Category: Management

A student record system is a platform for managing student information. Regardless of being a paper-based or automated system, student record system yields a lot of benefits to the school. The system provides crucial information, which can be very helpful in making decisions concerning the management of the institution. The student record can be integrated with the school information management system and improve efficiency for the general management of the school activities.

The main functions included in a student record system are courses registration, generating reports, results capturing and computation and data analysis. Using the techniques in this course, fundamentals of programming, I am going to design and implement a simple module where students can enter the grades and compute the average grades. The system is implemented using visual studio windows application in C# programming language. The system implementation employs the concepts of object oriented programming language, including classes, objects, and methods. The system also uses the application of control structures among other programming concepts.

Design and Coding

The system has two pages, a welcome page and grade capturing page where the student can enter the grades and compute the average grade. The Grade Class has one method called getGrade, which fecthes the grade, assigns it some points, and stores it in integer variable pts. To assign the grade point, I have used the if statement. The if statement is a decision making statement used to control the flow of execution of a code segment. It is a two-way statement used in conjunction with a test expression, using the syntax: If (test expression). The test expression is first tested during execution then passes the control to a particular statement depending on whether the expression control is true or false. The main code of the system is as shown below.

class Grade //create a glass call grade

{

public void getGrade (string grde, int pts)

{

try

{

if (grde==A) {pts = 12;}

if (grde == A-) {pts = 11;}

if (grde == B+) {pts = 10;}

if (grde == B) {pts = 9;}

if (grde == B-) {pts = 8;}

if (grde == C+) {pts = 7;}

if (grde == C) {pts = 6;}

if (grde == C-) {pts = 5;}

if (grde == D) {pts = 4;}

if (grde == D) {pts = 3;}

if (grde == D-) {pts = 2;}

if (grde == D-) {pts = 1;}

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);

return;

}

}

}

The following code shows the calling of the class method. The method getGrade is called during the button click event or when a dropdown list is selected.

Grade obj = new Grade();

obj.getGrade(cbGrade.Text,pts);

When a student enters a grade, the student clicks the add button to add the grade into an array of grades and assigns points to the grade. The following shows the add button vent.

private void btnAdd_Click (object sender, EventArgs e)

{

try

{

getPoints();

//call inbuilt datatable class and an object table

DataTable table = new DataTable();

//add the grades and points the table object

table.Rows.Add(cbGrade.Text, pts);

gdGrades.DataSource = table;

//compute the total points and assign them to the variable totalPoints

totalPoints = totalPoints + pts;

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);

return;

}

}

}

After adding all the grades entered into the data table, the user can call the compute average method which computes the average grade and displays it in a label. The code is as shown below.

public void computeAverage()

{

try

{

avgPts = totalPoints / gdGrades.Rows.Count

if (avgPts == 12)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = A;}

if (avgPts == 11)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = A-;}

if (avgPts == 10)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = B+;}

if (avgPts == 9)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = B;}

if (avgPts == 8)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = B-;}

if (avgPts == 7)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = C+;}

if (avgPts == 6)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = C;}

if (avgPts == 5)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = C-;}

if (avgPts == 4)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = D+;}

if (avgPts == 3)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = D;}

if (avgPts == 2)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = D-;}

if (avgPts == 1)

{txtAverageGrade.Text = E;}

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);

return;

}

}

Error Handling

To handle errors with the program, I have employed the try catch exception concept. The block of code to be tested is placed inside the try block. The statement to be executed is placed in the try block and if an error occurs in the try block, it is placed in the catch statement (Lauwens, 2017). The try and catch code is shown below.

try

{

Grade obj = new Grade ();

obj.getGrade(cbGrade.Text,pts);

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);

return;

}

Interface Screenshots

The first screen, Fig 1, is the welcome screen, on clicking capture grades button; it takes you to the capture grade page, Fig. 2. The second screen, Fig. 2, is the grade-capturing screen where the students can enter the grades and compute the average. You can capture as many grades and compute the average grade. After selecting a grade, the student enters a score or marks in the Points textbox, and clicks on Add to go to the next grade item. Clicking on the Clear button clears everything to leave the form empty and allow multiple use of the system. The use can click on the exit button to return to the welcome screen.

Reference

Lauwens, B. (2017) ResumableFunctions: C# sharp style generators for Julia, Journal of Open Source Software, 2(18), p. 400. Web.

Introduction

The statistical design of research is important because it influences the researchers ability to respond to the research question. The researcher must consider the purpose of the research and the research questions before choosing the statistical design because the validity of the findings depends on the effectiveness of the statistical method (Andrew, Pedersen, & McEvoy, 2011). Various research studies have been performed in sports management to determine the influence of sports events on society. The research purposes and research questions of these studies differ and the researchers select statistical methods that suit the aim of the research. This paper reviews four research studies that focus on the effect of sports management on society. The statistical methods, results, and design rationale of the selected research studies are compared to highlight different statistical designs available.

The studies reviewed in this paper are obtained from four journals are Journal of Sports Economics, Urban Studies, International Journal of Tourism Research, and Preventive Medicine. Journal of Sports Economics is a peer-reviewed journal published four times annually, which focuses on the dynamics of sports and economics. Urban Studies is a peer-reviewed journal that focuses on the influences of different factors on urbanization. The International Journal of Tourism Research provides an avenue for researchers interested in the field of tourism to analyze past research studies and submit original primary research studies. The journal of preventive medicine Preventive Medicine is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes scholarly and professional research findings in the area of disease control and prevention. The fact that the four journals reviewed in this paper are from different fields indicates that sports activities are related different aspects of society.

Statistical Design Bibliography

In their research De Moor, Beem, Stubbe, Boomsma, and De Geus (2006) performed a population-based survey targeting 19,288 young twins in Holland using an opinion poll. The outcome of the research indicated the participants who engaged in regular exercise exhibited a lower anxiety, depression, neurotic characteristics, and introversion. The statistical results for the study were presented using standard deviations and the Standard Deviation (SD) values for each variable were used to determine the relationship between sporting activities and the variable. The SD value for each variable was <0 and this offered substantial evidence indicating the frequent exercise has a positive effect on participants general psychological health.

In another research study, Chun-Da and Chih-Chun, 2012 use an event study approach to investigate the effect of Japanese baseball events on the stock value of the sponsoring company. The experiential results indicate a substantial level of positive irregular stock proceeds for the sponsor company when the team qualified to participate in the championship. The stock prices of the sponsor company records considerable strong ARs before the game day. The results of the empirical study also showed that the teams sponsored by retail firms experience more substantial stock fluctuations when they qualified for the championships. A hypothesis test was performed and the p-values for each of the variables was <0.05 thus the null hypothesis was rejected. The researchers rationally determine that the companies in the retail market are more affected by sports marketing approaches (Chun-Da & Chih-Chun, 2012).

Kasimati (2003) investigates the economic effect of The Olympics on the host city prior to the games. The researcher uses economic data from 1984 to 2011 to investigate the effect of the anticipation on the economic indices characteristic to the host citys economic status. The research explains that the Games influence on the host communitys economy extends after the period of the games. The aftermath increases tourism statistics. Nevertheless, the high anticipation provided by some communities may be irrational considering the desire of the researchers to support the existence of The Olympics. Numerous researchers have investigated the economic impact of sports events on society and the validity of such results will be stronger if valuation procedure is made unbiased.

Kavestos (2012) assesses how the declaration of the London Olympics (2012) influenced the real-estate market. The researcher uses a self-created database of real-estate businesses and observed that real-estate in host regions were valued at >3% over other areas. The overall influence of The Olympic Games on the value of real-estate in host regions exceeded £1 billion, indicating that the sports activities have socioeconomic effects for existing inhabitants (Kavestos, 2012).

Conclusion

This paper presented an overview of different statistical designs and their applicability in sports management research studies. A bibliography was used to compare the statistical methods and results of four research studies. The reviewed studies were drawn from different journals but each study indicated the influence of sports management on society.

References

Andrew, D. P., Pedersen, P. M., & McEvoy, C. D. (2011). Research methods and design in sport management. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Chun-Da, C. & Chih-Chun C. (2012). Assessing the Effects of Sports Marketing on Stock Returns Evidence from the Nippon Professional Baseball Series. Journal of Sports Economics April 2012 vol. 13(2), 169-197.

De Moor, M., Beem, A., Stubbe, J., Boomsma, D., and De Geus, E. (2006), Regular Exercise, Anxiety, Depression and Personality: A Population-Based Study, Preventive Medicine, 42 (4), 273-279.

Kasimati, E. (2003). Economic Aspects and the Summer Olympics: A Review of Related Research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(10), 433-444.

Kavestos, G (2012). The Impact of the London Olympics on Property Prices. Urban Studies, 49(7), 1453-1470.

Introduction

Each person tries to personally learn and evaluate what surrounds them. At the same time, the knowledge that people acquire in different ways affects the formation of thinking and helps them make certain decisions (Rynes & Bartunek, 2017). Therefore, this article aims to introduce readers to scientific evidence that can influence the use of evidence-based management practices.

Methodology and Theoretical Framework

It is also possible to identify a theoretical framework of research based on empirical evidence and a review of the literature. The study used a mixed methodology; quantitative statistics, graphs, and tables. At the same time, the author notes employees of different levels in the organizational hierarchy as participants in the study (The language of science, 2021). Furthermore, most of the article is based on a qualitative method; the author describes and analyzes concepts and backgrounds.

Terms

Concerning the terms, it is necessary to mention empirical research, Empirical research addresses expected relationships, through the systematic study of relationships between scores obtained from cases and relationships Relationships means simply that two or more things are associated, connected, or tied to one another (The language of science, 2021).

Key Findings

The author concludes that people are faced with a large amount of information that should not be immediately taken for granted. He points to two levels of science  operational and conceptual. Moreover, it is especially important to identify the relationships that count on the variables independent-dependent, mediated, and moderated (The language of science, 2021). The author argues that it is necessary to apply a scientific method to deepen knowledge and make the leadership sphere evidence-based.

Conclusion

Thus, science is a way to knowledge meaningless, have a deeper understanding, and build a management system based on reliability and evidence. The main threats to this process are erroneous measurements and results which can lead to misinterpretations and misunderstandings. Therefore, to choose information, it is necessary to rely on its validity and reliability, and it should be borne in mind that these concepts are not synonymous.

References

Rynes, S. L., & Bartunek, J. M. (2017). Evidence-based management: Foundations, development, controversies and future. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 235-261.

The language of science. Lens for understanding the organization science literature. 2021.

Introduction

Witless Bay Seabird Ecological Reserve is a seabird habitat located in the coastal waters of Newfoundland and Labrador. The reserve contains four seabird colonies located on Green Island, Gull Island, Pee Pee Island, and Great Island. The four islands make the reserve for thousands of seabird species, such as Black-legged Kittiwakes, Great Black-backed Gulls, Black Guillemots, common murres, and Herring Gulls. The habitat seeks to protect the seabird species from various risks and preserve the existence of special breeds.

Species Description

There are over a million seabirds of at least ten species breeding on the four islands of the Witless bay reserve. Different species are concentrated in small areas and are adapted to their respective nesting conditions. According to a management plan report by Witless Bay Ecological Reserve (1994), there are approximately 1,001,612 seabirds in the four islands, with Gull Island having the highest population of over half a million. Amongst the species are the rarest seabirds, known as Northern Fulmar, which are only 20 in the four colonies (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Only found in the Great and Gull Islands, this species was first recorded in 1978 and, without nests, lays eggs on wild cliff ledges.

Leachs Storm-Petrel is the highest in number, with at least 780,000, and exists in all the islands. Like Atlantic puffin, leachs storm-petrel, including Carey Chicken and Mother Careys chick, are burrow nesters (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Rarely seen during the day, Storm-petrels occupy the steep top regions of the islands. Puffins, including Baccalieu Birds and Sea Parrot, live on the steep and grassy slopes of the islands. The Black-legged Kittiwake nests on the small outcrops of the islands cliff, rarely occupied by other species. Common Murres are known for laying a single egg on the rocky cliff ledges. Black Guillemots and Razorbills breed in lower numbers and prefer to nest on the covering cliff ledges (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Other seabirds, such as Herring Gulls and Great Black-backed Gulls, nest in similar rocky or grassy habitats and lay 2 to 3 eggs.

Concerns Regarding the Species

Major concerns about the seabirds are related to the activities that threaten their lives and habitats. One of the activities is fishing which is a serious cause of death for different species (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). As fishermen catch many seabirds during their fishing sessions, some birds drown and die in the water. Hunting by humans and other birds eating animals also adds risk to the lives of these species. Another activity is vessels and boat tour operations which, due to increased speed or related activities, may cause disturbance to breeding processes (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Tourists and local people take vessel and boat tours to watch the seabirds. While the boats may be passing near the nesting areas of some species, it may cause them to flee, leaving their eggs behind. Furthermore, frequent human visits to the reserve may cause stress to the birds.

Destruction of major habitats for seabirds is another worrying activity often performed by humans. Cutting trees where some seabirds build their nests could be traumatizing for such birds and prevent their breeding processes (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Seabirds are also vulnerable to other carnivorous animals that may feed on them. Aircraft activities, increased vessel traffic, and research cabins built by researchers are other activities that threaten seabirds existence (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Finally, water pollution negatively affects the health of seabirds and, at worst, causes a fatality.

Reserve Management

Witless bay reserve management was developed in Newfoundland and Labrador due to the nutrient-rich state of the region to support the large quantity and diverse seabird species. The coastal region also provides safe breeding sites for the birds as well as their habitats (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). The four islands were selected because they are natural habitats of different seabird species recorded in the Witless reserve. Another reason for selecting these islands is that they host unique and rare seabird species in the world.

Witless bay reserve manages seabird habitats by protecting the birds from human and animal activities that place the lives of seabirds at risk. By establishing an advisory committee, the reserve advised the natural and park area divisions about the need to protect the seabirds (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Recreational fishing was allowed in reserve, while commercial fishing was well monitored to prevent endangering the seabirds. Activities such as hunting and speedy boats and vessels are prohibited in the region (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Restriction of reserve access, only authorized research cabins, restriction of damage or removal of trees or animals to scientific study, and reduced aircraft speed and vessel traffic are among other management measures taken by Witless bay.

Problems Encountered during Management

Major challenges faced by Witless bay reserve during management are associated with uncontrollable activities that endanger seabirds. Water pollution in the oceans is a primary problem because seabirds are affected by the pollutants (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Another problem is the killing of seabirds by other animals on the islands. Although the reserve may protect the seabirds from domestic animals, they may not be in a position to protect them from wild animals (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 1994). Therefore, the deaths of seabirds by animals and the health effects of water pollution are serious problems. Light pollution, especially for burrowing species, is another challenge caused by climate change (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 2021). Atlantic puffins are highly affected by increased natural light, which occurs during moon phases. The increasing natural light day and night means that the burrow-nesting birds have to spend more time underground, thus affecting their feeding and breeding processes.

Current Status of the Species

The 2021 report by the Witless bay reserve website shows that seabird species are increasing in numbers compared to their report in 1994. The reserve host the second-largest number of Leachs Storm-petrel in the world, with at least 620 000 pairs (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 2021). The Atlantic puffin population has also increased to 260,000 pairs in reserve. Furthermore, Common Murres and Black-legged Kittiwakes have grown to thousands. The seabirds spend most of their time at sea and return to the land for breeding between May and August (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 2021). However, seabirds are highly affected by ongoing climatic changes such as water and light pollution and the extinction of various plants (Witless Bay Ecological Reserve, 2021). Puffins are particularly affected by increased natural light in their habitats today. Consequently, they are forced to stay for longer hours in the burrowers are moon phases increase.

Conclusion

Witless bay seabird ecological reserve hosts more than a million seabirds and continues to grow every day. The birds exist in many species and nest according to their adaptations. Atlantic puffins and Leachs Storm-petrel are fast-growing despite various climatic changes experienced in the regions. The reserve management is equally committed to reserving different climate change effects to ensure the continued preservation of the special species and foster scientific studies. Researchers also continue to study the seabirds to discover more species and meet their needs.

References

Witless Bay Ecological Reserve. (2021). Environment and climate change. Web.

Witless Bay Ecological Reserve. (1994). Management plan. Web.

How can a warehouse add value to the goods in storage?

Among the key tools that allow adding value to goods, improvement of the organizations logistics-related processes should be looked into as a means of addressing the case in point. Indeed, a closer look at the subject matter will show that the value of goods can be increased significantly by boosting the difference between the face value of the product and its market price. The specified difference, in its turn, can be fueled by improving the existing logistics strategy; particularly, the process of transportation needs to be enhanced. A choice of the transportation company that would offer its services at a much more reasonable price could be viewed as a solution to the situation. Additionally, a more elaborate choice of the routes, which will allow for a significant reduction in gas consumption, will also help the organization allocate its costs in a more adequate manner.

What are the various measures of warehouse performance?

Since the performance of a warehouse is affected by a variety of factors, including not only economic and financial ones but also the variables belonging to the realm of politics, society and culture, it is crucial that the warehouse performance should be assessed with the help of a comprehensive test. Herein the need to design a set of measures, which will help carry out the required assessments in a proper manner lies (Rolstadas, 2012).

Therefore, the analysis of the costs taken by the organization can be viewed as the first step towards identifying the changes in the warehouse business performance. A more detailed and better thought-out strategy of using the firms financial resources will doubtlessly help bring the rates of expenditure down. Additionally, the analysis of the external factors that define the organizations performance in the target market should be named among the most essential assessment parameters.

What are the challenges in calculating warehouse performance indicators?

It should be borne in mind, though, that the calculation of the companys performance indices is a complicated process that involves a detailed analysis of the existing variables (Ilie_, Turdean, & Cri_an, 2009). The process of tying all the elements together and carrying out a detailed analysis of the effects, which every single external and internal factor has on the organizations evolution, clearly warrants the title of one of the most complicated tasks.

How can warehouse management reduce costs?

The costs, which the warehouse is currently taking, can be reduced significantly by addressing some of the weaknesses in the organizations strategy regarding the use of its resources. According to Ilie_ et al. (2009), the storage area, which the warehouse has to offer, is not being used to its full capacity. Therefore, the company misses an opportunity to put its resources to a proper use. The reconsideration of the area usage, therefore, must be viewed as the first step towards the reduction of the companys costs.

Another obvious problem, the usage of the inventory, which the warehouse employees have at hand, deserves to be brought up. By updating the equipment utilized in the warehouse, as well as putting it to proper use, one will be able to enhance the performance of the specified organization considerably. For instance, the value of Days in Hand should be reduced so that the company should not carry as many losses as it does now.

Reference List

Ilie_, L., Turdean, A-M., & Cri_an, E. (2009). Warehouse performance measurement  A case study. Annals of Faculty of Economics, 4(1), 307312. Web.

Rolstadas, A. (2012). Performance management: A business process benchmarking approach. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. Web.

Introduction

The learning process involves acquiring knowledge, emotional responses, attitudes, motor skills, and values. Psychologists believe that learning is a long-lasting transformation in behavior because of an experience. Scientists and psychologists throughout the years have discovered various learning theories. Some learning happens automatically without people being able to notice it while others occur by what people see, hear, or what people are exposed to in their surroundings. Latent learning, operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and observational learning are some of the most well-known learning theories. The essay examines operant conditioning as a learning theory in psychology providing its definition, examples, methods used to measure it and findings about the theory.

Detailed Definition of Operant Conditioning

Operate conditioning is an approach of learning that utilizes punishments and rewards for behavior. Through it, a relationship is established between a consequence and a behavior for that behavior. B.F. Skinner first established operant conditioning also known as operant learning in 1930 (Support, 2022). Operant conditioning refers to an approach to learning that happens through punishment and rewards for behavior. He adopted the word operant to imply any active behavior, which works upon the surroundings to generate consequences (Blokdyk, 2018). In this theory of learning, punishment and rewards are applied to change behavior. Through operant learning, behavior that is punished will seldom happen, while behavior that is rewarded will possibly be repeated. It is, therefore, a form of an associative process of learning where the strength of conduct is adjusted by punishment or reinforcement. In operant conditioning, a correlation is established between a behavior and a consequence (either positive or negative) for the behavior. Therefore, operant conditioning can be defined as a process by which animals and humans learn to act in a manner that they gain rewards and shun punishments (Blackman, 2017). In this reference, all animals behavior from protists to human beings is directed by their consequences.

Examples of Operant Conditioning

A good example to illustrate operant conditioning is when the laboratory rats press the lever when the green light is on; they get a food pellet serving as the reward. However, when the red light is put on, they press the lever and get a mild electric shock as a punishment. Hence, the rats learned to press the lever if the green light is on and shun pressing the lever when the red light is on to avoid electric shock. Nonetheless, operant conditioning does not only happen in an experimental environment while training laboratory animals (Blackman, 2017). The approach plays a critical role in daily learning in the natural environment where punishment and reinforcement happen often and in a more structured environment like therapy sessions and classrooms.

Another example to consider is when children are completing their homework to get a reward from a teacher or parent or workers finding projects to earn promotions or receive praise. After a person performs in a community theatre play, one receives applause from the audience. The behavior is a positive reinforcement that inspires one to try out and perform more roles. If a professor informs students that when they have perfect class attendance all the semester round, then they will not have to sit for the financial comprehensive examination. By eliminating the unpleasant stimulus, students are negatively influenced to attend classes frequently. In another example, if an employee fails to hand in the project at a predetermined time, ones supervisor becomes angry and berates ones performance in front of ones co-workers (Sirois & Elsevier, 2021). It serves as a positive punisher creating it less likely for an employee to complete projects late in the future.

A teenage girl fails to clean up her room as directed; therefore, her parents are compelled to take away her smartphone for the entire day. This is an example of negative punishment where a positive stimulus is removed. In some of the examples, the promise of rewards leads to an increase in behavior. In addition, the operant conditioning may be applied to diminish the behavior through the elimination of a desirable outcome or the use of a negative response. For instance, children can be told they can lose vacation privileges when they talk out of turn in class (Akpan & Kennedy, 2020). The perspective for punishment will contribute to a decline in disruptive activities in class. Examples of operant conditioning reveal that all animals behaviors are directed by their consequences. The dog yearns for a meat; politicians read polls to direct their campaigns. These examples are cases of ontogenetic decision that is directed by consequences during an individual life (Blackman, 2017). Hence, the theory concerns intentional activities that influence the surrounding environment.

Methods Used to Measure Operant Conditioning

In the theory of operant conditioning, there are four methods applied to measure the concept that an antecedent contributes to a behavior, which then contributes to a consequence. These include positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, and negative punishment. Positive means adding while negative means taking away or subtracting in operant conditioning theory (Blokdyk, 2018). Reinforcement implies increasing the desired behavior frequency while punishment implies the consequence that is intended at deterring the likely act from occurring in the future again. Positive reinforcement implies adding something to the equation to support the subject to repeat a desired behavior, for instance, rewarding a worker with a bonus for the work well done (Support, 2022). In addition, giving children a present for scoring an A on their report cards is a good example of positive reinforcement.

Negative reinforcement is another approach to operant conditioning that may be misunderstood by many. It implies removing or taking away something, which does not imply that one has to correct the subject using aversive or negative stimuli. An example of this is when in a common household matters where there is a troublesome spouse. If the spouse wants something to be done in the house, the spouse keeps mentioning what needs to be done (Akpan & Kennedy, 2020). The nagging behavior of the spouse is eliminated. Positive punishment may be confused with negative reinforcement even though it entails adding a stimulus to avert unwanted conduct. Another example of this is when one tells a dog to stop when barking. This is adding verbal to end the unwanted actions (Support, 2022). The trainer adds a positive that can diminish the behavior frequency.

Negative punishment on the other hand is taking away something to end the behavior. An example is when a teenager comes late at home; hence, the parent takes away the car to avert them from arriving home late in the future (Blackman, 2017). In the case of a dog trainer, when the dog growls at the other dog over a meal or toy, one has to take that meal or toy away to have the dog stop growling.

Significant Research Findings on Operant Conditioning

Skinner trusted that operant conduct should engage a response that may be easily repeated like pecking in an illuminated disk as in the case of pigeons or pressing the lever in rats. The theory focused on approximately exclusively reversible behaviors. Behaviors in which under the steady position pattern in a specific schedule is constant as conditions are sustained for sufficient days that the behavior pattern is locally constant behavior (Akpan & Kennedy, 2020). Operant conditioning approaches have shown that behavior changes in possibility and strength if it is accompanied by biologically significant consequences like access to water, food, and escape from cold, painful stimuli, excessive heat, or sexual activity. Behaviors that appear to support reproduction and survival become more often while those that generate harm are eliminated or avoided (Blackman, 2019). Hence, operant conditioning is an essential evolutionary advance that supports organisms to adapt to the unpredictable surroundings in which comfort, nourishment, danger, and potential mates are not ubiquitous even though should be fought for, searched out, or shunned using any means available.

Moreover, it is students characteristics of operating conditioning to confine their test assessments to measurable and objective variables. Nonetheless, in any test, some section of the behavior of a living being is often below the observability threshold. It should be presumed that the operant conditioning principles apply to behavior that may be observed and covert behaviors. However, the understanding of psychologists of covert actions is interpretive other than experimental (Blokdyk, 2018). The reinforcement factor is of significant in covert actions interpretations because the terms of the assessment have been well-developed in specific organisms under analogous circumstances in the lab.

Conclusion

Skinners famous work with pigeons contributed to the operant conditioning discovery. Operant conditioning theory may be applied to transform a behavior. By either utilizing negative or positive reinforcement, people can discourage or support a given trait that they desire. The case of a dog trainer, when the dog growls at the other dog over a meal or toy; one has to take that meal or toy away to have the dog stop growling.

References

Akpan, B., & Kennedy, T. J. (2020). Science education in theory and practice: An introductory guide to learning theory. Springer Nature.

Blackman, D. (2017). Operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning, 3(1), 38-53.

Blackman, D. (2017). Operant conditioning and clinical psychology. Operant Conditioning, 198-216.

Blackman, D. E. (2019). Operant conditioning: An experimental analysis of behaviour. Psychology Revivals.

Blokdyk, G. (2018). Operant conditioning (3rd ed.). 5starcooks.

Sirois, M., & Elsevier. (2021). Elseviers veterinary assisting exam review. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Support, M. (2022). West suburban Humane Society. Web.

Introduction

As already mentioned, framing may be a crucial tool for changing negative thoughts or goals into positive ones. Kennerley & Westbrook (2017) are right to note that reframing may be used to turn the negative dead mans solution goals into more positive targets, but there is more to that. For instance, one may use reframing to help a person come to terms with negative thoughts about his or her qualities or feelings that are deemed socially undesirable.

Discussion

To illustrate, if a person suffers from a negative self-perception because of the envy he or she feels for others, this feeling can be reframed as a motivation to learn and improve (Leahy, 2021). As one can see, reframing can turn negative thoughts into positive ones not merely by avoiding dead mans solution goals but also by changing the perception of certain emotions.

The contradiction between the need to manage ones emotions as a central pillar of relapse management and the fact that depressed people lack in this very regard is indeed an issue of acute importance. It is also true that the bias in favor of changing the cognitive aspect of depression, as opposed to its emotional component, is present in CBT (Kennerley & Westbrook, 2017).

Conclusion

However, this emphasis is reasonable in the sense that the cognitive aspect of depression is easier to categorize and measure and, as such, easier to treat by establishing and addressing relapse predictors. For example, ruminative habits in depressed patients are known to be a good predictor of relapse possibility, and the attempts to address it specifically have demonstrated lower relapse rates (Bessette et al., 2020). With this in mind, the best that can be done to help depressed clients is probably addressing relapse predictors that are already known.

References

Bessette, K. L., Jacobs, R. H., Heleniak, C., Peters, A. T., Welsh, R. C., Watkins, E. R., Langenecker, S. A. (2020). Malleability of rumination: An exploratory model of CBT-based plasticity and long-term reduced risk for depressive relapse among youth from a pilot randomized clinical trial. PLoS One, 15(6), e0233539.

Kennerley, H., Kirk, J., & Westbrook, D. (2017). An introduction to cognitive behavior therapy  Skills and applications (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.

Leahy, R. L. (2021). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for envy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45, 418427.

A behavior support plan is important for building positive behavior and getting rid of unwanted ones. It may include enhanced communication, developing positive relationships, and using critical interventions (Kaiser & Sklar, 2017). For example, the teacher observed three behaviors demonstrated by Jose. These behaviors include teasing and sarcasm, responding rudely to the teachers, and disturbing other students in class. These misconducts had to be replaced with the right ones to create a conducive environment for learning. However, it was important to understand the triggers before selecting the most appropriate intervention. Therefore, a behavior support plan was important in Joses case because it helped eliminate negative behaviors.

Behavior Support Plan

Schedule: The plan will be reviewed every three months to record the changes in the members behavior. The member will be monitored for three months, and the observed conduct will be recorded.

Who Included: the people to be included in the review are the caregivers, the member, parents or guardians, educators, and a licensed behavior health expert.

Staff Training: the staff to implement the plan will be equipped with appropriate skills and knowledge to achieve the anticipated outcome.

Diagnoses/Allergies: There is no record of any diagnosis or allergies reported to the school that would require attention.

History

Jose is a young boy in grade 3 who lives with his parents. However, the parents are always busy and travel more due to the nature of their jobs. Jose has received little attention from the parents because he is often left under the care of a house manager. Although the parents provide financial support, he lacks social and emotional support from them. Jose is an active student in both in and out-of-class activities. He likes playing and engaging in fun games such as football with others. In terms of physical appearance, Jose appears gloomy, especially when he fails to get the attention he seeks.

Description of Challenging or Dangerous Target Behaviors

There are two adverse behaviors that Jose demonstrates while in class or when interacting with classmates. One of the behaviors is making sarcastic and teasing comments to other students in class. This is a pervasive problem in schools, and it can be very hurtful for the people who are teased. Teasing and sarcasm can cause anxiety and low self-esteem, and if it happens often and continues for a long time, it can leave psychological scars that last longer than physical ones. The behavior can be grouped under provocative, disruptive, and offensive misconduct due to their impacts on other students. In this case, Jose attempts to seek attention from others, and the emotion that may be linked is irritability.

The second behavior shown by Jose is making rude comments when called upon or spoken to by the teacher. The problem caused by the behavior is confusion, fear, uncertainty, and shame. This is likely to cause confusion and destruct learning in class. The behavior can be classified as verbal aggression towards others because it involves using cruel and unkind remarks intended to cause pain and distress. For example, when Jose rudely responds to the teacher, the purpose is to cause havoc and seek attention. He believes by doing that; he will be able to get the attention of the teacher. Thus, the emotions associated with the behavior are irritability and being mad. The third behavior demonstrated by Jose is physical aggression toward other children.

Behaviors and Interventions from the Last Review Period

In the case of Jose, there was a behavior change when the educator applied the appropriate interventions. The teacher was supposed to instruct the class to ignore instances of Joses sarcastic, teasing, and rude comments. The students were expected not to laugh, smile, or acknowledge the comments in any manner when Jose reacted. The intervention was supposed to address the primary function of Joses behavior. To maximize the initiatives success, the teacher was expected to check their social validity, implementation fidelity, and maintenance.

The recent target behaviors were making sarcastic and teasing comments to other students in class and rude comments when called upon or spoken to by the teacher. Based on this, Jose was becoming troublesome to their classmates and teachers. After the interventions, Joses overall behavior changes were witnessed. He started listening to other people without commenting and responded positively and respectfully. The changes include the class environment being unreceptive to the unwanted behavior and lack of attention. There was no record of medical and health changes reported. It was observed that the triggers were a new environment and a lack of social skills. In addition, he has low language skills, making it hard for him to express what he wants.

Situations/Circumstances When Behaviors are Likely to Occur

Prior to the behaviors, Jose becomes restless and disruptive to the class. He constantly engages in disorderly behavior by disturbing other students. The activity that may have prompted the behavior is being in a new environment and a lack of social skills. Jose becomes rude when he fails to get the right words to use in a conversation or class. When he becomes rude and teases, all the students laugh at the comments, disrupting the session. The first actor involved in the confrontation is the teacher, who is supposed to ensure that the students are in a conducive environment for learning. The other actor is Jose, a student in the institution who is expected to follow the schools rules. The observable attributes of the confrontation are chaos caused by students laughing at Joses comments.

Jose has never been denied a chance to respond to questions asked during class. Everyone in class is usually encouraged to speak to allow the teacher to gauge their learning capabilities. Based on the observation, Jose may be reacting to the educator not seeing what he is doing, not being listened to, and being unable to communicate his feelings. The changes in Joses environment include new rules to guide class activities and creating a platform unconducive to unruly behavior. The negative stressors that Jose might have been experiencing prior to the behavior are anxiety and discomfort because he is unable to socialize with others in class effectively.

Behavioral Signs and Signals Prior to Exhibiting Target Behaviors

There are several signs indicating that the behavior will be eradicated soon. Jose becomes aggressive when other students are not laughing at his teasing and rude comments. He feels that people are ignoring what he is saying. The fact that he understands the change in the environment makes it easy for the behavior to be eliminated. Jose refuses to follow directions when the teacher overlooks his rude responses in class. This shows that he understands that the behavior is unwanted in class. It explains why Jose shifts to other behaviors, especially when the previous misconduct is ignored. Therefore, changing his behavior when the environment is unreceptive indicates that the unwanted behavior can be eliminated.

How Staff/Others Can Support and Encourage Appropriate Behavior

The job of the teacher in supporting and promoting good behavior is crucial. They need to pay greater attention to the issues of the students and show that they understand and care about them. When students are aware that their instructors understand their physical requirements and their pain, discomfort, and hunger, they are more likely to behave well and respect their instructors. If the educator makes an effort to meet these requirements, the student will understand that the educator cares about them and will be more likely to behave appropriately.

Spending time with a student in a one-on-one setting is the most effective method for developing a relationship with that kid. Students have a greater chance of experiencing feelings of isolation and of having their voices go unheard when they are in huge classrooms (Webster, 2018). When a student works one-on-one with a teacher, the teachers attention is completely focused on the student. Since they do not feel the need to put on a show for the other students in the classroom, they are more likely to speak openly and straightforwardly. As a result, this will strengthen the connection that exists between a teacher and their students.

Praise and reassurance can be used in various ways in the classroom to encourage students to adopt appropriate behaviors. The first method is when a pupil exhibits positive conduct. A teacher might, for instance, tell the class to applaud Jose for making a very insightful observation when responding to the question. The second way that praise can be used in the classroom is when a teacher wishes to demonstrate to a student that they are performing an activity in the appropriate manner. For example, the teacher may compliment Jose on his hard work and commend him for completing his assignments.

There is a wide variety of strategies that can be utilized by educators to generate positive responses successfully. The first approach is to repeat the question multiple times to verify that the students have grasped its meaning. If the students are unable to understand the inquiry, the instructor is likely to receive a negative reaction. The second method is called deconstruction, and it is advantageous for the instructor since it enables them to break down the questions into formats that the students can understand and reply.

The most preferred activities of Jose are playing football with friends and running around the field. He likes to undertake these activities in the evening after class. This usually takes place before they go home after learning. Jose loves the well-lit room where people are many because it provides the best platform to disturb others and get the attention of a good number of people. Thus, the teacher should always communicate the change of behavior to the parents and the social worker in the school. Positive reinforcement, such as gifts for good behavior, should be introduced to support the process.

How Staff Should Respond When Target Behaviors Occur

• The staff should maintain direct eye contact with the students. This will enable the learner to know that he is being watched.
• Teachers should approach the student because they have the mandate to make sure that the class is orderly and everyone follows the established rules.
• The teacher should approach the student gently to avoid attracting the attention of other students and causing confusion. For example, the educator can tell the student that what they are doing is wrong and they will be punished if it continues.
• The activities that work for Jose are other students laughing back at his comments and the teacher failing to recognize him in class.
• The behaviors to avoid include students laughing back when he rudely responds to the teacher and teases others.

Reflection

The Purpose of Behavior Management

Behavior management is an integral approach in class because it ensures a conducive environment to support learning. It can be about rewarding or punishing good behavior (Magliano, 2017). For example, Joses teacher is focused on helping to eliminate unwanted behavior, such as teasing and rude comments demonstrated by Jose in class. In addition, behavior management is about having plans to help children act in ways that will help them learn the most from school. For effective management of behavior, it is important to build positive learning relationships with children and help them want to learn on their own.

The purpose of behavior management is to determine which approach would be most effective in assisting the youngster with challenging behavior. Emotion coaching is connected with higher levels of adaptive behaviors, improved regulation of emotions, and lower levels of disruptive behaviors overall (Kaiser & Sklar, 2017). For instance, Joses teacher can control the behavior by showing the student that they understand the issues and finding solutions to some of the challenges experienced, such as discomfort. Therefore, to prevent inappropriate behavior before it begins, a teacher must act as a role model for appropriate behavior and encourage the child to communicate their feelings.

How The Student Will React to The Behavior Plan

Due to the fact that the proposal represents an untested strategy for the student, I anticipate a negative response. Because the behavior plan runs against Joses typical behavior, I believe he will resist complying with it straight away. On the other hand, I do not doubt that he will make gradual but steady progress and eventually agree to the idea. He requires the routines and regulations to have structure and be consistent with themselves. His social skills and his ability to communicate will significantly increase as a result of the routine activity that he will be undertaking and the method I will implement. Therefore, Jose will get used to the plan after undertaking a series of interventions.

An Alternative to Encourage Positive Behavior

Effective teaching methods that get students interested in academic success are an important part of any positive behavior support system. There is a strong link between how well students do socially, emotionally, and behaviorally and how well they are taught. It might seem counterintuitive to emphasize teaching more than traditional ways to run a classroom, like stoplights or behavior charts. However, positive behavior strategies like teaching good behavior, stepping in early, and making the classroom a good place to work best when combined with interesting academic instruction. By putting behavior supports into the lessons, teachers can strengthen the good behaviors and make it less likely that bad ones will happen. This makes it less likely that the teachers will need to use rewards or punishments to get people to behave well.

Summary

Having a conversation with Joses new teacher will be integral for his well-being and ensure that the behavior plan is followed to achieve the anticipated outcome. Prior to Jose moving to a different class, I will have a conversation with the teacher regarding his background information, including all of the documentation and observation that I did for him as well as the progression of Joses conduct. In addition, I will talk to his parents about Jose going to a different class, and I will have them sit down with the new teacher, and I will be there to support them. As a result, the conversation will make the new teacher feel comfortable knowing that they will continue assisting Jose with his developmental accomplishments.

Conclusion

A behavior support plan is an important instrument used to build desirable behaviors and eliminate undesirable ones in Jose. Enhanced communication, forming positive connections, and using appropriate interventions could all be part of it. For instance, the instructor was able to recognize the three different actions exhibited by Jose. These behaviors include being impolite to teachers and other students in the classroom, as well as engaging in disruptive behaviors such as taunting and sarcasm. To make the atmosphere more conducive to learning, it was necessary to find suitable replacements for these inappropriate behaviors. However, to choose the most effective course of action, it was necessary to first understand the precipitating factors.

References

Kaiser, B., & Sklar Rasminsky, J. (2017). Challenging behavior in young children: Understanding, preventing, and responding effectively (4th ed.). Pearson.

Magliano, J. (2017). Why a childs social-emotional skills are so important. Web.

Webster, J. (2018). ABC: Antecedent, behavior, consequence. Web.

Introduction

Juvenile offenders are generally affected more by incarceration than their adult counterparts. The mental and physical effects of this are caused by separation from the family and social network; and disruption of education. The state usually should provide a prisoner with all the basic needs. However, for a youth who is still developing both mentally and physically, the amenities provided for the adult prisoners may not be sufficient for the juvenile.

The aim of incarceration of the youth should be rehabilitative rather than punitive; the latter aim is by default or otherwise more emphasized in adult incarceration. Restriction without any form of program and with punitive aims only almost invariably results in recidivism into crime; the juvenile facilities are charged with a larger responsibility to rehabilitate the inmate than the adult facilities.

The 1997 American Correctional Association annual directory of prisons and juvenile facilities reported that 2,634 youths under age 16 and 8,511 juveniles under 18 resided in adult institutions during the year. Juveniles who have committed an atrocious crime can be incarcerated in juvenile jails before transfer to a regular prison when they attain mature age, but generally, all inmates under the age of 18 should be in special juvenile jails as they are equipped to offer an environment tailor-made to the youth.

Juvenile jails are a way of insulating the youngster from the negative influences of adult criminals; with the general assumption that they will be released later as responsible and corrected citizens. To achieve this, there are several things that I, as a manager of a juvenile correctional facility make fundamentally different from an adult jail.

Juvenile facilities

A strict enforcement of written down rule handed out on arrival is necessary. There should be sanctioned methods or punitive measures of dealing with the breaking of these rules; however, these measures should not involve the withdrawal of any of the basic needs like food or water. Further more, capital punishment should never be used in juvenile facilities. This will serve to instill a respect for law and order.

Additionally, there are issues that are unique to juveniles; for example, for younger inmates, the institution should have a readily available pediatric specialist who will see all the warranting medical cases. The diet should also be prepared to cater for the nutritional needs of the different age groups and genders.

Education

In the United States, five hour of academic instructions are required by law for purposes of instilling basic education in juvenile facilities. However, for purposes of academic excellence, further steps can be taken. It has been shown that by reducing the staff/student ratio, higher academic achievement was seen. Additionally the academic program should be structured in a manner not only to reflect the current status of the student (incarcerated) but also to reform and transcend to a lawful citizen after release. This would go a long way to curb recidivism.

Accommodation and facilities

The prison facilities should not only offer security to the individual inmate and the public, they should also be stimulating to the growing minds of the juveniles. Facilities such as television, the internet, libraries and gyms should be designed for the youth rather than the government standard issue prison facilities. It has also been shown that a 15  25 program of housing has led to a reduction of violent incidents.

Emotional support

The juvenile offenders should also receive emotional support. Qualified psychologists and counselors should be employed to guide the youth through the emotional storm that are characteristic of the age and situations. These professionals will also discover the emotional triggers the led the person down the road of crime; for example sexual or violent abuse; and help them achieve mental health and therefore prevent recidivism. It would be of no service to the public to imprison a person during the youth and again during adulthood due to a later relapse into criminal activities; this is the challenge to the juvenile correction management.

Comprehensive release program and Family reunification

The process of release should start before the incarceration ends; counseling of both the inmate and the family members is necessary. Additionally, family visits should be encouraged to assure the inmate of acceptance back home after the release.

Specialized treatment and Training

Older inmates (17 to 21 years) may need specialized aggressive medical and psychological treatment for example for alcoholism; and drug use and addiction.

Additionally, to enable a smooth transition to the community, pre-work training and programs are necessary. These will be aimed at enabling the youth to recognize and avoid line of thought that lead to criminal behavior; and therefore equipping him with the ability to avoid a life of crime and to successfully integrate back into the society. These types of programs are common in the adult facilities and had been in the past ignored in the juvenile system.

Conclusion

The juvenile correction facilities have a grander purpose than their adult contemporary as they are charged with the responsibility of producing an upright citizen; the latter more or less do not have this burden. Consequently the juvenile facility management should take to stride this challenge and format systems and facilities that will enhance the achievement of this goals rather than applying adult facility concepts that may not be affective.

References

American Youth Prevention Forum, (1998), The Juvenile Justice System: The Best Way to Deal with Juvenile Crime, Delinquency And Prevention. Web.

Federal Bureau of Prisons, (Not Dated). Prison Types & General Information. Web.

FindLaw, (2007), Jails and Prisons: Types and Kinds. Web.

Introduction

Words such as adaptive , Flexible, and innovative are not words usually linked with prison settings, but in another way they aptly explains a 14-year-old program accountable for giving care to approximately 80% of prison population. Such qualities have facilitated the United States government to improve patient care outcomes, save money from taxpayers and create the national good standard for correctional services in the country.

Main body

For more than 20 years, UTMB has been quarters to the Texas Criminal Justice Department hospital which is the only health organization dedicated to prisoners and stationed on a medical school university. TDCJ signed a contract with Texas Tech campus and UTMB in the year 1993 to raise a nationwide health care system to provide prisoners with a quick access to a well structured consent level of care while at the same time reducing the cost.

Rendered Services include a number of therapeutic services and specialties that are supposed to be in a learning center. Different from UTMB Clinics and Hospitals, CMC also offers services such as common dental care and has an intrastate system of transportation for inmates and other patients. It also bears the burden of funeral arrangements incase an inmate dies. Elsevier 1999(pg 22-24)

The results archived by the government in the improvement of different prisons are difficult to ignore. For example in the year 2005, the Texas Medical Foundation (TMF) released a report on a 6 months review of penitentiary health services rendered by the government, which indicated that correctional Managed Care (CMC) at all times meets or surpass the set standards for managed care associations. Another example is a non-profit making firms of authorized physicians realized that CMC had succeeded in improving inmates admission to care, thus minimizing wait times for medical bookings, speeding consultations, improving health care management, and decreasing in overall costs.

The Quality of care, rates of fulfillment, disease management strategy for a host of conditions that range from diseases like asthma and seizure disorders to high blood pressure and heart disease have improved significantly under the watch of CMC. About half of inmates suffering from hypertension were could manage their blood pressure to satisfactory levels by the year 2003, as compared to 17% of the inmates by the time CMC was formed. Similarly, average levels of bad cholesterol reduced by 25% within the same time span. Elsevier 1999(pg 22-24)

Besides, a large number UTMB prison sites, in collaboration with TDCJ, have passed their American Correctional Association accreditation with a minimum 96% fulfillment rating over the past 5-years. For now, the program has held the procession on costs. According to FY2006, Texas pays roughly $7.64 per inmate in a day for dental and other medical services, while Ohio pays nearly $11.64 and California a bit more than $19 for the same services without expecting any positive health results.

Improvements and hard work has been the key to such accomplishment. According to John Allen who is the COP and assistant vice president, pointed out that CMC has for several years been using majority of the proceeds now being applied in UTMBs general clinical areas. CMC has the biggest electronic medical record system in a prison setting, and its been there for six and a half years now. (John Allen) We can empathize with our colleagues in schools and campus, who are learning the latest system, although based on our long-term practice; we can guarantee them that the effort will be worth their time and money.

It should be noted that the UTMB telemedicine technology system which is currently getting into the lives of free-world patients was also started in correctional facilities and was started with the aim of bringing subspecialty care so as to reduce the time delay and costs of transporting prisoners to Galveston. Indeed CMCs completely automated robotic pharmacy does process a big number of prescription in a day for the entire prisons system which a great achievement for the entire correctional facility system.

These achievements have not been obtained easily. High-security work surroundings aside, it can be complicated to find sufficient numbers of properly trained and willing caregivers in the rural areas where many prisons are sited. Tele-health technology helps and, CMC sustains its employees with a complete training syllabus/program, plus an online resource lead having more than 100 web-based ongoing education courses intended specifically for caregivers in correctional settings/facilities.

Conclusion

Even though there are great achievements that can be seen, there are challenges such as low staffing brought about by the rising lawbreaking population aging staffs. This demands CMC to come up with ways to efficiently serve a growing population of inmates with complex chronic ailments, like HIV infection, tuberculosis, hepatitis C, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. For this reason, upgrades to facilities and equipment will be important in order to maintain the quality/standard of care Elsevier 1999(pg 22-24).

Work cited

Mary Harvard, Correctional Managed Care sets standard for Texas nation. 2009. Web.

Robert M. Freeman, Correctional Organization and Management: Public Policy Challenges, Behavior and Structure, Washington, Elsevier 1999. pg 22-29.