Category: Lawyer

I may need to settle on the most significant decision of my life when I leave school, I would have to pick my future profession. There are countless various professions these days, yet settling on the correct choice isn’t simple. Making this choice I need to think about my skills and interests. But when I was eight years old, it has been my dream of becoming an immigration lawyer. Being a lawyer is a noble profession. Lawyers have plenty of responsibilities but I still decided to one day become a lawyer because I’ve been interested in the occupation. When I look around and see all the injustices that are happening in the world, I know that one day I can help the people by becoming a lawyer.

“ Congratulations, you’ve received your green card.” These are the words that one day I would like to say. I would know when I reached my goal, when I’m in my law office, ready to help people out, in a few words when I officially become a immigration lawyer. Pursuing this career in the future is important to me because I would like to help my family members and other people from different countries without papers, receive them. I would like them to have the same opportunities as people with papers. Above all, a second reason why it’s important to me is because the professional and personal growth the profession offers, I have different characteristics, skills, and attitudes that will no doubt allow me to have an impact on the field. I am confident that the law profession will allow me to be a highly versatile, knowledgeable and well-rounded individual who is proud to contribute to society’s growth and development.

The qualities I would need in order to reach my goal of being a successful immigration lawyer would be:

Dedication: It’s a serious commitment to completing law school, law school will impact my relationships, eat up my entire time and change my daily life. Therefore staying dedicated is necessary. Remembering to stay dedicated regardless of how hard, exhausting and boring it may get is an important part of successful law school. Dedication will help me stay ahead of the curve and end up impacting my career as a lawyer. (committed to a task)

Being Analytical

I’m going to do a lot of research in law school. I will be challenged from every perspective to look at a scenario and will be tasked with finding a practical solution to that problem. As I go through law school my analytical and logical abilities will improve. Ultimately getting me prepared to become an excellent problem solver. (relating to logical reasoning)

Be Creative

Perhaps creativity isn’t the first word that comes to mind when thinking about law school but to be a good law student (and lawyer) implies to be an innovative solver of issues. Going to law school will force me to think outside the box and look at difficult problems with every possible outcome. (involving the imagination)

Communication Skills

Being a lawyer means communicating constantly. Whether it is oral, written or listening, I’m going to do a lot of that according to my law teacher Mrs Powell. Building outstanding communication skills and public speaking abilities is an essential part of my success as a future lawyer. (The ability to convey information)

Manage Timing

This is probably one of the most significant items on my list. Once I start law school, the assignments, outlines, you name it, will inundate my life with reading. That’s why it’s important to make every item on my To -Do list a priority. To keep a planner, find a place to study, and stick to it in my daily routine. (process of organizing & planning)

There are plenty of professional hills I will scale before I become a lawyer. First of all, I must have a high school diploma, as for other professions. But before that, I will have to obtain good grades and a good gpa throughout my 4 years in high school. I will also have to get a high score on the sat/act to get into a great college and major in government, math, english or history. When I get into college, it will be the same as high school, for example I will have to be in college for 4 years and obtain good grades and then graduate and obtain a bachelor’s degree. Afterwards, I will have to apply for Law School and attend for 3 years and I will have to take the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) and the Bar Exam and pass them, to finally earn a Juris Doctor degree (“ degree in law and one of several Doctors of Law degrees.”) in order to officially become an immgration lawyer.

A method I will use to monitor the progress would have to be my 5th virtue, managing time, because it would help me improve and reach my goal such as in helping me stay on track for working hard to get high grades. If I start now, with this virtue it will be useful when I’m on my way to start my career and I’ll be prepared for it already. I would work and focus on everything that comes my way to ensure that my plan is successful. When I fall off track and forget the source of my initial inspiration, I will think long and hard about what awaits me in the future.

I believe I’ll succeed in becoming an immigration lawyer. I am determined to finish high school with the academic excellence necessary to get a professional direction in the field of law. I honestly think I will succeed in my plan to achieve perfection because when I put my mind to something and work hard for it, I achieve it by putting all my hard work to it, for instance right now as a freshman I’m working hard to keep my grades on track for the future. I expect this outcome to happen because the present day world is full of injustice and cruelty, many human beings are being victimized by these injustices and cruelties. I know I won’t be able to help everyone but I want to try to help as many people as I can. There are also many bad situations in society these days and we need excellent lawyers. I’m aware that becoming a successful lawyer requires a lot of preparation and challenges and I’m willing to do what it takes to make my dream of becoming an immigration lawyer a reality.

It is not rare to see two different terms with similar meanings being used interchangeably in every language writing and speaking. There are quite a lot of them in the English language, but for the sake of this piece, we will focus on the difference between lawyer and attorney.

In the legal profession (and life generally), there are stages to everything. Being a lawyer entails graduating law school, but that alone, is not enough license to practice law. You still need to further your educational career so you can become an attorney, or you can choose to venture into other career paths seeing as there are a lot of non-traditional jobs you can do with your law degree.

We will discuss more on how these two terms differ in a more detailed format later on in this post, but before that, let us define the terms in clear comprehensive terms.

Definition of lawyer

A lawyer is defined as a person that studied law in law school. This definition stands even for a law graduate who has not passed the bar exam or functioned in the capacity of an officer in the court of law. The focus of this term is based on the fact that the person in question has completed his tertiary education on legal practice to the point of being awarded a degree. This focus, by a long shot, is the difference between attorney and lawyer.

As a lawyer, one is, by no legal standard, allowed to do certain jobs. For instance, one cannot represent a client in the court of law. This does not invalidate one’s degree as a graduate of law. He or she can still help to improve the authenticity of a case handled by an attorney. In other words, he or she can be a part of a legal team but does not have any right to argue a case in the court. A lawyer of this capacity can handle the following responsibilities.

• Guidance in setting up and sustaining a corporation
• Dealing with immigration matters
• Proper interpretation of work contracts
• General legal advice
• Drafting a will or a trust
• Tax issues
• Prenuptial agreement
• Protection of intellectual property

Also, lawyers can venture into other fields since it viable and flexible source of employment. On that note, a law degree can serve perfectly well in the following professions.

• Professional counseling in areas such as mental health, rehabilitation, marriage, career, education, and lots more. Combined with a degree in counseling, a lawyer can make an exceptional career as a counselor.
• Development agencies for non-governmental organization where the knowledge of the law is required. These agencies can be focused on health, business, finance, and so on, which is quite flexible and gives you a chance to choose.
• Entrepreneurship in virtually any field of interest. In all honesty, you really do not need a university degree to succeed as an entrepreneur. However, having a law degree will give you an edge in terms of understanding and negotiating contracts and other legal or government procedures.

Experts who understand the difference between a lawyer and an attorney are of the opinion that students and young associates should consider these factions of the legal practice while hoping to work in a top law firm (something that is less likely to happen seeing that there are not enough spots for every one).

Definition of attorney

An attorney is defined as a lawyer who has written and passed the bar to earn a license to practice law. In practicing law, they can actually represent the interest of a person in the court of law or any other legally acceptable setting. Attorneys are usually specialists in different areas like immigration, taxes, child custody, divorce, compensation of damages, malpractice, and so on.

One of the ways to see it is this: every attorney is a lawyer, but not every lawyer is an attorney. Be that as it may, there are some differences between these terms in terms of their duties. Basically, an attorney’s service is employed when a client, also known as the principal, needs the professional legal, financial, or medical representation to the interest of the client. They weigh a case, considering the options in detail, before deciding and executing a critical and sensitive process on behalf of their clients.

The responsibilities of an attorney go a long way to explain what’s the difference between a lawyer and an attorney. Here are some instances.

• Interacting with clients to understand their conditions and concerns, and providing them with the best legal advice as seen fit
• Explaining the possible results of legal advice, be it positive or negative
• Coming up with the best strategy according to the laws to resolve a case in favor of their client and at a cost-effective rate
• Preparation of legal documents for each case they handle
• Physical representation of their clients in a legal proceeding with appropriate argument
• Staying up to date with the current legislations

It is important to note that attorneys are different based on their specialties. If you are involved in a criminal case or a civil lawsuit, then you need a trial or civic litigation attorney. If you are involved in a case that has to do with patent, trademark, or copyright defense or contest, then you need an IP attorney.

Main differences between lawyer vs attorney

We are done with the definition of the terms. Now, let us answer the question – “what is the difference between a lawyer and an attorney?”

Basis of comparison lawyer attorney

Definition A lawyer is defined as a person that studied law in the law school An attorney is defined as a lawyer who has written and passed the bar to earn a license to practice law.

Qualification Bachelor’s degree in law and specialized knowledge Bachelor’s degree in law, specialized knowledge, and bar exam

• Time frame Three to four years Varies
• Nature Cannot represent a client in the court of law Can represent a client in the court of law
• Title JD meaning Juris doctor Degree Esq. meaning esquire
• Specialty May specialize Must specialize

Difference between lawyer and attorney: Conclusion

So far, we have covered the basic differences between these two terms in the most comprehensive manner possible. There are a few things you should have at the back of your mind when talking about lawyer vs attorney: attorneys are lawyers, but not all lawyers are attorneys.

Also, lawyers can practice law, but not to the fullest. They are not allowed to represent a client or argue a case in the court of law like attorneys have the right to. In some states, one can become an attorney even without going to law school. All they have to do is pass the bar exams and they can practice to a certain extent. As for lawyers, they have to go through law school and graduate before they can take the bar.

Ever since the time of the Greek and the Romans, lawyers have been an important part of society. They were the help needed in any legal case. The need for them is very high but there are also ways to become one. It is a very rewarding job that requires a certain amount of education. A lawyer is a career for a very patient person because of its need to help others while gaining lots of money as well.

Lawyers don’t just sit around all day filing papers and things like that. They have a purpose. Lawyers can represent their clients in court. Lawyers can also just give you legal advice. They aren’t only there to help in a court of law. Legal advice is a big part of being a lawyer. Lawyers and attorneys serve as advocates or advisors. As a lawyer, they can represent businesses and individuals. As advocates, they represent the rights of their clients.

The legal system is one of the pillars of the modern community. They are needed to communicate with their clients, colleagues, judges, and others involved with the case to come to a conclusion. They also need to advise and represent their clients in court, in front of agencies to help solve the case. They conduct research and analysis of legal problems. They present facts and come up with great ideas or arguments to verbally present in court. They file legal documents such as lawsuits, appeals, wills, contracts, and deeds. They also interpret laws, rulings, and regulations for individuals and businesses. To be a lawyer isn’t very easy. It isn’t easy at all, but you are accommodated with many advantages.

It is very time-consuming to become a lawyer. Some people may spend 10 years of their life trying to accomplish such a task. Here is the education you need to be a lawyer. First off, you definitely need to get a high school diploma. High school education is very important for any good career. You must also have a Bachelors’s degree and an undergraduate degree. College is also a crucial part of becoming successful in any career. You would also need a Juris doctorate degree. That is the degree that gives you the name Dr. That alone must be at least 7 years of education in college. To become a lawyer, you must spend a good chunk of your years reading books and taking tests. Speaking of tests, you must take a very important one after the education of it all. You must take the LSAT test. That is an exam that is taken to see how much you know about being a lawyer. There are 100,000 tests taken every year in law schools. Education and preparation are both needed to become a great lawyer.

It is very difficult to be a lawyer, but it sure does pay off. The amount of salary you can make is not only different for everyone, but it is very high. The average salary for a lawyer in New Jersey is $144,190. Imagine being a very successful lawyer in new jersey. You can be paid a lot more. This isn’t the only state that pays well for lawyers. Did you know that the District of Colombia pays lawyers a salary of $189,560? Well, they do. It is incredible the amount of money you can make just by helping others in court or giving advice. That is a very important advantage of being a lawyer

Adding on to the difficulty of being a lawyer. From education and training, comes another challenge. Every year more students graduate from laws schools all around the world then there are jobs available. It is expected that the employment of lawyers is to grow 6% to 2028, but that means that the competition for spots is also going to increase.

When becoming a lawyer, your options don’t stop there. There are many branches of the justice system that you can choose from. You can become a personal injury lawyer, an estate planning lawyer or even a bankruptcy lawyer. You can also become an intellectual property lawyer who makes sure that your creations, inventions, or artwork stay yours. You can become a corporate lawyer, an immigration lawyer, or even a criminal lawyer. There are so many options and all of them differ. They differ is hours your work, The amount of money you gain. They can also differ from where you work. You can work at home and stay with your family, or work at an office for certain hours. All of the options are very valid reasons to become a lawyer.

If being in court defending a client or filing papers in a big office doesn’t suit your style, there are other things you can do with the same education. Lawyers can become professors in law school to teach their students how to become lawyers in the real world and choose their own path. With all the training you have done you can decide to take a bit more training and become an FBI agent. With your knowledge of the law, a law enforcement position would be perfect. If action and rush are your styles, then you might have found the perfect occupation. Lawyers can also take positions as tax collectors, insurance adjusters, credit investigators, probation officers, and process servers. There are many options when you have the education of the law. So many options to choose from and change your future.

There are many major benefits of being a lawyer. Not only do lawyers get medical and dental insurance at no cost, but they also get a list of advantages and benefits in their lifetime. Lawyers have the most stable careers available. It is very versatile. They have a wide selection of career options. They gain skills in many things and experience that transfers to other legal careers. They have very good financial rewards. Lawyers are ranked 27 highest paying jobs in New Jersey. Lawyers can gain over 140 thousand dollars per year. Getting a high paying job is a very important part of being successful. Not many jobs can provide that for you. Intellectual challenges are also a very great benefit of being a lawyer. You are challenged mentally o make sure you use your intellect at it’s very highest every day. You don’t have to be in an office every day of your life. You can be an in house lawyer. That means you can work from home and spend time with your family. If needed, you can work at an office for certain days of the week and the rest at home. When in court you have the permission to debate and argue. You can prove your points or disprove others. Debating is a great way to develop your mind. It helps you open your eyes to new ideas or concepts that you weren’t seeing before. When being a lawyer, you can choose your work environment so you don’t have to be set to work somewhere you don’t feel comfortable or you don’t like. A very major benefit that you gain from being a lawyer is respect. Many people don’t know what it’s like to be a lawyer. They then think it’s a difficult life so they admire how you are living it. It may be difficult at first but then you strive. You gain vast amounts of respect in society. So people look up to you or look to you for advice when they so desperately need it. You are the one person that does know what they are talking about so you get admired for it.

With many advantages, come disadvantages. Lawyers can have very boring lives. They are very busy people at most times. They might have little to no time for family, friends, or even fun. Before being able to choose their environment, hey might have to work long hours in an office filing papers. Lawyers go under a lot of stress. They have very difficult litigation processes that interfere with their energy levels or even will to try and win the court case. There is also a lot of lawyers in the industry. This makes it a very competitive market. Lawyers spend lots of money on school and education. Expenses are a big disadvantage when trying to become a lawyer. There may be many advantages but there are also disadvantages that you have to take into consideration.

There is a lot of information to know about becoming a lawyer. It isn’t an easy job. As Charles Dickens once said, “If there were no bad people, there would be no good lawyers.” The legal system may have some flaws, but it can also work wonders. Lawyers help people with they are in need of it. They give advice when people are in need of it. They solve cases when cases need to be solved. In the legal system, they are always there.

The role of a criminal lawyer is to avert those involute in illegal activities and hence appealed. Some of these advocates are privately appointed whereas others have been positioned by the criminal law court to represent the incriminated. Therefore the accused person of criminal offences should be assured that they will be served in court by an attorney. The criminal defence lawyer in Flagstaff AZ USA is ready to help those involved with such cases. Here are some of the secrets of the criminal defence advocate. As a result of these some of the mysteries of the defender.

No Personal Feeling on the Case

Most of these cases handled by the attorney involve very terrible criminal activities. Hence the advocates try by all means not to be carried away by their personal feelings concerning the fact they are handling. Simply because the accused have their constitutional rights until proven guilty. So the advocated is required to stand by the defendant during the process.

The defender is needed to relate well with the accused. Only because it will build trust btw the lawyer and the defendant. Hence the will on the same ground and the accused will be able to open up to his attorney. It will be easier for the advocate to handle the case since he will have enough information from the client.

They Tend to Stand close to the Client

The picture of the advocate standing beside the defendant is a show assign of solidarity. It gives the client to be courageous on trial. You find that at times the sentence can be traumatizing. Therefore the lawyer has to play a role on that to the client.

Representing the accused on the criminal case have so many challenges’ situation where the case is public, you will end up hating. The public will not understand the constitutional rights of the defendant instead of the will concentrated on the activity committed.in addition to that, and they will feel that the attorney is on the wrong side by defending the accused. It comes a time where no one wishes to associate with the defender.

The Wrongly accused Client makes them work hard

Defending a wrongly accused client is not easy at all. The attorney has to work extra hard to put facts on the table so that the accused don’t end up sentenced.it is possible when the lawyer source for enough points to prove that the defendant is not guilty. Hence it requires the advocate to strain a bit to win the case.

The attorney takes advantage of the bail system since one is innocent until proven to be guilty. Therefore they push for request in court for their clients to be granted Bail. However, the accused won’t have to be in the cell as they wait for the court proceeding. The advocated and the accused will also quickly gather enough facts to defend the case. Some prosecutor’s don’t buy the event that the accused released on bail because they feel they will tapper which the case to win.

INTRODUCTION

Design a system for automating the judicial services in India. Using this system, plaintiff can easily give complaints to the concerned authority and they can view status of their cases etc. This system will reduce the time and risk to the users compare with manual system. The project performs intended function with required precision. The registered user’s files can be stored in centralized database which can be maintained by the system. Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can access.

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

As in any other system development model, system analysis is the first phase of development in case of Object Modeling too. In this phase, the developer interacts with the user of the system to find out the user requirements and analyses the system to understand the functioning.

Based on this system study, the analyst prepares a model of the desired system. This model is purely based on what the system is required to do. At this stage the implementation details are not taken care of. Only the model of the system is prepared based on the idea that the system is made up of a set of interacting objects. The important elements of the system are emphasized.

SYSTEM DESIGN

System Design is the next development stage where the overall architecture of the desired system is decided. The system is organized as a set of sub systems interacting with each other. While designing the system as a set of interacting subsystems, the analyst takes care of specifications as observed in system analysis as well as what is required out of the new system by the end user.

as the basic philosophy of object-oriented method of system analysis is to perceive the system as a set of interacting objects, a bigger system may also be seen as a set of interacting smaller subsystems that in turn are composed of a set of interacting objects. while designing the system, the stress lies on the objects comprising the system and not on the processes being carried out in the system as in the case of traditional waterfall model where the processes form the important part of the system.

EXISTING SYSTEM

Through the existing system process which is purely manual process and time taking process. There are chances of having incorrect status representation to the case information. In the existing system, the person has to go to the police station and lodge a complaint personally. After that the person has to go regularly whenever they call for hearings.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

In this system registered users can view the case details by opening the site. They can lodge a complaint from home itself. User Friendliness is provided in the application with various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. The system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. It can be accessed over the Internet. The registered user’s files can be stored in centralized database which can be maintained by the system. Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can access.

Advantages

• Searching jobs from more companies.
• Common question format is available.
• Previous exam results can be viewed.
• No need of separate resume registration for two or more companies.

Modules

1. Administrator

Admin enters into the site with his credentials. Admin can register defendant, Plaintiff Lawyer and Judge. File cases from plaintiffs. Schedule hearings (initial and continuing). Send hearings through mails to corresponding case Persons and Lawyers. Give instructions to representing advocates. All formal instructions must be logged in the system. These instructions may be multi-lingual. Send proceedings case wise after each hearing. View date wise case Reports. View Judgment file and send it to corresponding case personals through mails.

2. Lawyers

Lawyer enters in to the site with his credentials. He can view his clients own proofs and opposite candidate proofs. He can view instructions and proceedings sent by admin. He can send his own proofs to admin. He can change his password. He can communicate with his clients and admin through mails.

3. Defendant

Defendant can enter in to the website with his credentials. Defendant can send his proof to lawyer. Defendant can view proceedings. He can communicate to lawyer through mails and receives judgment through mails.

4. Judge

Judge can enter in to the site with his credentials. Judge view proceedings and send proceedings. Judge declares his judgment. He Communicate to admin through mails.

5. Authentication

This module provides security to the application. Every user should enter correct user name and password to proceed. This request will goes to database and check the user existing. If you entered wrong user name and password then it prompts you “Incorrect Username or Password…”

VALIDATION TESTING

The final step involves Validation testing, which determines whether the software function as the user expected. The end-user rather than the system developer conduct this test most software developers as a process called “Alpha and Beta Testing” to uncover that only the end user seems able to find.

The compilation of the entire project is based on the full satisfaction of the end users. In the project, validation testing is made in various forms. In question entry form, the correct answer only will be accepted in the answer box. The answers other than the four given choices will not be accepted.

MAINTENANCE

The objectives of this maintenance work are to make sure that the system gets into work all time without any bug. Provision must be for environmental changes which may affect the computer or software system. This is called the maintenance of the system. Nowadays there is the rapid change in the software world. Due to this rapid change, the system should be capable of adapting these changes. In our project the process can be added without affecting other parts of the system.

Maintenance plays a vital role. The system liable to accept any modification after its implementation. This system has been designed to favour all new changes. Doing this will not affect the system’s performance or its accuracy.

In the project system testing is made as follows:

The procedure level testing is made first. By giving improper inputs, the errors occurred are noted and eliminated. Then the web form level testing is made. For example storage of data to the table in the correct manner.

In the form, the zero length username and password are given and checked. Also the duplicate username is given and checked. The client side validations are made.

The dates are entered in wrong manner and checked. Wrong email-id is given and checked.

This is the final step in system life cycle. Here we implement the tested error-free system into real-life environment and make necessary changes, which runs in an online fashion. Here system maintenance is done every months or year based on company policies, and is checked for errors like runtime errors, long run errors and other maintenances like table verification and reports.

Implementation is the stage of the project when the theoretical design is turned out into a working system. Thus it can be considered to be the most critical stage in achieving a successful new system and in giving the user, confidence that the new system will work and be effective.

The implementation stage involves careful planning, investigation of the existing system and it’s constraints on implementation, designing of methods to achieve changeover and evaluation of changeover methods.

Implementation is the process of converting a new system design into operation. It is the phase that focuses on user training, site preparation and file conversion for installing a candidate system. The important factor that should be considered here is that the conversion should not disrupt the functioning of the organization.

The application is implemented in the Internet Information Services 5.0 web server under the Windows 2000 Professional and accessed from various clients.

Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test.[1] Software testing also provides an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but are not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects).

Software testing can also be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software program/application/product:

• meets the business and technical requirements that guided its design and development;
• works as expected; and
• can be implemented with the same characteristics.

Software testing, depending on the testing method employed, can be implemented at any time in the development process. However, most of the test effort occurs after the requirements have been defined and the coding process has been completed. As such, the methodology of the test is governed by the software development methodology adopted.

Different software development models will focus the test effort at different points in the development process. Newer development models, such as Agile, often employ test driven development and place an increased portion of the testing in the hands of the developer, before it reaches a formal team of testers. In a more traditional model, most of the test execution occurs after the requirements have been defined and the coding process has been completed.

White box testing is when the tester has access to the internal data structures and algorithms including the code that implement these.

Types of white box testing

The following types of white box testing exist:

• API testing (application programming interface) – testing of the application using public and private APIs
• Code coverage – creating tests to satisfy some criteria of code coverage (e.g., the test designer can create tests to cause all statements in the program to be executed at least once)
• Fault injection methods – improving the coverage of a test by introducing faults to test code paths
• Mutation testing methods
• Static testing – White box testing includes all static testing

Test coverage

White box testing methods can also be used to evaluate the completeness of a test suite that was created with black box testing methods. This allows the software team to examine parts of a system that are rarely tested and ensures that the most important function points have been tested.[21]

Two common forms of code coverage are:

• Function coverage, which reports on functions executed
• Statement coverage, which reports on the number of lines executed to complete the test

They both return a code coverage metric, measured as a percentage.

Specification-based testing: Specification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements.[22] Thus, the tester inputs data into, and only sees the output from, the test object. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either ‘is’ or ‘is not’ the same as the expected value specified in the test case.

Specification-based testing is necessary, but it is insufficient to guard against certain risks.[23]

Advantages and disadvantages: The black box tester has no ‘bonds’ with the code, and a tester’s perception is very simple: a codemust have bugs. Using the principle, ‘Ask and you shall receive,’ black box testers find bugs where programmers do not. On the other hand, black box testing has been said to be ‘like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight,’ because the tester doesn’t know how the software being tested was actually constructed. As a result, there are situations when (1) a tester writes many test cases to check something that could have been tested by only one test case, and/or (2) some parts of the back-end are not tested at all.

CODE EFFICIENCY

MEASURES OF CODE EFFICIENCY

The code is designed with the following characteristics in mind.

• Uniqueness: The code structure must ensure that only one value of the code with a single meaning is correctly applied to a give entity or attribute.
• Expandability: The code structure are designed for in a way that it must allow for growth of it’s set of entities or attributes, thus providing sufficient space for the entry of new items with in each classification.
• Conciseness: The code requires the fewest possible number of positions to include and define each item.
• Uniform size and format: Uniform size and format is highly desirable in mechanized data processing system. The addition of prefixes and suffixes to the root code should not be allowed especially as it is incompatible with the uniqueness requirement.
• Simplicity: The codes are designed in a simple manner to understand and simple to apply.
• Versatility: The code allows modifying easily to reflect necessary changes in conditions, characteristics and relationship of the encoded entities. Such changes must result in a corresponding change in the code or coding structure.
• Sortability: Reports are most valuable for user efficiency when sorted and presented in a predetermined format or order. Although data must be sorted and collaged, the representative code for the date does not need to be in a sortable form if it can be correlated with another code that is sortable.
• Stability: Codes that do not require to be frequently updated also promote use efficiency. Individual code assignments for a given entity should be made with a minimal likelihood of change either in the specific code or in the entire coding structure.
• Meaningfulness: Code is meaningful. Code value should reflect the characteristics of the coded entities, such as mnemonic features unless such a procedures results in inconsistency and inflexibility.
• Operatability: The code is adequate for present and anticipated data processing both for machine and human use. Care is taken to minimize the clerical effort and computer time required for continuing the operation.

CONCLUSION

The conclusion of the system ensures the complete freedom for court procedings, where user at his own system can logon to this website and can check the status of his case. Our proposed system allows only registered users to check case status, view Judge and Lawyer details.

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10. http://www.asp.net
11. http://www.c#.net

Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or Driving Under the Influence (DUI) is considered a criminal offense in Nevada and all the other states in United States of America, meaning all DUI and DWI cases are all done in a criminal court. If a person’s alcohol content exceeds a certain limit and is caught driving, he/she can be charged with several serious acts.

Though you have a right to represent yourself in a DUI trial, it is never a good idea. A lack of knowledge in trial skills can be a big blow during the court trials and usually, the judges have little patience for defendants who represent themselves and do not know the rules of the court. Most defendants therefore choose to be represented by either a private DUI lawyer or a public DUI lawyer to represent them in courts.

One of the roles that a DUI lawyer should handle is assessing cases. He/She is mandated to assess cases thoroughly from different perspectives as well as considering all the other possible angles of the case. Even though the defendant maybe wrong or the evidence is against him or her, the attorney must handle the case wisely through providing considerable measures to handle the problem.

Apart from assessing cases, a DUI lawyer collects information about the case. Evaluating a case with the much needed information is adversely advocated for and a good practice. The information or evidence collected should also be protected to prevent it from falling into wrong hands and manipulated.

He/She should have good analysis skills and must be capable of judging the situation as well. The responsibility of a DUI lawyer is to identify the loopholes in the case against the client. This helps in finding fast and smart strategies to defend the client and get either their charges dropped or lower punishments.

DUI lawyers are expected to be knowledgeable about the laws and appeals that should be used to protect the defendant. He/she should also have information on previous cases, the judgments made, appeals etc. The lawyer should have an in-depth knowledge on individual rights and must emphasize on them during the prosecution.

Since DUI lawyers may have fluctuating working hours, they must be willing and prepared to devote themselves to work and assigned duties. The attorney should be capable of handling stressful circumstances at all times as the job comes with its complications.

With each and every development in a client’s case, the lawyer should keep his/her clients up to date. Keeping a client up to date with every progress of the case earns the client’s trust, e.g when the DUI lawyer is asked to appear at court promptly with matters concerning the defendant’s case.

The roles and responsibilities stated above can be a challenge for a non lawyer defendant to handle and therefore being represented by a DUI attorney that posses the above capabilities can be far much promising.

While the immigration process has become even more challenging all over the world, there are many top notch lawyers who will help you throughout with their expertise. Most people simply fear the process of immigration to the US with its lengthy and complicated process which is daunting at every step of the way. In order to quickly sort out the proceedings, you will need to be in touch with immigration attorneys who offer useful consultations.

It is not easy to pick an attorney with so many people practicing the law. You might get confused especially if this is your first time dealing with something that involves the law.

You can easily find an immigration lawyer in New York who will be your guide is a tough task. Here are some things to keep in mind when you are looking through your options.

Referrals

You can always trust your family or friends to give you their honest opinion about the attorneys. If they have particularly dealt with residency visa in the past, they will let you know about their experience. This can be useful information regarding picking immigration lawyer in New York.

Another important thing that will help you get a trustworthy immigration lawyer in New York is extensive research. After all, you want to hear positive results with all the time and money you will be investing. It is always a good approach to learn about immigration lawyers in your area and compare their qualifications and successful cases.

Invest in Future

It goes without saying that many immigration lawyers in New York only want to make as much money they can. That being said, a good attorney’s fees will cost you more than someone who does not have a stealthy record of successful cases. In order to avoid delays and rejection, invest in your future.

One of the critical aspects of hiring an attorney for the immigration process is to ensure that they can understand and even speak your language. This will make the communication easier. Besides, someone who can speak or read your language will ensure that when the documents are translated to English, they are accurate and precise.

Fee Structure

Since the immigration process does not promise a certain time of completion and it is different for everyone. However, your attorney can look into your case and offer you an estimated time beforehand. Most of the times, you can ask different attorneys and decide which one to pick based on reasonable fee structure.

Clarence S. Darrow [April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938] was an American defence attorney who came to national recognition during the early 20th century for his involvement in a number of high-profile cases including the Scopes Monkey Trial, the Leopold and Loeb Murder sentencing hearing, the Sweets Trials, and the Massie Trial, as well as for a number of statements involving religious and racial conflicts of the time which were seen as highly controversial. Born in Farmdale, Ohio, Darrow would go on to become a “sophisticated country lawyer” known for his keen wit and eloquent, if lengthy, speeches. This is despite his limited education, having only temporarily attended Allegheny College and the University of Michigan Law School before abandoning both to work during the depression of 1873-77.

During this time, Darrow self-studied the law and eventually took up a position in the law department of Ann Arbor and, in 1878 despite failing a total of six times, eventually passed and was admitted to the Ohio bar. Though his eventual fame would come from his reputation as a criminal defence attorney, Darrow’s original focus was on labor law. Much of his early career was spent representing local businesses and, perhaps more importantly, labor unions. Eventually, in the early 1890’s, he was offered a position as a representative of the Chicago and North-Western Railway Company, a significant transition from the usually local businesses he had worked for until then. He split from the company in 1894 when he chose to represent and defend Eugene Debs for his involvement in the Pullman Strike of the same year. This case marked Darrow’s transition from corporate to individual lawyer.

In 1911, Darrow came to represent John and James McNamara, who had been charged with bombing the Los Angeles Times building in 1910. During the case, Darrow was found to have attempted to bribe a juror and was later accused of two counts of bribery. Though he was acquitted of the first count, the second ended in a hung jury and eventual deal in which he would not be retried if he ceased his law practice in the state of California. These charges left a permanent stain on Darrow’s reputation and caused most labor unions to drop him from their list of preferred attorneys, which effectively ended his career as a labor lawyer. After this, he turned his focus to criminal cases, especially those involving the death penalty, which he held as contrary to humanitarian progress.

Darrow’s first nationally-renowned case came in 1924, when he took representation of Nathan Leopold Jr. and Richard Leob, two wealthy teenaged boys accused of kidnapping and killing 14-year-old Bobby Franks. In light of the evidence placing the two at the scene, Darrow advised the two to confess and plead guilty to all charges before a judge, rather than a jury that he thought may be blinded by a thirst for vengeance. Darrow made his case on the basis that his clients were, as his psychiatric expert witnesses, put it: “…[D]ecidedly deficient in emotion”. Darrow stressed that the boys possessed a significant mental disease throughout the hearing and put heavy emphasis on their young age during his twelve-hour long closing argument. As a result of his efforts, the boys’ sentences were reduced from death to life in prison (+99 years). Newspapers deemed this case the “Trial of the Century”. An impressive title, though it was the third case to be called so in said century. For his efforts, Darrow earned $30,000 (after expenses), the equivalent of roughly $400,000 in 2019.

Just a year later, in 1925, Darrow would face his second nationally-influential case, the State of Tennessee v. Scopes, or the Scopes Monkey Trial, in which John T. Scopes, a substitute high school teacher, had been accused of violating the state’s Butler Act, which outlawed the contradiction of “…the Biblical account of mankind’s origin”. The case itself was relatively clear-cut, however its significance rested more on the attention it drew and the discussion it fostered surrounding the conflicts between popular religious fundamentalism and conflicting, scientifically-backed theories including that of evolution, which directly ‘challenged’ the commonly accepted idea of creationism. Darrow played a key role in inspiring this discussion when he called one of the opposing attorneys, William J Bryan, to the stand as “…an expert witness on the Bible”, where Darrow’s questioning of Bryan’s interpretation of the Bible led to a turn in public opinion on the matter.

Darrow’s final major case came just a few months later, when, in September of 1925, he came to represent a black doctor, Ossian Sweet, three members of his family, and a number of his friends after they were charged with murder when a man was killed as a white mob attempted to drive the family from their newly purchased home which happened to fall within what had been considered a “white neighborhood”. When the trial fell into an early deadlock, Darrow stated: “I insist that there is nothing but prejudice in this case; that if it was reversed and eleven white men had shot and killed a black man while protecting their home and their lives against a mob of blacks, nobody would have dreamed of having them indicted. They would have been given medals instead”. This prompted a declaration of mistrial and the decision to try the eleven defendants individually rather than as one. During the first following trial, the defendant pled guilty and was acquitted on the basis of self-defence, a decision that led to the prosecution dropping all charges on the remaining defendants. Darrow’s closing statement during this final case lasted over seven hours and was later named the “I Believe in the Law of Love” speech and deemed a landmark in the civil rights movement.

Though he continued to take on minor cases, the Sweets Trials were Darrow’s last significant appearances before he officially retired. He did continue to practice, however, and eventually represented the defence in the Massie Trial in 1932, yet much of his focus moved on to his writings and he would never again be the focus of national attention. Still, he remains a figure of massive significance in the realms of religious skepticism, civil rights, and humanitarianism, and will forever be remembered as the guy that just didn’t stop talking once he got started.

When a person is facing a legal issue, he or she goes to a counselor-at-law. This results in a lawyer-client relationship that should not be based on hierarchy. If in this relationship the practitioner becomes dominant, the seeker would probably become deprived of certain fundamental and legal rights. However, professional lawyers have to follow the best code of conduct in this relationship to serve the clients to the best.

The perspectives of Andrew Boon and Jennifer Levin support the idea of the Modern view. This view illustrates that the clients have to be given the power to make the best suitable decision for them. This is respecting individual rights and encouraging self-determination. The client knows the issue at best and the lawyer should help in showing the right direction. Moreover, the lawyer should make the client knowledgeable of the proper laws dealing with the concerning matter. This will surely make the client empowered legally and make him or her confidence in making decisions.

Then there appears the Modern approach which brings lawyer and client to the same table to deal with the concerning matter. This is a consensus-based approach in which both lawyer and client equally participate to reach a final conclusion. Both of them try and strive to take one another`s point of view in making a particular point in the case. Robert Dinerstein terms this process as a mutual and client-centered relationship.

There is another approach to the association between a lawyer and a client. In this way, the client provides all the materials with all knowledge to the lawyer; specifying each and every detail related to the matter concerned. With all these at disposal, the conveyance goes on deciding how to proceed with the case and how to manage the formalities of the case. This approach is called paternalistic. Hence, the modern view disapproves of this paternalistic method.

It is perceived that a barrister is the agent of the public in a case. The agent is directed and told what to do with particular pieces of information. It is like the customer is giving orders to the agent in finding the best place or hotel to stay. This method only makes the client superior and undermines the position of the lawyer.

The contractual relationship method brings both the lawyer and the client into one particular agreement. They sign it and stick to its terms and conditions. Sometimes, the scope of what has

The fiduciary model form of the association between the lawyer and the client is based on self-interests. Both members of the relationship of this approach look after each other`s advantages. The client relies on the honesty and liability of the lawyer. The skills of the lawyer are appreciated and the well-being of the client is taken good care of with these skills. Lord Walker, in Hilton v Barker Booth and Eastwood relate the fiduciary approach to the contractual model.

However, the fiduciary method faces censure because it is perceived to be paternalistic. According to the opponents, fiduciaries take care of the matters of those who cannot deal with their matters by themselves. Like children need looking after in the same way.

The best way to establish an equal lawyer-client relationship is to follow the code of conduct. For instance, the Bar Code of Conduct 2015 stresses on lawyers serve the client`s all concerns. It suggests that the client`s information related to matters has to be undercover. It tells the client to be paid proper efforts and dealt with well. Moreover, the solicitor’s code of conduct 2011 makes lawyers represent the client at best and serve the client with great endeavors.

Even after the client is expired, the lawyer has to safeguard the important details of the client. This is a provision from chapter 4. Privacy can only be breached when it is asked by law or the client himself. Alongside this, a lawyer cannot misuse the relevant particulars of a client against or in favor of another client.

Similarly, the judgment of Lord Millet in the case of Bolkiah v KMPG clearly stresses the value of the client`s personal facts and recommends that the particulars in a case should be in a clandestine manner. Furthermore, the judge rules that the details of a particular client should not come into the hands of an opponent of a client. The legal privilege also provides impunity to the clients in relation to their particulars. Without permission from the client, a lawyer even should not reveal the client`s details in front of a court. However, in case of a breach of information, a client can approach a court against anyone.

Moreover, legal professional privilege is another legitimate impunity that covers lawyer-client discussions and meetings. This privilege empowers the relationship in which a court cannot force the lawyer and the client to share their secret facts for any purpose. Further, legal professional privilege is divided into two kinds: legal advice privilege and litigation privilege. Legal advice privilege keeps all the discussions and meetings between a lawyer and client clandestine. Litigation privilege encloses the communications between a lawyer and anyone participating in the legal proceedings.

The communications between lawyers and third parties are safeguarded by the circumstances stipulated by Lord Carswell in Three Rivers (No.). The communications are preserved only when legal proceedings are in continuation and in the way of construction. Secondly, they are privileged when communications are primarily being used for fundamental elements of litigation. Thirdly, when the litigation is confrontational, the communications will be privileged. Hence, in the above circumstances, the communications between lawyers and third parties are privileged.

Four solid arguments are given in favor of legal professional privilege by Lord Neuberger. It is argued that the client has the right to refuse to share its communications unless when the client admits or refuses its right to the disclosure of communication. The second one is a statute rule that the privilege can be overruled. The third one is, that the document is made ready in relation to a notorious motive. The fourth one deals with exceptions that may apply.

A client can share particulars only if he wants in order to clear his stance. The client has the authority of confidentiality legal privilege and the client can utilize the communications in the legal proceedings. In this case, the matter of legal professional privilege is highlighted well. A client was interrogated about the dissimilarities between his way of describing the events and his lawyer. So, the client indicated that he was misperceived by the lawyer and therefore misconceptions have taken place. This happened in the case of R v Seaton [2010] EWCA Crim 1980. Thus, this case shows the right of privilege very well.

An exception to legal professional privilege is made by Re L, the House of Lords. There was a legal proceeding under Children Act 1989. A mother was summoned on giving drugs to her child. The lawyer of the mother ordered a report from the consultant which certified how the mother used the drugs on the child. When police asked for a copy of the report, the lawyer refused to provide using legal professional privilege. The report was prepared by a third party and privilege cannot be implemented on reports therefore the house lords made an exception.

Introduction:

A lawyer is a guide to social and bears great importance. The common masses may not understand the exact language of the law and the procedure of its proper implementation. It is the role of the lawyer who makes society aware of the rule of law and its bindings. The lawyers create a bridge between the legal system and the people. Moreover, the lawyer’s role has been defined on the basis of codes of conduct in order to establish an equal lawyer-client relationship. The role is to the benefit of people and to the well-being of society.

Standard Conception:

The standard conception aims at making the role of lawyers just and fair towards clients. It demands respectful treatment from the lawyers and stresses eradicating the grievances of the clients to the best. David Luban says Every lawyer knows tricks of the trade that can be used to do opponents out of their legal deserts. However, some perspectives claim that such tricks are applied only when they favor the interests of the clients. The standard conception of the lawyer`s role fixes the prime responsibility of lawyers to stick to the best interests of the clients. Such prescriptions have invited censure that most of the instructions favor clients.

In addition, the standard conception has been divided into two models which Boon support and claims. The first one is neutrality which prescribes the lawyer to represent their clients whatever their grievances are or whether they support or do not. A neutral approach has to be adopted in order to perform the prime duty. The second approach is partisanship which requires the lawyer to be the partner of their clients in their issues. This would involve the lawyer more passionately. These two approaches mentioned above are if adopted by the lawyers, the non-accountability standard conception provides immunity to the lawyers from the consequences. It means lawyers will not be blameworthy of their actions.

Neutrality:

The approach of neutrality requires the lawyers to get rid of their personal feelings in order not to influence the interests of their clients. If lawyers impose their own opinions and analysis, this would change the direction of the case. This would probably result in disagreement and arguments between the lawyer and the client. Furthermore, the neutrality approach can let Christian lawyers represent Muslim clients or Muslim lawyers defend Jewish clients. This approach does not see the background or the end of the case but controls a biased approach in choosing whose proposal to be accepted or rejected.

Partisanship:

The partisanship standard requires that the lawyer becomes a partner to the client in the case and they both equally treat each other. The lawyer in this principle lets clients pursue their interests and defend their actions of the clients. In this regard, it is said that the client is alone and the lawyer should be a champion against a hostile world. For instance, a client can be in a situation of seeking immigration or asylum and he or she is in a foreign country to do so. The lawyer must be the support and the shadow of the client in such circumstances. It is found in some of the US literature that lawyers have to stand by their clients’ prepositions even if they are against their views. Moreover, the partisan approach is well expressed in the eighteenth-century case, Annesley v Anglesey, that A gentleman of character does not disclose his client’s secrets, An attorney identifies with his clients, and it would be contrary to the rules of natural justice and equity for an individual to betray himself, and Attorneys are necessary for the conduct of business, and business would be destroyed if the attorneys were to disclose their communications with their clients.

Mere-zeal v Hyper-zeal:

The approach of partisans makes the lawyers observe mere-zeal and hyper-zeal behavior while dealing with the cases of their clients. In a mere-zealous attitude, the lawyer is supposed to fulfill the legal expectations and ensure that this process does not violate the statute. However, the lawyer has to use all of his power or skills at his disposal to provide justice to the clients. On the contrary, it is argued that in the process of mere-zealous expression, the lawyers might become hyper-zealous which takes the lawyer to go beyond legal rights. This state would make the lawyer choose benefit to the clients rather than legal objectives. In this regard, Luban says My legal rights are everything I am in fact legally entitled to, not everything the law can be made to give.

Justifications of Standard Conception:

Authors and other notaries have justified standard conception variously but the case studies reveal the importance of standard conception and its natural implementation. Similarly, Tim Dare keeps the view that the folks have little legal knowledge and the lawyers can help in this regard but lawyers should not exploit this opportunity. It is further said that neutrality is used to make lawyers stick to the demands of the clients. The lawyers are empowered legally because they keep the best knowledge of the law. After years of practice, lawyers are replete with great experience and expertise. Along with these powers, the will of the lawyers should be to satisfy the client`s prime objectives.

Daniel Markovits substantiates standard conception with democratic legitimacy in his book, A Modern Legal Ethics. It is argued in the book that law can be utilized in a manner that can resolve the grievances of the clients and the manner should not violate the statute the partisan lawyer should make the best use of his skills. Partisanship should ignite confidence and trust in the clients for participating more actively in the legal arena. The will in the clients will arouse only when the lawyers give clients the opportunity to well use their evidence and arguments in favor of their interests.

Stephen Pepper writes: The client often wants or needs to understand what the law is in order to evaluate options and make decisions about his or her life, and the most common function of lawyers (across specializations and areas of practice) is to provide that knowledge. It is further said that the lawyers should provide access to the law to the clients so that clients are helped decide their own approach and stance. This way the lawyers should not impose their own methods on whether the approach is morally good or not. The non-accountability protects lawyers in this process but they cannot surpass the rule of law. Furthermore, Charles Fried claims that lawyers should work like a friend with clients. Friends support and justify every action of their friend in the same way lawyers should also perform their duties.

The promoters of the standard conception divide themselves on the basis of differences of opinion. Some argue that the hyper-zeal approach is better because it makes the lawyers achieve the goals of clients using any technique but remaining within the limits of laws. They argue that lawyers must adopt fearless advocacy in order to serve at best. Daniel Markovits suggests modern legal ethics that allow lawyers to cheat and deceive even lie to serve their clients. It is meant that by using the laws in a manner that covers malpractices.

Moreover, hyper-zeal is supported by two basic arguments. Firstly, both parties are supposed to present every evidence and argument in order to achieve speedy justice and if both refrain from being to the point, the provision of justice may get influenced. Secondly, it is the right of the clients to decide to present what argument is in their best interest allowed by law. This shows that if there appears a problem in revelation then it will be lacking on the part of the legal system. Both arguments strive to do justice and encourage a smooth flow in the provision of justice and fairness. Contrarily, some keep the view that standard conception should not be misused and exploited and a mere-zealous approach is encouraged by them. It is argued by them that lawyers should represent their clients by using good ethical objections free from malpractices.

Alternatives to Standard Conception:

It is argued by some thinkers that there are alternatives to standard conception which can be used to avoid evil and malpractices. They are proposed by Brandley Wendel and William Simon who reject the use of standard conception. Their views deserve discussion in detail.

Brandley Wendel:

The role of lawyers cannot be fixed according to Brandley Wendel. If we decide one particular thing and impose it, there are many more prescriptions ignored in this way. Wendel argues that all lawyers have different perspectives and adopt dissimilar ways to handle their cases and therefore we cannot impose universal values and ethics on all of them. There is no way we can do a comparison between a lawyer from South Asia and a lawyer from South America. They are pools apart. Wendel further says, Just as neither a nun nor a mother can be criticized for failing to realize the virtues particular to the other, so is it possible that two or more types of lawyers may exist, each of which exemplifies competing but incompatible virtues.

William Simon:

It is argued by William Simon that we do need standard conception or other ethical values to serve justice. Achievement and provision of justice is the fundamental objective of every action that a lawyer performs. It is further argued that when a lawyer is representing a client he is already striving to reach the fundamental goal which is justice in the legal system. In counterargument, the supporters of standard conception claim that if both opponents present the best arguments how justice can be served? Leniently it is replied by William Simon that most of the time either side is being presented poorly if the law is not just then justice will not pave the way. It is all about the legal system which should be just and fair otherwise nothing would go right even if there are thousands of standard conceptions.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, it can be said that one cannot wholly rely on ethical codes to receive justice. The legal system and its pillars should be strong enough in order not to let injustice prevail. The role of lawyers should also be given priority in the provision of justice but the legal system should not be a game played only by lawyers in society. There must be a balance of power system where neither lawyers nor others should surpass one another. Thus, the legal system must be so strong that it should not be exploited.