Category: LGBT

Abstract

Sexuality is the capability of human beings to have erotic relationships and reactions. In the modern society, sociologists define sexuality in terms of sexual attraction, which is influenced by an individuals sexual orientation.

In this case, an individual can be attracted to any gender. From a social perspective, there are four major forms of sexual orientations, including heterosexuality (opposite sex attraction), homosexuality (same sex attraction), bisexuality (attraction to all sexes), and asexuality (inability to develop a sexual orientation).

Human sexuality is influenced by educational, political, legal, and philosophical factors. In other words, sexuality is usually understood through observation of ethical issues, religion, spirituality, and morality.

Scholars observe that sexuality is not in any way related to gender. An individual develops sexual orientation when he or she attains twelve years, which is the puberty age.

A controversy has emerged among scholars since some note that sexuality is influenced by genetics while others note that the social environment determines it. In other words, nature and nurture come into play when interpreting human sexuality (Grulich, 2000).

Nature is defined as behavioral traits that an individual is born with them. They include impulses and desires. Nurture is defined as behaviors that emanate from the surrounding, which influence the sexuality of an individual.

Introduction

Theorists such as Sigmund Freud came out strongly to present their views regarding human sexuality. However, the majority in society still approves only one type of sexuality, which is heterosexuality. It is factual that homosexuality is common in many parts of the world but individuals are reluctant to appreciate it.

This paper traces the legality of homosexuality in the Australian and Chinese societies. The paper evaluates the views of Chinese and Australian young adults regarding homosexuality.

Research Question

Sexuality is an issue that has raised a heated debate in various societies, including the Australian and Chinese societies. This research is very important because it aims at revealing the truth about the views of young Chinese and Austrian adults on homosexuality. Therefore, the main question would be:

What is the perception of young Chinese and Australian adults on homosexuality?

Research Significance

It is important to identify the views of Chinese and Austrian adults regarding homosexuality because the issue has threatened to divide society. The research is critical because it gives individuals from the two societies an opportunity to discuss their sexual orientations.

In many cases, people would be reluctant to share their sexual perceptions in fear of retribution. The research compares the ideas of different individuals, who are perceived to be from two separate economies.

China is a socialist state whereas Australia is a capitalist state. In various societies, homosexuality is an issue that is mostly influenced by societal norms and regulations. Those perceived to be practicing sexual behaviors that are contrary to societal expectations are usually oppressed.

Therefore, this study would be important in understanding the reasons behind unfair treatment. Even in societies believed to be capitalistic, those with unique sexual orientations are victimized. Therefore, the study on homosexuality would reveal more on sexual orientations.

Interview

In this study, the researcher will use interviews to collect the views of young Chinese and Australian adults regarding homosexuality. Therefore, the researcher will use a standardized data collection tool referred to as questionnaire.

The questionnaire will combine structured and unstructured questions. Forty individuals will be interviewed.

Because of distance, availability of resources, and limited time, the researcher will mail twenty questionnaires to Chinese young adults and twenty questionnaires to Australian young adults.

Discussion of Interview Results

From the data collected, it is eminent that the young Chinese adults have varying perceptions as regards to homosexuality. Results from the interview shows that many individuals believe homosexuality is a vice that should not be accepted in society.

In fact, results show that negative perceptions among the Chinese adults have led to marginalization and stigmatization of homosexuals in the country. As a result, the health of homosexuals is always at risk since the society is reluctant to support such individuals in terms of health.

The results from the interview are in agreement with the study conducted in 2006. The 2006 study cross-examined young Chinese adults to determine the prevalence of homosexuality in the country.

The study was undertaken by a group of researchers to establish the extent at which homosexuality affects families in the country. From the study, the percentage of young adults supporting homosexuality was very low.

Particularly in Hanoi and Shanghai, young adults believed that homosexuality was a culture of the perverts. The results of the study indicated further that individuals in rural areas opposed homosexuality strongly.

However, the study revealed that some individuals supported homosexuality based on the premise that it is a human innovation. Results from the interview shows that demographic factors such as age, economic status, occupation, and the level of education influence an individuals perception on homosexuality (Nemoto, 2004).

Individuals above thirty years believe that homosexuality is wrong and it should not be practiced in the country. The rich in society, particularly young adults below thirty years practice homosexuality.

This is attributed to exposure to external culture. The study shows that the increasing rate of homosexuality among the young adults in China is attributed to foreign movies and pornographic literature.

The results from the interview further reveal that the perception of the Chinese young adults on homosexuality is negative. The young adults believe that homosexuality interferes with the family values in the country.

For instance, people ask themselves whether the next generation would be safe if homosexuality were to be allowed to continue in society. Many young adults in China observe that there would be no next generation if same-sex marriages were allowed in society.

Some respondents noted that each gender has its specific role to play in society. The female gender is to concentrate on the upbringing of children. Same-sex marriage does not support gender roles in society (Layte, 2006).

A number of Chinese young adults were of the view that Confucianism does not allow homosexuality. Therefore, each member of society should only engage in cultural practices supported by Confucianism.

Therefore, the study shows that religion plays an important role as far as the perceptions of young Chinese adults on homosexuality are concerned.

A number of scholars observe that the Australian society does not approve homosexuality. Unfortunately, this is the view of the majority in the country. Just like in China, the law established in 1961 recognizes only opposite sex marriages.

The law says that marriage is a union between a man and a woman. The 2001 census report suggests that homosexuality is still unacceptable in the Australian society. This is in line with the results of the interview.

The report indicated that only a small percentage of society practices homosexuality. Few individuals practice homosexuality because the 2001 census data indicates that less than one percent of the population engaged in same-sex relationships.

From the interview, homosexuality practices are high among individuals in early twenties. Moreover, the interview indicated that men practice homosexuality more as compared to women.

In the Australian society, homosexuals have children meaning that they might be engaging in homosexuality but they also marry members of the opposite sex for procreation.

In fact, a research conducted in 2001 indicates that homosexuals live with children they might have acquired during their previous heterosexual relationships. The analysis of questionnaires sent to various individuals in Australia confirms that homosexuals live with children from previous relationships.

Unlike in the Chinese society, technology is sometimes used to reinforce homosexual relationships in Australia. Since gays might be in need of children, they seek the services of experts in order to acquire children.

In terms of education, the interview shows that homosexuals in Australia have higher academic qualifications as compared to other individuals in heterosexual relationships (Hall, Song, & McKenna, 2002).

In the 2001 report, gays had many academic degrees while lesbians had at least a college diploma.

Generally, the perceptions of the Australian young adults on homosexuality are negative. However, the society is being forced to accept same-sex relationships because research shows that it is rampant in society.

People in Australia believe homosexuals should be denied legal status. Some young adults claim that the government should come up with laws barring homosexuals from adopting children (Bagley, & Tremblay, 1998).

The young male adults condemn homosexuality more as compared to female young adults. This shows that the perception of women is different from that of men. Young male adults claim that same-sex relationships should be banned in the country, especially gay relationships.

However, young male adults tend to support lesbianism. Young male adults in Australia condemn homosexuality because it is incapable of reproducing children. Recent studies show that homosexuality is slowly taking root in society. This is after the realization that it is a human condition.

Young female adults believe homosexuality is the way to go since it does not expose them to the injustices meted by men.

Some lobby groups encourage women to embrace same-sex marriage because it does not expose them to the unfair treatment witnessed in heterosexual relationships.

Results from the interview show that homosexuality is illegal in China and Australia. Moreover, the society is reluctant to approve any form of same-sex relationship. However, homosexuality is practiced in the two countries.

Most of those supporting homosexuality as a form of sexuality have similar views in the two countries. In the same way, those opposing it have similar opinions. The two countries share something in common as regards to homosexuality.

In the two countries, homosexuality is illegal. Furthermore, the society does not approve it. In the two states, young adults believe homosexuality amounts to the violation of traditional and family laws. The law in the two states defines marriage as a consensual union between a man and a woman.

Same-sex marriages are opposed because they might destabilize the institution of marriage. For instance, it may discourage procreation. From a medical perspective, young adults believe homosexuality is unnatural because it goes against nature.

The human rectum is designed for one purpose, which is to pass waste products in form of gas, liquid, and solid (Gary, 2010). The rectum is made of a thin layer implying that it is different in structure with the female reproductive system.

The rectum can easily rupture during intercourse, leading to contraction of diseases. Another reason given against homosexuality among youths in the two countries is that it is a threat to the human race. For instance, if all members of society were to be homosexuals, there would be no reproduction.

Personal Analysis

Same sex marriage is illegal in the Australian society. In 2011, the federal labor party adjusted its position same-sex relationships since permitted its members to vote for the bill sanctioning homosexuality. However, the government has always been against homosexuality, citing health issues.

The president failed to approve a bill legalizing same-sex marriage in the country. It is surprising that the liberal labor party is strongly opposed to the bill legalizing same-sex marriage.

In 2010, the parliament directed that the government seek public opinion as regards to homosexuality. Within Australia, the capital territory legalized same-sex marriages, particularly for gays.

However, the Australian law does not recognize such unions. From the recent turn of events, the society is slowly appreciating homosexuality in Australia.

Some places, such as New South Wales, Tasmania, Queensland, and Victoria, legalized same sex relationships due to public pressure (Fenton, & Imrie, 2005).

In 2009, one of the regions allowed same-sex relationships that were formalized elsewhere. This was upon the realization that the behavior had become regularized and patterned in society.

Tasmania is the first Australian state to recognize same-sex marriage. However, the state has not yet legalized homosexuality (Melbye, & Biggar, 1992).

In China, the Peoples Republic constitution characterizes marriage as the confluence of a man and a woman to form a union. The law states that no any other form of marriage is to be allowed in the country.

The Chinese government is always accused of laxity since it has never conducted research to determine the views of the majority. The government does not approve homosexuality. However, it does not give reasons for disapproval.

In other words, the government does not want to delve into the matter (McDonald, Gertig, Crofts, & Kaldor, 1994). In 2001, the government instructed the ministry of health to remove homosexuality from the list of mental sicknesses.

A renowned scholar of sociology has always tried to legalize homosexuality by lobbying parliament. However, his attempts have never been successful. In 2000, he introduced a bill seeking to legalize same-sex marriage but members of parliament failed to approve it.

He also presented another bill in 2004 but he was unsuccessful. The activist failed to convince members of parliament because society is not yet ready to recognize same-sex marriage.

The government has never offered support to activists advocating for the rights of homosexuals because it believes the Chinese society is not ready for same-sex unions (Kaldor, & McDonald, 2003).

The government has been reluctant to recognize same-sex marriages because homosexuality is not legal even in developed countries. From the governments official statement, it can be concluded that China will one day legalize same-sex marriage.

Method

This study focuses on various aspects of homosexuality in the two countries. The method would therefore include methods of data collection, analysis and presentation procedures. Every research project applies a certain research method to achieve its objectives depending on its goals.

The methods used to conduct research in this project would compare closely with the methods proposed in the project proposal.

In research, design deals primarily with aims, uses, purposes, intentions, and plans within the practical constraints of time, location, money, and availability of young adults from the two societies.

In this study the researcher randomly picked a sample population from the two societies. The respondents were briefed in advance. This was necessary to ensure that respondents were prepared psychologically for the task ahead.

This would also help in ensuring that response was given in time to allow timely analysis. The study population was also amicably informed in order to get prepared for the study. Briefing was important because it could enhance reliability of the study.

It is also ethical to inform people before researching on them. This chapter also focuses on the literature review as one of the methods used in collection of secondary sources of information.

It gives the reason why literature review was used as a method to collect data. The chapter gives an overview of the purpose of collecting and analyzing data and the basic questions used to gather the desired responses.

Conclusion

Some individuals support homosexuality in the two societies because heterosexual relationships are oppressive to women. This is particularly a view held by Australian women.

Women in Australia claim that homosexuality, especially lesbianism, liberates women from the hands of men. In the two countries, young adults supporting homosexuality claim sexual orientation is a basic right.

Therefore, those practicing same-sex relationships should not be discriminated against. In the two countries, homosexuals give two major reasons why they engage in same-sex relationships.

One of the reasons is that it is a human innovation, which leads to enjoyment of sex. The second reason is that homosexuality is a result of genetic makeup. Therefore, homosexuality should be allowed to exist in society.

References

Bagley, C., & Tremblay, P. (1998). On the prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality, in a random community survey of 750 men aged 18 to 27. J Homo sex, 36(2), 118.

Fenton, K.A., & Imrie, J. (2005). Increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men in Western Europe and the United States: why? Infectious Diseases Clinic of North America, 19(3), 311331.

Gary, J. (2010). Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey. New York: The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy.

Grulich, A. (2000). HIV risk behavior in gay men: on the rise? Bio-Medical Journal, 320(1), 1487 1488.

Hall, H.I., Song, R., & McKenna, M.T. (2002). Increases in HIV diagnoses29 States, 19992002. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 52(1), 11201148.

Kaldor, J., & McDonald, A. (2003). HIV/AIDS surveillance systems in Australia. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 32(3), 1823.

Layte, R. (2006). The Irish study of sexual health and relationships. Dublin: Crisis Pregnancy Agency.

McDonald, A.M., Gertig, D.M., Crofts, N., & Kaldor, J.M. (1994). A national surveillance system for newly acquired HIV infection in Australia National HIV Surveillance Committee. American Journal of Public Health, 84(1), 19231928.

Melbye, M., & Biggar, R.J. (1992). Interactions between persons at risk for AIDS and the general population in Denmark. American Journal of Epidemiology, 135(6), 593602.

Nemoto, T. (2004). HIV/AIDS surveillance and prevention studies in Japan: summary and recommendations. AIDS Education Prevention, 16(1), 2742.

Many nations have established different criteria of determining the manner in which the scores of varied companies treat their workforce based on sexual orientation and gender characteristics. Among the many scales deployed is the corporate equality index. This scale rates organizations on a scale running from 0 to 100 percent based on their treatment of gay, lesbian and transgender employees¹.

Scores realized upon the administration of gender and sexual orientation scales in some organizations reveal that gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered labor issues are pronounced in terms of workforce segregation and stereotyping in the realm of labor and employment. From this perspective, the research paper focuses on comparing experiences of lesbian and gay workers in public versus private sector, and then analyzes the policies of different organizations regarding gay and lesbian workers, both in public and private sectors.

In public and private sector, LGBTs have encountered varied experiences. These experiences range from discrimination, inequitable compensation, unequal employment benefits and sexual harassment among others. Much of these experiences arise from ignorance and misunderstanding.

While different organizations have made incredible strides in the 21^st century through adoption of varying policies to ensure that LGBTs are sealed from discrimination, such individuals remain widely unprotected in the private sector. For instance, managers or administrators may possess little information regarding the LGBTs preferences, historical experiences, facts and perspectives of taking particular sexual orientation.

The repercussion is unfair and ineffective rules, policies and actions getting instituted by an organization without taking the consideration of concerns of the LGBTs. Rights of LGBTs remain contentious among certain faith groups such s Catholics and evangelistic groups. Such groups widely believe that ensuring the LGBTs have equal access to equal employment opportunities would give rise to slewing gay marriages within their neighborhoods, which result into an inevitable apocalypse.

Discrimination based on sexual orientation is a big challenge to modern organizations because the number of the transgendered, gays, lesbians and bisexual is on the rise. In this context, William institute estimates that, in the United States, the number of LGBT employees is 7 million in private sector, 1 million state and local employees, and 200,000 employees of the federal government². In fact, 30% of all local and state lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered employees dwell in New York and California.

On the other hand, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people make up only one half of one percent of state and local employees in Montana, North Dakota and Wyoming combined³. The statistics gives a concrete inference that different states may need to embrace diverse policies in an attempt to address LGBTs discriminations in the labor and employment, both in public and private sector.

In Tilcsiks research, two differing resumes were sent to about 1700 potential candidates of a new job opening. Despite the two resumes being largely similar in terms of qualifications of the applicants, one resume for every opening mentioned that the applicant had been part of a gay organization in college⁴.

The results of this study indicated that the applicants who did not have gay signal had higher chances of being invited for an interview (11.5 percent). On the other hand, applicants with gay signals had a chance of 7.2 percent of being invited for the same interview. Therefore, the study makes it clear that both public and private organizations need to enact suitable policies to help reduce the negative impacts.

The major policies that are deemed crucial for curtailing incidences of discrimination in public and private sector organization are those seeking to reduce discrimination to near zero percent. Labor and employment human rights activists treat non-inclusion of aspects of gender and sexual affiliation as part of workforce diversity as an attempt to foster discrimination in the labor and employment sector in both public and private sector organizations⁵.

Government advocates for equal rights for all people. Since, public organizations are highly inspired by the culture of the government in developing their policies; instances of discrimination experiences are lesser in public sector than in the private sector. Managers in private sector are widely guided by the human resource models that essentially require the managers to engineer and implement policies placed on them by executive directors and the employee rights.

This makes it difficult for managers to come up with policies that ensure fairness and effectiveness for all; and yet ensure that the organization attains its noble role: remain profitable. The situation is even bad in case organizational culture fails to favor the concerns of the LGBTs.

In conclusion, it is necessary to carry out an intensive research on the differences between experience of lesbian and gay workers in public versus private sector coupled with scrutinizing policies put in place by organization in both sectors to ensure that such experiences become beneficial to an organization. In this manner, it becomes probable to postulate possible interventions to deal with the rising problems in an endeavor to make private organizations succeed in future as organizations in private sector, especially in this era of globalization.

Bibliography

Hunter, Chris. 2012. Commissioners of Anti-discrimination Amendment. The Salina Journal 1, no. 2: 415.

Tilcsik, Anthony. 2011. Pride and Prejudice: Employment Discrimination against Open Gay Men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 117 no. 3: 586.

Williams Institute. 2011. Estimates of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered Employees. New York: Williams institute.

Williams, Steve. 2011.Trans Workplace Non-discrimination Bill. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Publishers.

Footnotes

¹ Chris Hunter, Commissioners of anti-discrimination amendment. The Salina journal 1.2(2012): 415.

² Williams Institute, Estimates of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered employees (New York: Williams institute, 2011), 45.

³ (Steve Williams 2011, 44)

⁴ Anthony Tilcsik. Pride and prejudice: employment discrimination against open gay men in United States. American journal of sociology 117.3(2011): 586.

⁵ Steve Williams, Trans workplace non-discrimination bill (New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Publishers, 2011), 34.

Today, more than ever before, the fundamental issue of homosexuality has attracted great interest from academics and mainstream commentators, with no end in sight to the million-dollar arguments elucidated by both advocates and critics of homosexuality (Satinover, 1996). This essay aims to highlight germane arguments for and against the practice of homosexuality from a civil rights and liberties perspective.

In many countries globally, the convention of civil rights and liberties demands that each individual is entitled certain fundamental and inalienable rights and freedoms under the Constitution, such as the right to life, right to equal treatment in a court of law, freedom of speech and association, right to liberty and the pursuit of happiness (Armstrong, 2011). This rights should not be denied on the basis of &the citizens sex, race, creed or religious belief (Lewis, 2009, p. 670).

Advocates of homosexuality argue that authorities go against the very Constitution they seek to protect when the prevent homosexuals the freedom of association, right to liberty, and the pursuit of their own happiness (March, 2010). To the advocates, these are fundamental rights that should not be denied on the basis of the citizens sexual orientation as framed in the Supreme law, which is the constitution.

Another stand of advocates suggest the fundamental rights of homosexuals are trumped upon by its critics as they do not have control over their homosexuality just as heterosexuals do not posses control over their heterosexual behavior (Lewis, 2009). Consequently, it becomes difficult to force homosexuals to have control over their own sexuality as it is difficult to force an individual to change his/her ethnic background.

Advocates of homosexuality also argue that the governments role as prescribed in the Constitution should be to defend the rights of the people rather than denying them the right to be equal citizens based on their sexual orientation.

Still, some advocates questions the legality of critics who rely on traditional beliefs to say that homosexuality is unnatural, suggesting that there is no where in the American Constitution, or any other Constitution for that matter, is the preservation of traditional beliefs cited as a power or intention of the prevailing government (Satinover, 1996).

The practice of homosexuality is opposed equally, with some critics suggesting that individuals engaging in it fail the threshold of getting their fundamental rights because they engage in unnatural acts that cannot naturally produce children through such relationships (Lewis, 2009).

Another strand of critics posit that allowing homosexuality to prosper in society will have negative ramifications for the already struggling institution of marriage, while yet another strand argues that allowing homosexuality will precipitate the emergence of other sociopathic behaviors that may strain the very fabric that holds society together (Satinover, 1996).

In conclusion, it is important to note that the above arguments have their own strengths and weaknesses, but the advocates have more muscle if the evaluation is done from a purely civil rights and liberties perspective. The American Constitution is very clear that each citizen is allowed certain inalienable rights and freedoms and, as such, no law should supersede the Constitution in its quest to grant citizens the right to association and the pursuit of happiness (Armstrong, 2011).

It is indeed questionable whether homosexuality is a result of nature or nurture variables as no research has been conclusive on the issue (Lewis, 2009). Consequently, those who support homosexuality on the basis that it is a innate, just as heterosexuality, should be allowed the benefit of doubt until such a time when objective research studies will prove otherwise.

Additionally, it is wrong for the critics of homosexuality to criticize the practice on the basis of the fact that homosexuals do not procreate. If such criticism holds water, according to Satinover (1996), then sterile, impotent or postmenopausal women should never be allowed to marry under the Constitution.

Lastly, it can be argued that to bar any group of individuals from marrying as they choose merely because they may degrade the already struggling institution of marriage is an astonishing deprivation of fundamental rights as it is wrong to withhold the rights and freedoms of individuals merely because of the mistakes of others (Armstrong, 2011).

Reference List

Armstrong, D.A. (2011). Stability and change in the freedom house political rights and civil liberties measures. Journal of Peace Research, 48(5), 653-6652.

Lewis, G.B. (2009). Does believing homosexuality is innate increase support for gay rights? Policy Studies Journal, 37 (4), 669-693.

March, A.F. (2010). What lies beyond same sex marriage? Marriage, reproductive, freedom and future persons in liberal public justification. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 27(1), 39-58.

Satinover, J. (1996). Homosexuality and the politics of truth. New York, NY: Hamewith Books.

Many nations have established different criteria of determining the scores of different companies on the manner in which they treat their workforce based on sexual orientation and gender characteristics. Among the many scales deployed is the corporate equality index. This scale rates organizations on a scale running from 0 to 100 percent based on their treatment of gay, lesbian and transgender employees¹. Many organizations such as shell oil, Google Company, and the American Airlines among others score perfectly.

However, as the paper reveals, scores realized upon the administration of gender and sexual orientation scales in some other companies reveal that gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered labor issues are pronounced in terms of workforce segregation and stereotyping in the realm of labor and employment.

In the age of globalization, many scholars contend that it is crucial to appreciate the contributions of every employee irrespective of his or her gender or sexual affiliation if organizations have to succeed. This argument arises from the belief that failure to harness appropriately peoples diversity is detrimental to organizational success.

In fact, labor and employment human rights activists treat non-inclusion of aspects of gender and sexual affiliation as part of workforce diversity as an attempt to foster discrimination in the labor and employment sector².

It is for this reason that many nations enact non-discrimination acts to safeguard this category of people. For instance, in the United States of America, the employment and non-discrimination act (EDA) is proposed in the congress in the endeavor to prohibit discrimination in hiring on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identify by civilian, nonreligious employers with at least 15 employees³.

The relevance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered labor and employment issues is conspicuous in contributing to organizational success by considering the evidence of discrimination from the perspectives of sexual and gender orientation of the employees in the labor sector.

Different nations depict conflicting levels of discrimination of employees based on their gender and or sexual affiliation. As Williams claims, countries that have implemented discrimination policies have the complaints of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and the transgendered equivalent to the number of complaints filed based on sex though fewer than the number of complaints filed based on race⁴.

This infers that the trend of discrimination and stereotyping in labor and employment sector has shifted from the traditional approach, which primarily rested on ethicality or race, to lifestyle aspects such as lesbianism and gay among others. Arguably, this means that gay, lesbianism and transgendered issues in labor and employment sector are dominant even in the organizations though rare in the twentieth century whose employment and labor patterns dwell on race.

This dominance is a big challenge to modern organizations especially bearing in mind that the number of the transgendered, gays, lesbians and bisexual is on the rise. In this context, William institute estimates that, in the US, the number of LGBT employees is 7 million in private sector, 1 million state and local employees, and 200,000 employees of the federal government⁵. In fact, 30% of all local and state lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered employees dwell in New York and California.

On the other hand, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered people make up only one half of one percent of state and local employees in Montana, North Dakota and Wyoming combined⁶. This gives a concrete inference that different states may need to embrace diverse policies in an attempt to address gender and sexual orientation-related discriminations in the labor and employment sector.

Consequently, non-homogeneity in such discriminations introduces immense challenges at global fronts especially by noting that such discriminations are acerbated by certain religious beliefs and affiliations. In this context, the possibility of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered lifestyles introducing culture wars in labor and employment sector is evident.

Tilcsiks research evidences the magnitude of negative impacts that sexual orientation discrimination in labor and employment sector may have. In his study, two differing resumes were sent to about 1700 potential candidates of a new job opening. Despite the two resumes being largely similar in terms of qualifications of the applicants, one resume for every opening mentioned that the applicant had been part of a gay organization in college⁷.

The results of this study indicated that the applicants who did not have gay signal had higher chances of being invited for an interview (11.5 percent). On the other hand, applicants with gay signals had a chance of 7.2 percent of being invited for the same interview. The results show that sexual orientation is a key element of consideration while acerbating discrimination in labor and employment sector.

In conclusion, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered issues constitute some of the major issues in labor and employment sector in many nations. The short paper has argued that discrimination of potential candidates while selecting them to fill new job opening in the labor and employment sector may also rest on the same ideologies.

For this reason, it is necessary to carry out an intensive research to enrich the existing literature on the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered labor and employment issues and where possible postulate possible interventions to deal with the arising problems in the endeavor to make future organizations succeed in this era of globalization.

Bibliography

Hunter, Chris. 2012. Commissioners of anti-discrimination amendment. The Salina journal 1, no. 2: 415.

Tilcsik, Anthony. 2011. Pride and prejudice: employment discrimination against open gay men in the United States. American journal of sociology 117 no. 3): 586.

Williams Institute. 2011. Estimates of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered employees. New York: Williams institute.

Williams, Steve. 2011. Trans workplace non-discrimination bill. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Publishers.

Footnotes

¹ Chris Hunter, Commissioners of anti-discrimination amendment. The Salina journal 1.2(2012): 415.

² Steve Williams, Trans workplace non-discrimination bill (New Jersey, NJ: Pearson Publishers, 2011), 34.

³ (Steve Williams 2011, 35)

⁴ (Steve Williams 2011, 41)

⁵ Williams Institute, Estimates of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered employees (New York: Williams institute, 2011), 45.

⁶ (Steve Williams 2011, 44)

⁷ Anthony Tilcsik. Pride and prejudice: employment discrimination against open gay men in United States. American journal of sociology 117.3(2011): 586.

The origins and the mechanisms through which homosexuality came to be a part of human history is not well known. However, it is thought that it has been practiced by people since they came into being.

One of the earliest documented accounts of homosexuality is found in ancient pagan religious practices according to Kulkarni (3). It is not known if these homosexual practices were already within the society before entering into pagan worship; or if pagan rituals were responsible for the introduction of these practices to the rest of the society. According to Pauls gospels however, the latter was what likely took place.

In those days pagan gods were either female or male and could engage in coitus with one another in order to procreate. Having sex with gods became the norm with the aim of seeking divine intervention for the productivity of crops, human beings and animals (Koranteng-Pipim 5). Females and female gods were not preferred in particular as compared to male gods and other males.

In ancient Greece, heterosexual and homosexual were not separate concepts; all of them were viewed as part and parcel of human sexuality. It was widely accepted that people were able to respond to attractiveness in a person regardless of their gender. The submissive role was for women and inferiors such as slaves and male youths according to Brent (3).

However, it was frowned upon for male youths if they continued to be in the submissive role even after maturity. These views were also seen among the Romans but drastically changed when Rome became an empire as a result of social and economic upheavals.

Christianity frowned upon homosexuality or any overt engagement in sexual activity for that matter except for the purposes of procreation. However, this has come under sharp debate with some arguing that Christianity was only against immorality and out of the ordinary sexual activity such as prostitution.

In addition, the church eased on this stance and allowed sex for purposes other than procreation in its quest to recruit new members. Some Christian teachings prohibited any form of sex outside marriage a stand that has been adopted by all churches today (Brent 6).

The decline of the Roman Empire saw more tolerance of the people and the authorities for homosexuality except the church and Visigothic Spain. In the subsequent centuries intolerance towards homosexuality arose once again and the church instituted punishments for what was now called sodomy, a practice that was possible even in heterosexual relationships.

This continued to the 19^th century when secular arguments and interpretations from discipline such as medicine psychology replaced theological frameworks (Buchanan 17). At the same time, formal schooling reduced transgenerational contact and people were forced to engage in coitus with others of their age (Koranteng-Pipim 3).

The idea that homosexuality and indeed ones sexual orientation is innate came into being. Doctors began to advocate for the repeal of the punishments that were handed down to homosexuals and started treating this as a disorder.

Today, homosexual sex is widely and openly practiced all over the world. However, there are legal, religious and personal reactions to the practice; some of which are not favorable (Brent 12). Legally, homosexuality is outlawed in 70 of the 195 countries on earth. Where the practice is not illegal there are laws that regulate the age of consent, marriage and adoptions among others.

Islamic sharia law imposes the death penalty for homosexual acts. Most religions denounce the practice but Indic religions are not so explicit on the practice. However, the Anglican Church ordained a man that was known to be gay as a bishop.

The church does not have a definite stand on homosexuality. In the business arena most firms in capitalist countries do not discriminate against homosexuals who now include both men and women in same sex relations.

In spite of the existence of homosexuality and tolerance by some populations such as in the United States of America, the lifestyle should not be recommended or even allowed due to certain reasons. To begin with the rate of faithfulness among homosexual couples is only 25% as compared to the 80% that is found in heterosexual relationships.

This puts the participants in such relationships prone to health risks from sexually transmitted infections which are a burden to the state as well. Secondly, where such relationships are allowed to enter into marriages and adopt children, the early development of children is put at risk (Brent 2). This is because children need a male and female parent for proper development in all aspects.

Studies have shown that there are definite negative effects that are related to the lack of either parents in the course of the growth and development of a child especially while less than five years of age. As a result the society may have to accommodate the increase in numbers of adults that are not well adjusted in their midst and who are prone to engage in certain antisocial behavior.

Lastly, the practice of homosexuality is forbidden in most religions as are other vices such as stealing and murder. There is a possibility that like the other vices, homosexuality has long term repercussions for the human race that we have been unable to forecast by ourselves. It is therefore important to exercise caution and indeed restraint with this issue.

On the other hand however, it is commonly argued that homosexuals are born that way and can do nothing about it (Koranteng-Pipim 11). This is a fact that is hard to verify by scientific means and therefore very hard to argue about. On the other hand, homosexuals and their supporters claim that it is a perfectly acceptable life choice and is neither immoral nor moral (36).

This argument is mainly aimed at the religions that constantly attack this lifestyle condemning it as evil and sinful. Lastly, some argue for homosexuality on the basis of the freedom of expression and on the grounds of basic human rights.

In addition, homosexuality is immoral and thus a form of sexual perversion just like necrophilia and bestiality. It does not serve the human race any purpose as it cannot lead to reproduction or development of a normal family. Moreover, most religions if not all do not allow homosexuality among their faithful (Koranteng-Pipim 7).

Therefore, more strict measures should be enforced to crack down the vice as it is a danger to the traditional religions and its legalization may negate or invalidate the role of religion in intervening in the lives of people who are engaged in the crime (Kulkarni 5). There are people that have been known to leave this lifestyle in favor of heterosexuality which is a more wholesome choice.

Legalization of homosexuality will disorganize our social world as we know it as it will be impossible to refer to homosexual couples as Mr. and Mrs. or as husband and wife. Where these couples are allowed to adopt their children will not have the privilege of having a mother and father as in traditional families (Brent 12).

Societal organization and ideas of gender roles will also be disorganized especially when it comes to the use of restrooms for adults and for young children whose parents are in such unions. Legalization of homosexuality and their according of rights just like everybody else will mean that mothers who wish to give away their children for adoption will risk their children being adopted by a homosexual couple (Kulkarni 7).

Not many parents would make such a choice for their children were it left to them as most prefer their children to grow up in healthy and balanced homes and not those with homosexual couples as parents.

Most of the reasons that are given to justify homosexuality are neither factual nor objective but are counter attacks against the churchs arguments. This is unlike the reasons that are against homosexuality as given by Koranteng-Pipim (6). Homosexuality has definite repercussions for the family unit and the future citizens of every nation.

Every child deserves a right to grow and develop into a functional and socially adept member of the society and this will not be possible for children that grow up in households where the parents are in homosexual relationships. In addition, the morbidity that is associated with the homosexual lifestyle should be a reason for governments to ban its practice altogether (Kulkarni 9).

When HIV/AIDS first appeared, the homosexual society suffered greatly as compared to their heterosexual counterparts. However, there are places where homosexuality is hardly an issue as it is rarely observed. This rubbishes the argument that people are born as homosexuals and have no control over it.

Works Cited

Brent, Pickett. Homosexuality. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (spring 2011 Edition), n.d. Web.

Buchanan, Robert. Homosexuality in History. 11/07/2011. Web.

Koranteng-Pipim, Samuel. Some Popular Arguments for Homosexuality N.d. Web.

Kulkarni, Dhananjay. History of Homosexuality. Web.

Introduction

Politics should not adversely affect school bathroom use or who identifies as what. First and foremost, the safety of our children should be the number one goal, not making someone happy. Transgender is a complicated medical issue, and politicians should not bring policies about that into our elementary schools, middle schools, or high schools. While those who identify as transgender have rights too, schools should regulate the use of bathrooms because it can affect how comfortable the children are using the bathroom; their privacy and safety are infringed on as well and just because someone identifies as transgender does not mean they are.

Washroom Matrix

Schools should establish a secure environment for all children using the facilities. In the US, too many children avoid using toilets out of concern that another student would mistreat or hurt them, emotionally or physically, according to the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS) (Price-Feeney et al. 1142). The topic of why transgender pupils cannot simply utilize private rooms designated for such gender identification, given that individuals who identify as boys and girls have their washrooms, is at the heart of the discussion over implementing gender-neutral restrooms in schools (Price-Feeney et al. 1142). However, accepting transgender pupils in schools is becoming more and more difficult, and forcing them to utilize private facilities fosters stigmatization and other prejudice.

When such individuals are identified, it is simple to segregate these pupils from the other students and let bullying occur, emphasizing the lack of safety for the impacted individuals. Gender-neutral restrooms should be permitted in schools to encourage inclusion and prevent transgender pupils from feeling alone. This would increase their safety. However, opponents of gender-neutral restrooms in schools might refute the abovementioned point by asserting that other children who identify with a certain gender may feel awkward using the restroom with others who do not share that gender (Price-Feeney et al. 1143). As a result, although such restrooms establish safe spaces for transgender kids, such areas also become hazardous for other students. For instance, some students might worry that they could view another students privates, especially if they are of the opposite sex. While these worries are valid, schools might establish explicit rules and regulations on the types of conduct permissible in restrooms.

Most students often worry about their private parts being revealed to their peers; thus, they go to great lengths to prevent this from happening. In any educational setting, expectations for all students should also include a rule against leering at another student or making derogatory remarks about another students physique, according to NAIS (Price-Feeney et al. 1144). As a result, the problem of upsetting other kids might be resolved by establishing school standards about acceptable behavior in restrooms. In addition, gender-neutral restrooms fully handle the issue of gender-based discrimination, which is a very delicate subject in the current world. While it may seem reasonable and sensible for schools to advise transgender children to use private restrooms, doing so solidifies the idea of gender-based discrimination. Separating transgender pupils from the rest of their peers would be discriminatory since it would imply that their gender identity is incorrect or untrue.

Since the individuals who are meant to be caring for the children, the school administration is sending such a pernicious message, it has terrible effects on the students sense of self, such as low self-worth and self-esteem. As a result, some transgender students will decide not to utilize such private rooms out of concern for the negative effects of this behavior. Therefore, it is sufficient to claim that introducing gender-neutral bathrooms in schools is necessary to combat prejudice based on gender. As mentioned above, the argument might be refuted by claiming that some students are cheeky and would pose as transgender to peep at the opposite gender. For instance, males might pose as transgender people to enter bathrooms reserved for females. Evidence from other schools, however, indicates that it is improbable that kids would claim a bogus gender identity only to use such facilities. None of the 17 public school districts that collectively serve more than 600,000 children and have such inclusive policies reported any such situations (Price-Feeney et al. 1145).

The statistics indicate that it is unlikely that students will enter gender-neutral restrooms to glance at the other sex. To maintain privacy and discipline, schools also have regulations that govern how students interact with one another. Therefore, having gender-neutral restrooms has nothing to do with the issue of certain kids being naughty; it is a component of administrative oversight and the overall discipline environment. Finally, gender-neutral restrooms support childrens overall health and success in the classroom. If transgender students are required to utilize private rooms, some may choose not to use them, endangering their health (Price-Feeney et al. 1145). When the bladder is full, it should normally be evacuated; otherwise, dangerous germs may build up and cause an infection.

In addition to the physiological impacts of UTIs brought on by failing to clear the bladder, afflicted pupils mental health is also impacted. The degree of prejudice encountered by transgender kids, particularly throughout adolescence when pupils are in secondary schools, significantly affects their ability to learn. Due to ongoing illnesses and stigmatization, the afflicted pupils will not be in a good mental state to concentrate on their schoolwork due to the lack of gender-neutral restrooms (Price-Feeney et al. 1147). Therefore, school administrators must think about the introduction of gender-neutral restrooms and provide support for transgender students to perform at their best and maintain excellent health. It is unfair to fail to offer safe spaces for transgender kids to ensure the comfort of their straight counterparts. Gender-neutral restrooms should be implemented in all schools in the spirit of justice and equality in treating diverse student populations (Price-Feeney et al. 1147). Perhaps the layout can be adjusted to provide transgender pupils with the maximum amount of privacy.

Conclusion

The variety of pupils in todays classrooms is constantly growing. As a result, schools should be able to develop regulations that cater to the specific requirements of each student, regardless of their gender, culture, or religious beliefs. Gender-neutral restrooms in schools have generated debate. However, as demonstrated in the research, it is evident that these amenities ought to be implemented in every school for various reasons. Students who identify as transgender will be able to learn in a supportive atmosphere free from discrimination and stigma. Furthermore, gender-neutral restrooms will make transgender pupils feel safe in school settings. This study demonstrates the weakness of the many objections that may be raised against the support for these facilities. The addition of gender-neutral restrooms does not signify the elimination of other restrooms reserved for boys and girls. Due to the safety, health, and academic performance of transgender children, as well as the elimination of gender-based discrimination, gender-neutral restrooms should be permitted in schools, according to the reasons made in this essay.

Work Cited

Price-Feeney, Myeshia, et al. Impact of Bathroom Discrimination on Mental Health among Transgender and Nonbinary Youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 68, no. 6, 2021, pp. 11421147.

In an era of increased globalization, it is difficult not to notice how closely cultures integrate with one another. Individual communities, socio-cultural units, and even states observe the development of other participants in the geopolitical arena and borrow valuable experience and valuable knowledge for the strategic development of the country. In the context of the continuity of experience, morality, and moral values, it is appropriate to emphasize one of the most apparent global trends, namely the gradual recognition of the inalienable rights of the LGBTQ+ community. More and more cultures over time are recognizing the unconditional freedoms and rights of these minorities, endorsing same-sex marriage, and, most interestingly, actively promoting LGBTQ+ values to the masses, even among heterosexual people. This trend can be examined in the light of international events theory, namely through three levels.

Individual Level

1. Minorities are tired of being constantly pressured and oppressed by the heterosexual, patriarchal majority, so they have decided to assert their rights openly.
2. Members of LGBTQ+ communities feel supported by similarly disenfranchised individuals  especially if celebrities commit coming out  and gain confidence and power to speak out.
3. Open access to information (Internet) becomes a window for individuals to gain new knowledge. The observation, reading, and awareness of the possibility of non-heterosexual views reinforce peoples latent feelings, resulting in a growing number of LGBTQ+ members.

State Level

1. Has seen an increase in social programs from the state and major national companies (Apple, Google, Microsoft) to protect and support LGBTQ+ minorities.
2. The natural civilizational development of communities  different pace for each country  leads to recognition of the importance of human life regardless of views. As a result, there is an increase in tolerance and tolerance, including for LGBTQ+ people.
3. Gay Pride Parades and Pride Months as national events bring more attention to the issue, resulting in not only increased tolerance but also more adherents to the community.
4. The political lobbying for LGBTQ+ approval has a national level, as deputies and politicians either for personal reasons or to broaden the electorate initiate socially significant reforms.

International Level

1. It cannot be ruled out that there is a serious trend toward recognizing the value of LGBTQ+ culture. Inexperienced adolescents who have not yet had a sexual experience identify with this community because it is fashionable.
2. An increasing amount of scientific research shows the biological makeup of homosexuality among people, which ultimately leads to a dead-end policy against such individuals. Since it is not a disease or a temporary condition, society can do nothing but accept the ideas of homosexuality.
3. Transgenderism and the pursuit of gender identity against the childs congenital sex become signs of the mental health of the individual, which has been actively promoted in recent years: the individual becomes an object of consideration not only in terms of physical health but also in the context of mental well-being.
4. The worlds religious denominations  for instance, Catholicism  gradually recognize the importance of the soul rather than the bodily appearance of the believer, and since the sacred texts do not discuss homosexuality, approve same-sex unions.
5. The WHO and APA have removed homosexuality from the category of biological or mental illness.
6. Major developed countries in Europe and the Americas, with solid cultural and political weight, have endorsed same-sex marriage and sex reassignment surgery, with the result that co-dependent states on the spectrum of less developed nations have gradually adopted this experience.

Introduction

There are various sociological and psychological factors contributing to suicidal ideation among individuals; lesbian, gay bisexual and transgender groups. However, the strong correlation is not sufficient ground for any conclusive generalization. Other isolated and often episodic experiences and circumstances have been identified to independently yield suicidal ideation. In addition, many empirical studies have tended to rely on statistical deductions which carry manipulative biases. Generally, it is noteworthy that on a rational basis, suicidal ideation often arise from societal hatred and prejudice inflicted upon gay and lesbian youth. Suicide is a prominent leading cause of demise among the sexually maladjusted youth (Silenzio, et al, 2007). All youth are confronted with biological, social, cognitive, and affective changes within a cultural context. The gay and lesbian suffer the additional stigma associated with their maladjustment.

LGBT correlations with suicidality ideation

Sexuality interacts with feeling bad in that, once men feel fairly bad or depressed, they are more prone to attempt suicide if they are homosexual or bisexual than if they are heterosexual. In addition, experience of verbal ill-treatment and physical assault (molestation) intensified feeling suicidal for both heterosexual and gay or bisexual men, not just for homosexual men alone as contained in many research findings, and that social isolation in the form of living alone is an additional risk factor. Seeking counseling intervention and taking sexual risks are also independently associated with feeling suicidal. These actions may be the aftermath of feeling suicidal rather than the reverse, and their association with feeling suicidal warrants further investigation. Celibacy per se and general risk taking are not connected to feeling suicidal. However, they are threats in the indirect pattern (Halpert, 2000).

The skewed generalizations have suffered political influences as seen in American society among a plethora of reasons. One possibility is that suicidality has been confused with affective disorders and illicit drug use. However, psychiatric disorders and illicit drug use do not always occur to tally higher among gay, lesbian and bisexual persons than in the general population (Russell, 2001). A large number of risk factors pertaining to suicide have been identified. Some of these, including social isolation, homelessness, interpersonal conflict, and psychiatric disorders, may be the same for homosexual and heterosexual men, while others, such as conflict over nonconformist sexuality, gender eccentricity, and over secretiveness of sexual orientation, may be exclusive to homosexual men, or may interact with factors common among the general populace (Remafedi, et al, 1998).

Homophobia is prevalent in the society and, in homosexual persons; it is internalized and manifested as dishonorable, hostility and self-hatred (Abelson et al, 2006). Consequently, homophobia motivates many of the factors associated with suicidality in homosexual men, including illegal drug use, depression, isolation and violence (Kara et al, 2001). From the viewpoint of Durkheims theory of suicide, societys homophobia could present fertile ground for suicidality in homosexual men through lack of social support, a sense of alienation or estrangement from social norms, and the stress and negative emotion that these experiences would provoke (DAugelli et al, 2005).

Celibacy, or level of sexual activity, is a relatively latest variable to be considered.(Kitts, 2005) This view posits that adult gay men who were celibate report more self-harming behaviors, suicide attempts and depression than sexually active gay men or heterosexual men. Moreover, age; educational status; economic status, (house ownership, earnings, nature of investments, and insurance); employment condition and occupation; sexual individuality; coping behaviors; attitudes towards physicians and health; life goals and purposes; methods of spending free time; exercise; body satisfaction; social interaction; self concepts; experiences of illness and death; sexual behavior; illicit drug use; risk activities; and, finally, emotions.

Those with great propensity to feel suicidal are youth who are not in employment, live solitary, have the commitment of making a difference or grand spiritual progress, but not the conventional expectations as of being a good father or a good partner, are not sports mad, have no experience of care for someone with AIDS, and could be HIV antibody positive. Insignificant correlations that are substantial to suicide ideation include the goals of financial safety, being successful, having fun, and getting rich. (Vincke, 2000).

Identifying as homosexual or bisexual exhibit the strongest association with feelings to attempt suicide. In addition, the experience of dreadful harassment, feeling unfit, unwise coping, seeking help with coping, body satisfaction, planning, illicit drug use, sexual risk taking, experience of death, spectator sport, socio-economic class, experience of illness, fitness activity, confiding in others, age, leisure-time spent with groups, number of people known who died of AIDS are other aggravating factors. Feeling suicidal has low correlation with active involvement in societal and political organizations.

The age factor is prominent contributor in the sense youth are more vulnerable to suicide ideation. Their level of social commitment is relatively low in society, social class is another contributor. Lower social class identities contribute to susceptibility; moreover, class-role expectation commitments might put individuals at grater risk of suicide ideation once the individuals perceive character-expectation conflicts. Levels of education of LGBT affect self confidence and schemas of reasoning underpinning suicidal ideation.

The individuals sphere of social interaction and the level of satisfaction it confers to the individual have a contribution. The existence of confidants from which one is able to seek help or a rich audience with personal problems tends to limit suicidal ideation among LGBT individuals (Kitts, 2005). The participation in active sports avails opportunity for self exploration and reconciling individuals would-be stress sources and life tensions. Fitness improves posture and confidence to face daily challenges. The stigma of LGBT tends to erode that vital confidence level (Kulkin, 2000).

LGBT with considerable contact with AIDS patients in care, or deprivation as a result of the same often expand propensities. Extensive experience of illnesses, particularly, of terminal diseases promotes the propensity. Emotions variables about a particular individual entail their sense of value and worth within a societal construct. Good personal feelings among youth and young adult gay or lesbians lessen the chances of their suicidality ideation. On the contrary, bad feelings of deprivation and inferiority predispose lesbians as well as gay youth to suicide.

Anxiety attributable to the inferior self concept often yields prominent risk of isolation barricading appropriate socialization. Experience of harassment (being verbally abused or physically assaulted because of ones looks, walking style, vocal pattern, etc.), especially in the form of homophobia, has formerly been found to be associated with suicidality(Lebson, 2002). Moreover, social separation, in the shape of separate living and inadequate leisure-time spent with others in social contact, increased the likelihood of feeling suicidal for both gay or bisexual and heterosexual men social isolation would seem to compound mens despondency, irrespective of their sexuality.

Conclusion

There exists substantial correlation between suicidal ideation and LGBT identifiable in the literature. However, there are underlying factors for the correlation which function in a sociological construct among individuals. Sexual identity and feeling bad interact significantly and, as levels of feeling bad increase, homosexual men (both gay and bisexual) feel suicidal more hurriedly and at higher levels than heterosexual men in the same circumstances.

The universality of the findings can not be compounded since various cultures have different norm- personality morality schemes. This is due to the fact that social and cultural labels on behavior are not universal. Generally, studies of sexual minority youth and suicide fail to definitively sustain either the thesis that such youth are inherently at higher risk for suicide, or the thesis that they are more likely to complete a suicide attempt (Vincke, 2000).The cause enumerated have weak direct correlations, however, its noteworthy that LGBT as a prominent ideational factor of self conception contributes to the susceptibility of the respective victims. Human society defines deviance, ambition, achievement and humanity. LGBT being assigned a stigma, is henceforth publicly.

A role for social factors was implicated as the root of the problems faced by lesbian and gay youth, inclusive to this is the dishonor attached to homosexuality and the inflexibility of society to acknowledge the very existence of gay and lesbian youth (Lebson, 2002). Psychological Autopsies, a study in which the circumstances of the suicide victims life are reconstructed through interviews with associates and family may yield more concrete insight into suicide ideation than statistics gathered on a perceived potential population.

Bibliography

Abelson, J. S., Lambevski, J. C., Bartos, M. and Kippax, S. (2006). Factors associated with Feeling Suicidal: The Role of Sexual Identity. Vol. 51, No, I. pp, 59-80; and: Current Issues in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Health.

This source presents correlation within a study specific perspective of Melbourne; of LGBT and suicidality rich with insightful revelation. It lays ground for further research.

DAugelli, A.,Vasey, J. J. et al. Predicting the Suicide attempts of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth suicide and Life threatening Behavior. ProQuest psychology Journals, Dec 2005; 35, 6; pg. 646.

This paper presents a comparative study of causes and correlations vital to the thesis of this paper. The elaborate grasp it has of the subject is invaluable.

Halpert S. C. (2000). Suicidal Behavior among Gay Male Youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, Vol. 6(3).

This source is rich in statistical conceptualization of the subject of LGBT and juxtaposes refutations of mainstream findings against critical disapproving findings. It is useful as it blends dual conceptualizations, a basis of my paper, the source elaborates psychological perspective adequately concrete in empirical postulation. It has formed the backdrop of argument in this paper.

Kitts, R. L. (2005). Gay Teenagers and Suicide: Understanding the Relations in Adolescence. Proquest psychology, Journals; Vol. 40, 159; pg. 621.

The paper clearly presents a vivid argument for the correlations in the subject and presents individual cases adequately. Its a pointer for more vigorous treatment of cases, for clinical as well as for academic reasons. It helped guide this discussion in breadth.

Kulkin, H., Percle, A. et al. (2000). Suicide among Gay and Lesbian Adolescents and Young Adults: A Review of the Literature Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 40(1).

This source basically exemplifies the ramifications for the risk afforded individuals based on accounts of literature. It enumerates societal motivated propensities to risk and furthers the conceptualization. It forms a critical basis upon which this discussion if founded.

Lebson, M. (2002). Suicide among Homosexual Youth. Journal of Homosexuality, Vol. 42(4) University of Maryland: College Park.

The source is rich with multiple comparisons of various conceptualizations of LGBT and elaborates various bases of such views. It is absolutely rich in critique.

Remafedi, G., Simone F., Story, M. et al. (1998). The Association between Sexual Orientation and Suicide Risk: Results of a Population-Based Study. American journal of Public Health, Vol. 88, No. 1.

This source presents a population-based perspective and comparisons across demographic characteristics vital for the main thesis of this paper.

Russell, I. H. (2001). Suicide Risk and Adolescents Sexual Orientation: Evidence from a National Study. American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 91, No.8 pp.1276- 1281.

This source strongly presents a nationalistic perspective on LGBT. However, it is statistically biased in perspective. Its useful in presenting a holistic view within a historic discourse.

Silenzio V. M. B, Pena, J. B. et al, (2007). Sexuality, Risk factors for Suicide and Suicidal Ideation. Attempts Among Adolescents and Young Adults. American journal of Public Health, Vol. 97: No. 11 pp.

This research introduced a link that combines theory and practice. The source 2017- 2019 highlights useful conceptualization relevant for mainstream practice. Its useful for this papers functionality.

Vincke C. & Heeringen, J.V., (2000). Suicide acts and ideation in Homosexual and Bisexual Young people: A study of Prevalence and Risk factors. Soc Psychiatr Epidemiol, Vol. 35 pp. 494- 499.

This source indicates the low correlation in the subjects of the study. In addition, it presents the indirect relations between LBGT and suicidality through broadly sociological and humanistic factors of personality.

Over the past decades, the fight for social and gender equality has been especially intense in numerous countries. Some developed countries, such as Canada, have succeeded in promoting a culture of acceptance and tolerance. Others, namely, Japan and China, remain to be hostile toward gender and sexual minorities. I selected the topic of LGBT because, in Japan, many LGBTQ people are still not accepted by their community, and there are still many people in Japan who only know little about LGBTQ. A similar situation to the one in Canada can be achieved in Japan and China by utilizing social media channels, particularly Instagram, to change the judgmental attitude of the people.

LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) is a movement that opposes gender and sexual discrimination and focuses on achieving a culture of tolerance towards such minority groups. This campaign has had a dramatic rise in recent decades, especially in western countries. The LGBT activists are not only those who comprise the marginalized groups but also heterosexual people who seek justice for and acceptance of the affected.

To understand the topic of LGBTQ deeply, I searched online for information about LGBTQ in Canada. Canada is an LGBTQ-friendly country, and it has legalized many laws for LGBTQ, for example, same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption, and the right to change legal gender. I also contacted an LGBTQ organization in Canada called Eagle Canada. I sent them emails and asked them to learn more information about LGBTQ in Canada. I went through their collection of resources about LGBTQ on their website and followed them on various social media to stay up to date on their latest resources, events, and news. With a perfect understanding of the LGBTQ issue in Canada, my team and I started to compare LGBTQ in Canada, China, and Japan. My initial thinking has changed due to my research and comparing LGBTQ issues in three different countries. Namely, Canada appeared to be an LGBTQ-friendly country, whereas China and Japan are rather hostile.

For this project, we have used social media, Instagram, to help people find out more about the LGBTQ topic. We have strived to create colorful images and posts to attract more people to follow us on social media and learn about LGBTQ. Our Instagram account is called lgbtq. ginos; the most important thing about using Instagram to spread information is to create a good picture with text or images to draw attention. In my view, our group has worked hard to come out with excellent Instagram posts. Since we have used Instagram to spread information about LGBTQ, all we had to do is create a gripping and attractive post to draw the attention of those who wish to learn more about LGBTQ issues.

Our project is: (a) grounded in the lives of students; (b) critical; (c) multicultural, anti-bias and pro-justice; (d) participatory and experiential; (e) hopeful, joyful, kind and visionary. We have used Instagram due to its popularity among students; we have posted critical information about LGBTQ in Japan, China, and Canada. We have also created a survey called attitudes towards LGBTQ community to ask our followers about their opinions towards LGBTQ. The survey results have been significantly more positive than we had previously thought. Our project needs to improve in being (f) activist; (g) academically rigorous; and (h) culturally sensitive.

My feeling has changed quite a lot from the beginning to now. I think this project required proper communication between the group members. Working together as a team has been invaluable to make the project perfect. One thing our group lacked is cooperation which has slowed down our progress. In the beginning, I was not supposed to be a person who is managing the Instagram account; my duty was to find information and come out with exciting ideas to post on Instagram. However, I had to learn how to make a post using PowerPoint and Photoshop because of the slow progress the team was making. At that time, I learned how to make a post attractive and then post it on Instagram. Sometimes it was challenging, but the good thing is I learned how to create a post to spread my knowledge on LGBTQ on social media. I think life sometimes is full of challenges, and you must push yourself to challenge new things. Instead of relying on other people to help you or do something for you, you have to learn it yourself and become more knowledgeable. We also learned how to help each other out as a team when people were busy.

Overall, this project has been beneficial for both the organizers and the participants. The teammates have gained valuable insight into how such projects are realized. Namely, they have realized the significance of cooperation, wise task allocation, and proper group coordination. In parallel, the participants have been enriched with new material and alternative views regarding gender and sexuality. In a nutshell, the development of the Instagram account related to LGBT can be highly productive in educating the population about gender issues. Notably, Instagram and other social media channels provide a powerful platform for encouraging individuals to consider alternative worldviews and ideas.

People tend to use definitions to categorize each other, trying to fit complex and unfamiliar concepts into familiar frameworks. Thus, people tend to simplify complicated, ambiguous concepts, making them simple and understandable to themselves. Moreover, even when people encounter something that they cannot understand about themselves, they also strive to find a simple explanation for this and fit themselves into such frameworks. Categorization is an actual problem of society, which is covered in modern literature and is interconnected with such concepts as transnationalism and identity.

One of the brightest examples of such topical issue is Edgar Gomezs memoir. High-Risk Homosexual sheds light on this phenomenon of human behavior, focusing on addressing these limiting frames (Gomez, 2022). As an example, the author mentions the brochure What is a boy, which is a set of generalizations familiar to society for a person assigned certain gender at birth. Society places certain expectations on a person, completely ignoring the fact that a person can be different and strive for something else. In a broader sense, such behavior is linked to opposing ideas such as transnationalism and identity.

Many peoples transnational networks of exchange and involvement are built on some idea of a common identity; conversely, the identities of many persons and groups of people are addressed in social worlds that span many locations. Identity can suggest the ways in which people perceive themselves and characterize others. Previously, transnationalism was seen as a concept mainly related to migrants, but global cultural interaction has made it a part of the life of almost every member of society. Moreover, transnationalism can now shape identities.

Transnationalism and identity may be the same framework that the author writes about in the memoir, but at the same time, this framework helps people find belonging to the people who need it. There is nothing good or bad about following these limits or abandoning them. The only mature and responsible behavior is not to impose them on other members of society.

Reference

Gomez, E. (2022). High-risk homosexual: A memoir. Catapult.