Category: Management Information Systems

List the 5 Components of MIS and briefly describe how each relates to the study and optimization of systems in companies

A standard MIS is composed of these five components:

• Hardware: This constitutes all the computers, machines, nets, and wires involved in the creation of a unified MIS. Optimizing hardware usually involves improving the capabilities of one or several components of the net to improve its overall output.
• Software: This component stands for programs that are used to operate the MIS, manage data, search and cipher through logs, and other related activities. Optimization of software typically involves adding features and functionality required to perform specific tasks while at the same time getting rid of unnecessary ones.
• Data: This component stands for the information introduced into the system. Optimization of data input usually involves making data more informative while at the same time excluding bits of information not necessary to perform a certain task.
• Procedures: Documentation and development. Procedural optimization typically touches information storage and the process of information being introduced into the database.
• People: The end users of the MIS. This component may describe individual users, groups of users, or entire organizations. Optimizing this component involves training the personnel in using and analyzing data.

To the best of your knowledge, define TPS and describe some examples where Batch Processing is used and other cases where Real-Time Processing is implemented in today’s world. Besides, how has the implementation of TPS allowed companies and banks to save money?

TPS stands for Transaction Processing Systems. These are systems used for managing, collecting, storing, and retrieving information. There are two most common types of TPS. These are:

• Real-Time Processing. This type of TPS suggests that the information about transactions and any other data is processed and modified immediately. This model is widely used in e-commerce, booking flights, automatic payments, ATMs, and other areas. It is the preferable choice of TPS where the speed of managing data is paramount.
• Batch Processing. This type of TPS involves collecting data over a certain period and sending it in batches. This type of payment is often used when the number of micro-transactions is too big to pay individually for every single one. Instead, batch processing involves calculating the expenses and putting out a bill at the end of a designated interval.

Using TPS allows companies and banks to save money in numerous ways. The ATMs allow foregoing the cashier, as they are more economically efficient than having a person stand in a booth at the same location for an entire day. TPS systems allow for streamlining and simplifying MIS and saving money from it.

MIS is defined as systems that are designed with a ‘socio-technical’ point of view in mind. What does this term refer to? Furthermore, by outlining the key areas addressed in the socio-technical model, describe how each one relates to the subject of MIS

The socio-technical model is a kind of organizational development that acknowledges and focuses on the interactions between customers, employees, and technology. MIS is built within the parameters of the socio-technical model in the sense that all MIS are the intermediaries between humans and various technological processes. The model suggests four key areas that the MIS needs to address:

• Autonomy: The system must allow the user to perform the actions autonomously, without having to rely on another intermediary outside of the MIS.
• Adaptability: The MIS must be able to adapt to a plethora of constant and ever-changing demands from the users, employees, and customers. It must allow customization to represent the needs of the users more accurately.
• Whole tasks: The MIS must allow completing the tasks entirely by using the same system and not having to rely on any systems outside of it.
• Meaningfulness of tasks: The MIS must not obligate its users to perform tasks unnecessary for the performance of the required operations.

Briefly explain the difference between data and information and describe how the stages of the MIS process work in terms of INPUT-PROCESSING-OUTPUT- FEEDBACK

Data stands for unprocessed information – a set of words and numbers that did not undergo any analysis or structuration. Information is processed data, organized for easier use and assessment.

Most MIS function in terms of the Input-Processing-Output-Feedback loop:

• Input: The data is introduced into the system either automatically or from user input from the external environment.
• Processing: The data is converted into information via software processing or some other means, to enable the users to make decisions based on said information.
• Output: The MIS transfers the information to managers, customers, and other decision-makers to be used in their activities.
• Feedback: Input received from various members of the process to improve the functioning of the MIS at its various stages.

What is referred to by DSS and ESS? What level of management is each system intended for? Furthermore, what are some cases where DSS has proven to improve a company’s performance, specifically in the area of retail?

DSS stands for Decision Support System. This system offers information required to make decisions, where the outcome of the decision itself is not always apparent. The MIS provides the manager with the information, such as competitor prices, stock prices, schedule optimization patterns, etc. Said information might come from the MIS itself or the outside sources. The DDS is typically used by middle managers.

ESS, on the other hand, is the Executive Support System. Unlike the DDS, this system provides information that allows making long-term strategic decisions that have the potential to affect the entire company and not just one single operation. Typically, this system is used by senior managers, CEOs, and company directors.

One particular example of DSS use in stores allows predicting customer response to increased or decreased prices on various products, based on analysis of historical data. This allows the managers to plan their pricing strategies when approaching high and low seasons.

What does EAI refer to and what are some key objectives it hopes to achieve? Also, what are the two primary types of EAI networks?

EAI stands for Enterprise Application Integration, and it serves for integrating the components of numerous enterprises into one interconnected web. This ensures that the manager receives a full report of the situation within a single document and from a single outlet, rather than several reports received individually from independent systems. There are two types of EAI networks:

• Mesh Networks: In this system, every enterprise is connected. This allows for data and information to be interchanged between every member of the system.
• Hub Networks: While achieving the same goals as mesh networks, all enterprises are connected to a hub, from which the information is processed and distributed to the members of the network, on-demand.

Outline the 4 methods of MIS implementation and describe how each way carries its risks and costs

There are four methods of MIS implementation:

• Direct approach – this approach involves the installation of a new MIS and complete removal of the old one. While this method of implementation is the quickest, it also means that the users will have a hard time adjusting and relearning the system.
• Parallel approach – the new MIS is implemented while the old one stays in place. This allows for the harmonious integration of the new MIS. However, the process may take time.
• Modular approach – the new MIS is implemented piece-meal, while other enterprises continue using the old system. While it allows for any potential incidents to be localized, this method causes plenty of confusion when integrating both systems.
• Phase-in approach – very similar to the modular approach, but allows for better integration between old and new systems. This approach allows for a more seamless transition but is slow and costly.

Outline and describe the 4 main types of Enterprise Applications Systems

Four main types of EAS:

• ERP. Stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. It allows collecting information about the day-to-day operations of the business and gives a clear and concise view of the processes.
• SCM. Stands for Supply Chain Management systems. Allows following trade routes, deliveries, orders, production, inventory levels, and the like. Is predominantly used in production and warehousing.
• CRM. Stands for Customer Relationship Management Systems. This system is used in marketing and customer management. It displays all the relevant information about customers, their attendance rates, preferences, distribution, support, service improvement, and the like.
• KMS. Stands for Knowledge Management Systems. Is primarily used for integrating, sharing, and distributing information acquired through various external sources.

Describe some examples of malware and spyware. How are they different. Besides, what are some other forms of ‘ware’ in today’s IT systems industries?

Malware stands for “Malicious Software,” which is a term used to describe programs that may cause potential harm to the computer’s software or hardware. An example of Malware is the famous Chernobyl virus that damages computer hardware by overloading it. Spyware, on the other hand, wants to steal important information about the user’s passwords, as well as personal data. An example of Spyware is CoolWebSearch – a group of programs that exploit the weaknesses of the Internet Explorer Browser. Other forms of “ware” present in the modern IT industry is Adware, Ransomware, and Scareware.

How might MIS Specialists be able to save a company or firm in terms of infrastructure costs?

MIS specialists could save the company some infrastructure costs through analyzing its current MIS, and the internal processes within the enterprise, and conduct necessary optimizations. Introducing new technologies, streamlining the processes, making the MIS less cumbersome and prone to redundancy, and cutting down on unnecessary employees by replacing them with TPS, which customers and employees could operate. For example, the introduction of ATMs in banks helped significantly reduce the number of cashiers required to perform the operations a customer could do on their own using an ATM.

A Storage Area Network

This is a network or sub-network with a high speed that interconnects different types of data storage devices that have associated data servers on behalf of a larger network of users. It is part of a larger network of a set of computing resources. This system is used for the storage of data. The storage area network is important for keeping backups of data in a company. Sharing of data is easier to facilitate in this setup.

Examples include backup associated SNAs, data sharing associated SNAs, system integrator SNAs among others according to where they are applied.

Data Virtualization

This is a descriptive and informal term used to describe an abstract/wide/general view of some data. It is simply that data can be accessed through the data service. Data virtualization is used in data service documentation and majorly helps to explain and describe data which is in abstract forms. Statistical data can easily be modified using this tool so that they can easily be understood by the management.

Radio-Frequency Identification (Rfid)

Transponders are the main electronic gadgets that are used in frequency identification. RFID facilitates automatic and ready identification of different channels of frequency so that the receivers can channel the right frequency to the right persons. RFID tags are very mobile and can facilitate dynamism. This is because they can be placed anywhere from which they help to track the location using radio waves.

These gadgets can be used in a wide range of applications including supermarkets where they help to check the inventory and thus create efficiency. Some examples include modulating and demodulating radio frequency signals and other chipless RFID which furthers the identification process.

Cloud Computing

This is a style in computer technology that provides information technology capabilities that allow users to access technology-enabled services from the internet without knowing, having the expertise, or control over the technology infrastructure that supports them. A lot of networking is embraced in this setup. A variety of devices, software, and services are connected over a powerful network and the final array of networks is called the cloud.

It helps users to rely on the internet to have their needs satisfied. An example of its implementation is Google applications which store various software and data in a server to be accessed by users online.

Client-Server Computing

Client-server computing: is a form of distributed computing. The two main components of this system are the client and the server. These two parts work together towards exchanging the data between them through the available network. It consists of the superior machine (server) which is the information reservoir and the requesting/ less superior machines (clients) The client sends the request to the server, waits for the server’s response, translates the response into “human-readable” results, presents the results to the user while the server listens for a client’s query, processes that query and returns the results to the client.

Service-Oriented Architecture (Soa)

SOA is a technique that is used to develop systems whose functionality is grouped around business processes. Through this, data can be exchanged from one gadget to another in the event of transactions. This architecture is normally developed using the distributed computing and modular programming technologies.

Peer to Peer Networks

This is a network computing technique in which two or more Personal Computers are connected and share resources without relying on or passing through a server. Here, for instance, there is no single source of information (superior computer) to other computers in the network. These computers can be connected through a Universal Serial Bus for file transfer or can be in a grand scale network in which various protocols and applications are used to relate users over the network.

Public Key Infrastructure/Encryption

This refers to an array of cryptography that binds public keys with relevant unique user identities in the course of a certificate authority. This enables computer users without prior contacts to be authenticated to each other and uses their public key information to encrypt messages to each other. It enables those communicating to establish confidentiality, message integrity, and user authentication without prior revealing of secret messages between them.

Sources

O’Brien, J. Maraka, G. (2006). Management Information Systems. Boston: McGraw Ltd.

Tomasi, M. (2000). Advanced electronic telecommunication. London: Oxford Ltd.

Informatics PAGE * MERGEFORMAT 5.

Introduction

Businesses require constant information to be processed and disseminated to the relevant stakeholders on time. To achieve this, they need Management Information systems. A Management Information System is a set of connected apparatus, mostly computerized combinations that continuously acquire raw and needed data from within and outside a firm. Consequently, the data is processed and stored in a central place called database where it is always updated and availed to those with authority to access it.

There are several applications that are described in the case study. They are known as the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. The disseminate information relating to financials, inventories, manufacturing, sales and marketing, as well as order management and procurement. The systems also assist in project management documentation as well s post-implementation performance measurement.

El Alamein is faced by various challenges as they seek to implement the Enterprise Resource Planning systems. First and foremost, some heads of department have been resistant to change. They are used to relying on separate computers which were fitted with custom excel sheets so as to facilitate the operations.

The second challenge was high staff turnover during implementation. It is clear from the case study that El-Alamein suffered loss of six crucial people in a period of six months only. High staff turnover is hurting for business because a corporation has already invested a lot in those people in training as well as other resources offered to them during their stay in the organization.

In addition to heavy investment in the staff who left, their departure led to delay in the areas they were in charge of as well as repeating some of the steps already done during the analysis and set up stages.

To mitigate the resistance to change, El-Alamein took drastic steps. Firstly, the company identified crucial persons from all major departments to act as agents of change. These agents were to take up the role of convincing the other employees on the need to embrace the system.

Secondly, El-Alamein took it upon themselves to train users for the new system so that they understand how the new system will affect business operations. Lastly, the company took a step further by fostering participation by end users through inclusion of more employees than just the senior management when it came to decision making, analysis and implementation.

In my opinion, the three steps taken to mitigate resistance to change are so bright. When you involve people and especially the junior staff in decision making, analysis and implementation, the process is bound to be smooth because the feeling of imposition and ambush is expunged. They feel part of the process and as such, they own it and would not wish to see it fail.

Over and above, change agents, if well trained on their critical role can influence the viewpoint of other employees. They are trained to believe in the system/process first. Consequently, what they pass on to their colleagues is deep conviction from within them. This becomes easy to convince others in various departments.

The Enterprise Resource Planning systems helped El-Alamein to reduce investment risks. In addition, the company has strengthened the process of integration as well as improving the rate of production. The efficiency in regard to handling of inventory is now rated highly. The IT investments have helped El-Alamein to initiate connections with multinational corporations.

Introduction

The definition of e-government has been given as government practices that take place through electronic communications in all government levels, citizens as well as business fraternity.

Such like practices include: acquisition along with the provision of services and products; placement and reception of orders; information provision and obtainment; and financial completion and transactions. In wider terms, “e-government is the application of information and communications technologies (ICTs) to enhance the performance of government functions and services.” (Adb.org, 2010).

Taking e-government as business as usual is wrong, but it needs to be considered as a focus on the usage of digital technologies in the transformation of government’s; structures, maneuvers, and most significantly the government culture. Its operation in most cases is value driven other that technology driven.

The advantages of e-government do not arise just because of information digitalization and online placement, in its place, they arise due to new ICT tools leveraging in the provision of good services to citizens, as well as making the government least responsive and effectives.

E-government need not to be taken as a single event, or even as a project that is short lived, rather as a long term project that can be applied in the transformation of the government concentration on the citizen services. As a result, it is much necessary to come up with a roadmap of high-level e-government. Such a roadmap, need to be bottom-up with a very detailed plan of implementation.

In case the design is top-down, the roadmap need to include strategic plans that are long-term, along with corresponding annual plans. On the other hand, the bottom-up strategic plan has to concentrate on the service delivery based on the citizens along with business needs. “It is necessary that the services are prioritized and included in the roadmap tasks,” (Adb.org, 2010) for instance, income tax payment, companies’ registration, personal document application like passports.

Failures and success of E-government

Though different studies have indicated that e-government usage results to greater impacts, but it needs a mass of citizens and business fraternity that are acquainted with e-communication knowledge. This will assist in the realization of sustainable effects which might be above internal efficiency and government transparency.

The failure or success of e-government implementation relays on the strength of demand a long with support from the population. First of all, demand strength will arise from the opportunity awareness that is offered through government online service delivery that is much efficient. In addition, there need to be motivation on the side of both citizens as well as the business fraternity on the e-government service usage via relevant, compelling and reachable digital content.

There have been many e-government initiative models that have been researched on and introduced globally, however, most of the studies have not included strategies as well as politics that have been implemented by the government already, along with those that ought to be implemented in future. The resistance to change is just as a result of inadequate education among government workers, in the information and technology usage.

Different studies have shown that, transition stage, is the most important one. This is based on the fact that, it comprises the major objective that has lead to the establishment of e-government. As an effect, most failures occur at this stage. The process of uncovering and challenges and problems at this stage, the organization change and innovation has been a complex phenomenon which needs to be identified for adoption and growth of e-government.

For the ICT implementation plan to succeed, it needs to be “the best method of achieving maximum advantages for the ICT implementation is to have all success factors without the occurrence of failure factors” (Al-Rashid, 2010). On the other hand, this can’t be the case in the real world.

Under such conditions, actions of increasing the success opportunities are much needed. It has been suggested that, e-government adoption and implementation might end up having some impacts by social network. As an effect, particularly in the Middle East, more studies need to be carried out.

There are different goals and degrees that the implementation of e-government in the public service transformation might imply. The barriers to e-government in most carries tend to be both technical as well as non-technical.

Research by Al-Rashid, has shown that, “successful e-government is at most 20 percent technology and at least 80% about people, process and organizations” (Al-Rashid, 2010). Among the numerous researches that have been done in the last few decades, only a few have addressed the barriers which have been affecting the implementation of e-government in the developing world.

Failure of E-Government Implementation

In the developing countries, it has been of much surprise to notice that, the failures of e-government project, is a problem that is real and much practical. The first reason that has led to this failure is the opportunity cost of the investment. This is so especially the outlay of scarce skilled labor and capital resources. Another reason has been due to the instances where the international funding institutions advocates for the information systems as being part of public sector reform plan.

Due to this, either total failure or partial failure in one way or the other affects the entire plan, due to the negative impacts on the picture of the government implementing the project. “There accreditation rate with the international financing institutions might be affected adversely, along with their reputations for good governance might diminish.” (Al-Rashid, 2010) As a result, it is much significant to look at the failure reasons as well as e-government success initiatives in developing states.

Discussions of failure reasons for e-government implementation have just been placed as a theme in the literature of the information system. The major reason that has been placed on the failure of such projects concentrates more on the “interplay between people and technology” (Stanforth, 2011). Other than just concentrating on messy issues, this emphasis concentrates social technical issues affecting the implementation of information management in e-governments, especially in developing nations.

For instance, the discussion has been based on the interplay between technology and individuals, through e-government definitions. Though e-government has been given several definitions, they all provide the insights “into the limited sense in which the public sector reform objectives of E-government are conceived by several stakeholders” (Stanforth, 2011).

Due to summary database that has been provided, this kind of reiteration on public sector reforms and its connection to the ICTs for good governance got lost in the process. Such matters have been sidelined in most of the conferences. This is due to the fact that, conference delegates have been concentrating more on lengthy discussions that concerns technology in put, as well as the e-government program output.

At these times, the program is being regarded by the parties involved in the e-government program enactment like the concerned ministries, as technological attainment other than the function and application. Currently, “they are only development planners as well as the theorists who are voicing their concern that, the concentration should be based more on the public value along with returns that are provided by these technological investments” (Stanforth, 2011).

This idea has supported the fact that, some socio-technological point of views has been much appropriate for the analysis of information management implementation in e-government in developing nations. On the other hand, there are these which have been of great help in knowing the exact interplay that exist between social and technical factors and how it takes place. In addition to this, they also show what ought to be implemented practically when designing and implementing e-government processes to ensure failure factors are reduced.

Implementation of E-Government Capabilities

Different departments have implemented the information management in e-government capabilities across their core functional areas, with the aim of improving the department’s capability in the fulfillment of its missions. Some of these departments include the Department of Justice in the United States. This department has implemented the e-government program in the following ways;

Fighting Crime and Terrorism

The department has implemented e-government abilities in different ways upon which it helps fighting terrorism and other criminal practices. The cornerstone of this form of transformation is “the Law Enforcement Information Sharing programs, (LEISP)” (justice.gov, 2011). This has been the strategy of justice department to share information routinely, with all degrees of law enforcement fraternity. It has also used this strategy to guide the resource investment in the systems of information that will further the previous objective.

Some of the examples that have been incorporated in LEISP include; the system of tracking bomb and arsons, that was launched 2004, by the Tobacco, Alcohol, firearms and the explosive Bureau. This program is an internet accessible system that gives room to local, states, as well as the federal Law enforcing agencies to share all kinds of information concerning bombs and arson incidences and cases.

This bureau has been charged with the responsibility of all explosive incidences and cases information maintenance. It has been used as a library local, states and federal; law enforcing agencies can use and manage information.

The FBI has also developed a “robust intelligence production and sharing processes that is enabled by technologies and operated by the criminal justice information systems, (CJIS) Division” (justice.gov, 2011). For instance, the FBI intelligence web page came into being with the objective of making security information accessed by the FBI partners who have been given their own class referred to as the unclassified category, at different levels of law enforcing organs.

Around 30, 000 law enforcing personnel have participated in law enforcement online. On the other hand, the system is been accessed over 670,000 times every year. On top of all this, the FBI department has a plan of starting the collection of criminal investigation tips, or any other suspicious practices over the internet.

The implementation of the Joint Automated Book Keeping System has also strengthened the homeland securities and law enforcement practices. The move has automated the processes of booking and provision of rapid and positive mechanism of individual identification, by the use of fingerprint submission to the “FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System” (justice.gov, 2011).

However, the program has not been limited to the justice department clients alone, but is much open to homeland securities, health, defense department, as well as the human services. The implementation of this program resulted to a reasonable government savings.

The Improvement in the Capability of U.S Representation in Court

The justice department has also been transforming on how to litigate through two initiative participation. One of them is through the electronic case filling. This has involved “electronic exchange of the litigation and is based on the implementation of the administration documents with the federal courts, and is based on the implementation of administrative office of the U.S courts (AOUSC) case management system, or the system of electronic case filling” (justice.gov, 2011)

The records of attorneys in the systems of federal courts, has been using this two way systems of web based communication for electronic formation, filling as well as the exchange and access of litigation papers. “There are 57 district courts that have implemented case management and electronic case filling; others include 79 bankruptcies, international trade courts as well as the courts of federal claims” (justice.gov, 2011). In addition, there are over sixteen million cases that are either in case management or electronic case filling systems.

As if that is not enough, around 13,000 attorneys have filled papers over the net. The departmental elements that have been affected by this implementation include the; U.S attorneys, the Trustee Program of the U.S, and the litigation sub-divisions. “The business processes and reengineering studies are planning to absorb the dramatic alterations at the justice department in an effective manner” (justice.gov, 2011)

Another application has found its way in the case management line of business, (CMLB), under the department leadership. The implementation objective include; the development of common solutions architecture, that has enabled the case management information be efficiently shared both within and without the agencies.

The second goal is the improvement of effective and efficient law enforcing, investigating, as well as the civil and criminal litigation case management in business processes. The third goal is the identification of common case management processes across all elements and agencies that have been driving the system and function consolidation.

The fourth aim is addressing both immediate and long-term case management requirements in the federal case management fraternity. The last but not least objective “is the provision of guidance for future CM investments across the federal agencies” (justice.gov, 2011). By the year 2005, the target architectures were developed to litigate the administrative and investigative business functions.

Ensuring Cost-Effective Regulatory Processes

The justice department has also used the e-government information management system for the transformation of the performance of our regulatory duties as follows; this has been achieved through the firearms integrated technology (FIT) initiative. The target of integrated regulatory and enforcing strategy is the provision of electronic filling abilities 600,000 “members of ATF industries, agencies of law enforcements, as well as the public in general.” (justice.gov, 2011)

The FIT objective is the elimination of standalone, as well as the isolation of applications to ensure that, all systems of firearms and arson interface and effectively communicate with other systems of AFT. FIT has been consolidating systems that have been considered as being stand-alone, that provides support to the tracing of guns; information analysis; information storage, like the on-line lead. For instance in 2004, “the system of new e-trace, dealt with over 14,000 enquiries from around 800 law enforcing personnel.” (justice.gov, 2011)

On the other hand, Drug Enforcing Administration, (DEA), has been developing two main systems; one of them being the “electronic prescription for controlled substances (EPCS), along with the controlled substance ordering system (CSOS).” (justice.gov, 2011)

This kind of initiative in one way develops the framework that allows electronic transfer of prescribed data to the pharmacy from the prescriber, while on the other hand; it involves the framework development that allows the electronic style of “DEA 222 order form industrial handling supply chain of substances that are controlled.” (justice.gov, 2011)

As an effect, in future, DEA has to standards of performances via its regulations. In addition, it has to build a public key infrastructure that will be in a position of issuing digital certificates that allows such like organizations as well as vendors serving them to transform their way of from paper transmission. Under this project, around one million medical personnel will take part.

Another application has found its way in “National Instant Criminal Background Check System.” (justice.gov, 2011)This system has been utilized by Federal Firearms Licensees when carrying out background checks on purchases termed as potential, or even those under possession of firearms. The descriptive information that is tabled by the purchasers and possessors is always searched and verification done against NCIC contained records.

The Implementation of Information Management of E-Government in Kuwait

Kuwait and Singapore signed a memorandum of understanding on undertaking co-operation e-government in 2004. The intention of this MOU was the identification of different ways of accelerating the implementation of e-government in Kuwait. In 2005, Kuwait signed another MOU with the Microsoft Corporation.

The main objective of this agreement was the expansion of information and communication technology usage and the provision its support in the state of Kuwait. As a result, Kuwait has become the highly ranked ICT knowledge based society in the Arabic nations as indicated in table 1 bellow.

Table 1, e-government ranking for the GCC countries

From: www.iseing.org/emcis/EMCIS2010/Proceedings/…/C65.pdf

Conclusion

The issues concerning technology are neither technical or means to an end, however, it needs to be considered that, the technology essence is to reveal the challenges that are facing the world, by its ordering along with the creation of concrete infrastructures. This framework can be applied well when discussing the information management in e-government implementation in developing nations. This is based on the fact that, the technology ordering concentrates relation between the admin and the citizens.

This is so particularly “in setting the boundary between the state and the market, along with ensuring greater transparency and accountability” (Danish, 2006). This has been stated as the as the as the main reason for developing nations to implement e-government plans. They do believe that, with such a project in place, it is enough to equate good governance along with increased development models. As an effect, it ends up affecting levels of international aids that they do receive from donor countries.

It has been stated that, the main reasons that contributes to the failure of e-government in most countries is “the mismatch between present realities and the future e-government system design” (Al-Rashid, 2010) the probability of failure increases, as the gap grows. The figure 1 in the appendix section has been used in the explanation of condition.

The problem that has been arising with most nations in the implementation of e-government is that, there are several mismatches between the present systems and the future systems. As an effect, there exist a lager gap between “the physical, economical well as several other contexts, between the software designers and the location in which the system is implemented” (Al-Rashid, 2010)

On the other hand, there are nations which have already implemented the information management in their e-government systems. For instance, the United State has implemented this system in the Justice department very well. Also Kuwait has signed different MOUs to ensure the success of this project.

References

Adb.org. (2010). The e-Government Applications. Retrieved from www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/E-Government/egov-techgov.pdf

Al-Rashid, H. (2010). Examining Internal Challenges to E-Government Implementation from System Perspective. Retrieved from www.iseing.org/emcis/EMCIS2010/Proceedings/…/C65.pdf

Danish, D. (2006). “The Failure of E-Government in Developing Countries: A Literature Review”. EJISDC. 26(7), 1-10. Retrieved from www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/277/176

Justice. gov. (2011). The Department Of Justice E–Government Act Implementation Update Budget Data Request No. 05-08. Retrieved from www.justice.gov/jmd/ocio/egovactreport2004.pdf

Stanforth, C. (2011). Using Actor-Network Theory to Analyze E-Government Implementation in Developing Countries .Retrieved from itidjournal.org/itid/article/viewFile/229/99

Appendix 1

Figure from: www.ejisdc.org/ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/view/277/176

Introduction

Businesses require constant information to be processed and disseminated to the relevant stakeholders on time. To achieve this, they need Management Information systems.

A Management Information System is a set of connected apparatus, mostly computerized combinations that continuously acquire raw and needed data from within and outside a particular firm. Consequently, the data is processed and stored in a central place called database, where it is always updated and availed to those with authority to access it (Business Dictionary.com).

There are several applications that are described in the case study. In a community medical center known as Doylestown, an application, Meditech, is in place. In the same medical center, another application, titled Epocrates Essentials is described. Another application, which is ChainLinq Mobile application, is described as used in D.W. Morgan, being a supply chain, transportation and logistics service provider. Lastly, the iPhone camera is described in regards to a firm known as Aedas Sport.

Business Functions Supported

Meditech conveys data on crucial signs, drugs, lab results, aversions, notes by nurses, results from remedial treatment, as well as patient food straight to the doctors’ phone. Epocrates Essentials, an aesculapian reference tool is used to help doctors to decode laboratory outcomes and procure medical data.

ChainLinq assists in updating of shipment information, collection of signatures, as well as provision of global positioning system locations to each individual box delivered. It has afforded Morgan the ability to present an attestation of delivery promptly. The iPhone camera has been used by designers and architects to take pictures of designs, models, and construction sites which are in turn sent to prospective clients to Aedas Sport.

How do they Improve Operational Efficiency and Decision Making?

Meditech application enables doctors to be on call wherever they may be through sending them sensitive alerts through their emails from their work stations. This allows the doctors to make decisions quickly and long before they even get to the hospital.

ChainLinq application has reduced the time needed to provide proof of delivery from half a day to immediate. The iPhone camera has enabled Aedas Sports to productivity jump to 400 percent. In addition, iPhone has facilitated the building of a large chronicle of observable assets almost effortlessly.

Problems Solved.

First and foremost, the problem of mobility was solved for doctors in Doylestown meaning that doctors can still communicate even while not in the vicinity of the hospital. Thanks to ChainLinq, Morgan does not have to make numerous phone calls so as to track and proof deliveries. The customers as well are in a position to be aware of the status of their deliveries by logging in to the company’s website which is updated by the servers throughout.

Businesses most likely to Benefit

Among other businesses, the following will likely benefit. The Health sector will benefit when their employees are equipped with mobile digital devices. This will assist them in keeping in touch with their employers as well as patients’ history whenever needed. They can make decisions and communicate immediately. In addition, they will be able to make accurate calculations on laboratory results using the devices.

Courier businesses are to benefit as well through tracking of their parcels as well as tracking the exact position of the mode of delivery, for example, trucks among others. In addition, these businesses will get proof of delivery in real time thus increasing efficiency and therefore, staying calm without having to make numerous phone calls to track the process of delivery.

Designers and architectural businesses also stand to benefit from mobile devices. The iPhone will especially make it possible to get clear and professional photo shots, compile them into journals and send them to potential and actual clients.

Supply store chains like Wal-Mart are likely to benefit, too. As soon as a customer buys a certain item, the supplier through the iPhone is alerted to ship replacement for the item. The supplier is able to know what quantity is needed as well.

The banks are the ones that get lot of beneficiaries. The managers get real-time data in regard to customer complaints, network performance and line outages.

The motor industry is set to benefit greatly too. For instance, Toyota uses Toyota Production System to achieve high levels of efficiency and quality. This gives them a competitive edge over their rivals. This arises from the fact that they charge less for superior products, as well as give better responses to suppliers and customers through the system.

The iPhone is an Industry Changer

This statement is about the change in communicating with suppliers and customers. The industry has changed through using iPhone since communication is conducted in real time. In the supply chain, transportation and logistics industry, where D.W. Morgan belongs, the firm is able to track every detail; it takes few minutes to do so. In other words, they make delivery in real time while it takes their competitors up to twelve hours to do the same task.

Utilization of computers has permeated every region of culture from health sciences, food manufacture, machinery, industries and governments. How information is obtained and processed, is of considerable significance in these areas.

Public and private institutions produce large quantities of data like staff and supply records. So as, to be victorious, these institutions ought to find a means to control their information. Hence, Management information systems majors examine the structure, performance, and protection of computer systems.

Knowledge on Management information systems is vital to institutions on a management height, where it is employed to preserve and build up new techniques for organizing vast amounts of information and helping managers in the decision-making process (Effy 264).

Management information systems specialists are chiefly interested in making use of computers tackle business issues. They offer high-technology resolutions for matters that require to be dealt with, matters such as optimizing creation, sales projections, exploring trends, fitting suitable technology, and exhibiting data in a manner that executives can easily visualize. Mostly, the management information systems course is presented in business administration institutions.

Hence, Management Information Systems (MIS) can be described as the study of technology, institutions and community (Marien 154). A course in management information systems is required by learners who desire to concentrate on business- related data analysis and processing. MIS curriculum offers a wide outline of information systems that are computer based, with stress on administrative control and business appliances.

A range of areas linked to the Management Information Systems course is accessible to universities and colleges. Some of these areas related to this Major include Computer Systems Analysis, Computer Programming, Information Technology and Data Processing.

They engross relating quantitative methods, computer knowledge and managerial expertise to the information processing necessities of institutions. MIS merges computer expertise with executive decision-making techniques to devise, examine, apply, and control information systems that are computerized in an institutional set up.

Most students who specialize in information technology, information systems, computer engineering, and computer science studies first take careers in software engineering, developing, or in mechanical fields such as system maintenance. Conversely, as their vocations expand, they get themselves constantly faced with business and administration issues which, in spite of their technical expertise and knowledge, they are not able to handle.

Lessons in management information systems are aimed at sealing this space through presenting a practical foundation in critical features of Information system management/Information Communication Technology, in concert with an appreciation of modern thinking on ICT organization and control.

MIS Students

So as, to do well in MIS, learners are supposed to be attracted to institutions, how they operate, and computing. Learners as well require a strong clasp of written and verbal skills of communication. Functioning with computers normally necessitates learners to have an aptitude in handling disappointments, concentration power and self motivation skills.

MIS Major Courses

MIS syllabus encompasses a balanced combination of theory and application. A vital feature of this course is the ongoing, close attachment with manufacturing, trade and the public segment. Various institutions have different requirements on optional courses that one takes for Management Information Systems majors.

Some courses that could be offered in these institutions include Information Technology, Data Base Fundamentals, Calculus, Computer Programming, Decision Support Systems, Computer Systems, Desktop Publishing, Networking, Program Design, Statistics and Software Engineering (The University of Arizona 1).

Employment Outlook

Specialists in Information Systems are, amid the most desired talent in the career market at present. Firms seek applicants with excellent verbal and writing skills, since presentations to customers and operating with marketing and sales group are an ingredient of the regular job necessities.

Enrollment bonuses are widespread, increasing, regular, plus transfer packages are wide and openhanded. Professionals who are experienced in business solutions are on high demand. Although work experience is normally demanded in recruitments, it is not compulsory to have it so as to obtain a well paying job. All main consulting companies are rivaling for aptitude in systems analysis.

Institutions, which provide financial services, are in search of information technology experts who are capable of devising electronic bank networks. Opportunities for Java and network programmers with excellent team and communication capacities are plentiful.

Recruitment Opportunities

Learners who graduate with Management Information Systems obtain jobs via diverse ways, resulting to posts with an extensive range of companies and institutions. Among the enrollment, openings are the spring Career Showcase synchronized by Delta Sigma Pi and Eller Student Council and the annual Career Days, which is normally supported by UA Career Services.

List of Potential jobs for MIS major

The following careers and certified institutions demonstrate some positions that one may consider taking or working for following completion of the course. They include Computer Analyst, Database Specialist, Systems Development Manager, Internet Specialist, Technology Representative, Project Leader, Systems Specialist, Communication Specialist, Computer Programmer, Information Systems Manager, Networking Specialist, Software Engineer, Systems Engineer and Technology Instructor (U.S. Dept of Labor 15).

However, some majors are more likely to result to direct employment than others. One is supposed to reflect on the possibility of employment following graduation cautiously, lest one has plans to continue with graduate work in an area.

Conversely, regardless of the conclusion of graduate work in a number of areas, employment could be hard. Hence, one must establish the prospects for any major, prior to taking it. The likelihood of employment is normally boosted by the conscription in second minor or opts for radical employment-associated courses.

Salaries for MIS

The U.S. Median Salary for MIS Starters is 49,400 while for those who have remained in the job for some time is $87,200 (The University of Arizona 1). Nevertheless, these figures are public medians, implying that one can make extra or fewer than these sums. The anticipated salaries also differ with the selected vocation path, knowledge, as well as the geographic locality.

Benefits of MIS

MIS has the potential to bring lots of benefits to activities in all industries. Peer reviewed periodicals, for instance, MIS Quarterly and professional institutions, for instance, the Institute of MIS persist to discover and describe new methods in which enterprises can utilize MIS in order to realize their goals.

An enterprise becomes better positioned to drive out ahead of others through developing an outstanding management information system. Each market top enterprise will include no less than one core competency, to be precise, a task they execute better than their rivals. MIS structures give the tools required to obtain a better perception of the market, plus a better perception of the business itself.

An enhanced knowledge on the production procedure augments the capacity to develop the administration of the supply chain, with everything from the supply of equipment to the production and circulation of the refined produce. Hence, enhanced reporting of industry procedures leads to a smooth production procedure.

Improved supply chain management also leads to an enhanced capacity to respond to market modifications. Healthy MIS systems allow a venture to respond swiftly to their surroundings, facilitating them to drive out ahead of the rivalry, and offer superior services.

The Difference between MIS and Other Computer Majors

First, a degree in computer engineering course centers on crafting and structuring hardware for computers. Second, a degree in computer science course centers on programming and software organization. Conversely, expertise in MIS involves understanding of person and managerial issues engrossing computer utilization.

An example of this is devising computer structures for utmost human efficiency, usability as well as to meet precise managerial and human wants. They also devise systems for maintaining records, performing and following industry dealings, and interacting with workers and staff. They as well develop systems for aiding managerial decisions and promoting teamwork. Hence, MIS is more diversified than other majors in computers.

In conclusion, Management Information Systems (MIS) can be described as the study of technology, institutions and community. A course in management information systems is required by learners who desire to concentrate on business- related data analysis and processing. MIS curriculum offers a wide outline of information systems that are computer based, with stress on administrative control and business appliances.

Most students who specialize in information technology, information systems, computer engineering, and computer science studies first take careers in software engineering, developing, or in mechanical fields such as system maintenance. MIS syllabus encompasses a balanced combination of theory and application. Various institutions have different requirements on optional courses that one takes for Management Information Systems majors.

Some courses that are likely to be encountered in these institutions include Information Technology, Data Base Fundamentals, Calculus, Computer Programming, Decision Support Systems, Computer Systems, Desktop Publishing, Networking, Program Design, Statistics and Software Engineering. Learners who graduate with Management Information Systems obtain jobs via diverse ways, resulting to posts with an extensive range of companies and institutions.

Specialists in Information Systems are, amid the most desired talent in the career market at present (McLeod 183). Firms seek applicants with excellent verbal and writing skills, since presentations to customers and operating with marketing and sales group are an ingredient of the regular job necessities.

Enrollment bonuses are widespread, increasing, regular, plus transfer packages are wide and openhanded. Professionals who are experienced in business solutions are on high demand. Although work experience is normally demanded in recruitments, it is not compulsory to have it so as to obtain a well paying job. All main consulting companies are rivaling for aptitude in systems analysis.

The following careers and certified institutions demonstrate some positions that one may consider taking or working for following completion of the course. They include Computer Analyst, Database Specialist, Systems Development Manager, Internet Specialist, Technology Representative, Project Leader, Systems Specialist, Communication Specialist, Computer Programmer, Information Systems Manager, Networking Specialist, Software Engineer, Systems Engineer and Technology Instructor.

So as, to do well in MIS, learners are supposed to be attracted to institutions, how they operate, and computing. Learners as well require a strong clasp of written and verbal skills of communication. Functioning with computers normally necessitates learners to have an aptitude in handling disappointments, concentration power and self motivation skills.

Works Cited

Effy, Oz. Management Information Systems. Boston, Mass: Thomson/Course Technology, 2009.

Marien, Michael .Future Survey Annual 1990. S.l: Transaction Publishers, 2006.

McLeod, Raymond. Management Information Systems. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007.

The University of Arizona. Management Information Systems: Career Briefs. Web.

U.S. Dept of Labor. Career Guide to America’s Top Industries: Essential Data on Job Opportunities in Over 40 Industries. Indianapolis, IN: JIST Pub, 2004.

Information system comprises of the technology that collects, stores and processes information (Aberer and Martin-Flatin 3). Today, many firms and business organizations that compete globally are compelled to adapt information system technology or risk being faced out of business.

The main importance of information system to any modern organization is to store its data and that of its associates and customers in a secure manner (Aberer and Martin-Flatin 5). Due to the increase in instances of fraud and data hacking, organizations have to ensure maximum protection and confidentiality of their data. Organizations also use information system to store and disseminate their data. This makes it easier and faster to access data, as it organized in a systematic order.

Database technology is a system that shows a representation of the outside business environment in relation to the internal business. Examples include those found in the flight industry, banking and the stock exchange markets. This kind of representation is very essential in organizations today, as it helps business transactions to be easier and faster.

For instance, if we were to calculate all the daily financial transactions in a bank, it would take several months as compared to using database technology where it takes a few minutes to perform various transactions.

An enterprise system is application software that enables computation, storage and transmission of data in business processes. It is of great significance to modern organizations. These are software different from the retail software in that, they are specially designed for organizations’ operations.

The software is business oriented for operations such as online payment, billing, customer relations and product catalogue. Different organizations have different enterprise systems that relate to their operations. This makes it easier for organizations to use such software as they are best suited to the organizations’ operations (Becker and Shaw 109).

Enterprise system enables organizations to carry out large and complex business processes in an accurate, fast and reliable manner. Business operations are now more efficient, as the application software allows multi-tasking where several operations can be conducted at the same time.

Not only is the system fast and accurate, it is also user friendly allowing people with knowledge of computer operations to use it with less intricacy. Through such processes a business is able to achieve its goals and objectives since its operations are accurate and efficient. The system is integrated with protocols that ensure security of the organizations data while maintaining the integrity of the operations.

Project management entails planning, coordinating, organizing and managing of time, resources and money so as to achieve the set organizational goals. The objectives of project management act as a guideline in the implementation of a project.

Such objectives include setting a budget for the project to ensure that the project is fully achieved without delay due to financial constraints or spending too much on the project. There should also be a schedule for the project to ensure that the project is completed in good time. Quality solutions and continuous improvement enable the project to be effective and with less errors.

In a nutshell management information system is essential to any business in the modern world. It helps the organization to store and process data securely especially at such a time when there are frequent cases of data hacking being reported (Becker and Shaw 110). Management information system also helps organization conduct their operations faster, accurately and more reliably. For an organization to prosper and achieve its goals and objectives, it should consider adopting information system processes.

Works Cited

Aberer, Karl and Martin-Flatin, Jean-Philippe. Conception of Information Systems. 2005. Web.

Becker, Jorg and Shaw, Michael. “Information Systems and e-Business Management.” Journal of Business Information Systems 10257.1 (2005): 107 – 123.

Introduction

Businesses are characterized with several processes that lead to delivery of specific products for a given market. Some of the most common business processes include accounting, manufacturing, human resource management, sales, and marketing. Executing each of these processes requires accurate information that is used to make decisions.

Given the large volume of information generated by various business processes, companies have to invest in management information systems in order to improve their efficiency and competitiveness.

This involves acquiring “a computer-based system that provides managers with the tools to organize, evaluate, and efficiently manage departments within organizations”. This paper will discuss the various types of management information systems that are used by businesses.

Transaction Process System (TPS)

A TPS is an information management system that is used by businesses to collect, process, store, and retrieve transaction data. Generally, a TPS is used to process the data that is required to update the records about the operations of a business.

It supports the routine business activities, which enable firms to improve the value of their products or services. For instance, most companies use a TPS to conduct activities such as order entry, payroll processing, and inventory control. A TPS that leads to value addition contributes to the success of the organization.

An effective TPS should accomplish the following objectives. First, it should process the data used in transactions or generated by transactions such as selling products, processing orders, and billing customers. Second, a TPS should enhance the degree of accuracy and integrity of the data used in transactions to avoid losses.

Third, a TPS is expected to produce relevant reports in time to enable managers to make timely decisions. Finally, a TPS is expected to improve labor efficiency and service provision by automating various transactions. A TPS that achieves these objectives enables the company to improve its competitive advantage through value addition.

Management Information System (MIS)

MIS can be understood by defining its three components separately. Management refers to the process of initiating, planning, organizing and controlling the operations of a business. Information refers to data that has been processed or analyzed. A system refers to the various components of a business that function together to achieve a common objective.

In this context, MIS simply refers to a system that facilitates effective management of a business through appropriate use of information. All the components of MIS must run concurrently in order to improve the system’s efficiency.

The roles of management information system include the following. First, MIS enables managers to make appropriate decisions by providing timely and accurate information. It also provides tools that enable managers to analyze situations before making decisions. Second, MIS provides real-time updates of the activities that are taking place in the company.

Consequently, it enables managers to identify imminent crises and to take appropriate remedial actions. Third, management information systems ensure security and accountability because they are able to perform routine checks to identify any inconsistencies in business processes.

Finally, MIS facilitates safe and cost-effective keeping of business records. Given these benefits, a company must have a good MIS to enable its managers to make appropriate decisions.

Decision Support System (DSS)

DSS refers to an “interactive computer-based system that enables decision makers to use communication technologies, data, documents, knowledge, and models to identify and solve problems, as well as, to make decisions”. There are five types of DSS namely, model-driven, data-driven, communication-driven, document-driven, and knowledge-driven decision support systems.

A model-driven DSS uses simulation models to facilitate functions such as financial, production, and sales/ marketing analyses. It utilizes specific data and the parameters specified by managers to analyze various situations. A data-driven DSS facilitates access to and processing of the company’s historical data, as well as, real time data obtained from external sources.

Communication-driven DSS uses communication technologies such as video conferencing to enable managers to collaborate in the decision-making process through effective communication.

A document-driven DSS utilizes large databases and information processing technologies to enable managers to access and use information such as product specifications when making decisions. A Knowledge-driven DSS has specialized problem solving-capabilities that enable it to recommend solutions to managers.

The main objective of a DSS is to improve the process of making decisions at various levels of management by providing advanced analytical tools and accurate information. In order to achieve this objective, a typical DSS consists of multi-dimensional analytical tools, query tools, and data mining tools.

Query tools enable decision makers to access data from the system. Data mining tools facilitate automatic determination of correlations in the data. Multi-dimensional analytical tools enable managers to perform different analyses in order to arrive at the appropriate decision.

Executive Support Systems (ESS)

An ESS is a tool that enables businesses to organize their internal information, as well as, external information into useful reports. It consists of both computer hardware and software that facilitate data entry, data processing, and retrieval of information. Managers at the executive level often use ESS to monitor their companies and to make appropriate decisions.

In this regard, executive support systems facilitate access to information concerning the activities of various departments such as accounting and billing. Furthermore, most ESS have inbuilt analytical tools that enable executives to evaluate and predict various performance outcomes using the available data.

Generally, executive support systems are intelligence-based. They provide executives with intelligence concerning market dynamics, investments, and other internal or external factors that must be considered when making management decisions.

The benefits of ESS include effective and accurate analysis of general trends in the industry. This facilitates formulation of strategic plans by managers. Executive support systems also improve managers’ leadership capabilities by providing them with analytical tools that help in business performance evaluation.

Despite these benefits, an ESS can lead to information overload, which in turn slows decision-making processes. Consequently, it is prudent to analyze the information needs of the executives and the business in general in order to select the most appropriate ESS.

Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRMS)

Customer relationship management refers to “the processes or methodologies that a business uses to study and learn more about its customers’ needs in order to develop long-lasting relationships with them”. Thus, a CRMS is a system that facilitates interactions between the company and its customers.

CRMS is often used to perform activities such as optimizing sales management, identifying the target market, sharing information among departments, and identifying customers’ needs. CRMS can be implemented as a web-based software or a specialized software that is installed on the company’s computers.

CRMS has the following advantages. First, it enables companies to improve their customer services, which in turn improves the level of customer satisfaction and loyalty. Second, CRMS reduces the cost of acquiring new customers since it readily provides data concerning the customers. This eliminates the costs associated with acquiring information through methods such as marketing research.

Third, CRMS improves internal efficiency by facilitating quick access to the information that is required to make decisions. These benefits show that an effective CRMS can enable a company to overcome competition by attracting and retaining new customers. This leads to expansion of market share and improved financial performance.

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

A SCM system is a tool that enables companies to manage their relationships with their suppliers in order to maximize customer value. Supply chain activities include order processing, production, inventory control, and delivery of products or services. Performing these activities requires effective sharing of information among the departments that are directly involved in the supply chain.

Additionally, supply chain management requires effective coordination between the organizations that are involved in the supply chain. Thus, a SCM system has to be an inter-organizational system that facilitates automatic sharing of information among the organizations in the supply chain.

Additionally, an effective SCM system should accommodate the business models of potential partners or suppliers. This can be achieved through systems that can be modified to facilitate coordination of the activities of the companies in the supply chain.

The benefits of a SCM system include effective planning and execution of supply chain activities. This leads to timely delivery of inventory and products to the right destinations, thereby eliminating the costs associated with delays.

An effective SCM system also enables companies to reduce the risks associated with external factors such as political unrest. This is achieved through effective planning for raw materials and stocks of completed goods in order to prevent shortages.

Knowledge Management System (KMS)

A KMS is a computer-based system that supports the process of creating, storing, and sharing information within an organization. A typical KMS consists of a centralized database with advanced search tools that facilitate storage and retrieval of information. The aim of knowledge management systems is to collect the knowledge and experiences generated within an organization and make them available to employees.

Knowledge management systems also facilitate collaboration among employees who regularly perform knowledge-intensive tasks such as product development. In the contemporary society, companies have become repositories of the knowledge required to perform various business processes such as marketing.

Thus, having an efficient knowledge management system enables organizations to improve the performance of their employees by enabling them to access the knowledge they require to perform their duties.

Enterprise Applications (EA)

An enterprise application is a system that consists of several software packages with shared business applications. Thus, they tend to be complex, multi-dimensional, and scalable in order to respond to changing business information needs. An enterprise application is designed to integrate all the systems that are used to run an organization.

In particular, it ensures that various systems such as TPS, SCMS, and DSS are able to work concomitantly in order to improve the performance of the business. The application of EAs spans functional areas since they are often used to execute different business processes across the company. Additionally, EAs are used by all levels of management to access information and to make decisions.

The systems that are used to run a company share the data generated by different departments. In addition, employees and managers have to use different systems in order to complete various tasks.

This suggests that all the systems used in the company should be integrated through an effective enterprise application in order to ensure efficient and consistent flow of work. In addition, coordinating the functions of all the systems helps in improving the performance of the company by eliminating the costs associated with operating each system on its own.

Conclusion

Virtually all companies need accurate information to perform their business processes. Managers have to make decisions that led to successful completion of every stage of various business processes. Thus, businesses have to invest in systems that facilitate efficient and effective management of information, which in turn improves the process of making decisions.

This leads to achievement of improved competitive advantages since management decisions determine the outcome of business processes. In this regard, all companies require effective management information systems to enhance their operations.

References

Abramowicz, W., & Mayr, C. H. (2007). Technologies for business information systems. New York, NY: Springer.

Curtis, G., & Cobham, D. (2008). Business information systems: Analysis, design and practice. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Gupta, H. (2011). Management information system. New Delhi, India: International Book House.

Naranjo, D. (2010). Managerial styles and management information systems for improving organizational performance. Journal of Positive Management, 1(1), 3-10.

Nowduri, S. (2011). Management information systems and business decision making: Review, analysis, and recommendations. Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 3(1), 1-7.

Wigand, R., Mertens, P., & Bodendorf, F. (2003). Introduction to business information systems. New York, NY: Springer.

A management information system (MIS) it is system which is required to provide organizations with information to enable them to run efficiently and smoothly. The management information system is a system which involves resources which are threefold: people, technology, and the information. Management information systems are unique in that they enable one to be able to analyze operational activities within institutions and organizations.

Information systems play a crucial role in the management of any contemporary enterprise such as a small, medium or large organization; a profit making or a social service set up; a public or private sector undertaking; a manufacturing or a service organization; a local or a global corporation; and an upcoming or established business house.

Just as the case is within the organization which is under consideration, the fast changing scene of liberalization, competition and globalization combined with an emphasis on quality, timeliness, innovation, customer orientation and efficiency puts a premium on accurate, superfast and timely dissemination of information across the globe. The unprecedented developments in computing and communication technologies have indeed made such demands translatable into realizable goals.

Thus, a large portion of the world population has its stake in information systems. Invariably such systems ate computer based. This informs the reason for establishing the need to revamp the already existing structures within the organization. The progress of this project will be based on a simple definition of a management information system (MIS) which would be: a computer based system that provides flexible and speedy access to accurate data.

Such a definition would suit any personal, professional, organizational, national or global information system and the organization at hand. Obviously, the organizational information systems – those pertaining to the planning, operation and control of an enterprise – are the most important amongst these.

Management information system in this case will refer primarily to such organizational information systems which are generally large sophisticated, structured, and dynamically evolving and of immense commercial value. Management information systems have three sub – components – management, information, and systems – together bring to focus clearly and effectively:

1. Management emphasizing the ultimate use of such information systems for managerial decision making rather than merely stressing on technology.
2. Information highlighting on processed data rather than raw data and in the context in which it is used by managers and other end users.
3. Systems emphasizing a fair degree of integration and a holistic view.

In this case we are going to be evaluating a given organization. There are five major steps which one needs to evaluate before embarking on some various aspects. These include the following;

1. Analysis

2. Design

3. Implementation

4. Testing

5. Evaluation These steps will provide a framework upon which one will be able to monitor progress and put in necessary measures to ensure that the required steps are put into accomplished. First and foremost, it is important for one to establish the basis for the stated project.

This enables one to determine the set goals and the objectives with the view of realizing them effectively. These goals will be defined into functions which will be achieved. Consequently one will be able to design a system which will ensure that the objectives are or have been realized. Implementation will ensure that the plan is worked out. Thus one will be able to ensure that the details which have been set have been realized and accomplished in the recommended fashion.

Classification of management systems

Another area that must be carefully understood in this project is the distinction between the scope of the applications and the information support needed by the application. Irrespective of the nature of the organization and its size, business applications would fall into one of the four categories – office automation, transaction processing, decision support and executive support systems. The analysis and design should clearly distinguish between these systems before developing and implementing the application to support such systems.

The five basic systems development guidelines which will be used will include the following;

1. Develop a plan. Prepare an overall project plan and stick to it. Complete tasks in a logical sequence. Develop a clear set of ground rules and be sure that everyone on the team understands them clearly.
2. Involve users and clearly listen to them. Ensure that users are involved in the development process, especially when identifying and modelling system requirements. When you interact with users, listen closely to what they are saying.
3. Use project management tools and techniques. Try to keep the project on track and avoid surprises. Create a reasonable number of checkpoints – too many can become burdensome, but too few will not provide adequate control.
4. Develop accurate cost and benefit information. Managers need to know the cost of developing and operating a system, and the value of benefits it will provide accurate, realistic costs and benefit estimates, and update them as necessary
5. Remain flexible. Be flexible within the framework of your plan. Systems development is a dynamic process, and overlap often exists among tasks. The ability to react quickly is especially important when you are working on a system that must be developed rapidly.

The typical management information systems that will be in operation in this organization can be classified in many ways. One classification is based on the functional disciplines of management like, marketing, and finance.

It is possible to discuss at length a number of management information systems that can be built to assist each of the functional areas of management. Today, a number of systems which are already in place and many users already have a taste off one or many of the systems in various functional management areas.

Organizational systems

Management information systems are built for specific applications for use by an identified organization. Hence, understanding the organization – its primary goals and objectives, structure, dynamics, scale of operation, culture, tradition, social setting, level off competition, value system, and finally, the environment under which the organization is operating – plays a key role in the successful implementation of contemporary corporate information systems.

Such an understanding is likely to supplement the technical soundness of the systems that are being designed. When establishing where one is going to establish the Management information systems, it is fundamental to gauge the organization from a series of attributes that characterize modern organizations;

1. Hierarchy and clear definition of roles.
2. Standard operating systems and procedures
3. Formal structure
4. Fair and transparent measures of performance and evaluation schemes
5. Legal framework to reconcile differences
6. Professional management
7. Continuity of operation
8. Social responsibility

Such an understanding is a prerequisite before one launches the design of any meaningful information system intended to serve an organization which is a formal corporate entity.

Data and information systems

With so many information systems in daily use and access between the common man most people understand and appreciate that data is relatively raw and information is a refined form of data which is more useful for human understanding and decision processes. The exact form of refinement will vary according to the needs and the nature of applications. Information systems will therefore concentrate on information and not merely on data.

From this perspective, there are some basic characteristics of data that must be kept in mind. The data must be accurate, timely, and relevant. Several other attributes such as reliability, source of data, consistency over time, value aspects including threat to individuals, society and to the world at large, privacy, protection of intellectual property, and many others are important, yet are specific to some applications only.

Information systems are primary vehicles that implement these systems and procedures in a fast, flexible and cost effective manner. Obviously, these systems are much more than mere computer programs. They should faithfully portray the existing formal systems, though many of them might not have been well documented.

Many formal systems have been internalized by the operating personnel, who do not see the necessity of documenting them formally. During the transition from manual systems to computer based system, they have to be communicated faithfully to the analyst so that he in turn can implement the systems and procedures correctly.

Any such processes where the systems had been running relatively efficiently without a documented set of systems and procedures, poses a number of difficulties for the analyst who is implementing the computerized system. One of the reasons that many computerization efforts may not yield spectacular results may be the lack of such clearly understood and well documented systems and procedures.

Some organizations have been able to benefit significantly by information systems because of the existence of standard operating systems because of the existence of standard operating procedures for decades. In this case, as a consultant one must be prepared to face this dual challenge of establishing a system, documenting the existing and or the proposed system, and then implementing a computerized system that translates the manual system into a computer based system.

Applications

The information systems in this case will be used to provide evaluation information like performance data, production data, defective data, and many others which are used to develop incentive and bonus information schemes for employees. Information systems will reflect this aspect by way of providing insight into the social benefits of the organization.

With small additional efforts in recording keeping, the social contribution of the organization can be quantified and presented to the powers that be in a systematic manner. This would help the organization to operate in a peaceful and trouble free manner without too much interference from the local pressure groups. In addition, socially enlightened organizations will also enjoy additional inner strength due to high motivational levels of the employees.

This system will also have to be consistent with the professional practices of business including business ethics, which is characteristic of professional managers. These professional do vary in their outlook, cultural background and ethical attitudes though everyone subscribes to a set of core ethical practices.

Some professional managers believe more in oral communication than in written and are less enthusiastic about keeping records. Yet others, who are more accustomed to written communications, may be more formal and may insist on formal record for every detail and activity. Information systems have to be designed keeping in view such intrinsic differences among professional managers and adapt to such varying decision styles of professional managers.

In conclusion, systems thinking can also help keep managers focused on the overall goals and operations of a business. It encourages them to consider the entire system, not only their specific subsystem, when solving problems and making decisions. A satisfactory solution for one subsystem or business aspect might be inadequate for the entire organization.

For example when the sales department creates a Website to take online customer orders, it automates a formerly labor – intensive activity of the sales subsystem. This saves cost. However, increased orders may cause under stocking of finished goods. With systems thinking, improving the sales process could also improve other company organizational processes.

Without systems thinking, managers from other departments are not involved in the decision, so they do not benefit. It is worth noting that the information systems can only carry out instructions that humans give them. Management information systems can process information or data accurately at far greater speeds that people can, yet they are limited in many respects – most importantly, they lack common sense. However, combining the strengths of these systems with human strengths creates synergy.

Works Cited

Laudon, Kenneth C., Jane Price Laudon and Mary Elizabeth Brabston. Management information systems: Managing the digital firm. 3rd. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada Inc., 2007.

Sadagopan, S. Management Information Systems. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, 2004.

Shelly, Gary B. and Harry Rosenblatt. Systems Analysis and Design. California: Cengage Learning, 2011.

Introduction

In this article critique, we are going to consider an article titled Management Role of MIS in Corporate Decision Making. The article was authored by Sadhana Jadhav and analyzes several aspects of management information systems and its role in business decision making in organizations (Jadhav, 2011).

The article explains to its audience the importance of promoting and adapting the use of information systems to ensure that managers get the latest information in time.

Organizations that fail to acquire latest information in a timely manner end up being faced by several uphill tasks and they may even close down.

For instance, if an organization makes decisions without considering latest developments in the business environment, chances are high that they may fail to achieve their intended goals.

Body

Effective management information system is one that helps managers in organizations to make real-time decisions. This means that the system should have the ability and capacity to provide information that is reliable hence playing pivotal roles in decision making process in organizations (Goyal, 2006).

For instance, managers need relevant information in order to provide their customers with what is a right hence giving them palatable chance of surviving in the business.

The management information system should be monitored by experts to make sure that all information made available to managers is essential to the organization.

This helps in cautioning the organization from misleading information which may lead to misinformed decisions, which eventually may have a great impact on the entire organization.

An effective management information system should include tools that can help in the collection of data that aim at adding reliability and value to the organization.

This means that the system should be able to bring about change that is measurable. If the system cannot be accountable, chances are high that decisions made based on it remain dangerous to the organization.

Managers may at times hesitate or even reject some recommendations from the management information system if they doubt or question their rationality.

Since decision making is a process that involves representatives from various departments, any information provided by the system is subject to thorough scrutiny.

This remains important since any decision made by decision makers affects all operations of the organization. Therefore, all information needs to be analyzed to ensure that only credible information is considered for the decisions (Jadhav, 2011).

Management information systems have various objectives that guide the type of information to be availed to managers. These objectives include delivery of the right information to the right people at the right time and right place.

This means that the system should be used to give information to specific people and at specific times. This is necessary because organization information should remain confidential since its exposure to the public may be a threat.

This happens where competitors take advantage of the information to attack the organization. Therefore, the system should be designed in a way such that information is accessible only to the right individuals within the organization.

Management information system should be able to improve productivity and profitability to the organization. In addition, the system should be standardized in a way such that it can obtain information from all hierarchical levels in an organization.

This makes sure that the organization makes use of all individuals within their organization to offer information regarding the organization. This information can be used by decision makers to come up with effective strategies aimed at improving operations and productivity within the organization.

Another role of management information system is to store information in soft copies in order to preserve it for future use. The system ensures that organization’s information is safe for use by the board of directors anytime they require it for decision making.

In fact, management information system helps organization managers in making strategic decisions. This is where they are required to set objectives and develop strategies aimed at attaining the said objectives.

Management information system, therefore, can provide adequate information regarding targets that are achievable. This is done through analysis of information obtained internally and in the external environment.

Other decisions that can be influenced by management information system include management control decisions made by middle managers on use of resources.

Operational control decisions rely on information from management information system, as well.

The article also looks at the three phases of decision making as argued by Herbert Simon. These three phases are the intelligence phase which primarily involves problem searching and problem formulation.

This phase is extremely valuable for any organization since it is the one where decisions get their basis (Goyal, 2006). There is the design phase where decision makers evaluate the issue, come up with alternatives and thorough analysis is done to find out the best that fits the organization as a whole.

Finally, there is the choice phase where managers choose one of the many alternatives discussed and it is branded the decisions. Managers should make use of the management information system at each phase to ensure that the whole process remains fully informed.

Conclusion

The article is truly categorical on the role of management information system to decision making in organizations. Managers should make sure that their organizations have an effective system that can help them in acquiring information since that contributes to its success in a great manner.

Management information system has proved to be part of any organization, and it should be promoted and protected for survival of organizations in the competitive environment.

References

Goyal, D. P. (2006). Management information Systems, Managerial perspectives, Second edition, London: Macmillan India Limited.

Jadhav, S. (2011). Management Role Of MIS in Corporate Decision Making. Novel Institute of Management Studies 4(1), 34-36. Web.