Category: Life & Experiences 1502

This paper overviews a research article titled Owning Your Emotions: Reactions to Expressions of Self- versus Other-Attributed Positive and Negative Emotions.

It was written by two researchers, Amy M. Bippus and Stacy L. Young. Amy M. Bippus was the Associate Dean of Enrollment Management and Outreach in the College of Liberal Arts at at California State University in Long Beach. She is currently the Vice Provost for Academic Affairs at California State University in Los Angeles. Stacy L. Young is the Professor of Communication Studies at California State University in Long Beach.

The research article was published in a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal named Journal of Applied Communication Research in February 2005.

The volume of the journal is 33 and its number is 1.

The first word of the abstract is this and the last word is discussed.

Bippus and Young (2005) conducted two studies within one research article. For their first study, the researchers drew 720 participants from business, communication, and psychology classes at a large university in an unnamed city. Their ages ranged from 17 to 67; 470 were women, 248 were men, and 2 did not identify themselves in terms of gender. 364 participants were Euro-Americans, 113 Latin Americans, 86 Asian Americans, 57 African Americans, and 6 Native Americans. 86 self-identified as Other, and 8 did not identify themselves in terms of ethnicity.

Participants were provided with one of 16 possible scenarios, each of them reflecting a design of 2 (relationship type) x 4 (emotion) x 2 (locus of attribution). All scenarios presented a conflict between a participant and either their roommate or co-worker. Four emotional states were represented by the other person in the scenario, with them either saying that they were feeling a positive emotion (happiness or relief) or a negative emotion (anger or frustration). Upon reading these scenarios, participants completed a number of measures to recognize their reactions to what they read.

For their second study, Bippus and Young (2005) drew a new sample of 330 participants from communication classes at a large university in an unnamed city. Their ages ranged from 17 to 50; 213 were women and 117 were men. 160 participants were Euro-Americans, 51 Latin Americans, 25 Asian Americans, 22 African Americans, and 5 Native Americans. 59 self-identified as Other, and 8 did not identify themselves in terms of ethnicity.

Participants were provided with one of 18 possible scenarios, this time based on a design of 3 (relationship type) x 2 (emotion) x 3 (message type). All scenarios presented a conflict between a participant and either their romantic partner, roommate, or a co-worker. Two emotional states were represented by the other person in the scenario, with them saying that they were feeling either happy or angry. The message the other person used was in one of three forms: I am X (condition I); You made me X (condition You); or I am X with you (condition I-You). Upon reading these scenarios, participants completed a number of measures to recognize their reactions to what they read.

In the Rationale for the Present Project section of the article, the researchers present their research hypotheses and research questions. There are three research hypotheses, and they are as follows:

• H1: Respondents will rate self-attributed negative emotion statements as more effective than other-attributed negative emotion statements.
• H2: Respondents will report less negative emotional reactions to self-attributed negative emotion statements than to other-attributed negative emotion statements.
• H3: Respondents will rate self-attributed negative emotion statements as more polite than other-attributed negative emotion statements (Bippus and Young, 2005).
• Furthermore, there are three research questions as well, and they are as follows:
• RQ1: Will respondents rate other-attributed positive emotion statements as more effective than self-attributed positive emotion statements?
• RQ2: Will respondents report more positive emotional reactions to other-attributed positive emotion statements than self-attributed positive emotion statements?
• RQ3: Will respondents rate other-attributed positive emotion statements as more polite than self-attributed positive emotion statements? (Bippus and Young, 2005).

The research hypotheses are focused on the interpretation of negative emotion statements by respondents depending on the phrasing. Bippus and Young (2005) believe that when a person expresses their negative emotion through the I message, it is perceived as more effective and polite and less negative than when they do it through the You message. That is, when one states how they feel about the situation rather than how the other person is at fault, it is reported to be better perceived by the other person. In their turn, the research questions are focused on whether the same thing but in reverse can be said in regard to positive emotion statements. That is, Bippus and Young (2005) intend to discover whether when a person expresses their positive emotion through the You message, it is perceived better than when they do it through the I message.

The conclusions of the authors of this article do not support the profound effects found by their colleagues for I vs. You negative emotions expression. No effect for self-attributed vs. other-attributed expressions of anger or frustration on the ratings of respondents emotional reactions in Study 2 is found. However, in Study 1, there is strong evidence that positive emotional expressions attributed to the participant rather than the other person were preferred. In general, You messages are reported to be perceived as more effective and polite than I messages. In Study 2, at least in the context of a romantic partner, participants rated You messages as less threatening and more polite and positive; however, as more likely to contribute to self-consciousness than I messages.

Reference

Bippus, A. M., & Young, S. L. (2005). Owning your emotions: Reactions to expressions of self- versus other-attributed positive and negative emotions. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 33(1), 26-45.

At the moment, there are many different sports that will suit the capabilities and preferences of any person. Moreover, every year new activities arise, which can gradually push out older and irrelevant ones. This process can be traced in the case of such a sport as rowing, which has gained particular popularity and has become part of the Olympic Games program, but at the moment, does not have such popularity among young people as other types of physical activity.

Thus, rowing gained popularity in the nineteenth century and spread quite quickly around the world. Later it became part of the Olympic Games program, and winning a medal in this area had great prestige for the country. Therefore, the United States of America became the record holder in the number of awards in this sport, collecting 33 gold and 32 silver medals (Fig.1). Gradually, rowing spread in colleges, and students still take part in competitions in this activity. Research stated that not only does rowing act as a great form of exercise for athletes, but many students are also attracted by the camaraderie displayed in a rowing crew (Hao, 2020, para. 5). Despite this, the introduction of new sports gradually pushed rowing from its leading position.

A large number of factors influenced the shift of the studied sport in the list of popular physical activities. Hence, one of them is the fact that rowing is more suitable for young people under thirty (Fig. 2). This is due to the fact that this sport requires quite a lot of effort to develop speed and maneuvering and, to a large extent involves the work of the upper joints and limbs. In addition, in the recent slew of college recruiting scandals, a few wealthy parents and coaches have been accused of using rowing as a means of getting accepted into prestigious colleges (Hao, 2020, para. 4). Therefore, the popularity of this type of sports activity may be called into question. This is supported by the fact that students can only use it as a justification for achieving their own goals while never engaging in it. It is worth noting that rowing is criticized due to wealth discrimination and lack of accessibility for individuals. This is due to the fact that often only financially secure people take part in this sport, which also affects the decline in the popularity of the sport.

In conclusion, rowing is a reasonably old sport, which, when it appeared, quickly gained popularity. Hence, it became popular in educational institutions and gradually became part of the Olympic Games program. However, despite this prevalence, this type of physical activity in modern society has been overshadowed by other new activities. This was facilitated by such factors as, for example, the age limit for athletes and financial status of the participants. Moreover, in recent times, the popularity of this sport among college students is due only to the desire to get into an elite educational institution and not a genuine interest in the activity.

References

All-time Olympic rowing medal table as of 2016, by country. (2022). Statista. Web.

Hao, A. (2020). Rowing: not so mainstream. The Aragon Outlook. Web.

Smith, G. (2018). Aging and rowing performance  Part I: Introduction and methodology. Rowing Analytics. Web.

Las Vegas is the most populous city in the state of Nevada and a modern-day tourist attraction destination. It was founded in 1905 and officially incorporated in 1911. There has been rapid growth since its inception, making it a major metropolitan city. The city lies in Nevada State, one of the driest states in the United States of America (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021). Therefore, it is a famous resort city known for gambling, fine dining, shopping, entertainment, nightlife, and other tourist attractions.

The areas of attraction worth visiting in Las Vegas include Casinos, hotels, parks, events, and visual arts (Lasvegasnevada, 2022). As a tourist, information regarding the significance of attractive destinations is vital. The government website¹ has sufficient information regarding the different attraction destinations in Las Vegas. The home page is user-friendly and attractive, with a clear layout and menus for various attraction areas.

There is a menu item for every attraction area with submenus for a specific destination. When a user clicks a submenu, the screen navigates again to a specific destination under that submenu. For example, to locate the parks, one requires to select the parks and facilities option, then click the specific park. After clicking the specific park, the link will take the user to various options available under that specific park, such as the amenities like playgrounds, unique event resources, and images, among others. In addition, different specific links have videos to demonstrate the available items (Lasvegasnevada, 2022). Thus, the website provides an excellent experience because it is easy to navigate and get specific information regarding an attraction destination.

The Social Media Account

The Las Vegas tourism campaign has created several social media accounts to reach more people. It has a Facebook account named City of Las Vegas Government, which puts content related to tourist attraction destinations. Other social media accounts are

Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube. Thus, Las Vegas tourism campaign authorities post their social media content regarding the various services they offer and the tourist attraction areas.

Many people currently use social media to express their opinions and ideas with friends and relatives. For this reason, people can access information with ease. For example, the Las Vegas tourism campaign gains more visibility in social media by targeting potential clients. The most recent content appears on social media, making the clients more updated with the citys events.

The Facebook² page attracts 118K followers, while the Twitter³ page has 59.7K. Additionally, the YouTube⁴ channel attracts 15.4K subscribers. Therefore, the Facebook platform has more traffic compared to Twitter, Youtube, and Instagram, which have fewer followers.

The content in these platforms intrigues any visitor intending to visit Las Vegas. The content is similar to the one on the website and represents what exactly happens. The only slight difference between the content on the website and the one on social media is that users interact more on the social media platforms with authority than on the website.

During various celebration seasons and holidays, the platforms attract more audiences than at other times. Also, more audiences interact with the platform after posting performance and visual arts content than others (Lasvegasnevada, 2022).

Since the website content is similar to the social media one, it is an efficient way to reach more visitors. Moreover, when one is on the website, it is possible to reach the social media platforms, and vice versa is true. Making interaction between various platforms possible indicates that the online platform is adequate and the campaign is successful.

Demographic Analysis

Demographics play a pivotal role in a successful tourism campaign. According to (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021), the city has a total population of 646,790. More

whites live in the city than any other race since they contribute 58.5%, while blacks or African Americans are 12.1%. Whites who are not Latino or Hispanic contribute 42.9%. Asians contribute 6.7% of the population, Hispanics or Latinos are 33.2%, and American Indians and Alaska are 1.0%. The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders contribute a population of 0.9%.

Additionally, more female persons live in the city, with a population of 50.1%. The population of children below 18 years is 25.9%. Those persons between the ages 18  24 years are 8.8%; 25  44 years, 32.0%; 45  64, 21.7% and above 64 years; the population is 11.6% (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021). Therefore, there are more young people between the ages of 25 to 44 years.

The target group should therefore be the young population and those in middle age. This population is active on social media and has more time than other age brackets. They are more versed with the internet, and the campaign should aim towards creating ads that interest them.

The casinos and hotels seem more relevant to young people than their counterparts. Most of the people performing in visual arts are their age mates. They are also the people living as singles or with small young families that may find vacations and holidays interesting.

Regarding the ethnic group, the campaign should ensure it does not discriminate its ads based on ethnicity or race. The campaign should target all races and ethnicities by creating a balanced campaign. Black Americans, whites, Indians, and other races should find space and feel accommodated. Otherwise, creating imbalanced ads will mean less audience and returns. It also goes against inclusivity and the right to belong (Lasvegasnevada, 2022). Thus, the campaign should aim towards maximizing the best from all diversities targeting all races and age brackets with the highest population.

Campaign Efficacy Analysis

The tourism campaign is successful because it reaches the target audience. Also, it provides the audience with an opportunity to interact with authorities. The website and the social media platforms have user-friendly content, demonstrating much of what happens in real life.

In addition, a tourist intending to seek a service from the authorities can track the progress of the process remotely. One can book a service online in their home and complete the process without making physical travel arrangements. The physical sceneries are also visible online, which makes the process cost-effective.

There are many attractive destinations in the city, and all are depicted online. Casinos and hotels have their photos uploaded and videos as well. The parks and other related facilities have also been uploaded. Moreover, the prices and travel logistics within the city are well put on both platforms (Lasvegasnevada, 2022). Therefore, this online information enhances efficiency and effectiveness for the clients.

The recommendation for this campaign is to shorten the procedures and steps for reaching an item on the website. Some specific items have lengthy procedures before a user can reach them. Moreover, the campaign agency should add more content and create an attractive social media profile rich in video and visual information. Additionally, prices should be included in social media platforms to make decisions while on them easy.

In conclusion, the campaign is successful because the target group is realistic and the platforms are interactive. Again, the online platforms are user-friendly and effective, which makes it possible to reach more audiences. The recommendation is to make it easy to navigate online and include all relevant data in social media accounts.

References

Lasvegasnevada. (2022). Visitors. Home. Web.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Las Vegas city, Nevada. Census Bureau QuickFacts. Web.

Introduction

In the medieval era, chivalry and nobility were central to the notion of love. This period was filled with stories of gallant knights who ventured off on quests and provided different services, usually at the request of women who were the objects of their courtly love. The literary fiction written for the pleasure of the wealthy elite is where this style of love first appeared. Even yet, as time went on, ideas about love evolved and attracted a wider audience. They looked for love in places other than marriage, giving rise to courtly love as a form of romantic interaction within a wider social context. However, marriage between members of the same family was forbidden. In the medieval period, there was a cultural shift in how society viewed women and their emotions. Courtly love established norms for acts of infidelity and sexual activity. This paper seeks to demonstrate the authors belief on the concepts of love between people of opposite sexes, clergy, right ages to love, those fit to love and retaining the love using specific passages.

Capellanus Beliefs in The Art of Courtly Love

Between What Persons Love Exist

In this passage, Capellanus believes that love should only exist between people of opposite sexes lest there is no love. According to the author, two people of the same sexes cannot engage in love as they lack the capacity to satisfy the sexual needs of each one of them (Capellanus 30). Capellanus stresses the fact that whatever nature forbids, love is ashamed to accept (Capellanus 30). By this, he takes a stance that he only supports what nature supports and that which appears morally upright amongst a larger number of people globally. Love always thrives where a man is ready to embrace and realize satisfaction to the woman that they love. This according to Capellanus is the propelling factor towards realizing a fulfilled mandate for love.

The author perceives that nothing can be compared to the act of love and that he who is in love may be deprived of either money or any other thing that life offers. Love between people of opposite sexes can be compared to a wise person who is ready to plan his expenditure based on their preferred size of their patrimony (Capellanus 30). In the book, the author clarifies that when a man comes to poverty and want he begins to go along with his face downcast and to be tortured by many thoughts, and all joyousness leaves him (Capellanus 30). Great love is always nourished by ability of the man to create wealth which can sustain the love. He says that poverty has nothing with which to feed its love (Capellanus 30). Therefore, love will start to reduce whenever two people of opposite sexes lack the wealth to sustain their love.

Additionally, Capellanus, out of his own experience, believes that when poverty enters into a relationship between two people, then, the things that nourish love begin slowly to leave. Capellanus advices that there is need for people in love to always embrace acts of generosity in a love and avoid prodigality as it is the breeding grounds for poverty that can spark same sexes love. Capellanus indicates that &nothing which a lover gets from their beloved is pleasing unless she gives it of her own free will (Capellanus 31). The author believes that people of the same sex cannot guarantee one another the exchanges that love offers nor can they practice the natural acts that are associated with love. By this, they stress on the need for opposite sexes love which can guarantee enough sexual satisfaction for both parties involves.

People Fit for Love

In this passage, Capellanus believes that as a man reaches his sixth decade of life and a woman her fiftieth, age becomes a barrier to his passion developing into love. Reason being, at a certain point of time, the bodys inherent heat becomes less effective. This causes a man to encounter many problems and distresses him with many diseases, and there are no solaces in the world for him but food and drink. In the book, the author says that before his eighteenth year a man cannot be a true lover, because up to that age he is overcome with embarrassment over any little thing (Capellanus 32). It is for this reason that no girls nor boys under the age of twelve nor boys under the age of fourteen are allowed to enlist in the army of love.

Man cannot be a genuine lover until after the age of eighteen, since before then he is filled with shame over even the smallest of things. This is emphasized when Capellanus says that before this age a man has no constancy, but is changeable in every way& (Capellanus 32). According to the author, a boy within the said tender age cannot comprehend all the mysteries related to the realm of love. Therefore, there is always a need to ensure that a man comes up of age before engaging in acts of love with a woman. This will ensure that both parties are mature enough before being genuinely in love.

In addition, Capellanus believes that blindness is a bar to love. Love only thrives and breeds where a man can see anything over which their mind can reflect concerning love. However, the author believes that blindness acquired after a matured love cannot have any impact to the love and may therefore last even after the man becomes blind. Similarly, the author stresses how excess passion may prevent love from thriving. According to Capellanus men who are slaves to such passionate desire that they cannot be held in the bonds of love (Capellanus 32). They compare excessive passion in a man to lust like that of a shameless dog. Men should not have lust over every type of a woman that they come across but rather invest their love in a single woman who they are ready to build a family together. There is that which separates human love to that of the animals. Capellanus therefore clarifies that human love is associated with true nature unlike animals whose love is moved by low nature. This difference of reason is the key difference that sets apart all other animals from human beings.

The Love of the Clergy

Capellanus takes a different stance in this passage concerning the love of the clergy members. According to the authors belief, the clergy is often considered as one of the most noble class considering the nature of their calling. Their nobility can be regarded to come from God bosom and which has been granted to them based on the will of Go. Capellanus claims that he that touches you touches me to illustrate how noble the clergy members are noble in the sight of God (Capellanus 142). Additionally, he believes that a clergy should not look for love as evidenced by the nature of the nobility that they possess and carry. They need to shun any form of bodily pleasure hat may cause them to lack the devotion to the nature of their calling.

The clergy should denounce themselves from the works of love and delight from all aspects related to flesh that can hinder their calling. Based on the belief in the book, the clergy should take upon the sacredness of the Lord in their quest to seek the clerical nobility. The author also believes that the noble nature of the clergy calling results from Gods grace and not from the ancestors. Therefore, any form of secular power cannot deprive them of this nobility, but God alone through His grace. According to the author, &God alone has the privilege of this kind of nobility be annulled if His commands are violated (Capellanus 142). Therefore, Capellanus stresses the need for the clerk to shun away from love due to the nature of their clerical nobility.

The author also believes that a clerk should put aside any form of uncleanliness of the body lest they will be deprived of the special nobility that has been bestowed upon them. Clerks should always apply and speak of their desire to enter into the list of love to Lords service based on the ranks and standings of their parents. This move will assist them to desist from the desires of the flesh and the sinful nature of humans. They need to shun any form of bodily pleasure hat may cause them to lack the devotion to the nature of their calling (Capellanus 142). The clergy should denounce themselves from the works of love and delight from all aspects related to flesh that can hinder their calling. Based on the belief in the book, the clergy should take upon the sacredness of the Lord in their quest to seek the clerical nobility (Capellanus 142). The author also believes that the noble nature of the clergy calling results from Gods grace and not from the ancestors.

Love Got with Money

In this passage, the author tries to evaluate if true love can be gotten from money or any other form of gift. Capellanus (142) believes that real love originates from the hearts affection and can be guaranteed based on genuine liberality and pure grace. According to the author, there is no precious thing that can replace the nobility of love, be it money or gifts. Capellanus believes that a man should not consider any woman who is possessed by the feeling of avarice and ready to give herself for pays sake as a lover.

Such women need to be regarded as counterfeiters of love who should be grouped together with those prostitutes in the brothels. The wantonness of such women can be regarded as being more polluted as compared to that of the harlots who take pride in the sex trade openly. According to the author, such women force men to languish for love of them, and under the false veil of affection they gleefully rob of all their wealth& (Capellanus 144). Capellanus also believes that men often get impelled by their clever acts and deceitful demands, crafty beckoning and fallacious looks which makes them to give them money and gifts in exchange of sexual pleasure.

Similarly, the author believes that a woman who chooses money or gifts in return for love should be considered as a deadly enemy. Capellanus says that men &should be careful to avoid her like a venomous animal that strikes with its tail and fawns with its mouth (Capellanus 145). On the other hand, men who are driven by the desires of their body, that they seek to pay women in exchange of love should consider doing the business openly with the women in brothel who sell their bodies at a smaller price rather than being robbed off their wealth by such women. Consequently, Capellanus believes that men should never allow the outward show of a woman deceive them nor those whose first enticement are sweeter. Men should take good care to guard themselves against her wiles, for she doesnt want to be loved, but do draw money& (Capellanus 146). The author also believes that men should take charge of their love and shun away from women who constantly remind them of how someone else used to shower them with gifts.

How Love may be Retained

Capellanus believes that a man should be careful not to let his love known to an outsider if they intend to keep their love affair for a long time. According to the author, he &should keep it hidden from everybody (Capellanus 151). A love that is exposed to may people fails to thrive and develop thus loosing all the progress that it has made over time. Additionally, a man should always strive to display high levels of wisdom in all aspects and limit his conduct while respecting his woman. This will serve to better their relationship and constantly boost their love (Capellanus 152). Men should also limit their praises of their beloved whenever they are in company of other men as this is a form of exposing is beloved to other people. Additionally, they should shun from communicating to her in form of signs whenever they are in company of other women.

Importance of these Beliefs in Todays World

Most of the beliefs presented by Capellanus are in line with the beliefs of todays world. For instance, the modern contemporary world takes pride in the love between people of opposite sexes, just as Capellanus claims. However, according to Mohapatra et al (66), same-sex and opposite-sex couples experience similar levels of happiness in their love. Even more so, it appears that the same factors affect the quality of both romantic and platonic partnerships. Personalities, social support, interactions, and attitudes all play a role, as do the goals and expectations each partner brings to the love (Tousseul). Where these two sorts of couples differ, however, is in the level of familial support they get. Less familial support is reported by same-sex couples than by those of the opposite sex (Larsen 45). However, they also claim to have greater social support than before. While this aid is appreciated, many singles would benefit even more from the emotional support of loved ones as they try to establish fulfilling love. Therefore, Capellanus belief system plays a vital role in establishing the correct norms guiding the concept of opposite sex love.

Capellanus belief on the right age for a man and a woman to be in love is also supported by the modern society. According to Feng, Ying, and Jie Ren (110190), there is a significant gender gap in terms of marriage age expectations for men and women in todays world. Many people today, advise men to shun marriage until they are older, more financially stable, more professionally established, and more at peace with who they are as people before marrying (Louzek 307). As a result, men have more time to mature and locate a lover before asking their hand (Sprecher et al. 47). However, this right is not extended to women in todays world. To many Americans today, a man in his forties or fifties dating a much younger woman is the very definition of a man experiencing a midlife crisis (Qiao, Fei, and Wang 36). Dating a younger lady is seen as a sign of sophistication in some social groups. In spite of this, the stereotype of the cougar, an older lady with a younger guy, is quickly entering the popular imagination.

The modern society also perceives love got with money as a fake one and that which bridges the norms and cultural beliefs. However, this might not be the case in big cities and towns where westernization has taken roots. In such areas, men accommodate men in exchange of sexual pleasure, an act that seems to contradict with what Capellanus advises in his book. Todays society also supports Capellanus belief over clerks love (Garvey). In the modern contemporary society, most religions restrict the clergy members and nuns from engaging in any act of love such as sexual fulfillment (de Weger 393). This is reasoned same to Capellanus, whereby, they need to be devoted to the nature of their calling and only strive to please God.

Similarly, Capellanus belief on how to retain love seems to be supported by todays society. In the modern society, loving entails actions that nourish and sustain a meaningful connection with another person. Some examples are showing your lover both emotional and physical love; being kind and understanding toward them; doing things together; having similar interests; and talking openly and honestly about how you feel (Kimmel 135). When people actively engage in the give-and-take of love, when they learn to accept love with grace and offer love with gratitude, they find themselves actively immersed in loving rather than passively daydreaming about it. There has also been a lot of influence from the Troubadours whose image of a noble knights nearly worshipful and intense love for a woman who is completely out of his grasp was created by troubadours, poets, and storytellers of the time (Davis 143). The plan all along was for the relationship to remain platonic, with just occasional looks, presents, obsessive pining, and poetic expressions of love between the two parties.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Capellanus presents a rigid belief system concerning the acts of courtly love that are worth being imitated fully in todays world. The author believes that love should be between people of opposite sexes, those who are of age and that the clergy should not take part in it. Capellanus also believes that love should not be founded on money and gifts, and effective measures need to be laid down for it to be retained. This is in line with the modern society understanding of the courtly love.

Works Cited

Capellanus, Andreas. The art of courtly love. Vol. 33. Columbia University Press, 1990.

de Weger, Stephen Edward. Unchaste Celibates: Clergy Sexual Misconduct against AdultsExpressions, Definitions, and Harms. Religions 13.5 (2022): 393. Web.

Garvey, James E. Uncovering the Image of God: Identifying the Professed and Operative Image of God in Distressed Clergy. Diss. The Catholic University of America, 2022. Web.

Larsen, Mads. Courtliness as morality of modernity in Norse romance. Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture 6.2 (2022): 43-56. Web.

Mohapatra, Aditi, Nabanita Pattanayak, and Pallavi Panda. Loving Without Boundaries: The Struggle For Same-Sex Marriage Equality On An International Level. Indian Journal of Law and Legal Research 4 (2022). Web.

Qiao, Fei, and Ye Wang. The myths of beauty, age, and marriage: femvertising by masstige cosmetic brands in the Chinese market. Social Semiotics 32.1 (2022): 35-57.

Sprecher, Susan, et al. Perhaps It Was Too Soon: College Students Reflections on the Timing of Their Sexual Debut. The Journal of Sex Research 59.1 (2022): 39-52.

Tousseul, Sylvain. From Platonic Love to Mimic Love: The Psychic Implications of a Thousand-Year-Old Homophobia.

Feng, Ying, and Jie Ren. Within marriage age gap across countries. Economics Letters 210 (2022): 110190. Web.

Louzek, Marek. An economic approach to marriage. Journal of Applied Economics 25.1 (2022): 300-315. Web.

Kimmel, Michael S. The contemporary crisis of masculinity in historical perspective. The making of masculinities. Routledge, 2018. 121-153. Web.

Davis, Christopher. Hybrid Harmony: The Poetics of Discord and the Language of Song from the Troubadours to Dante. Comparative Literature 71.2 (2019): 139-153.

Switzerland has been known worldwide for its beautiful winter holiday for many years. Badrutts Palace Hotel is one of the most traditional places for travelers to enjoy the beauty of the mountains. Switzerlands hotel industry is a vital cultural phenomenon that allocates the local citizens and travelers to recall the five-star hotels close to nature. Since the retreat from the Rosewood group, Badrutts Palace has been a private hotel and strives to implement a high-quality client-oriented management strategy. It includes the specific training of the personnel and the strict recruitment procedure.

For example, the hotel personnel speak English, German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Russian. Badrutts Palace Hotel, located in the heart of the beautiful city of St. Moritz, offers the highest level of service and stunning views of the Swiss Alps and Lake St. Moritz from its elegantly decorated rooms. Independent hotels are those that are independently owned, operated, and operated. The main reason for the existence of independent hotels on the market is, in most cases. The clientele is entirely different from that of hotels of a similar class that are part of the chain structures.

Nevertheless, the horizontal integration of the hotel business is an objective process, and hotel chains have become the main organizational structure through which hotels are managed. The integration of the hotel business and the growth of hotel chains are taking place against the backdrop of intense competition. The main tools for their intensive development are franchising and management contract.

The transportation availability includes trains, cars, and even private flights. Such services make the hotel competitive among similar hotels. A unique and independent management strategy helps improve service quality. The constant allocation of innovations through new generations enhances the variety of services provided b hotels. The high pricing system is formed in a way to create a client base with high income.

People react differently when they learn they are expecting their first child. To establish a meaningful definition of parenting, one ought to understand its essence. The basic definition of parenting is the process of caring for a child. Parenting is the art of naturing a childs physical, social, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual development from infancy to adulthood. The role of parenting is a communal one and not meant for biological parents. Every person has a different perception of the best way of raising a child. There are various approaches used in parenting, and each has unique features. Parenthood plays a major role in shaping a childs behavior and future. As they grow, their way of socializing with people will depend on how they were reared.

The philosophy that I prefer is the authoritative parenting approach. The method is based on an established relationship between the children and the parents. The engagement between the two parties is controlled by love, logic, and boundaries. As a parent, one should be responsive to their childrens needs and ensure they are supported adequately in all life aspects. This also included safety and allowing them to enjoy the nature of the world and their rights. However, as per the authoritative parenting style, it is of paramount salience that parent set firm limits. These decisions are vital in shaping the behavior of a child. However, as a parent, reason with the child before putting limitations, consider their views logically and develop a common understanding. Such a parenting experience is one of expressing expectations and warmth.

Parenting is a complex process of naturing a childs emotions, spirituality, social, and intelligence from birth to adulthood. There are many philosophies for parenting, but I prefer the authoritative model. This approach uses love, reasoning, and limitations on raising a child to fit all spheres of life.

The area of personal, romantic relationships between colleagues is under-researched. It is obvious that there are specific reasons for these connections, and Cowan & Horan (2014) explore this matter. Furthermore, in their study, the authors also focus on investigating how such relationships may affect the organization they work in. In fact, they identify several general reasons for workplace romance, which are simplicity, similarity, time, and, obviously, hook-ups (Cowan & Horan, 2014).

The most exciting part is that 40% of organizational members have been in romantic relationships with their colleagues, which is an impressive statistic (Cowan & Horan, 2014). It is critical to note that the study only focuses on exploring the reasons for forming meaningful romantic connections and not just a few passionate hook-ups. However, Cowan & Horan (2014) also consider the tendency of the growing numbers of hard-working and goal-oriented employees that have no time to find potential partners. Consequently, they are unable to form meaningful romantic relationships within their organization. Overall, they take into account aforementioned points to also produce conclusions about how workplace romance impacts the organization.

The actual research was conducted with the data collected from the participants. The results were based on information retrieved from 17 in-depth interviews with currently employed individuals who were older than 18 (Cowan & Horan, 2014). The first step of data collection was a one-on-one interview that was held in a place comfortable for the employee and lasted from 30 to 120 minutes (Cowan & Horan, 2014). Naturally, participants were asked about their personal experiences of workplace romance and their opinions on the concept. As a result, the researchers collected 38 workplace romance stories that were further analyzed to produce findings.

Overall, the study identified four primary reasons for why employees form romantic relationships within the organization. The interpersonal attraction was boosted mainly by the factors of time, simplicity, and similarity, while hook-ups fueled the interest in sexual relationships. In fact, these reasons were not mutually exclusive and were the motives for the participants in this studys interviews. This studys primary implication is for further research on why the workplace romance that occurs because of the first three aforementioned reasons is not based on physical attraction. It can be assumed that it happens due to the fear of complaints about sexual harassment and work complications, but this matter still has to be thoroughly studied to form reliable conclusions.

Still, it was mentioned that authors contacted the individuals for the interviews they were acquainted with. It seems biased to do so; why did they not create criteria for choosing employees with specific characteristics they did not know randomly? What is more, Cowan and Horan assume that workplace romances occur mainly due to convenience. To elaborate, they presume that not having to specifically go out and meet new people, but rather seeing your partner at work every day, is the primary reason for phenomena. Why do they not consider the possibility of workplace romance occurring because of two people being attracted to each other because of their personalities and not the convenience of working together?

Reference

Cowan, R. L., & Horan, S. M. (2014). Why Are You Dating Him? Contemporary Motives for Workplace Romances. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 15(1), 916. Web.

Introduction

My perception of Miami is not unique. Perhaps it can even be considered reductive in comparison to how vibrant are the parts of the city that I do not describe. However, I would like to say that despite its lack of originality, I hold strong feelings about the scene I will describe and that it is the first image that comes to mind when I think of Miami. This paper will describe this scene in as much detail as I can.

The Scene

For me, Miami will always be about its beaches. From the North Shore to the South Shore of Miami Beach lies one of the most aesthetically pleasing lands in the United States. Indeed, other states may have great beaches, but none of them have a beautiful and simple architecture that stretches all along the beach, making even the area around the beach into a work of pop art. Due to the way Miami is laid out, no matter where you are entering the beach, a person is likely to have the same experience (Garde et al. 46). In the South Beach area, small white buildings of hotels and restaurants illuminate the road at night with illustrious neon colors. Blue, yellow and pink lights reflect off the white surfaces of buildings. They give a sensation of traveling back in time to the late 1970s or early 1980s (Skinner 2). If it were not for modern cars and smartphones of tourists, it would be easy to forget that it is 2017.

The next layer of the scene is perhaps the most iconic for the city of Miami. Beautiful green palm trees and brush that separate the sandy dunes of the beach from the street can be seen in the majority of imagery associated with the city. This green line not only provides clean air for the city but also serves as a living barricade from cars and street goers.

The beach itself is where I often imagine being when I need to relax. The area dedicated to the beach is massive and allows for a great number of people to be present without it feeling cramped. However, my scene is always set in the evening, when most tourists have gone back to their hotels. I look forward and see a beautiful, moving painting. The orange, pink and red colors of the evening sky accentuate the mountains of clouds in the distance. The sun has not yet fallen into the sea, but its trail of light is clearly seen on the water which occupies the area below the horizon. Like a great carpet, it stretches almost infinitely from the left to the right of the image. On a calm summer evening, a person can stay on the beach for hours without even feeling cold, listening to the waves crashing on the shore. The breeze brings the smell of the sea which makes me feel free to go anywhere but calm enough not to want to leave. In best conditions, there is no better place for me to be in the summer.

Conclusion

The scene I described is often seen as an establishing shot in films set in Miami or tourism commercials. It is a scene and place that is known worldwide, and it attracts millions to visit the city every year. Despite its popularity, however, I still find it to be the part of the city that makes it stand out from all other cities in the country.

Works Cited

Garde, Ajay et al. Differences Between Miamis Form-Based Code and Traditional Zoning Code in Integrating Planning Principles. Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 81, no. 1, 2015, pp. 46-66.

Skinner, Cliff. Unique Urban Regeneration Project South Beach, Miami, USA. Planning News, vol. 41, no. 1, 2015, pp. 1-21.

Every human being is unique and inimitable. There is hardly a person who has the same set of values and feelings as some other individual has. It makes life diverse and complicated at the same time. To understand a person it is essential to realize his/her attitude towards universal truth, ideas and values appreciated in society. The complexity of all these factors impacts the formation of the mentality of a person and the way he/she interacts with the surrounding world. For this very reason, the relationship of people with such concepts as honesty, sincerity, responsibility, etc. result in the formation of a certain image of the world and values appreciated in it.

Responsibility is one of the fundamental qualities of any person, regardless of his/her social status or age. Oxford dictionary defines it as the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone (responsibility para.1). However, it is a very generalized definition that introduces only the duty, not describing numerous ethical concerns related to the idea of responsibility.

For me, responsibility is not just the realization of the necessity to do something, but the acceptance of the aftermath connected with a certain action or issue. In this regard, to be a responsible human being implies the adherence to the most important moral norms and act not because of the necessity but on account of the realization of the importance of certain actions. It could help a person to achieve the desired goal and remain a high-toned individual.

Every person is responsible for a great number of concerns in his/her life. Additionally, the older a person becomes, the more duties he/she acquires. Usually, these duties are chosen based on priorities and goals appreciated by an individual. The focus on a certain sphere of activity results in the reconsideration of the lifestyle and acceptance of the responsibility to care for it and guarantee its success. Every human being is characterized by a set of priorities impacting the goals and the whole life. I am not an exception. Family and a successful career are two major concerns related to my life. For this reason, I feel responsible for the events connected with these aspects. I try to contribute to their development and protect them from the pernicious external influence.

However, I perfectly realize the fact that it is impossible to control everything in life and try to introduce shifts in the spheres of activity that are beyond my control. Instead, I prefer to do not feel responsible for things insignificant to me. The world financial crisis, international policy, and several other issues have an impact on my life; however, I am not able to change them. That is why my attention is given to more important and topical concerns.

Finally, the recognition of responsibility contributes to the personal growth of a person and the evolution of his/her mentality. An irresponsive person is weak as no concern could impact his/her growth and demand great efforts. Sometimes, the acceptance of the responsibility could present severe difficulties and make a person work hard to accomplish the duty. Yet, I insist on the idea that it is essential to be responsible and try to care about the things which are most significant to you.

Works Cited

responsibility. Oxforddictionaries.com, Oxford, n.d. Web.

Introduction and methodology

Tourism mostly involves traveling to an environment that is outside and distinct from ones common habitation and for various reasons and aims. These range between leisure, recreation and to engage in commercial activities. From the humble beginnings of the early 1800s where only the wealth could afford rare trips to exotic destinations, the concept has grown into a worldwide industry with an estimated earnings of US$944 million in 2008 (WTO, 2009). Indeed, tourism has seen a much wider acceptance than most other consumer activities, evidenced by the over 900 million international tourist arrivals for the same period; this does not factor in the sheer number of local tourists carrying out the activities inside their own countries.

Currently, tourism continues to form a vital part of the economies of many countries in the world; with some, such as the United Arab Emirates and Thailand (among others), having large parts of the national economies based on one form or the other class of tourism.

Synthesis

The large part of tourism is based on the conventional concepts of the destination and/or the activity which the tourist engages in on arrival to the destination; however, there has been a rise in alternative forms of tourism one of them being dark tourism. Each year, many tourists visit the ever-increasing number of dark tourism sites scattered around the world; and get to experience the environment in which death or disaster took place. Such sites many be the actual sites where such events took place, such as the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum opened in 2000 at the site of the camp where 1.5 million people died at the height of the Second World War at the hands of the Nazi Germans and the Culloden battlefield in Scotland where the Battle of Culloden took place in 16^th April 1746. Alternatively, such maybe a location away from where the incident took place but connected to it and/or housing artifacts recovered from the site of the incident; in this case, a holocaust museum would be a good example.

Dark tourism is becoming increasingly popular with old and new sites reporting increased numbers of visitors every year. The concept is, however, yet to receive universal acceptance and classification; and may be seen by some quarters as an aberration of human curiosity. However, the fascination with death is not a preserve of the minority in the society; large number of people continues to visit sites which a strict classification would identify them as being dark; such would include historical battle fields and war memorials.

Classification of tourism

The world tourism organization defines a tourist as a person who leaves his/her normal environment for another destination in which he/she will stay for a period exceeding 24hrs but that does not exceed a period of one consecutive year; and in which activities carried out do not attract any remuneration. Currently the WTO classifies tourism as; Leisure and recreation [recreation, cultural events, health, active sports (non professional), other leisure and holiday purposes]; Business and professional (meetings, mission, incentive travel, business, other); and other tourism purposes (studies, health treatment, transit, various). The basis for this classification is the type of activity carried out by the tourist in the destination.

Many alternatives to the contemporary classification of tourism have arisen to challenge the universally accepted norms. Some of the new developments in tourism, commonly referred to as adjectival tourisms include; agri-tourism; culinary; cultural; ecotourism; heritage; medical; nautical; religious; space; war: and wildlife tourism. These have developed to serve niche markets specialize into one form or the other. The market size for these types are however not very large. Indeed, this is not an exhaustive list of the possibilities of niche-targeted tourism products; and new adjectival tourisms continue to arise every day.

Dark tourism

Dark tourism as a distinct form has seen a steady increase in both the number of tourists visiting dark sites; and the amount of income circulating in this sub sector (Foley and Lennon, 1997). However, the sub-sector represents a small division within the scope of tourism in the world; additionally, a clear distinction between dark and conventional tourism has not been made. As such, some visitors may combine aspects of both classifications during their travels, thus making it harder to decide where to classify such visitors. Death tourism refers to the situation whereby visitors specifically tour areas associated with human death or disaster. A clear distinction has to be made in regards to all the visits to dark site; and to what constitutes dark tourism. As such, a family visiting the site whereby one or several of their members died does not constitute dark tourism.

Thanatourism is a more specific form of dark tourism involving the visitation of site associated with violent death; the word is coined from the mythological Greek personification of death, Thanatos. Thanatourism is motivated mainly by the desire to experience the environment in which a specific person (or people) died; and is mostly seen in cases where such deaths occurred in a particularly violent or gruesome manner. This form of dark tourism is driven mainly by the desires of the traveler rather than the allure of the destination as is seen with other forms of tourism. As such, while such a destination may remain the same over long period, the arousal of such interests in potential visitors continues to attract visits; and such site have little pressure to refresh themselves. On the other hand, such sites have to go the extra mile to ensure that such experiences are as authentic as possible.

Thanatourism sites can be classified into five categories; travel to places where death has occurred, for example in Nazi death camps; travel to site where death will occur, for example public executions; travels to sites where artifacts of death are stored and/or displayed, for example to holocaust museums; travel to gravesite, burial grounds and memorial parks; travel to reenactment festivals, for example war reenactment.

Dark tourism has earned its place as a significant sub-sector of the tourism industry; and it is only prudent to pay proper attention to it. This significance can be shown by the large number of people visiting sites that are easily classified as dark every year; a good example is the Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. As many other sites are opening up or being created by world events, this sector may offer the much-needed expansion of the industry.

Analysis of dark tourism

Tourist motivations

Studies into the motivations of tourists (to any destinations) have not been conclusive; and many gaps still exist in the literature exploring what drives an individual to leave his/her comfort zone and try to experience life in a different environment albeit for a brief period. Among the aspects that have come up during these explorations is the identification of push and pull factors that have been generally accepted as the factors that result in the practice of tourism. On one hand, push factors are identified after the study of the tourist; and are the occurrence or circumstances that predispose the tourist to travel. On the other hand, pull factors are motivators which attract a potential traveler to the destination; and are therefore parameters of it thereof (Dann, 1977: 186).

The tourism industry is dominated by activities and destinations whereby the pull factors are greatly emphasized over the push factors; this is based on the assumption that a tourist visits a certain destination in order to do or see things (Crompton, 1979: 421). This would mean that the major or sole factor attracting a tourist to a certain destination is the environment and/or attributes which the site offers and advertise. Push factors are, however, equally or more important than pull factors for any given destination; as such a traveler chooses a destination not-only for what that destination offers, but also how that destination satisfies a specific psychological need (Uzzell, 1984: 80: Poria et al, 2001: 1047). In dark tourism, the pull factors play a major role in influencing a visitor to leave his/her home and go to a site associated with death and/or disaster. For example, the need to commemorate and pay respect may influence some to pay a visit for instance to a war memorial. This, however, does not remove the need or motivation of the destination to provide some pull factors that will finally push the visitor over the line. For example, a war memorial may include special guide tours or commemoration festivals as part of the package of the visit; as such while a visitor will fulfill his/her push factors in visiting the site, s/he will also benefit from education and better insight of the incident(s) that made the site what it is in the first place. Such tours are commonly seen in holocaust museums where they not only aim at commemorating the events, but also educating current and future generations.

However, most of the visitors who visit dark site do it manly for personal reasons; these range from commemoration of experience underwent either by themselves, family members or friends; affirmation of individuals cultural identity; as an act to appease a guilty conscience; and out of simple curiosity. Whatever the reason for such a visit to a dark site, the motivation to expose oneself to the environment of death and disaster can be influenced by one or a combination of the following.

Heritage

Potential visitors often feel that they have a cultural connection with the dark site; and have a personal need to visit such sites to define or reinforce their cultural identity. For example, descendants of a war veteran may feel compelled to visit a site connected to the respective conflict; so as to perceive their connection with such a veteran despite not having met (them) personally. In this case, it is easy to classify the travelers between those who have a high probability of making repeat visits to the site and those who do not. A passage of a large amount of time and space usually result in disconnect between the heritage of an individual as represented by the site; and the need to fulfill a psychological need; such people demonstrate a low probability of returning to the site. On the other hand, close association in time and space almost always ensures repeat and even regular visits to a dark site.

History

Some of the visitors to dark site are drawn to them due to their historical significance; for such site, the visit usually forms part of the itinerary involving visits to friends, relatives or general vacation; and not as the primary destination for the traveler. Such visitors do not exhibit particular attachment to the site or the events that took place therein; but rather visit the sites due to their reputation as worthwhile stops during the stay in the particular city or region.

On the other hand, there is smaller groups of historical dark tourist; these visit the site on official capacity; either as part of an activity of a study; shooting of a film or documentary; or as an educational tour. History, as a push factor for dark tourism is not particularly strong; and most visits are incidental rather than planned; and are rarely repeated.

Survivors guilt

Among war veterans who survived a certain war or battle, there is common need to go back to a particular battlefield or memorial cemetery. While the purpose to visit such a site would range from the need to commemorate, remember or mourn their fallen comrades, an aspect of guilt is very likely to be present in some of them. This is also seen in victims seeking to revisit the site of a disaster (later after they recover).

The sentiments of such survivors guilt are also, however, affected by the tone of the site; for example, does the commentary during the tour seek to place particular blame on one party of the conflict or not; or does it accuse some parties of neglecting responsibilities that would have averted a disaster. In this case, potential visitors who may be part of the groups carrying the blame will easily be discouraged from ever paying a visit to the site.

Survivors guilt as a push factor for dark tourism is greatly affected by the passage of time; since it can only exist so long as either the survivors are alive, or the context of the event is still relevant in the concerned society. Lack of these two factors result in the fading of a site since it was dependent on guilt as its main motivation.

Curiosity

Some dark site attract visitors whose major motivation is curiosity or novelty; as much as these sites may have a profound meaning for a good section of the visitor, for others, the fascination is only with the circumstance of the events that made the site dark in the first place. The factors which drive curiosity as a motivation for travel include interruption of the (travelers) routine, escape from the normal environment, the search for thrill and adventure; and escape from boredom. In some instances, some parties may be offended by what at times results in the desecration of sites supposed to be somber or sacred by curious visitors. On the other hand, some of the dark destinations are specifically targeted to elicit curiosity from potential visitor; thus acting as a pull factor for tourism.

Insight into the phenomenon of death

Death and dying elicits different responses in different individuals; for some, a need to understand the phenomenon of dying may lead them to visit sites associated with death of individuals or groups of people. Some of the people who would be more inclined to visit areas which would offer a better comprehension of the phenomenon include medical professional, terminal patient and their relatives; and religious leaders. A small number of visitors can attribute their visit to dark site to an uncanny fascination with death and related subjects. The ability to confront and understand death can be aided by pictures; films and narratives describing or portraying actual death or reenactments of it; or artifacts associated with death including murder weapons, execution toll; or human bodies preserved whole or in parts.

The pull factor of curiosity in death does not form a major factor in determining visitation of dark sites; this however varies from one site to the other; and from one event to the other. However, it is an aspect of dark tourism that cannot be completely ignored.

Nostalgia

The need to reconnect or remember a past event in the life plays an important part of the push factors aiding dark tourism. As with survivors guilt, nostalgia is only possible if the persons who experienced a certain event are still alive and able to visit the given place; thus is eroded by passage of time and/or space.

Education

As mentioned before, some of the dark sites have profound historical significance to distinct groups of people or whole country. Indeed, many scholars spend significant amount of time carrying out studies of documents, site and artifacts related to a tragic or deadly event. Among the major motivations for the study is to understand how, for example, people can result to such cruel practices such as genocide, mass murder, terrorism and war. Secondly, there is almost a universal sentiment to allow measures to ensure that events like that do not happen again in the future.

One the other hand, dark sites offer fertile grounds for research into very specific disciplines such as military strategy, engineering, anthropology et-cetera.

Remembrance and commemorations

Among the most powerful tool of motivations to dark tourism is remembrance or commemoration of a certain event and its victims. It is however prudent to mention that what is remembered is often manipulated by the prevailing powers and authorities, cultural values & practice and historical framing. As such, whole segments of protagonists and/or events may be omitted or ignored so as to set an appropriate tone for the prevailing social situation.

Conclusion

Dark tourism offers a very interesting insight into the way the human psyche respond to the question of death, disaster and grief. Such responses range from macabre curiosity to grief and regret. Additionally, it offers an excellent example in the potential to develop tourism outside the limits of what is conventionally accepted.

Research limitations

Dark tourism is an emerging field; as such there is limited number of studies aimed specifically at the sub-sector as a unique and distinct form of tourism. Additionally, due to its relatively new distinction, there are no precedents to which the various parameters can be compared to, and any new information can only be used as a basis for future more comprehensive studies.

Reference list

1. Crompton, J.L. 1979 Motivations for Pleasure Vacation. Annals of Tourism Research 6: 408-424.
2. Dann, G. 1977 Anomie, Ego-enhancement and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 4: 184-194.
3. Foley, M., and J.J. Lennon 1997 Dark Tourism  An Ethical Dilemma. In Strategic Issues for the Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Industries, M. Foley, J.J. Lennon, and G. Maxwell, eds., pp. 153-164. London: Cassell.
4. Poria, Y., R. Butler, and D. Airey 2001 Clarifying Heritage Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 28: 1047-1049.
5. Quick overview of key trends. UNWTO World Tourism Barometer (World Tourism Organization) 7 (2). 2009.
6. Uzzel, D.L. 1984 The Alternate Structuralist Approach to the Psychology of Tourism Marketing. Annals of Tourism Research 11: 79-99.