Category: Management

Introduction

Many healthcare organizations experience either overutilization or underutilization of their resources. These challenges create further problems with costs. In this particular scenario, the organization under consideration is experiencing underutilization of its resources hence the organization incurs high costs. The paper proposes a new service called Managed Care. The focus of Managed Care is to manage patients in the Veterans Affairs (VA) while utilizing care within VA hospitals rather than using community hospitals where the cost is significantly higher than VA hospitals. This paper addresses how to control costs using a change model to move patients back into the VA system. The change model is in the form of a nurse utilization program.

The Need for the Proposed Change

The change being proposed in the organization is a result of the need to optimize the resources in the organization. At the moment, the organizational resources are underutilized because many patients use the community hospitals instead of the VA healthcare system.

Organizational Barriers to the Proposed Change

Disagreement on the need for transparency

Many clinical and administrative leaders are unsure of the need for scrutiny of the use of resources. Clinical leaders believe that this is their purview and that their autonomy should not be disturbed. They are unconvinced of the value of reviewing the use of resources during clinical transactions. However, administrative clinical and managerial leaders understand the potential benefits of the retrospective, concurrent and prospective examination of resource use (American College of Medical Quality, 2005).

Fear of creeping bureaucracy

Many clinical professionals, as opposed to administrative leaders, are certain that utilization review is an expansion of the administrative bureaucracy. Regardless of the potential clinical benefits, clinicians believe that they and their staff will waste clinical hours in nonproductive administrative bookkeeping and data manipulation (American College of Medical Quality, 2005).

Unfocused attention

Administrative and clinical leaders attempt to evaluate every aspect of clinical operations. Although this evaluation is a desirable goal, successful utilization management programs must focus their efforts on specific targets of opportunity: those procedures or service units that seem to be highly variable in their use of resources and are considered high-volume or high-risk services provided by the organization.

Inadequate resources

Some utilization management programs develop as pilot experiments. Such programs are often structured on a lean resource base and therefore are inadequately funded. Together with ambitious leadership that intends to review all services, this shortage of resources hampers the efforts of utilization management employees. Without sufficient resources, staff will be unable to document contributions to the organization and to the management of patient care within the expected period of time (American College of Medical Quality, 2005).

Poor team membership

Utilization management programs have been managed by physicians and nurses. Early efforts did not recognize that strong utilization management programs were interdisciplinary in nature and required a mix of medical service disciplines and administrative department representatives. Although the design of the team members appears to be a simple task, the participation of various stakeholders becomes a challenge in terms of team characteristics. A balanced group should be composed of junior and senior leaders who possess organizational advocacy and authority.

Individual Barriers to the Proposed Change

Job security

The creation and implementation of a utilization management program creation of a specific department within the organization to oversee the process. This may require the organization to move the personnel from other departments to the newly created department. This may create anxiety within the affected employees and more so if they will assume new job titles roles and responsibilities. As a result, some of the employees may be resistant to the proposed change (Rossi, 2003).

Communication barriers

The creation and implementation of a utilization management program require successful communication between the utilization management committee and the various stakeholders, both internal and external. Specifically, the committee needs to communicate with the stakeholders about the resource utilization progress, and the impact of the program on the employees and management. Communication should also be done to recognize and reward group and individual efforts (Rossi, 2003).

Factors Influencing the Proposed Change

There are several factors that will affect the implementation of the proposed plan. These factors include third-party payer review and coordination, discharge planning monitoring, overutilization and underutilization surveillance, identification of quality of care and liability problems, financial issues, and physician and staff education. Third-party payer review and coordination involve a review of the medical record during a patients hospitalization to facilitate appropriate reimbursement. Coordination may also include facilitating referrals, for instance, to home health, rehabilitation, or long-term care for aftercare with the selected agencies of the third party.

The discharge planning and monitoring component facilitates appropriate, timely, and effective discharge planning. Discharge planning may actually be performed by nurses, social workers, case managers, or discharge planners (American College of Medical Quality, 2005).

Utilization management professionals review cases for appropriate use of resources using criteria sets, clinical pathways, or practice guidelines. Surveillance facilitates the identification or underutilization or overutilization of resources. During the course of the review, quality of care and risk/liability issues can be identified. Reporting of these issues to quality and risk management allows for timely corrective action. It is an integral part of an effective utilization program to obtain concurrent financial as well as clinical data on all cases. These data can educate providers about the cost of treating patients as well as provide the administration with information regarding case mix, cost, length of stay, complications, and mortality. A goal of every effective UM program is the education of physicians and staff in managing resources (Rossi, 2003).

Factors Influencing Organizational Readiness for the Proposed Change

Availability of resources

The organization can only be ready for the proposed change if it has adequate resources both human and physical resources to support the process. Without the resources, the organization will find it difficult to implement the utilization management program (Spector, 2010).

Education of the organizations personnel

The organization can also only be ready for the creation and implementation of the utilization management program if the employees are educated and trained on the proposed change. Education and training create awareness among the employees

The Theoretical Model that Relates to the Proposed Change

The theoretical model that relates to the utilization management program is quality improvement. Quality improvement is a process that entails changing the manner in which things are run in an organization so as to improve the quality of the services offered while minimizing the costs at the same time. Utilization management will ensure the achievement of these two goals by minimizing the wastage of resources while ensuring that the patients receive adequate care.

Internal Resources Available to Support the Change Initiative

Human resource

The organization requires a committed human resource to support the utilization management program. The employees need to work collaboratively towards the accomplishment and success of the program (Borkowski, 2005).

Financial resources

The organization needs substantial financial resources to oversee the creation and implementation of the utilization management program. The financial resources will be used in the purchase of material resources and the reimbursement of the human personnel.

Information technology

The creation and implementation of the utilization management requires huge data of the clients as well as providers. This huge database can only be effectively and successfully managed through advanced information technology systems.

External Resources Available to Support the Change Initiative

Consultants

The organization will require external resources in the form of experts or consultants. The consultants will provide the organization with the knowledge and skills required to create and implement the utilization management program effectively. The consultants will come in handy in situations where the organization lacks certain skills and knowledge.

Conclusion

The paper proposes a change initiative in the form of a nurse utilization management program. The program aims at increasing the utilization of the organizations resources and avoiding wastage. Nevertheless, various factors determine the success of the programs creation and implementation. It is thus the managements responsibility to ensure that these factors are dealt with to ensure the smooth running of the change process.

References

American College of Medical Quality. (2005). Core curriculum for medical quality management. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.

Borkowski, N. (2005). Organizational behavior in health care. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Rossi, P. (2003). Case management in healthcare. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Spector, B. (2010). Implementing Organizational Change: Theory into Practice (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River: NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

The current COVID-19 pandemic caused significant distress on healthcare organizations and clinicians. The daily increase in hospitalizations and death resulted in more duties and longer working hours, causing physical and emotional exhaustion among medical personnel. Moreover, inadequate management led to breaching ethical norms in some hospitals. Therefore, this research paper aims to review the consequences of insomnia for the human organism and identify the prevalence of this problem among healthcare workers worldwide during the pandemic. Furthermore, this paper will discuss ethical values that were violated due to poor management in clinics and how they affected staffs psychological well-being. The literature review was conducted using key phrases sleep disturbance in healthcare workers, ethical issues in hospitals, age discrimination in hospitals, and pandemic. The time range for the research articles was chosen to be within the last five years. The research showed that insomnia could cause metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and mood disorders. The prevalence of sleep disturbance among clinicians was found to be 40% during the pandemic. Nurses who talked about personal protective equipment deficiency on social media were dismissed from work. Moreover, the lack of knowledge about the novel coronavirus in the general public caused the stereotyping of infected hospital staff. These problems can be solved by improving the staff hiring process to reduce workload. Furthermore, hospital managers should develop a better support system for healthcare workers to increase productivity and diminish burnout.

The ongoing coronavirus crisis caused a tremendous disturbance to the world and the healthcare system. Inadequate preventive measures around the globe led to a surge in the number of infected people and deaths. Moreover, the high hospitalization rate and shortage of clinical staff resulted in longer shifts and sleep disturbance among medical personnel. Moreover, many ethical norms were violated by some hospital administrators. For instance, whistleblowing about insufficient personal protective equipment in healthcare facilities led to job loss for some clinicians. Furthermore, the public stereotyping of infected hospital staff resulted in emotional distress. The first objective of this paper is to determine the global insomnia prevalence among clinicians during the pandemic and review the health issues associated with disturbed circadian rhythm. The second objective is to discuss the ethical problems related to hospital staff management during the pandemic. It appears that poor hospital administration during the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the well-being and performance of medical personnel, which worsened patient outcomes.

To sum up, the COVID-19 pandemic imposed significant stress on healthcare institutions and medical personnel, causing a high prevalence of burnout and sleep disturbance among hospital staff worldwide. Sleep disturbance can have negative health consequences such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, depression, anxiety, and lack of concentration, which increases the risk of medical errors. Moreover, various regulatory issues arose during the pandemic, leading to the violation of the Code of Ethics. The possible solutions for these problems are hiring more hospital staff and providing support for employees during quarantine. Finally, the literature review showed that many countries responded inefficiently to the pandemic, which resulted in an enormous number of infected people and overloaded hospitals. The question for the classmates is whether it is appropriate to include more information on the role of governments in this pandemics unfavorable outcomes for healthcare workers and patients. Should the paper be only focused on the effect of inadequate staffing in adverse patient outcomes?

Introduction

It is important to discuss how to best recruit, select, and retain high caliber candidates in an area where there is a shortage of healthcare workers. There is now a severe shortage of registered nurses (RNs) in the United States. In this paper, I will provide an overview of the factors contributing to the RN shortage, explain the importance of completing a proper job analysis and job design, and outline possible recruitment and retention strategies.

Overview of the RNs Shortage

The United States is observing a noticeable shortage of RNs. Recent data shows that the US is expected to have more job openings for RNs through 2022 than any other profession (Haddad et al., 2022, para. 2). According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, additional 275,000 RNs will be needed from 2020 to 2030 (Haddad et al., 2022, para. 2). RN employment opportunities are expected to grow at a faster rate (9%) than all other occupations from 2016 to 2026 (Haddad et al., 2022, para. 2). There are several contributing factors to the shortage of RNs in the US. One factor is the aging population of the country: the demand for healthcare services increases as people age (Haddad et al., 2022). This puts pressure on the healthcare system and leads to a greater need for RNs. Another factor is the high burnout rate among RNs, which can result in early retirement or career changes (Bakhamis et al., 2019). Finally, there is the matter of competition with other industries (Folbre et al., 2020). RNs may be attracted to work in other industries that offer better pay and working conditions.

Job Analysis and Design

A thorough job analysis must be carried out in order to address the RN shortage. Examining the RN positions responsibilities, duties, and requirements will determine the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) required to do the job well (Morse et al., 2020). The results will be used to create a job description and selection criteria fit to attract the best candidates. The organization and its people can both profit from proper job design in a number of ways. For instance, thoughtful job design can boost production and efficiency for the organization (Ali et al., 2019). Employees are provided the tools and support they need to do their duties safely and effectively, which can also help to lower the likelihood of mistakes and accidents. In other words, appropriate job design can boost employees motivation and satisfaction (Ali et al., 2019).

Recruitment, Selection, and Retention

To recruit new RNs, a variety of methods will be used. Job postings on professional networking websites will reach a large pool of candidates. Job shadowing opportunities will be offered to nursing students as a way to introduce them to the organization and recruit them upon graduation. Attendance at industry conferences will allow the organization to connect with potential candidates in person (Kruse et al., 2020). Encouraging the employees to refer their qualified colleagues can be a way to find new talent (Schlachter & Pieper, 2019). To retain our RNs long-term, we will create a positive organizational culture that supports the well-being and development of our employees. Medical coverage, retirement programs, and paid leave are just a few of the benefits that could be attractive for the employees. Providing opportunities for professional development and advancement could include training programs, leadership development, and education assistance (Chamanga et al., 2020). We will offer flexible scheduling and time off policies to help our employees manage their work and personal commitments. We will work to foster strong relationships with our employees through regular check-ins, feedback sessions, and other forms of support.

Positive Organisational Relations

Another aspect of retaining employees is building positive relationships within the organization. This includes fostering open communication, promoting teamwork, recognizing and rewarding employees for their contributions, and providing supportive leadership (Rajamohan et al., 2019). Positive organizational relations contribute to the creation of a supportive work environment that can boost job satisfaction (Cummings et al., 2021). Staff commitment to delivering their best work is more certain once workers feel valued and appreciated by the company (Cheng et al., 2020). By implementing these elements of positive organizational relations, we can create a work environment that will help us retain our highly qualified RNs for the long-term. Encouraging open and honest communication can be done through regular check-ins, feedback sessions, and other opportunities for employees to share their thoughts and concerns. Leaders should encourage employees to work together and share ideas, and provide opportunities for team-building activities (Rajamohan et al., 2019). Moreover, it is important to show appreciation for employee efforts through things like praise, bonuses, and other forms of recognition (Cheng et al., 2020). Finally, the organization needs to make sure that employees have access to approachable and supportive leaders who are available to offer guidance and support.

Conclusion

In conclusion, addressing the shortage of RNs in the country is a top priority. By completing a proper job analysis and job design, we can attract the best candidates for our organization and create a positive and supportive work environment that will help us retain these employees for the long-term. Through the use of effective recruitment strategies and the implementation of positive organizational relations, we can ensure that we have the highly qualified RNs needed to meet the demands of our healthcare system.

References

Ali, H., Safan, S., & Mabrouk, S. (2019). Work design and its relation to productivity among staff nurses. Menoufia Nursing Journal, 4(1), 69 76. Web.

Bakhamis, L., Paul, D. P., Smith, H., & Coustasse, A. (2019). Still an epidemic. The Health Care Manager, 38(1), 310. Web.

Chamanga, E., Dyson, J., Loke, J., & McKeown, E. (2020). Factors influencing the recruitment and retention of registered nurses in adult community nursing services: an integrative literature review. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 21. Web.

Cheng, L., Cui, Y., Chen, Q., Ye, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, F., Zeng, W., & Hu, X. (2020). Paediatric nurses general self-efficacy, perceived organizational support and perceived professional benefits from Class A tertiary hospitals in Jilin province of China: the mediating effect of nursing practice environment. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1). Web.

Cummings, G. G., Lee, S., Tate, K., Penconek, T., Micaroni, S. P., Paananen, T., & Chatterjee, G. E. (2021). The essentials of nursing leadership: A systematic review of factors and educational interventions influencing nursing leadership. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 115, 103842. Web.

Folbre, N., Gautham, L., & Smith, K. (2020). Essential workers and care penalties in the United States. Feminist Economics, 27(12), 173187. Web.

Haddad, L. M., Annamaraju, P., & Toney-Butler, T. J. (2022). Nursing shortage. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

Kruse, J. A., Didion, J., & Perzynski, K. (2020). Strengthening student nurses sense of belonging through attendance at a professional nursing conference. AORN Journal, 112(3), 227236. Web.

Morse, B. L., Anderson, L., Combe, L. G., Delack, S., Ondeck, L., & Homme, C. (2020). U.S. school nursing job analysis. The Journal of School Nursing, 38(2), 126137. Web.

Rajamohan, S., Porock, D., & Chang, Y. (2019). Understanding the relationship between staff and job satisfaction, stress, turnover, and staff outcomes in the personcentered care nursing home arena. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 51(5), 560568. Web.

Schlachter, S. D., & Pieper, J. R. (2019). Employee referral hiring in organizations: An integrative conceptual review, model, and agenda for future research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(11), 1325 1346. Web.

It is crucial to enhance the standard of patients stays in healthcare facilities because diseases like cancer require extensive treatment and cause them to spend much of their lives in hospitals. The therapeutic diet plays a significant role as an essential element of complex therapy in treating diseases that are not directly related to nutrition (NHS England, 2016). Giving the individuals closest to problems that affect the quality of care the time, permission, knowledge, and tools they require to address those problems is the goal of quality improvement (Jones et al., 2021). One of the patients started to eat poorly, and the hospital staff noticed that she was refusing the food provided. The patient started to lose weight as a result, and there was a risk of malnutrition.

Since the patient was accustomed to eating other foods, she refused meals because they did not taste good. The food served in the hospital could have been more varied and focused on the local culture (Linsley et al., 2019). The patient was a foreigner accustomed to eating food from Africa, which was not offered in the hospital. Oncology patients families are keen to create a comfortable and pleasant living environment for their loved ones while receiving treatment (Swanwick & Vaux, 2020). It is crucial that food can both satisfy patients and aid in their recovery as they are dealing with so many challenges.

The aim is to change the approach of hospitals to the formation of the menu in order to meet the needs of all patients. Negotiations with hospital administrators can realistically lead to this outcome, and changes can be made in two months. Success can be measured by the fact that there will be no more cases of malnutrition and weight loss among patients in the hospital. It will be possible to choose food in hospitals rather than consume what is provided. Patients can order meals based on their dietary needs and cultural background up to a week in advance.

PLAN: among the hospital patients, groups of people who appeared to be undernourished and were refusing to eat were selected. These kinds of patient groups were observed and questioned for a month.

DO: interviews with the patients who refused to eat will be done to demonstrate the favorable outcome that these changes can obtain. The reasons given by these patients will include their dissatisfaction with the menu options and the absence of their traditional meals. The hospital administration will implement a new method for developing menus and meal plans for patients based on their preferences. Patients will make meal orders for the upcoming week for a month.

STUDY: patients eating habits will be observed daily, and once per week, they will be interviewed to assess how much they enjoy the suggested dishes. To track weight changes, patients will be weighed once every two weeks.

ACT: based on the analysis of the polling and weighing results, adjustments, and amendments will be made. There will also be weekly meetings with medical professionals.

RESULTS: the number of underweight and malnourished patients will decline and disappear as PDSA cycles are reintroduced.

References

Jones, B., Kwong, E., & Warburton, W. (2021). Quality improvement made simple: What everyone should know about healthcare quality improvement: Quick guide. Health Foundation.

Linsley, P., Kane, R., & Barker, J. (2019). Evidence-based practice for nurses and healthcare professionals. SAGE Publications.

NHS England. (2016). Leading change, adding value: A framework for nursing, Midwifery and Care Staff.

Swanwick, T., & Vaux, E. (2020). ABC of quality improvement in healthcare. Wiley Blackwell.

Case management

Case management plays a highly important role in care delivery as it aims to assist in the achievement of the most appropriate patient results. The responsibilities of a case manager include assessment, intervention, coordination and monitoring of services, advocacy, outreach, and referral (Campinha-Bacote & Munoz, 2001, p. 48). At the same time within the framework of changing demographics and patient diversity, case management is necessary to be culturally responsible and relevant. According to the Canadian Standards of Practice, cultural awareness should underlie competent care delivery with the expression of sensitivity, appreciation, and respect for clients cultural peculiarities, such as traditions, values, and beliefs (National Case Management Network, 2009). In addition, the provision of culturally competent services presupposes the collection of relevant data related to cultural distinctions to replace biases and the cooperation with the representatives of other cultures and those who have knowledge connected with this subject.

Approach

In the case of Zahra and her parents, it is obvious that care delivery should be provided with respect to the familys cultural and religious norms. Although Mohammed and Nina are very concerned about their daughters medical state, their attitude to her health issues is determined by traditions that presuppose hiding problems associated with substance abuse and sexual assault in order to avoid shame and stigmatization. Moreover, it is not clear whether they want Zahra to be healthy and satisfied with her life or they only put particular attention to her presence during family meetings, culturally prescribed behavior, and success that can be demonstrated to relatives and business partners.

It is obvious that case management aims to provide appropriate support to ensure successful treatment and positive patient outcomes. At the same time, for successful intervention, a patients agreement and willingness to participate in it in order to recover is essential (Module 4). As a young, intelligent, verbally competent, and attractive person, Zahra has more chances for successful treatment regardless of its objectives (Module 4). However, taking into consideration that substance abuse should be regarded as a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors rather than a moral weakness, a complex approach is required (Module 2). Although Zahra has particular problems with alcohol consumption, her substance abuse derives from the trauma connected with sexual assault that impacts her trust, self-esteem, functioning, and mood as well. At the same time, the absence of support from her parents may complicate the situation  thus, their participation in the process of treatment is essential regardless of cultural peculiarities that may create barriers.

Once Zahras parents return to the room, it is essential to ask them for a private conversation. In general, for culturally competent care delivery, self-assessment is necessary for a case manager in order to be aware of their culture and potential biases related to other values and beliefs to remove them. In other words, it is important to understand that all people are different, however, their cultural peculiarities should be respected. Zahras parents should be explained that their daughters substance abuse and mental issues are connected with the trauma received as a result of sexual assault. It is beneficial to demonstrate the knowledge of the aspects of the familys culture and express the understanding of their culture-determined concerns in order to gain their trust. When Mohammed and Nina speak expressing their culturally informed attitude in relation to the necessity of treatment, a case manager should become an active listener to elaborate on the best strategies for a compromise, especially in the case of their rejection.

At the same time, it is necessary to explain to them that Zahras state will deteriorate not only without competent help but without her parents support as well. In this case, all information will be provided in a culturally sensitive manner for the familys choice. All in all, parents should realize that their traditions, values, and beliefs are not neglected, however, for their daughters well-being, their involvement in treatment is necessary. As an alternative, it may be proposed to keep in contact with partners in order to avoid business ramifications and the familys stigmatization, however, parents and siblings should provide all their support, understanding, and care to Zahra to make her feel valued.

Service Recommendations

Although Zahra has substance abuse-related issues, they derive from the trauma  thus, treatment should aim to minimize its negative consequences on the young womans mental health. According to a commonly accepted myth of psychotherapy, all interventions should provide equivalent outcomes (Norcross, 1995). However, the results of treatment should be relevant to every patients unique situation, and in the case of Zahra, the minimization of the traumas impact is a top priority, as it will lead to the solution of substance abuse-related problems.

In this case, support that may be recommended to Zahra is therapies. Although there are group and individual sessions, taking into consideration the patients cultural background, individual sessions are preferable. The first option is psychodynamic psychotherapy which focus on a victims mixed emotions and their expression (Cowan et al., 2020). Zahra has difficult memories determined by multiple hidden emotions that lead to sleep problems, substance abuse, and other mental health issues. During the work with a therapist, she will have an opportunity to perceive the nature of her feelings and release them.

Another type of therapy that may be recommended is trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. It will allow the patient to reconstruct the event and detect negative thoughts associated with it that negatively affect her life. Subsequently, Zahra will be provided with efficient techniques for relaxation to replace traumatic experiences with a positive response (Cowan et al., 2020). While therapies methods differ, both of them may be regarded as beneficial for Zahra as along with the familys support, they will help her minimize the impact of the trauma and its consequences.

At the end of the session, it is important to have a small talk with Zahra and her parents all together in order to assess their understanding of treatment and its potential outcomes. All details of how support may be received should be provided as well. All in all, the session may be closed in the following way:

Case Manager: Zahra, it is obvious that your substance abuse and emotional issues derive from the trauma and we are here to help you. You should know that you are not guilty and you are valued. Take your time to think about treatment and its significance and next time when we meet give an answer whether you agree to accept it or not. Mohammed and Nina, I respect your traditions, culture, and religion, and I know that the familys reputation is highly important to you. At the same time, your daughters emotional state and related issues, including substance abuse, will exacerbate without appropriate treatment and your support. No matter what she will decide, I hope that you will trust her words and treat her with all love and care she deserves. I am glad that we understand each other and I would like to see you next time.

References

Campinha-Bacote, J., & Munoz, C. (2001). A guiding framework for delivering culturally competent services in case management. The Case Manager, 12(2), 48-52.

Cowan, A., Ashai, A., & Gentile, J. P. (2020). Psychotherapy with survivors of sexual abuse and assault. Innovations in clinical Neuroscience, 17(1-3), 22-26.

Module 2. Best practices in treatment.

Module 4. Treatment effectiveness and outcomes.

National Case Management Network. (2009). Canadian standards of practice for case management. Web.

Norcross, J. C. (1995). Dispelling the Dodo bird verdict and the exclusivity myth in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32(3), 500504. Web.

Introduction. Local and General Building Codes

One of the most heavily regulated building types is the one that houses medical facilities and related services. It, too, is subject to the requirements of any applicable local or state building ordinances. State and local codes have no bearing on the operation of federal facilities located on federal property, which must adhere to federal regulations only. Therefore, Trinity must first secure the adjacent building for the expansion of orthopedic services and then obtain all necessary approvals and licenses from each state. In addition, Trinity will have to make preparations for the buildings renovation and preparation. Cost-benefit analysis and purchasing decisions must be made for new diagnostic equipment to support the companys radiology division expansion plans. In addition to preparing the facility, the hospital will have to work on the service lines physician privileges and contracts. It will be necessary to hire and train new administrative staff. Extra nurses, therapists, office workers, and patient coordinators are all included in this plan (Slubowski, 2021).

Construction Preparations

The construction site must be cleaned up, and the foundation must be laid. Rough framing must be constructed. Furthermore, the city will conduct an inspection of the new building to verify that the foundation components meet all applicable standards. The success of the service line will also be dependent on collaborations with physicians, orthopedic coverage, vendors, and members of the community. As a result, the hospital must make certain that the orthopedic group shares its mission and core principles. Both organizations should strive for similar outcomes in terms of mission and patient care. Surgeons need administrative assistance and collaboration. Each group should have a leader who is willing to work with others. The surgeon champion should focus on administrative goals, such as reducing costs and improving patient outcomes. Investing in the relationship requires that the administrative champion be able to see the surgeons point of view (Slubowski, 2021).

Marketing and Advertisement

The most recent diagnostic equipment purchased by orthopedic service lines should be highlighted in advertising and marketing. In addition, the groups orthopedic surgeons credentials should be highlighted in the marketing. The marketing strategy should also include the Patient Navigation Program. As a patient, its all about convenience, with easy scheduling and a care coordinator to help you get back on your feet after an injury. Incorporate a full range of orthopedic services into the marketing of the service line (Slubowski, 2021). Patients and healthcare providers will need to be drawn in by an aggressive marketing campaign if the anticipated patient growth is to be realized.

Implement Competition Differentiation

Trinity Regional Medical Center and Trinity Regional Medical Center will be the areas second and third orthopedic facilities, respectively. In order to gain market share and maintain a healthy profit margin, they must set themselves apart from the competition. Trinity needs to show how their program is different from the rest of the market. Patients will benefit from a patient Navigation system that will assist them in scheduling appointments and coordinating their care. Trinity Medical Centers most prominent feature will be this. It is time for Trinity University to get out into the community and educate the public about joint health, healthy living, and injury prevention (Slubowski, 2021). There are many places where the hospital could collaborate with others to organize educational events for their patients, such as community centers, colleges, high schools, personal training facilities, and retirement communities.

References

Slubowski, M. (2021). Michael A. Slubowski, FACHE, President and CEO, Trinity Health. Journal of Healthcare Management, 66(3), 160-164.

The disease under consideration, small bowel obstruction, is a blockage of the small intestine, which implies a disruption of the digestive system. Its development is characterized by the accumulation of swallowed air instead of intestinal fluids, in contrast to the normal intestine functions related to the absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water (Reddy & Cappell, 2017). As a result, this process is followed by the fermentation of ingested food and intestinal gas from bacterial proliferation (Reddy & Cappell, 2017). In this way, small bowel obstruction is the cause of mural edema and fluid sequestration.

This disease is diagnosed by medical history, physical examination, and blood tests. The principal symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, emesis, abdominal distention, and constipation (Reddy & Cappell, 2017). They are crucial if they occurred before abdominal surgeries, which makes the consideration of medical history an essential task. In turn, a physical examination is intended to reveal the signs of dehydration and sepsis, tachycardia, or hypotension (Reddy & Cappell, 2017). Finally, the tests include blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels (Reddy & Cappell, 2017). The combination of these measures allows concluding on the presence of small bowel obstruction.

The management and treatment of the disease usually imply hospitalization. The patients with this condition are medically stabilized through nil per os (NPO) and other methods (Reddy & Cappell, 2017). Further interventions are either surgery or initiatives on managing the condition. The former is more efficient, whereas the latter is used when the patients have no peritonitis (Reddy & Cappell, 2017). As for nursing care in case of small bowel obstruction, it includes the management of acute pain and the prevention of infection (Reddy & Cappell, 2017). It explains the need for the patients with this disease to be monitored in the hospital setting.

Reference

Reddy, S. R. R., & Cappell, M. S. (2017). A systematic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of small bowel obstruction. Current Gastroenterology Reports, 19(6), 28. Web.

Multinational food conglomerates are increasingly integrating and controlling overseas food markets. This tendency is evident in China, where the economy and food industry have seen an increase in foreign direct investment and international retail and restaurant branches. Globalization in the food industry has led to various forms of cultural diversity regarding cuisines. The contemporary world features of cuisine differ from that which pertained a decade ago in many perspectives, such as the development of an integrated food production and distribution system. Ready-to-eat food delivery has emerged as a significant market due to the development of enticing, user-friendly apps and tech-enabled driver networks, as well as shifting consumer expectations. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic led to lockdowns, and physical distance limitations significantly boosted the category, with delivery turning into a lifeline for the struggling restaurant sector.

Homogenization describes a society where the underlying values and beliefs are shared and prevalent, thus leading to a dominant cultural conviction. On the other hand, heterogenization describes a society where diverse population groups hold values and beliefs, leading to a multicultural society. In China, food is closely tied to the social context, but the increased economic progression and cultural integration with western nations led to a homogenous cuisine culture. The increased interconnection between Chinese and Western civilization led to a more homogenous culture as the Chinese adopted a western lifestyle model. This period coincided with the entry of American fast-food firms such as Mcdonalds and Starbucks. The massive number of Chinese nationals overseas contributed to the cultural homogeneity as they perceived western cuisines as high quality.

The increase in rural-urban migration to megacities such as Shenzhen and Guangzhou led to greater exposure to ideas that reshaped the cultural perspective. The critical component in homogenization in China is its adaptation to a fast tempo of city life coupled with its rapid economic development, which provided suitable conditions for fast food culture (Wang, 2022). China is third in the number of Mcdonalds restaurants worldwide, depicting the homogeneity of the Chinese food industry.

Young people have popularized the integration of foreign food cuisine as they emulate the western lifestyle of having the restaurants as romantic and formal celebrations spots. Since many Chinese customers began gathering at American eateries like Starbucks Coffee Shop, eating is often associated with socializing. The seating arrangement provided opportunities for the middle class to gain privacy and embrace unique ideals such as eating in shopping malls in the city centers.

The outbreak and spread of the coronavirus led to numerous changes in the daily life of Chinese residents. The preventative actions initiated by Chinese authorities to curb the spread of COVID-19, such as social isolation and mobility limitations, had detrimental effects on the supply chain for different cuisines production and consumption. The lockdown restrictions also led to the closures of various food services such as restaurants and decreased food availability due to increased lead times among suppliers. Online shopping grew popular among many Chinese city dwellers during their confinement at home at the beginning of the pandemic.

The demand for online groceries and fast foods increased significantly as the lockdown measures limited mobility. The contemporary cuisine culture in China exhibits heterogeneous tendencies, as the COVID-19 pandemic altered the food sector landscape. As the pandemic raged, food consumption was affected as many people preferred home cooking instead of takeaway orders due to the nutrient content believed to prevent infection (Zhang et al., 2020). Chinese residents began consuming less processed foods, thus changing the landscape into a heterogeneous society where local and indigenous foods were advocated.

In a heterogeneous Chinese society, the influence of traditional food has far-reaching consequences regarding cultural value. The Chinese have a long-standing, millennia-old eating tradition passed down from generation to generation. One of the defining features of Chinese culture is its cuisine. Home cooking has been the aspect of food habits that has changed the most during the pandemic, as lockdowns made individuals stay at home, thus altering their way of life (Tian, Zhou, & Wang, 2022). Many folks found themselves with extra time to prepare and organize meals; thus, homes became the new hub for socialization and family gatherings.

The decrease in dietary diversity due to supply chain issues increased dietary quality for households as they increased uptake of healthy foods to strengthen their resistance against the virus. In addition, many Chinese residents began associating making regional cuisines with traditional methods, thus localizing the dining experience (Kartari et al., 2021). Chinas intangible cultural heritage has increased prominence in the food service sector in the post-pandemic world. The home dining experience has greatly influenced the increased emphasis on ethnic Chinese cooking, which does not involve deep-fried cooking (Kang, 2022). Chinese residents concentrated on natural flavor and vegetables and decreased meat consumption.

Disneyfication and Cultural imperialism

Food is identity and history and thus is embedded in the culture of specific populations such as China. Globalization and cultural integration have led to the Americanization of Chinese cuisines and eating lifestyles. American fast-food restaurants are growing faster in China than in the U.S. as a result of cultural imperialism. The growing consumption of fast food is increasingly altering Chinas cuisine due to the ever-increasing disposable income of the Chinese residents. These fast-food restaurants serve American cuisines such as hamburgers, hot dogs, and fries which are made to suit the taste of most people.

These foods have no exotic spices or traditional combinations of ingredients emphasized in Chinese cultures. Chinese cuisines such as bones, chicken skin, and dumplings are prepared in a specific way and take time to prepare (Cui, 2017). Although the American quick-service restaurants do not have exceptional cuisines, they have taken over the Chinese food industry and are keen to increase their influence with more stores. The Chinese middle class prefers quick-service restaurants as they offer greater affordability.

One significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was the economic downturn due to business closures. Fast food restaurants have benefited from this phenomenon as consumers prefer cheaper options served in fast food joints (Li, 2021). Cultural imperialism regarding Chinese cuisines has seen the American fast-food lifestyle penetrate the market through companies such as Mcdonalds, Starbucks, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Burger King. These brands are poised to make China their largest market within a decade as each company establishes more stores annually.

The epitome of disneyfication of the Chinese food sector is through the standardization of the major American-owned fast-food restaurants, including Mcdonalds and Starbucks. These quick-service restaurants impose themselves on local markets in the Chinese society while offering their standardized menu and maintaining their operations model. Standardizing these processes means that the stores offerings and operations emphasized in the U.S. are similar to those in China. The enormous expansion of such standardized systems in the international arena indicates the disneyfication of the Chinese food industry. The fast-food restaurant standardization model is booming in China as they market themselves as authentic taste of the west (Pavlova, 2019). The lack of bullishness on fast food joints adapting their dishes for the Chinese society is due to the trust arbitrage in China.

China is infamous for its domestic food sector scandals, such as fake eggs, tainted baby formula, and mislabeled meats. Chinese residents do not trust Chinese brands, thus encouraging disneyfication of the food sector. The novel coronavirus outbreak was believed to have originated from a seafood and wild food wet market in Wuhan (Wei, 2018). This incident encouraged Chinese residents to increase online food delivery from American fast-food joints as they were deemed free from the tainted Chinese outdoor market (Chen, 2020). There is a pervasive belief that American companies have higher hygiene standards than their Chinese counterparts. Food integrity is crucial in the restaurant industry, especially in preventing infections such as coronavirus. Disneyfication is poised to increase as Chinese consumers push American companies to conform to the standards employed in the U.S.

Conclusion

Multinational food firms are increasingly integrating into China and controlling the market through various imperialism features. The change in food supply coupled with the expansion of the food delivery ecosystem led to explosive growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, as many people ordered food from major fast-food joints due to mobility restrictions. The food diversification aspect of the Chinese food sector was aided by the perception of western food as high quality and the residents adaptation to a fast tempo lifestyle. In the food service sector, Chinas intangible cultural heritage has become more prominent as Chinese residents emphasize a healthy traditional diet and home cooking to strengthen preventative measures against the viral pandemic. Disneyfication and cultural imperialism of the Chinese food sector is mainly due to the embrace of American cuisines sold at fast-food restaurants. The outbreak of COVID-19 in Chinese markets compounded this belief leading to the increased popularity of American cuisines.

References

Chen, M. (2020). Fast food industry in the post-pandemic era. A case study of KFC. In E3S Web of Conferences, Vol. 218, p. 02005). EDP Sciences.

Cui, J. (2017). The Americanization of Chinese food: How Chinese restaurateurs adapted authentic cuisine that sells. Ruggles Media.

Kang, L. (2022). Passion for culture boosts Chinas food industry. Global Times.

Kartari, A., Özen, A. E., Correia, A., Wen, J., & Kozak, M. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on changing patterns of household food consumption: An intercultural study of three countries. International journal of gastronomy and food science, 26, 100420.

Li, L. (2021). Effect of covid-19 on the quick-service restaurant industry in China and the U.S. In 6th International Conference on Financial Innovation and Economic Development (ICFIED 2021) (pp. 460-468). Atlantis Press.

Pavlova, R. (2019). Globalization of American fast-food chains: the pinnacle of effective management and adaptability. The Yale Globalist.

Tian, X., Zhou, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on food consumption and dietary quality of rural households in China. Foods, 11(4), 510.

Wang, S. (2022). The Rise of American Food in China (Publication No. 1357) [Masters Projects and Capstones, University of San Francisco]

Wei, C. (2018). Why McDonalds, Starbucks, and KFC are popular in China. Eater.

Zhang, J., Zhao, A., Ke, Y., Huo, S., Ma, Y., Zhang, Y., Ren, Z., Li, Z., & Liu, K. (2020). Dietary behaviors in the post-lockdown period and its effects on dietary diversity: The second stage of a nutrition survey in a longitudinal Chinese study in the COVID-19 era. Nutrients, 12(11), 3269.

Despite technological changes, business travel or tourism remains a fundamental part of international business management. Business events have led to the growth of tourism-related activities on international markets as executives and employees travel for professional or personal reasons. When people travel to business events, they need services that construct the tourism product, including transport, cultural services, sports and recreational activities, accommodation, and food and beverages. International tourism is dominated by leisure and air travel, except in the Middle East, where relatives and friends matter more than leisure. Ultimately, business events entail individual business travel, meetings and conferences, incentive trips, corporate hospitality, and exhibitions (Davidson, 2019). To understand the business events sector better, it is necessary to explore the requirement of buyers of individual business travel and incentive trips and the resulting implications for suppliers.

Requirements of the Buyers

Individual business travel consists of the trips made by people whose jobs need them to travel to fulfil their employment duties. From politicians to journalists to accident investigators to talent spotters, there are select jobs that can only be done effectively if employees are prepared to stay away from home and change their working bases regularly. The buyers of individual business travel include the corporate sector, other organization types such as government bodies and voluntary industry. The process is done through in-house travel coordinators and secretaries (Lichy & McLeay, 2018). Alternatively, individual business travel can be secured through intermediaries, who are often traveling management firms and business travel agencies, using online booking services and implants.

Demand for individual business travel can be understood using two dimensions: the consumer and the customer. The end user of individual business travel is an employee of a corporation who receives instructions to fulfil their job duties. Employees travel as well as consume business tourism and travel services. The duties of workers on individual business travel may involve overseeing presentations, investigations, and conducting one-to-one meetings and consultations. Employers fund most individual business travel, but employees may combine their professional duties with leisure if their schedule is convenient (Boniface et al., 2020). Depending on their visit type and budget, buyers for individual business travel want different things.

Proximity remains a significant priority for individual business travelers as they want to conduct their business appointments conveniently and timely. Therefore, these travelers have a high likelihood of seeking travel managers that can book the most intuitive and convenient venues that meet all their needs. Proximity positively contributes to productivity as it reduces travel time in cities, freeing up more time to complete increased workloads (Lichy & McLeay, 2018). Most buyers of individual business travel want venues such as hotels and meeting rooms that consider location as a primary criterion for business events.

Individual business travel buyers need meeting rooms that are accessible to conduct their operations successfully. Business travel is vital to landing new clients, having significant conversations, and pitching ideas to current clients that require face-to-face interactions. As a result, individual business travelers prefer venues that offer accessible meeting spaces and conference rooms. Meeting spaces and conference rooms allow team members to rehearse before making important and big pitches (Cook et al., 2020). Having an opportunity to rehearse a presentation beforehand can make a difference in winning or losing on a new investment.

In addition, individual business travelers require fast services and healthy dining options.

Corporate travelers are busy individuals; therefore, they often need effective and fast services regardless of the type of services they request. They often work on short timeframes and repeatedly fly across different cities. For instance, room service should conveniently arrive in less than thirty minutes. Shoeshine and dry-cleaning services must be made available within a night. There is no time to waste for business professionals when it comes to preparing outfits or eating a nutritious meal. A great challenge in life that involves much traveling as an employee is staying healthy. Most individual business travelers are tempted by fast food chains that are conveniently located in airports (Cook et al., 2020). Thus, they are constantly looking for healthy dining choices to balance out their unhealthy options with clients or eat in airports.

Individual business travelers also want easy fitness options and settings that promote rest and productivity. They want venues such as hotels to have fitness centers that are well maintained, easy to locate, and spacious. Small fitness centers can be frustrating for guests, especially if they have to wait in queues to use certain fitness equipment. Individual business travelers will often consider settings that can promote their rest and productivity as they focus on getting their work done or resting to prepare for meetings. Therefore, they are likely to want productive venues equipped for business purposes, with services such as wireless connectivity and the internet. In addition, they need a comfortable and quiet venue that will improve their rest (Cook et al., 2020). Enough rest can ensure employees perform their job duties and responsibilities effectively.

Incentive Trips

Incentive travel refers to an essential part of the Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions (MICE) industry. Incentive trips are used as travel perks designed to motivate partners or employees. They can be defined as corporate-sponsored meetings or trips that create firm loyalty and reward effort. They are celebratory events intended to recognize the efforts of those who exceed or meet production and sales goals. Ultimately, incentive trips are often luxurious and target attractive destinations to nurture team spirit and motivate non-winners (Jiang et al., 2019). Most importantly, incentive travel allows high performers who often experience much stress to re-charge and unwind to prepare for an upcoming business cycle.

The incentive travel buyers are often private sector companies looking to motivate their employees. The end users are workers who spend several days of vacation with all expenses paid by a firm. The requirement for companies that often purchase incentive travel plans is cost consciousness. Companies are becoming more cost-conscious as the economy slumps due to inflation and global pandemics. In addition, other methods of effectively rewarding and motivating employees have gained traction, making employers focus less on incentive trips. Companies avoid expensive and prestigious destinations and emphasize the programs content and organization quality. Furthermore, countries are providing incentive travel domestically or within regional locations and increasing the number of employees partaking in the program (Davidson, 2019). Ultimately, corporate buyers of incentive travel require cost competitiveness in the various programs they can offer their employees as part of incentive trips.

While companies attempt to look for competitive programs on incentive travel, employees must be satisfied with them to motivate them. Thus, it is crucial to understand what workers need in an effective incentive trip. The choice of destinations is a significant feature affecting employees satisfaction with new incentive travel programs. Employees today need the novelty value in the incentive program to create memorable, fun, and engaging experiences for participants. Since the concept of incentive travel has existed for many decades, new incentive types and destinations can revitalize the meaning of incentive travel. In addition, since most high performers travel extensively solely for work-related reasons, incentive travel consumers need new destinations and novel ways of organizing incentive programs (Davidson, 2019). As a result, companies aim to ensure their incentive trips can excite their consumers by introducing original ideas to such vacations.

Buyers and consumers of incentive travel programs need access, destination appeal, and infrastructure. Employees and companies need locations that provide access and infrastructure that allows operations to proceed effectively. Roads and wireless connectivity networks should be evaluated to ensure they meet the highest standards. A locations reputation is a primary consideration for end users of incentive travel programs (Davidson, 2019). Although world-famous destinations have their appeal, finding new and exotic locations can increase the places attractiveness.

Comparison

Similarities

Individual business travel and incentive trips have several similarities that suggest an interconnection between leisure and business tourism. First, those on individual business travel utilize the same facilities as incentive trip travelers. Individual business travelers need access to facilities such as the gym and hotels. Similarly, employees going on incentive trips need access to hotels and gyms (Davidson, 2019). Most facilities are used for similar purposes as leisure and business travel employees need almost the same services.

Second, incentive and individual business travel employees are visitors who require similar destination information. Both individual business travelers and those on incentive trips need access to similar destination information that offers data on a locations facilities and how to make reservations. The information is provided through the cooperation of tourism services promoters and suppliers. Third, incentive trips and individual business travel people appreciate the need for a comfortable and safe environment. Incentive trips are treated as leisure tourism, and employees need the assurance that a destination is safe to enroll in location-specific programs successfully. Similarly, individual business travelers need comfortable working environments to complete their job tasks effectively. Finally, individual business travel is closely related to incentive trips since business visitors consume leisure tourism, such as incentive trips. Employees of a certain organization often do individual business travel. Those workers can be selected as a part of an incentive travel program (Davidson, 2019). Therefore, individual business travelers consume leisure tourism, such as incentive trips.

Differences

Individual business travelers and incentive trips can access several different services. First, incentive travel uses the facilities and services of the hospitality and travel sectors. It goes beyond the transport, catering, and accommodation industries to provide complete tourist attractions and recreation activities. In contrast, individual business travelers are only provided with transport, catering, and accommodation access. There are no recreational activities and tourist attractions provided by the employer. Second, unlike individual business travel, the suppliers of different tourism services do not require extra infrastructural facilities for destinations that actively provide incentive travel services (Davidson, 2019). Destinations that aspire to attract the incentive travel market do not require the construction of conference or meeting rooms as their use during incentive trips is limited.

Third, unlike individual business travel, the incentive travel market does not consider the element of transport as a medium of arriving at a destination only. Instead, the transport element is considered a portion of the incentive program experience, distinguished by uniqueness, exclusivity, and pleasure. On the other hand, individual business travel views the transport element as a means to an end, which only involves traveling to different locations (Davidson, 2019). Therefore, transport suppliers focus on incentivizing passengers to experience special feelings with services such as onboard entertainment and personalized welcome messages for groups.

Fourth, some differences can be identified as required services. In individual business travel and incentive trips, competitive infrastructure and accommodation play a significant role. However, for incentive travel, sightseeing, restaurants, shopping facilities, touristic attractions, and boat tours are important decision factors. In contrast, individual business travel considers high entertainment and catering quality and unique and competitive event venues essential for effective functioning. The primary decision-making is determined by professional development opportunities and appropriate capacity and infrastructure in individual business travel (Davidson, 2019). On the other hand, relaxation and destination exploration are the major motivations for the destination choice for incentive travel.

Implication for Suppliers

Destinations are an essential part of attracting consumers to tourism services; thus, they must be effectively managed if they meet the needs of leisure and business tourists. There are various forms of destination management that destination suppliers can take to improve their appeal. First, suppliers should market a destination and provide information to enable potential end users to notice the destinations existence (Kerdpitak, 2019). Second, destination suppliers must plan and develop infrastructure, including transport and venues, since consumers and buyers of tourism services require accessible and appealing destinations.

Third, destination suppliers must strive to ensure the security and safety of each leisure and business visitor are maintained, especially regarding fire safety and crime. All business and leisure tourists agree that their safety and security are top priorities when choosing destinations. Therefore, destination providers must provide adequate security to meet the need. Finally, destination suppliers must ensure that utilities such as water supplies and electricity are reliable. Since such utilities are vulnerable to sudden unavailability, destination suppliers must invest in alternative utilities to increase the reliability of their services (Abdulla et al., 2020). For instance, using borehole water and backup generator can increase client trust that their business events will be uninterrupted.

Venues

Business events, including meetings, exhibitions, conferences, and training courses, happen in venues. A major problem with venue choosing is the high cost that drives firms away from hosting events at prestigious locations. Thus, venue suppliers should offer memorable experiences for a competitive price. In addition, venue providers should offer friendly and quality service facilities suitable for small gatherings (Davidson, 2019). Ultimately, venue suppliers should strive to meet buyers needs when they demand something unique.

Accommodation

Buyers needs constantly change, and accommodation has to keep up with changing consumer trends. Suppliers of accommodation need to provide a home away from home. Lodging properties have a larger meaning than sticks, bricks, and mortar since a physical facility is constructed and employees are instructed to satisfy guest needs. Accommodation providers need to prioritize the customer first by providing high-quality service and anticipating the requirements of consumers (Cook et al., 2020). In addition, accommodations should be unique and original to make consumer experiences special.

Transport

Transport is one of the essential drivers of the tourism and hospitality industry. Without transport, the movement of people across different geographical areas is impossible. However, transport is responsible for creating resources. Transport providers should increase the efficiency of their services on certain routes to cater to business and leisure tourists. For instance, traveling by air has become tourists major form of travel. Therefore, transport moderators must ensure timely flights in an increasingly competitive environment (Davidson, 2019). In addition, hotels improve the efficiency of their transport services for consumers from airports to destination hotels.

Ancillary services (other)

Ancillary services are secondary services and facilities that support main amenities in the hospitality and tourism sectors. As business travel suppliers strive to increase convenience and provide unforgettable experiences, it is critical to provide ancillary services to customers. For instance, a hotel can provide a booklet containing key support services consumers may want (Davidson, 2019). For example, shopping services, tour guides, tour escorts, theme parks, chauffeur services, and car rental are support services that can make a consumers life easier and create returning customers.

Conclusion

In conclusion, buyers of business events such as individual business travel and incentive trips have different requirements, which consequently affect tourism product suppliers. Individual business travelers often want proximity, security, and convenience for their consumer experiences. Incentive travelers require uniqueness in their program to be motivated to partake in such trips. Individual business travel and incentive trips have several similarities and differences. For instance, individual business travel requires widespread use of meeting and conference rooms while incentive trips do not. The buyers requirements have several implications for suppliers of the tourism product. For example, suppliers of accommodation and venues will need to provide unique experiences to consumers to improve customer retention.

References

Abdulla, S. A. M., Khalifa, G. S., Abuelhassan, A. E., Nordin, B. B., Ghosh, A., & Bhaumik, A. (2020). Advancement of destination service quality management technology in tourism industry. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 2317-2324. Web.

Boniface, B., Cooper, R., & Cooper, C. (2020). Worldwide destinations: The geography of travel and tourism (8th ed.). Routledge.

Cook, R. A., Hsu, C. H., & Taylor, L. L. (2018). Tourism: The business of hospitality and travel (6th ed.). Pearson.

Davidson, R. (2019). Business events (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Jiang, S., Scott, N., & Ding, P. (2019). Motivations of experienced leisure travelers: A means-end chain study on the Chinese outbound market. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 25(2), 225-238.

Kerdpitak, C. (2019). The influence of destination attributes on the MICE tourism industry in Bangkok, Thailand. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 10(1), 76-98.

Lichy, J., & McLeay, F. (2018). Bleisure: Motivations and typologies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(4), 517-530.

The hemostat is considered one of the most basic tools within the surgical set. According to Abdelaziz (2019), the name of any type of hemostat is pegged on two crucial factors, which include the design of the distal tip and the set-up of the jaw. As documented by Fukuba et al. (2018), Hemostats are primarily used in surgery to clamp blood vessels, thus, regulate the degree of bleeding. They are equally critical in holding and positioning tissues during surgery (Shichijo et al., 2020). Moreover, an article by Kamal et al. (2020) notes that hemostats are perfect tools for navigating and exploring deeper surgical sites. As such, the function of this guide is to educate nurses on the proper use of hemostat forceps and issue warnings during their use. The estimated read time for the guide is Five minutes.

General Information on the Use of The Hemostat

1. The sterilization procedure must incorporate authorization from the end user, who is obliged to consistently ensure the procedure is properly observed.
2. Every sterilization and cleaning procedure is a general instruction. Hence, any slight difference in the procedure should first be assessed and possible implications determined.
3. The directions are strictly to be interpreted by persons with adequate training and knowledge of the surgical process and technique.
4. The federal law of the land controls the sale and use of the tool based on the physicians order.

Warnings for Reprocessing of Hemostats

1. The instruments are not sterile and must be cleaned and sterilized prior to their use.
2. The cover of the tips and any other packaging must be removed from the tool before its application.
3. Routine sterilization should not be done through immediate use of steam sterilization (IUSS), as it should strictly be preserved for emergency situations.

Instructions on Use

1. During the entire process, remove the accumulated debris using a lap sponge and sterilized water occasionally to avoid any instance of bodily fluids or blood drying on the tool.
2. The hemostat should stay rinsed with sterilized water, as required, without causing aerosols.
3. The hemostat should be disassembled based on the provided instructions from the manufacturer and properly arranged to ensure all parts are available.
4. Before sterilization and after cleaning, every moving section of the hemostat should be lubricated using a physiologically approved lubricant

Place the hemostat securely during transportation to prevent any shifting or damage.

Conclusion

In conclusion, hemostat forceps are essential surgical tools that play a critical role in ensuring the successful execution of surgeries. Ideally, the forceps aid in the prevention of blood loss on a surgical site by effectively clamping the blood vessels. Moreover, they permit proper positioning of tissue to expose the needed surgical area, thus, ensuring visibility. They equally allow for effective navigation through a surgical site. Given the critical roles of the hemostats, numerous directives have to be observed to ensure their safety during application. For instance, the sterilization procedure has to conform to the instructions given by the manufacturer of the tool. Nevertheless, the use of the hemostats must solely be reserved for those with adequate knowledge and training to ensure the safety of the patients. It is important to ensure that every hemostat is thoroughly inspected and tested for both cracks and any stains of blood during the sterilization process.

References

Abdelaziz, M. (2019). Hemostatic forceps in various gastrointestinal bleeding scenarios: A single center comparative study with endoclip. Cogent Medicine, 6(1), 1623000. Web.

Fukuba, N., Sonoyama, H., Moriyama, I., Ishihara, S., & Kinoshita, Y. (2018). Soft coagulation using hemostatic forceps for prevention of post-endoscopic papillectomy hemorrhage. Journal of Digestive Endoscopy, 9(03), 114-117. Web.

Kamal, F., Khan, M. A., Tariq, R., Ismail, M. K., Tombazzi, C., & Howden, C. W. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis: monopolar hemostatic forceps with soft coagulation in the treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 32(6), 678-685. Web.

Shichijo, S., Takeuchi, Y., Waki, K., & Uedo, N. (2020). Pulley tractionassisted endoscopic submucosal dissection with hemostatic forceps for a laterally spreading tumor in the ascending colon. VideoGIE, 5(12), 684-685. Web.