Category: Justice

Summary

The concept of an ideal society has been extensively discussed, for it is every mans dream. The subject, however, lacks a perfect explanation, and there exist numerous perceptions from various individuals in the modern world. In this article, I present my model of an ideal society which possesses key features such as equality and justice, peace, and economic security. Equality and justice ensure that people are fairly treated, and no one is deemed to be lesser or superior to others. Peace ensures that people understand each other and that conflicts are solved through non-violent means. And lastly, economic security develops a stable government that provides the members of the society with resources and guarantees individuals security from internal and external threats such as war crimes, and ethnic cleansing, among others (Doyle and Mill 113).

Economic Security and the Government

My ideal society is a thriving economy founded on a sustainable and strong rate of growth and dynamic creation of employment. It is well aware of the means to operate, control and build the production instruments. It also possesses the ability to develop, adapt and understand new techniques in technology. It, therefore, passes this knowledge and skill to its youth, both formally and through apprenticeship. Individuals are hired for jobs only through merit and competence levels and fired as well as demoted based on performance.

Power in society is supremely vested in its members. The leaders only acquire power when they are directly voted for by the societys majority in a free and fair election. Voting is, therefore, a right, and only adults are permitted to participate in elections. Individuals running for elections abide by election laws and fully comply with the requirements of the elections governing body. The powers of elected leaders are clearly defined and certainly limited. Besides their responsibilities as elected officials, leaders are bound by other provisions of the law just as other citizens.

The power mentioned above is administered through three branches of the government: the judiciary, executive, and legislature. This separation of power is necessary to prevent its abuse and safeguard freedom for every citizen. The judiciarys task is to administer independent and impartial justice. It ensures that individuals comply with the laws. On the other hand, the executive implements laws through agencies like the police and armed forces. The overall leader in the society will be the president, who is also an executive member. Finally, the legislature will be tasked with passing laws that govern the society. It formulates the societys will and bestows on it legal power and force. Other duties would include establishing the societys budget and confirming appointments in the office.

The societys government guarantees the citizens basic rights and freedoms which include, among others, the right to life, a fair trial, liberty and security, freedom of expression, of thought, and freedom from slavery, and torture. In a nutshell, society would be a true democracy. German philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx believed that The purpose of government is to assure to man the enjoyment of his natural and imprescriptible rights (46).

He would consequently be delighted with my model society, which also safeguards its citizens rights and freedoms. The government also guarantees gender equality and ensures there is no economic discrimination against persons of a particular race, religion, or sexual orientation, among others. It also emphasizes research and offers no room for speculation or superstition. Therefore, it has institutions, both social and political, that are ideal for achieving its wide-ranging economic objectives.

Even though the economy would be a free market, some government regulations, such as the use of credit controls, would be essential in preventing economic fluctuations. As such, the government would regulate some of societys economic activities. A legitimate government would also exist to maintain law and order in society. In this capacity and through its law enforcement agencies, it detects, prevents, investigates, and prosecutes offenders as stipulated by its laws. The agencies also gather intelligence to prevent any incidents that might threaten law and order.

Features such as social unity, public scrutiny, and autonomy make the society more attractive and therefore be incorporated. In social unity, the members of the society work alongside one another to achieve societal goals. In public scrutiny, the citizens are watchdogs to those holding government offices. They effectively monitor the activities of all the branches of the government and ensure everyone is responsible. In autonomy, certain regions are allowed the freedom to self-govern even though the overall constitutional framework of the country is still preserved.

Equality and Justice

My model society is fair and just, and the aforementioned features are reflected in its institutions and their activities. A fair and just society is one wherein its members respect the rights of one another and protect and improve their freedoms. Also, in such a society, elected individuals maintain justice through the fair allocation of income. These elected individuals are tasked with making decisions and implementing policies, some of which may be questioned by societys members.

Martin Luther King Jr. also supports the idea mentioned above of an equal and just society in Letter from a Birmingham Jail. The letter was written at a crucial and decisive moment in the black communitys struggle to overcome centuries-old oppression in the United States of America. As he addresses those who accuse him of causing trouble in Birmingham, he says, Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly (3). Therefore, society would not be biased towards a certain group of people while favoring another.

In the ideal society, ones sex would not be a barrier to full participation in one desired activity in the society. As Lama and Alt assert, Equality and equal opportunity between women and men is critical for a better world (48). Thus, women would not be limited from realizing their full potential due to equality in society. For instance, women would still bear the burden of childbirth, but after the childs birth, men would play a vital role in the childs upbringing. As both men and women share in raising their children, women, in particular, can allocate time for work and family. In turn, women get to have steady careers just as men.

Society would equally allocate resources, services, and opportunities available to its population. It offers every individual access to opportunities to improve their lives. Resources such as quality healthcare and education would be equally provided for all the members of the society to improve the quality of their lives. Also, institutions such as banks offer loans on equal terms to those in need. In the present society, such offers are present except that some people are excluded. In most societies, people of color and even those in the lower classes of the social ladder as treated differently. Until all these issues are addressed, contemporary society is still miles off my ideal society.

Peace

Peace is essential for the success of any meaningful activity. Since an ideal society strives for development, justice, and law and order, peace is a prerequisite. My model society emphasizes the content and conditions of peace. It encourages a practical and flexible process characterized by participation and dialogue. Conflicts are solved in a cooperative and mutually understanding manner. Therefore, the model society focuses its resources on developing mindsets that can easily transition from conflict to dialogue, violence to peace, and force to reason.

Even though there is still a long way to go, the idea of a peaceful society has been embraced in the contemporary world, and efforts have been made to realize it. As a huge advocate for negotiation and non-violence, Dr. Martin Luther King stated that Non-violent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue (5). Throughout his life, he advanced the idea of peaceful approaches to attaining ones goals and would, as a result, be impressed with this idea being incorporated into the model society.

A peaceful, stable, and thriving society is also achievable when individuals make every effort to become better (Lama and Alt 46). They can begin by acknowledging the humanity in those they perceive to be their enemies, which would involve educating the heart and training the spirit. In addition, war and armed conflicts will be avoided as resources are allocated for peace initiatives. The message would be loud and clear that if there is any peace, society has to prepare for it. Just as there is a ministry for security and defense, there would be a ministry for peace.

While it invests in impressive military academies, it needs to introduce obligatory peace education at all levels of its school system. And as it develops new weapons for armed conflict and conducts research for national security, it would support peace research to help in understanding conflicts and how to solve them through non-violence.

Works Cited

Doyle, Michael W., and John S. Mill. Question of Intervention: John Stuart Mill and the responsibility to protect. Yale University Press, 2017.

King Jr, Martin L. Letter from Birmingham Jail. Penguin, 2018.

Lama, Dalai, and Franz Alt. An Appeal to the World: The way to Peace in a Time of Division. William Collins, 2017.

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Collected Works of Karl Marx (illustrated). 1st ed., Delphi Classics, 2016.

When reading a text, one should focus on the exact moral lessons and knowledge that the author intends to impart into the readers mind. Instances of social inequality are common in the current century. In addition, social justice leads to harmony, peace, and tranquility, apart from fostering economic development in the community. The aim of this paper is to discuss the different authors who address the topic of social justice.

Suzanne Pharr is among the authors who motivate me to embrace excellence in my future career. According to Pharr (2016), supporting autonomy and enhancing socioeconomic justice is a tremendous action for all people. The author further opines that it requires the commitment of individuals to resolve a conflict (Pharr, 2016). I have learned that I should strive toward enhancing peace and tranquility in the workplace and society. As a business-oriented person, Pharrs ideas have aided me in integrating society members and helping them develop through voluntary programs. Therefore, through Pharrs text, I have learned that, as a leader, I need to include the best conflict resolution approaches in the workplace apart from incorporating society members and empowering them economically.

Allan Johnson is another author who is significant in my present and future life. The author alludes that ending ordeals of oppression requires society first to comprehend the exact pressure they face (Johnson, 2016). The author further depicts that capitalism has aided in creating oppression and privilege incidents (Johnson, 2016). Connectedly, Johnsons sentiments have made me aware that I am, in fact, a part of the problems, and I need to formulate the best approach to counter different societal issues. Furthering my education level will ensure that I will get a well-payed job, contributing to closing the gap between the affluent and the needy in society. Thus, I will certify that I embrace hard work in my studies to become the socioeconomic solution, giving other people employment sources to advance their lives significantly.

Cornel West makes the most compelling argument which can help me, and, notably, the people who have lost hope in life. According to West (2016), it requires courage from an individual to focus on past mistakes and take steps towards brightening the future. Wests words are essential, obtaining knowledge and giving people in society hope that, despite their present devastating conditions, they will one day embrace success in life as long as they remain focused. Every person in the world has the potential to become prominent if they are determined. Therefore, West has helped me develop hope to make it in life one day, despite the current societal injustices.

Gloria Anzaldúa is the fourth author whose work critically motivates me. Anzaldúa (2016) asserts that friendship is equal to supporting one another in society. She further reiterates that being allies helps individuals reveal their painful stories to each other, hence, enhancing a quick recovery process (Anzaldúa, 2016). I have developed a comprehension of the prudence of friends. Allies are significant in ones life since they help settle different problems leading to depression. Therefore, because of Anzaldúa, I have understood the true meaning of excellent bonding with others in the community.

Patricia Hill Collins is another author who presents an awareness regarding the current happenings in society. Collins (2016) mentions that race, class, and gender issues prevent people from achieving their dreams in life. The author urges society to formulate ways to end these three menaces in the community (Collins, 2016). Understandably, Collins teaches me the importance of treating people equally regardless of their class, race, or gender.

Conclusively, civil justice dictates that people should make the world a better place that fits everyone despite their inabilities, races, gender, and even social classes. Suzanne Pharr, Allan Johnson, Cornel West, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Patricia Hill Collins champion collaboration in society to achieve different life goals and social justice, in general. Above all, there is a need for all people to formulate solutions to societal problems.

References

Anzaldúa, E. G. (2016). Allies. In M. Adams et al. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (pp. 627630). Routledge.

Collins, H. P. (2016). Towards a new vision: Race, class, and gender. In M. Adams et al. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (pp. 606612). Routledge.

Johnson, G. A., (2016). What can we do? In M. Adams et al. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (pp. 612618). Routledge.

Pharr, S. (2016). Reflections on liberation. In M. Adams et al. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (pp. 594601). Routledge.

West, C. (2016). Courage. In M. Adams et al. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice (pp. 625627).

In the first part of the nineteenth century and especially the twentieth century, a philanthropic impetus of wealthy American women led to considerable changes in the healthcare system. The germ theory and the understanding of potential hazards related to infection spread made certain groups of society take action to protect their communities (Dieckmann, 2020). Social justice can be defined as a concept concerned with values and moral codes, as well as particular measures to follow the established ethical principles. Although some see efforts aimed at establishing social justice as socialized medicine or even communism, this perspective is rather far-fetched. Social justice refers to communities (and individuals) efforts to make sure that all groups have equal access to basic resources (Gross, 2020). The U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to pursue happiness to all, so all groups, including vulnerable cohorts, should be able to exercise this right.

The existing healthcare system is not fair in many respects and needs major changes. Some people, due to social, economic, political, and historical issues, can hardly access quality care. It is important that all people could earn their living and pay for their expenses, but it is also critical to help those in need. In various situations, people need time to recover from diverse negative circumstances (including illness). During these periods, communities should be there to support vulnerable groups and help them receive the care they need to contribute to the development of society when they are able to do so. A magic wound could first be used to amend the way funds are allocated. Lots of unnecessary services are provided and ineffective programs are being implemented. These funds could be allocated to support low-income communities and incorporate them into American society. Nurses should continue advocating for social justice and suggest strategies to fix the system, which can make the system truly fair.

References

Dieckmann, J. (2020). History of public health and public and community health nursing. In M. Stanhope & J. Lancaster (Eds.), Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community (10th ed.) (pp. 22-44). Elsevier.

Gross, M. (2020). Application of ethics in the community. In M. Stanhope & J. Lancaster (Eds.), Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community (10th ed.) (pp. 149-164). Elsevier.

Nowadays, people have often faced the manifestation of different social justice issues. One may distinguish many problems. However, one may divide them into two categories. The first category includes international problems related to climate, wars, refugees, and so on. The second one is characterized by internal social justice issues of the country, for example, racial inequality and gun violence. The latter is one of the urgent problems in relation to which one wants to make some noise. The aim of the paper is to describe the issue, analyze the reasons for the problem and propose a possible solution.

In recent years, the number of gun violence incidents has increased. These are suicides, murders, robberies, or mass shootings; in other words, this problem is characterized by deliberate harm. The motivation for such actions may be explained by two groups of reasons. The first part includes financial stimulation: using weapons to get hold of money or other objects. The second part is formulated by mental problems, namely the desire to harm other people. It can be caused by both mental health problems and the effects of substances such as alcohol or drugs.

Furthermore, one may characterize the reasons for this problem by both general large-scale problems and internal political ones. Common problems are expressed by the growth in the psychological pressure that people are faced. It can be explained by the tension in political relations between the countries, but to a greater extent due to the pandemic and social isolation. All these reasons have a similar principle of action: the general negative background enlarges the psychological tension in individuals. Further, it leads to a desire to express aggression, and sometimes people who have access to weapons may use them. An easy approach to guns formulates an internal political reason: namely, the legislation.

Thus, most people are free to buy and own weapons; in modern realities, for some people, it is necessary as a self-defense tool. Moreover, for the possession of a firearm, it is needed to provide documents confirming mental health. However, it constitutes a problem since no one can claim that there will be no unforeseen circumstances that will lead to aggression. In other words, more sophisticated access to weapons would seem to reduce the incidence of gun violence. Moreover, the person who provided the documents may buy a weapon for its resale. Thereby, the people to whom one will sell weapons may have the goal of committing a robbery or mass shooting: it is impossible to control.

Accordingly, a possible solution to the problem would be the revision of the gun ownership policy. One may suggest the creation of a special category of people who need it. For example, businessmen who can become the target of an attack or farmers who need to control their territory. However, the process should be complicated for citizens from poor conditions or who do not have a solid reason to purchase weapons. Moreover, it is necessary to introduce careful monitoring and severe penalties for the resale of weapons. Preventive measures for reselling weapons could be special trackers that show whether the gun is still near the buyer or a monthly check for the availability of purchased weapons in random order.

As a result, one may conclude that gun violence is a social justice issue, due to which one would get into necessary trouble. It was possible to determine that the problem lies both in international aspects and in internal reasons. The main reason was the increase in psychological pressure and social isolation, which intensified the effect. Likewise, current gun ownership legislation formulates a controversial issue: it leads to easy access and subsequent use of weapons for criminal activities. One may propose a possible solution: strengthening control over the procedure for buying weapons and punishment associated with illegal handling.

John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971) seeks to explain that morals are based on right and wrong decisions that may or may not lead to good and bad behaviors that are often unrelated to justice and fairness. Rawls Justice as Fairness theory considers that the two meaning justice and fairness go hand in hand and that neither justice nor fairness can exist without the other. Rawls reiterates that justice and fairness should include everyone having equal access to services, goods, and liberties. However, morality often prevents equal access and distribution of goods, services, and liberties to people because moralities are not the same for everyone. Moralities are codes of conduct and behaviors that have been accepted by an individual, society or group. Based on these conclusions, Rawls argues that people would have to be under a veil of ignorance to make fair and just decisions in society.

According to Rihanna Gunn-Wright, climate crisis and environmental justice has placed people of color in an unfair advantage due to the fact that many people of color are intentionally placed in harmful and toxic environments because of their race and economic status (How Climate Change and Environmental Justice Are Inextricably Linked). The article concludes that environmental justice has been created in a manner that concludes that environmental justice is in fact about racism. Rihanna based her conclusion on the historical issues that are related to classism. Classism is a system that works to keep certain communities in a disadvantaged socioeconomic position where economic mobility is prevented within the community due to redlining. Rihanna states that racism doesnt necessarily show up as someone calling you the n-word. It shows up in how a district is zoned or what they are willing to put in a neighborhood.

Unfortunately, due to lack of knowledge, many people of color are not even aware of the housing discrimination that automatically places them in neighborhoods that are zoned for industrial and fuel plants. Furthermore, these plants cause pollution and other underlying health conditions.

Environmental justice is defined by the environmental protection agency as the fair treatment of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations and policies. According to Rawls, the difference lies in morality. As stated earlier, morality is the essential basis that is learned, or adaptive behaviors or attitudes that are established and used to make decisions about one thing or another. Just as research, theory and society have proven that it is impossible to have climate justice without environmental justice. Research theory and society have also proven that it is also impossible to have justice without fairness.

Therefore, a fair treatment of the vulnerable minorities relies on the idea justice, which is now affected by a corrupt systematic behavior and segregation. As Gunn-Wright stated you cannot address climate change without addressing environmental justice and climate justice, because otherwise you are leaving the landscape that can again be exploited (Parker 2). The problem with exposed sites lies deeply in the social justice area. Social justice is the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities. In the case discussed by Gunn-Wright, people of color are victims of social injustice. They are deprived of their social rights to live in healthier neighbourhoods that are not affected by pollution. In order to change that, simple climate change will not be enough.

Current flawed morality placed people of color in a weak position that weakened their voices. Therefore, current ideas of what seemed to be just and fair once, are not relevant. With social justice firmly in place, people of color will have ability to move into better neighbourhoods. Moreover, they can be heard about the matters that bother them. In order to achieve social justice in the situation of climate crisis and flawed environmental justice, vulnerable and exposed communities firstly have to have their rights improved and firmly established. Social movements like BLM are doing a good job in making minorities to be heard, although there is much more work to be conducted.

Disproportionate allocation of recourses and liberties, in this case  unpolluted land and ability to relocate, goes against the idea of fairness and justice. This goes against the notion of the concept of social justice. Systematic racism that located the minorities into vulnerable areas still prevails, thus the core ideas have to be changed to reflect the modern social approach of equality. If the allocation of recourses was done based on the fairness and justice, all communities would live in similar neighbourhoods that would be free from pollution to the possible extent. Industrial zones would be located away from the people, which would lead to healthier lives.

The approach that is aimed at changing the contaminating plants by solar panels, which will give the community an access to the clean and cheap power source also indicates that the members of the community will be able to save finances and relocate if they ever want to. The house prices of such neighborhoods have a chance of increasing, which will also help to vanish the redline. As Rawls have argued the decisions to located industrial plant to the areas, where minorities live were made under the veil of ignorance. Thus, social justice will also enable the communities to have an access to better facilities and have a positive impact on climate change. Therefore, social justice has to be aimed not only at helping the minority communities but also at adjusting the established beliefs and moral codes of conduct.

In conclusion, as it has been stated justice and fairness are linked to one another, and first cannot exist without the second one. However, the morality that is based on the established behaviors does not follow the notion of justice. The concept of redlining which seemed just to the powerful but ignorant part of the population at some point in the past is now irrelevant and socially unjust. Thus, the exposure of minor communities to the pollution and their inability to relocate has to be changed. However, the environmental and climate change are not the first issues that have to be addressed. The main issue is hidden in the notion of social justice. With the concept of social justice applied, the communities would be able to have an ability to relocate. Moreover, there would be no vulnerable and polluted neighborhoods, where communities are exposed to the contamination. Social justice would correct the flawed morality and enable true justice and fairness to take place, where everyone will have an equal access to the goods, services and liberties.

Works Cited

Justice. Merriam Webster, Web.

How Climate Change and Environmental Justice Are Inextricably Linked. The Washington Post, interview by Robin Rose Parker, Web.

Gert, Bernard and Joshua Gert, The Definition of Morality, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Web.

Maiese, Michelle. Distributive Justice. Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, Boulder. Web.

Introduction

In general, revenge is an action that involves harming someone in return for being harmed by them. Usually, all people can feel this urge to punish somebody for the actions they did. Psychologists consider that revenge is a form of providing justice. The threat of revenge can keep people protected from those who are willing to harm (Chester and DeWall 414). In this respect, revenge can assure people that those who inflicted moral or physical damage on them will not do that again in the future. However, sometimes, revenge can have unpleasant consequences. For example, when a loving couple breaks each others things when they quarrel; when businesspeople destroy their careers trying to avenge those who rejected them; when students start a fire in a school building, and so on (Hall). Thus, revenge is considered one of the deepest human instincts; therefore, it is impossible to get rid of it, but it is possible to control it.

The Concept of Revenge

The concept of revenge was first described a very long time ago. Bible, for example, justifies revenge claiming that an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is acceptable. However, nowadays, there is an enormous number of books and movies that depict stories about revenge. Almost all of them have one common opinion regarding revenge. They demonstrate that it is bad and emphasize that it always has pernicious consequences (Grobbink et al. 897). The characters in these stories always suffer, as at first, when they want to avenge somebody or something, they usually feel pain and anger, but when their revenge is over, the feelings do not change.

Thus, in modern society, using different forms of art, people try to show that revenge is mostly bad. They also show that it is imperative to try avoiding it and learn to forgive their offenders. However, according to the statistics, this does not bring any positive results. The main reason for this is certainly that this urge for revenge is one of the human instincts, which is difficult to control. Another crucial reason is that as long as there are offenders, the feeling of injustice will always prevail in peoples minds, and they will succumb to revenge.

Certainly, it seems logical that if one person did something bad to another person, he or she will feel injustice and try to establish it using revenge. On the other hand, violence begets violence, and the offender can also avenge somebody in return, and so on (Bone and Raihani 325). Therefore, to stop this process, people try to convince those who want revenge not to initiate this process at all.

Conclusion

Thus, it is impossible to get rid of revenge, as, according to various studies, even animals are inclined to this feeling. The reason for this is probably because the concept of revenge is closely connected to the concept of justice, which is responsible for the feeling of what is right and what is wrong. Therefore, since the feeling of revenge is inevitable, it is necessary to manage it. Indeed, the key to solving the problem of revenge is not to try to eliminate it but to control it. Revenge is not always negative and, in certain cases, it can bring positive results (Hall). It can occur only in those cases when revenge is used as a punishment that shows people that they did wrong and must not repeat that.

Works Cited

Bone, Jonathan E., and Nichola J. Raihani. Human Punishment is Motivated by Both a Desire for Revenge and a Desire for Equality. Evolution and Human Behavior, vol. 36, no. 4, 2015, pp. 323-330.

Chester, David S., and C. Nathan DeWall. Combating the Sting of Rejection with the Pleasure of Revenge: A New Look at How Emotion Shapes Aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 112, no. 3, 2017, pp. 413-426.

Grobbink, Leonie H., et al. Revenge: An analysis of its psychological underpinnings. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, vol. 59, no. 8, 2015, pp. 892-907.

Hall, Karyn. Revenge: Will You Feel Better? Psychology Today. 2013, Web.

Introduction

In this article, the tension between the values of human rights and the ideals of justice displayed in South African township courts is examined. According to this line of reasoning, implementing human rights in post-apartheid South Africa has resulted in several societal implications, including convergences and divergences between human rights theories and local notions of justice. Thus, the diversity of legal regimes in South Africa today can be traced back to a wide range of social acts. The author argues that The introduction of human rights in post-apartheid South Africa has had varied social effects, (Wilson, 2017, p. 75). As a consequence of this, the concept of legal pluralism is useful for gaining an understanding of the relationship between formal morals and judicial systems such as customary law and state law.

Discussion

Both legal centralists and pluralists have been at odds with one another for a significant time. Neither group has been able to fully persuade the other of the validity of their respective points of view. The author therefore, asserts that It is clear that the new South Africa is using truth and reconciliation to lay out the larger picture of what was happening during apartheid and to prevent the escalation of violence, but it is not at all clear what the move from violence to harmony will mean, especially when it is coercive. (Wilson, 2017, p. 91). This is done to bring the two systems of thinking into harmony. This more complicated method provides a deeper grasp of the fragile relationship between society and the judicial system.

It is not the history of the Europeans who invaded Africa that is represented in local African legislation; rather, it is the history of the people who were already living on the continent before Europeans arrived. Legal pluralism, which may be described as several legal systems within the same geographic region, has not yet been fully appreciated. According to Wilson, There no clear divergence, however, there is an uncover between human rights ideas and the notions of justice expressed in local lekgotla, or township courts, which emphasize punishment and retribution (2017, p. 75). Instead of viewing society and the legal system as two separate and distinct entities, the investigation should be done on how social actors engage with and influence the development of legal institutions over time. There has been a general trend toward more centralization in the country since the transition to democracy in 1994. On the other hand, this method is not devoid of debate; certain organizations are opposed to the tendencies toward centralization and are calling for a more diverse strategy.

Although it is not always the case, there are times when forgiveness and rage may coexist. This is not always the case, however. When one considers the unintended consequences of moral categories, it becomes clear that revenge and forgiveness are not mutually exclusive concepts. To advance racial harmony, a few different approaches may be used. Recognizing and elevating pain is one of these tactics, framing suffering as a price worth paying for liberation and linking suffering with other things. Developing these tactics was to create an environment of forgiveness and peacemaking inside groups and between them. According to the article, Religious values and human rights discourse converged on the notion of reconciliation on the basis of shared value orientations. (Wilson, 2017, p. 81). Even though both human rights discourse and religious beliefs have adopted the idea of reconciliation, there is a notable gap between the two, as seen in the township courts.

Because there are not enough effective conflict resolution institutions to negotiate sustainable local peace to communities, it is difficult for ceremonial gestures of reconciliation, such as shaking hands with mothers of military young, to promote any reconciliation at the local level. One example of this is shaking hands with mothers of military young. According to the article, It is possible to take a more synthetic view of the creative tension between anthropologists and colonial historians and build up a version of legal pluralism that is useful for thinking about the interactions between state officials advocating new human rights ideas and practices and local moralities and legal institutions in African communities. (Wilson, 2017, p. 77). Because of this notion, there were fewer interactions between the parties involved because it was felt that they had too much to lose as a result of their earlier involvement in the violence.

Conclusion

From the article summary, I can say that in the same manner as the harsh justice that is administered in some of the local courts is seen to be deplorable. I see that local groups deal with minor violations, and the term kangaroo court has come to be associated with these organizations. Therefore, these organizations are hostile to human rights and have violated them. The National Human Rights Commission, which stands for all rights of human beings, has been much more successful when bringing about justice than other organizations. Therefore, I conclude that the legal system is patriarchal and has a strong working link with police enforcement. This factored into the decision to end some of the political violence that had taken place in the past.

Reference

Wilson, R.A. (2017). Reconciliation and revenge in post-apartheid South Africa. International Law and Society, 451-465. Web.

Introduction

Over the years, poetry, literature, and music have played critical roles in advocating equality, justice, and environmental protection. Poetic language presents information in a way that enables readers to relate the message to their personal experiences and make informed decisions. As Social Justice (SJ) and Environmental Justice (EJ) gain importance, Guignard, Hughes, and Perez have creatively addressed the importance of looking at the world to identify and address the causes of EJ and SJ.

Environmental and Social Justice

Environmental protection is considered a collaborative duty involving all members of the community. Guignard demonstrates how failure to protect the ecosystem will lead to the flaring and dropping of the sun, making the entire world sad as parents lose their jobs, leaving children to suffer (line 11). This has a significant impact as it awakens readers to the realization of the suffering that results from environmental degradation. Similarly, Perez uses an example of his unborn daughter to question the impact of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) on the soil, water, and human body, adding that it turns our steams red (lines 44-45). The role of poetry in enforcing social justice is revealed in Hughes poem, where he calls upon readers to wake up and realize that the walls of oppression will have to go (line 10). These three authors creatively refer to contemporary social issues to enable people to realize their roles in fostering EJ and SJ and rise to the responsibility to save the world.

Conclusion

In conclusion, poetry is a crucial tool for social enlightenment. The poets herein compose creative pieces addressing the negative consequences of environmental degradation and social injustice. They use their personal stories, families, and general social issues to awaken readers to realize their vital roles in enhancing a safe and just environment. In essence, EJ and SJ are shown to require creative problem-solving and collaboration from all stakeholders.

Works Cited

Guignard, Lilace. Lullaby in Fracktown. Poetry Foundation. Web.

Hughes, Langston. I Look at the World. Poetry Foundation. Web.

Perez, Craig. From Understory. Poetry Foundation. Web.

Introduction: Tracing the Discrepancies between the Testaments

Gods decisions differ. This statement is often used to describe the content of two Testaments. The scholars of all times have been investigating the sources and the logical explanations of some discrepancies that put a strong line of demarcation between the Old and the New Testament.

However, the Bible transitions often seem unperceivable for a human mind. Thus, people tend to interpret separate issues from the Testaments in contrastive ways. The inconsistencies in both Testaments refer to such concepts as love, hatred, death, mercy, prophecy and many others. In this essay, the theme of justice is reviewed in the light of its depiction in the New American Bible.

Sources of Biblical Justice

Justice is a concept that determines whether something is right or wrong. Thus, to identify the sources of justice in the Bible, one has to understand the backbone of the decisions that are illustrated in each Testament. Throughout the history, various scientists approached an interpretation of Bible in different ways.

According to Joseph Fitzmyer, the only correct way of tracing the Holy Scriptures patterns is a historical-critical method. Thus, the author states that Biblical themes need historical explanations on different levels: literal, spiritual and so on (13).

Following Fitzmyers approach, one can identify the sources of justice through the exploration of the issues that were judged in two Testaments. The Old Testament provides some judgment on the behavior of Adam and Eve, Achan, Sodom and Gomorrah as well as unscrupulous contemporaries of Noah. In the New Testament, one may find the critical evaluation of Jews and the corrupt churches.

The key difference between the judgments that are provided in two Testaments is the way in which they were sustained. While the first part of Holy Script demonstrates justice of punishment, the second one is rather an embodiment of justice of mercy. If one verifies the context of Noah times judgments against the judgments of Jews, one can deduce that there was a crucial difference between them.

The Bible criticizes Jews in context of Christianized world, while the corrupt society of Noah times is judged through a prism of governance and authority. Therefore, it may be concluded that a major source of justice in two Testaments is a status of religion in the world. While the Old Testament only establishes the rules of conversion to religion, the New Testament provides an overview of godly decisions that are sustained in religious society.

Justice in the Old Testament: Unjust Decisions of Just God

The foundation of the Old Testament justice is often characterized by the phrase eye for an eye, which predetermines the existence of punishment as a ruling law. The biggest part of justice guidelines of the Old Testament may be found in the third part of the New American Bible that is named Leviticus.

For instance, through Leviticus, God claims: if someone commits a sin by inadvertently cheating in the Lords sacred dues, he shall bring to the Lord as his guilt offering an unblemished ram from the flock (The New American Bible, Lev. 15-1).

The first part of Holy Script contains a lot of similar regulations. They are incomprehensible for modern Christians who profess godly mercy and benevolence. Nevertheless, while analyzing the Old Testaments justice, one has to refer to the cruel conditions in which it was realized. Thus, Gods laws in a pre-Christian era should not be perceived as unjust decisions, but rather an eviction of Gods power and supremacy over the human race.

Judicature of the New Testament

In contrast to justice of punishment of the Old Testament, the second part of the Holy Scripture reveals a story of Messiah. The sufferings of Jesus in a Christianized world gave a rise to a new system of values and depicted Gods will as a never-ending mercy.

The new worlds justice is fully represented in Matthews gospels: but I tell you, do not resist him who is evil, but whoever strikes you on your right cheek, turn to him the other also (The New American Bible, Matt. 5-39). According to Brown, Matthews gospels reveal the whole idea of Christianization and shape a standard of relationships between people (25).

Still, one should not perceive the Messiahs deeds as a rebuttal of the Old Testaments law: do not think that I have come to abolish the law or the prophets. I have come not to abolish but to fulfill (The New American Bible, Matt. 5-17). Thus, the New Testament does not authorize a new concept of justice, it rather underlines the chivalrous side of the Old Testaments regulations.

Conclusion: The Unity of Two Testaments

To sum it up, despite the fact that the underlying concepts of justice in the Old and the New Testaments differ, they create an unbreakable unity. Therefore, the first part of the Holy Scripture represents the rules that establish the authority of God, while the second one determines the basics of human relationships under those rules.

Works Cited

Brown, Raymond. The Birth of the Messiah, New York: Doubleday, 1977. Print.

Fitzmyer, Joseph. The Interpretation of Scripture: In Defense of the Historical Critical Method, New York: Paulist, 2008. Print.

The New American Bible. Washington, DC: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, 2002. Print.

Introduction

The pursuit of truth and justice is usually an essential part of the mystery novel; Anils Ghost and The Lovely Bones approach the themes of truth and justice in unusual ways. The two stories have deep seated relationship regarding truth and justice. These qualities have been promoted, hidden, denied and complicated in a number of ways. This essay seeks to explore the implications of the relationship and discusses why the readers enjoy reading about truth and justice and their implications.

The fiction narratives that have bones and artifacts give us an idea on how to read bones again and again and look at them differently. People stop looking at them as the end, not as death, not as a sign of identities of various tribes and their ways of life but as continuous processes which link the past and present relationships. There are six novels by Native American authors which are under the discussion and revolve around the meanings of bones and how bones should be treated as a subject matter. In most cases they address academicians who insistently question the significance of bones. It does not matter whether these fictions are bones, words, open discursive fields of study or cultures, but there exists the risk of objectifying some texts so as to study it using methodologies of academic (Anna, p. 67).

Rather than allow readers to go on understanding bones as important objects of study, most these fiction stories have the tendency to look at bones as important society-shaping and plot-driving causes and consequent impact. To lay down the contrast this essay will begin by setting out a methodology, on how to read meanings of the bones according to Anils Ghost and the subsequent discourses which are not in the nature of American contexts and then to native American fiction stories (Michael, p. 59).

Bones as Truth

Anils is a very important fiction which was written some years back. The author is Michael, and the novel is centered on the abuses of human rights in Sri Lanka. According to the novel, there is a forensic anthropologist (MD) who is a researcher and works for organization, which resembles Amnesty International. She looks at bones as the evidence of material which can speak about what the dead victims of popular historical offences cannot say. Surprisingly, this school of thought has made many readers shocked because Native Americans would hate it if the bones of their departed were to be carefully studied so that the perpetrators of their murder, who often are governmental can be found (Michael, p. 55). According to this perspective, the bones convey justice and there usually is a very strong current of a desire caused by reading to transform bones into justice.

Implications of Bones In Search Of Justice and Truth

There is an argument which was introduced by Antoinette Burton. He says that the journey to the materiality of the history of human beings is somehow a response that can be predicted. The response is meant to fill the gaps of the havoc which was unprecedented and the kind of destruction brought about by the ways of the twentieth century; whether they occurred in the nature of global conflicts or local hostilities which was entailed by them (Antoinette, p. 57-57).

What remained in the wake of Vietnam, Ayodhya, Basta, Srebenica, Auschweitz and Tora Bora was effectively the detritus of history shards and fragments, dust and ashes, bone and ray.

The forensic scientists have worked extra hard to come up with various kinds of testimony from these remnants who cannot speak. Despite the fact that they cannot speak, these bones can provide information that cannot be provided by living beings. The only barrier they have is pathos of their memories and evidence of the criminal intent which can be verified and is objective. This consequently has been used as the base to pursue justice in the national, local and international tribunals.

The Implications of Bones on Justice

The view of the bones has such a compelling nature since it causes popular genres to outpour on TV shows, for example Cold Case, and CSI. The theme is To Make Bones Speak Truth and Justice (Antoinette, p. 70). This theme has gripped the imaginations and thoughts of the twentieth century, as well as the millennial century. This view attempts to catch up faster with all the kinds of crimes and trauma of 20^th century historical government. This means that there is nothing wrong in committing to bones and allow them to speak about history to the public. There is no need to resist this value. The Native American plot lines should also move into the forensic investigations. The American fiction attracts views to the way the bones archives have been put together over years and not just to establish causes of genocide but also to advance further the scientific studies.

Some anthropologists have argued that the modern anthropology was coined up at a time when colonial as well as post colonial ethnocide, genocides, population die outs with other kinds of mass destruction was the order of the day.

Most of the destruction was directed to the indigenous on non-Western individuals whose sufferings, lives and deaths provide enough raw materials for most bones being used in anthropology. Bones have therefore contributed greatly to anthropology and especially in uncovering most these truths and justices (Anna, p. 56-56).

The science of anthropology therefore is in the process of examining the self. This has enabled an increase in appreciating the significance of bones. They have also shown desire to fully participate in the intercultural relationships as evident from the study of bones. It is thus noble to put into consideration the Native American fiction in relation to this debate of fiction speaking the truth. Consequently, fiction will form a very important marker in understanding past and present relationships.

Native American fiction stories have been developing some kinds of a dual task. There is one which has documents regarding genocide history and enhancing the understanding by involving oral history which has been narrativized. Secondly, they have taken another dimension which does not agree to allow death and the definition of bones which is specimen-based as well as other remains (Anna, p. 100).

Anils Ghost tends to design bones so as to develop a flowing narrative regarding the continuous survival of the meaning, important tribal identities, the narratives with remnants and the bones. It shows us how to reveal and recontextualize bones in ways that are meaningful just the same way characters are supposed to find bones and restore them from where they have been displaced to meaningful homelands. The readers therefore come to look at bones and understand them not as a way of life and not as symbols of death of tribal groups (Antoinette, p. 39-56).

In Anils Ghost, bones have been used for cross-blood and cross-cultural readers. They have been used to bring about questions meant to compare world views as well as other epistemological views in a very strong way. This means therefore, that to be able to read a plot of a bone it involves one has to be set in cross-cultural nexus (Michael, p. 46-58).

Bones and Their Effect on Past and Present Relationships

To study the important of the bones and the kinds of relationships that exist, there are several comparisons that have to be made. For example, one must examine the spiritual and secular views regarding the nature of the human body. There also has to be included the spiritual and evidential views of the body or the death. Other factor which must be compared is the material history and oral historical views. One must also consider past-as-past and the idea that past and present interpenetrate. The past violence must continue to shape the current situation or the present and the elders must continue to influence the living people after they die. The dead body viewed in a Christian tradition and the same body in several tribal traditions has ongoing relationships, which are act times very forceful and negative spiritual presences (Antoinette, p. 70).

The question that is being explored here is whether the plots which involve the bones repatriation issue have become a central point in fiction stories. It links the fiction to the intercultural discussions and negotiations and has been shown to have a broader social and political presence right now. In addition, they have a set of connections of storytelling, they create a shape which is narrative and which is also structured by comparative cultures (Michael, p. 56).

Conclusion

The fiction stories being narrated have portrayed bones in different lights, for example The Ghost Singer. These views cannot be taken for granted but are important sources of beliefs and explanations of the past happenings and the current state in our modern society. These experiences have brought about increased sense of significance of fiction novels and also repatriation of artifacts regarded to be tribal and remains of human. There has been a renewed sense which has been regained regarding the body of contemporary fiction and how a body can speak to processes in a strong way. This has come to be known as inter-cultural negotiation and definition. This concept is central to many discussions which are being worked on among university holdings, museums, tribal as well as federal governments. The work of fiction which deals with repatriation matter emphasizes the long duration of time that bones have stayed in collections of museums and the extent to which the negotiation period has stretched (Anna, p. 78-90).

The novel Anils Ghost among other fiction stories which give the narratives of repatriation, openly argues that the open conflict as well as destructive forces have remained at work actively if the human remains do not find their way to a good and a home which can be said to be meaningful (Michael, p. 60).

There is need for a society to connect historical artifacts to bones. One needs to realize the inputs which were made by the indigenous people or persons so as one can figure out some of the things which are happening using oral sources which are historical in various ways. It is evident that fictional stories are a very important source of historical information and they play an important role in providing a sense of direction in intercultural dimensions.

Works Cited

Antoinette, B. Archive of Bones: Anils Ghost and the Ends of History, (Book) Massachusetts Press, U.S.A. 2003 Vol. 23, p. 57-70,

Anna, L. The Ghost Singer, (Book) University of New Mexico Press, U.S.A. 1988 12^th Issue, Vol 1 p. 50-90

Michael, O. Anils Ghost New York, (Book) Knopf Publishers, U.K. 2000 Vol.1 p. 56-61