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, even though the existence of these weapons was one of the pretexts of the invasion of this country (Terzuolo, 2005, p. 93). So, these objections can be used by the critics of a humanitarian intervention.
Finally, it is important to mention that a military intervention can result into the deaths of many American citizens. For instance, the invasion of Iraq took lives of more than 4400 American soldiers (Gelpi, 2009, p. 258). Therefore, the critics of military intervention can say that the deaths cannot be justified by any geopolitical or economic interests. Additionally, one should not forget that this humanitarian intervention resulted in the deaths of approximately 50000 Iraqi civilians (Gelpi, 2009, p. 258). In other words, the losses caused by the humanitarian intervention turned out to be even more disastrous than the dictatorial regime of Saddam Hussein. On the whole, these arguments should be kept in mind by political leaders who take a decision to start a humanitarian intervention.
It is possible to provide several examples of successful and unsuccessful military interventions. For example, one can speak about the operation of NATO forces in Kosovo. This intrusion helped to stop the violence against Albanians. This violence was staged by the government of Slobodan Miloaevi (Kerton-Johnson, 2010, p. 81). In turn, the international community wanted to stop this ethnic cleansing. Moreover, modern Balkan states have begun to recover economically and politically (Kerton-Johnson, 2010, p. 81). They have become more integrated into the European community. This is one of the possible outcomes that can be identified. As it has been said before, modern South Korea is also the result of a humanitarian intervention.
In contrast, there are examples of failed operations. Much attention should be paid to the situation in modern Iraq. Certainly, the U.S. troops succeeded in destroying the regime of Saddam Hussein. However, this country is still torn apart by ethnic and religious hostilities. Similarly, one should not forget about the Gulf War which also resulted in heavy losses. At this point, one cannot tell when this country can cope with the legacies of a totalitarian regime and continuous war. This is why political leaders should be very careful while launching any form of intervention. Furthermore, the failure of these humanitarian interventions can be partly explained by the fact that foreign military planners and politician lacked understanding of local culture as well as the tensions existing in the Iraqi society.
However, one should mention that the results of inaction can also be catastrophic. One of the most notorious cases is the Rwandan Genocide which took place in 1994 (Schimmel, 2011). The U.N. peacekeepers entered the territory of the country when the violence against the Tutsi people was already rampant (Cohen, 2007). As a result, they could not protect the victims of the genocide (Baarda, 2009). Similarly, one should not forget the failure to prevent the Holocaust. This is another example that should not be disregarded by political leaders.
This discussion suggests that that military intervention can lead to different outcomes. Sometimes, this strategy can indeed restore peace within a certain country. More important, it can eventually contribute to economic and political stability in the region. However, at the same time, this military intrusion can only increase hostilities. Therefore, military and political leaders must ensure that the actions are based on verified information. They should use force only in those cases when there is a risk of eminent danger. Nonetheless, a humanitarian intervention can still be a valid strategy when it is necessary to avert an ethnic conflict. This is one of the main arguments that can be put forward.
Reference List
Al-Haj, A. (2013). Principle of the States Sovereignty and the Phenomenon of Humanitarian Intervention Under Current International Law. Canadian Social Science, 9(1), 116-134.
Amstutz, M. (2013). International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
Baarda, T. (2009). The Moral Dimension of Asymmetrical Warfare: Counter- terrorism, Democratic Values and Military Ethics. Boston, MA: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Chatterjee, D., & Scheid, D. (2003). Ethics and Foreign Intervention. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, J. (2007). One-hundred Days of Silence: America and the Rwanda Genocide. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
Gelpi, C. (2009). Paying the Human Costs of War: American Public Opinion and Casualties in Military Conflicts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kegley, C., & Blanton, S. (2011). World Politics: Trends and Transformations: Trend and Transformations. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.
Kerton-Johnson, N. (2010). Justifying Americas Wars: The Conduct and Practice of US Military Intervention. New York, NY:Taylor & Francis.
Krieg, A. (2012). Motivations for Humanitarian intervention: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations. New York, NY: Springer.
Manokha, I. (2008). The Political Economy of Human Rights Enforcement: Moral and Intellectual Leadership in the Context of Global Hegemony. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Schimmel, N. (2011). An invisible genocide: how the Western media failed to report the 1994 Rwandan genocide of the Tutsi and why. International Journal Of Human Rights, 15(7), 1125-1135.
Seybolt, T. (2007). Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Terzuolo, E. (2005). NATO and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Regional Alliance, Global Threats. New York, NY: Routledge.
Lithuania and the United States have had a healthy relationship for the longest time due to shared values and interests. The two nations have continued to nurture the connection through various ways, including the Joint Combined Exchange Trainings (JCETs) (Richmond, 2022). With the arrangement, both countries benefit from the program even though it strictly involves the United States Special Operations Forces (SOF) deployed to train in Lithuania. Successful JCETs depends on proper communication between the United States and Lithuanias departments or agencies responsible for defense and foreign relations issues. Therefore, identifying those bodies to reach out to for assistance when conducting JCETs is critical.
One of the departments to contact for help relating to the JCET program is the Ministry of National Defence. The reason is that its mission includes cooperation with foreign countries in matters concerning defense. Another essential agency is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs which controls, organizes, and coordinates the countrys enforcement of security policy, foreign affairs, and international relations. Lastly, the State Security Department of Lithuania is equally a substantial body that can provide assistance when doing JCETs. It is involved in collecting intelligence on threats, both domestic and foreign. The Chief of Mission is the leading individual engaged in organizing the programs with the host country, Lithuania.
The main goal of the Chief of Mission for Lithuania is to engage the countrys support and partnership to enhance stability and security in Europe. Being an ally and member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Lithuania is critical in the broader efforts for global defense relating to terrorism, cyber security, and nuclear security (Integrated Country Strategy, 2020). The JCET conforms with these objectives as it aims to provide skills in leadership and planning, collective war fighting, and a variety of new skills to the host countrys forces. Another critical element of the JCET that aligns with the Chief of Missions primary goal is to foster a healthy bilateral relationship between the two nations, which is essential in promoting collaboration for global security. Thus, JCETs are crucial in supporting Lithuanias efforts in security issues with the European Union.