Category: Justice

The United Nations describes social justice as everyone deserving equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities. Social justice focuses on equality for all regardless of sexuality, gender, race, religion, poverty economic status andor disability.

In its most simple terms, poverty can be defined as not having the means to fund the costs of basic living rights such as housing, heating, and food amongst others. Further broken down, poverty can be put into two categories relative and absolute. Absolute poverty can be described as a lack of sufficient resources and relative poverty looks at a household’s income in relation to the average; the current threshold is set at 60%.

The impact of all of these issues on the education of children cannot be denied. Living in poverty undoubtedly has an impact on the behavior and emotional needs of children. Teachers and the wider school community, as well as local and centralized governments, have a role to play here in helping to close this barrier to social justice. As Riddell (2009) points out, social and emotional behavioral issues apply disproportionately to children from backgrounds of poverty.

Whilst there may be those who believe that poverty is something that only occurs in far-flung countries, according to the Scottish Government (cpag.org.uk) 1 in 4 children (around 260,000) are currently living in poverty in Scotland. Research shows the impact of poor parental, and indeed more specifically maternal mental health has a stronger impact on boy’s behaviors and emotions than it does on girls. Referencing Scottish Government data Riddell (2009) states that boys from homes impacted by poverty are four times more likely to have social and emotional behavioral difficulties than girls from similar backgrounds.

Poverty can display itself in a number of ways within a school setting such as children arriving regularly at school hungry and often with no snack for breaktime. However, it can also display as being unable to conform to perceived social norms such as taking part in extra-curricular activities or wearing the ‘right’ clothes.

Whilst there are a number of factors that can lead to a family being considered as living on or below the poverty line in Scotland, the impact that the Covid19 pandemic has had on this cannot be ignored. In October 2020 the Scottish Government polled 126 young people and families and found that 49% were struggling to provide food for their family

The same report also found that the impact of the measures put in place to combat the pandemic such as home-schooling, isolation from families and increased financial pressures have had, what may possibly be, long-term effects on the well-being of families. This can be broken down even further to an increased impact on those within single-parent families. The report also highlighted suggestions that many families who were eligible for places within hubs did not take up their places due to a sense of stigma.

There are a number of factors relating to poverty that can affect a child’s emotional behavior within classrooms including hunger, portraying perceived social norms within their class, and feelings of inadequacy compared to peers of a higher, or perceived higher, socio-economic status.

A study found that children in Scotland were attending school having had no breakfast. There is no denying the impact of being hungry on someone’s mood and behavior.

Feelings of ‘othering’ also play a part in affecting the behaviors and emotions of children from backgrounds of poverty.

Everyone within society has a role to play in minimizing the impact of poverty on children. Teachers are the people who provided they are regularly attending school, have sight of these children on a daily basis. Others within the school community would be Learning Assistants; Senior Management Team, specialist staff within schools including, but not limited to, Home-school Practitioners and Support for Learning; visiting specialists such as Social Workers as well as wider school staff such as janitorial and administrative staff.

Having lived in New York City among a multitude of people, there was always a feeling of anonymity and isolation living among so many. Therefore I appreciated being born and growing up in Trinidad and Tobago as there is always the feeling of belonging to a close-knit community, the kindness of strangers, and the feeling of family. However, over the past few years, the newspaper headlines depart from these intrinsic kinship ties and it gives details of gruesome homicides and heinous violence against women and children. This has resulted in a perpetual feeling of disquiet and fear among the citizenry. This juxtaposition between kinship and callousness is detrimental to the fabric of the republic.

In Trinidad and Tobago, an investigation into these opposing realities is the resounding sentiment of the invisibility of the average citizen and the lack of social support systems. One example of this is the citizens interfacing with the justice system. Justice must appear to be served everyone deserves an opportunity for justice if they have been wronged. The reality, however, is different; many persons believe that they have not received justice or that they do not have access to justice. There is a belief that justice is for the privileged, others believe that it can only be accomplished in the form of vigilantism. While there are still others who remain hopeless as the crimes of their loved ones remained unsolved crimes, while others remained languishing in custody with no resolution of their matters.

Naturally, there is always the issue of who is to blame. That is a question that I grapple with on many occasions. The argument has been many and varied is the responsibility of law enforcement or the judiciary. The Government and by extension, the judiciary have been inundated with calls to regulate human behavior by law. As a practicing Attorney at Law in mainly the Criminal and Children Courts, I believe that it is unrealistic for police officers to regulate without adequate community support. Justice can only be accomplished by getting to the heart of the matter, which includes information regarding the client, their family, and their community circumstances.

I believe that social workers are a key component of this support system. They can assist agencies by providing forensic assessments which will include pertinent information that is gathered and investigated to produce evidence that can be used in court. These assessments can assist Judges and Judicial Officers in arriving at a conclusion. For me, this has been my missing link. I have studied in depth and breadth as it pertains to the law, and I believe that to truly be of service is for me to gain a better and better understanding of social work. There is a need for forensic assessment which focuses on the functional abilities of the individual which could include their intellectual ability, mental status, drug toxicity as well as specific knowledge, or beliefs related to the legal question.

In pursuing my Masters in Social Work and becoming qualified I want to understand the intricacies of the mind of the perpetrators. What motivates or influences the person who commits heinous crimes in need of intensive mental health services? Unfortunately, many however many never been adequately diagnosed or treated.

As a social worker I would also be able to demonstrate a level of impartiality in gathering information to avoid bias, interpretation of the data as well as, excellent critical thinking skills to assist decision-makers and including judges and attorneys. More importantly, by giving me the opportunity to become a social worker I would demonstrate my excellent writing skills which would be used to construct comprehensive and detailed reports. Along with my myriad of skills I have a sense of ingenuity and a willingness to help seek social justice for the vulnerable.

Social justice in the contemporary world is related to determining logical criteria for the allocation of goods, services, opportunity, benefits, power, and honors as well as obligations in society, particularly in a scarcity situation. It is evident that political philosophers and scholars from Plato to contemporary philosophers have been engaged in a great debate about distributive justice or social justice. The term „social justice? is usually applied to comprehend all three aspects of justice in society – social, economic, and political. United Nations defines – “Social justice as the view that everyone deserves equal economic, political and social rights and opportunities. Social workers aim to open the doors of access and opportunity for everyone, particularly those in greatest need.” And the National Association of Social Workers defines – “Social justice encompasses economic justice. Social justice is the virtue that guides us in creating those organized human interactions we call institutions. In turn, social institutions, when justly organized, provide us with access to what is good for the person, both individually and in our associations with others. Social justice also imposes on each of us a personal responsibility to work with others to design and continually perfect our institutions as tools for personal and social development.”

The liberal model is rooted in individualism and is based upon a commitment to social mobility and a flexible pattern of inequalities as opposed to fixed and structural gradations in social position and wealth. D. Miler argues that inequality is rampant and becomes necessary evil and social justice is necessary for the worst – off individual in the society. He emphasized that all social primary goods-liberty and opportunity, income and wealth, and the bases of self–respect – are to be distributed equally unless an unequal distribution of any or all of these goods is to the advantage of the least favored.

The socialist model of justice is rooted in collectivism and exhibits greater support for social equality and community. The democratic socialists are both socialists as well as democratic, and therefore, for them, justice exists in a just order and in a just society. Democratic socialism seeks to provide for democratic rights and civil liberties as well as the socio-economic rights of citizens – a difficult combination indeed. If this could be achieved, it would serve as an ideal scheme for social justice.

The subaltern approach considers any group in society that has been relegated to a subordinate position because of gender, age, vocation, class, caste, race, religion, language, culture, etc. to be in the category of subaltern groups. The subaltern perspective on justice demands social justice for the deprived and disadvantaged. It demands two–fold objective: a) elimination of all types of discrimination; and (b) provision for special care so as to attain social equality.

Feminist critique of justice maintains that women are disadvantaged in comparison with men. Because women are regarded as unequal to man, she is made to suffer throughout their life: their subordination, powerlessness, and oppression are the consequences of male dominance. Justice, from a feminist perspective, demands patriarchal culture would have to be demolished; gender socialization would have be imbibed; women’s liberation from male oppression would have to be fought out.

Gender justice is often used with reference to emancipatory projects that advance women’s rights through legal change, or promote women’s interests in social and economic policy. However, the term is rarely given a precise definition and is often used interchangeably with notions of gender equality, gender equity, women’s empowerment, and women’s rights. Gender justice includes unique elements that go beyond related concepts of justice in class or race terms, which complicate both its definition and enactment. The most formalized attempt to establish principles of gender justice is found in the 1999 Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), which makes the absence of gender-based discrimination the indicator of gender justice. Gender justice in the spirit of social justice is about where women and men can be treated as fully human.

In South Asia including India, common patterns of structural constraints and resultant exclusion are evident. These structural constraints deny rights and agency to poor people more generally, and, to women more specifically. Indian societies are highly unequal and these inequalities are structural and historical. Inequalities based on caste, class, ethnicity, and gender, have created a virtual situation of apartheid in which access to justice and equal citizenship remain unattainable for the majority of people.

The Indian Constitution, for instance particularly in its Preamble and the part dealing with the Directive Principles of State Policy, holds the promise of justice-social, economic and political.

Gender discrimination is an all-pervading phenomenon of Indian families cutting across the lines of caste, creed, and class. Discrimination against women is spread widely in areas of education, employment, and health. Most of the women’s work, inside the house, goes unnoticed and unremunerated. Even outside the family, they remain underpaid.

Gender Discrimination in Indian Family

Gender discrimination can be seen in all walks of life cutting across caste, class, ethnicity, race, and religion. Discriminating against women has reached such a climax that it has penetrated into the protective womb of the mother, and today female infanticide is being replaced by foeticide. Gender discrimination in families takes many different forms: denial of nourishment, health care, education, being pushed into domestic chores, a whole host of marriage-related violence such as early marriage, and dowry deaths-the list is endless.

Work and responsibility given to the woman are undue but when it comes to decision-making, the man takes the upper hand, considering she is less knowledgeable. Children living in this environment and witnessing the differential role pattern of the man and the woman, learn the lessons of gender inequality right from their childhood, and the pattern is bound to continue generation after generation.

Education

Education is the key to achieving equality and justice in everyday life. Without equal educational opportunities or skills and qualifications, women of certain classes and social groups have over the years been condemned to inferior status, especially in their personal development, and in their choice of work, as citizens. One of the main reasons for the majority of girls not being able to take up higher education is the weak base, at the school stage, particularly in the rural areas also economic deprivation, lack of motivation, and strong patriarchal attitudes against girls’ education. It is now empirically established that women’s education is a single cure for a thousand societal ills.

Health

Neglect of women, particularly girls, is a black mark on our society. Sound health is not a day’s product. In India, Gender plays a significant part in determining physical well-being and access to health care. The Indian women’s health situation is quite different from that in the West, greatly due to their dietary habits, living standards, lifestyles, and environmental factors. India is a predominantly patriarchal society women have a lesser share and access to health care. They are discriminated against in terms of nutrition, care recognition, treatment, and prevention.

The health of women is worsened when it is associated with poverty, illiteracy, rural background, lower caste, widowhood, desertion, disability, single marital status, or childlessness. This condition is worst in the northern states of India, where low female literacy, combined with the low social status of women, has resulted in keeping them oppressed in the name of community, culture, tradition, family honor, and religion. In areas where women and girls are neglected, their health status is obviously very badly affected.

Employment

The sexual division of labor is prevalent in society. But, there is nothing “natural” about the sexual division of labor. The fact that men and women perform different kinds of work both within the family and outside has little to do with biology. Only the actual process of pregnancy is biological, all the other work within the home that women must do-cooking, cleaning, looking after children and so on – can equally be done by men. Unfortunately, this work is considered to be “women’s work”.

This sexual division of labor is not limited to the home, it extends even to the “public” arena of paid work, and again, this has nothing to do with “sex” (biology) and everything to do with “gender” (culture). Certain kinds of work are considered to be “women’s work”, and other kinds, are men’s, but more important is the fact that whatever work women do, gets lower wages and is less valued. For example, nursing and teaching, particularly at lower levels, are predominantly female professions and are also comparatively ill–paid in relation to other white–collar jobs which the middle classes took up.

In terms of horizontal segregation, women are concentrated in low–paying positions such as secretaries, typists, beauticians, nurses, caregivers, and assembly–line workers. “Equal work but unequal pay” is still a common practice in India’s private sector.

Third Gender

The Hijras (eunuchtransvestite) is an institutionalized third-gender role in India. According to one estimate, India has about two million transgender people. Hijra is neither male nor female but contains elements of both. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity, as suggested by the Kama sutra. They are known as the devotees of the Mother Goddess Bahuchara Mata, their sacred powers are contingent upon their asexuality. The third gender individuals face discrimination within their family, society, and schools, in employment and housing, within the government settings, through hate crimes, and under the justice legal systems. Parents often time respond quite negatively when their children cross gender barriers and prompt transgender to run away. As a result, homeless transgender are more likely to turn to drug dealings, car theft, prostitution, and other sexual exploitation. Campaigners say they live on the fringes of society, often in poverty, ostracized because of their gender identity. Most make a living by singing and dancing or by begging and prostitution. They often face huge discrimination and sometimes hospitals refuse to admit them.

India’s supreme court has recognized transgender people as a third gender, in a landmark ruling. “it is the right of every human being to choose their gender,” it was said in granting rights to those who identify themselves as neither male nor female.

Conclusion

Gender justice is genuine equality among human beings where neither man is superior nor woman inferior. Gender justice conceives the equality of sexes in each and every sphere. Gender justice is not based on biological differences. Its object is to eradicate man-made differences in areas concerning economic, social, cultural, political, and civil. Areas with low levels of female literacy have high rates of maternal mortality, infant mortality, birth, and cases of female foeticide and dowry deaths. When gender discrimination has been socialized and internalized, it is no longer visible to the gender insensitive.

Gender equity emphasizes that all human beings be they men or women are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by stereotypes, rigid gender roles, and political and other prejudices. Their different behavior and aspirations should be valued and favored equally and they would be treated fairly according to their respective needs. Social justice in the spirit of gender justice is seen as an important way to achieve this. The time is ripe to eliminate sex discrimination and sex inequality and to ensure gender justice in our society. All sections of society have to work for this transformation and this is where N.G.Os, the media, and the people’s representatives have to play a major role.

The laws exist to be black and white, to discover a problem and remove it. In the novel ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ a book set in the southern era in a town named Maycomb in Alabama Harper Lee illustrates that the law is a set of rules to be followed by the preceded town or area and tries to accommodate everyone, however, the law is normally favorable towards the white. For example, the law requires that Negros are to be defended, it doesn’t specify that they must be defended well. To Kill A Mockingbird laws are presented in a very intriguing way with the written laws of the town of Maycomb and they’re also a few unwritten laws that if ignored will irritate the townsfolk. These unwritten laws are seen almost as written laws with the way they’re presented. Our protagonists Scout, Jem, and Dill are subjected to the troubles of the poor and racist ways of the town in which they reside. These characters’ stories are pushed around by the idea of law and the way in which it is presented excellently by Harper Lee causing millions of people, worldwide to read and re-read the book countless of times with the emotional conflicts caused by a crooked law.

Tom Robinson is an accused character in the narrative ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ and is unfairly accused of raping Mayella Ewell, a part of a wealthy and snooty family. The way I am presenting this topic is to explain how the broken law in the town of Maycomb is the reason that Tom Robinson is being falsely condemned to the courtroom for a trial that now a day would barely be legal. Back in the day the law claimed to be equal to anyone, no matter their color, religion, or beliefs as stated “to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box.” Due to this discrepancy, the law will always be in favor of the white man as opposed to the colored man. That is why Tom Robinson is falsely accused and then put on trial and why the law is such a big and important aspect of the story. The law is treated as if it is fair when clearly it is being presented as a form of unjust prejudice against the colored. If the law was more just, then Tom Robinson wouldn’t have been wrongly accused of rape and the Ewells wouldn’t have their racist ways being seen as a positive and just action.

The Finches are known to be a friendly and understanding family, Atticus is a lawyer and should also be seen just as well in the eyes of the law, however, because Atticus Finch defends Tom Robinson and because he is a colored man, the whole town should hate him and his family, but now we have the conflict-ion of laws/morals. The unspoken law tells us that Atticus and his family are kind and helpful as much as possible, but now, since they defend a colored man, they are seen as something like a traitor and atrocity in the political community. We see that the families still want to respect them but have a hard time believing them. The children in the town of Maycomb are the future of the town, this meaning that they will carry on the responsibility to adapt laws to problems and follow said laws. The children seem to have matured a lot more in this town as seen many times in the novel. Mature problems are maturely taken care of by what should be immature characters but because of these laws that they have been taught, they understand how they should react to most situations. Socially these children base their ideals on the laws like when Scout gets bullied because her father defends Negros and yet still asks Atticus about it instead of retaliating.

The law in Maycomb provides a very diverse amount of problems socially, culturally, and personally to many of the families in its town. Socially it damages how everyone views colored people, a below-middle-class group of rude, dirty, and stupid people who cause nothing but trouble and don’t deserve to be up with white people. This brings a very interesting idea to the table and puts into perspective the idea of how this truly changes the whole idea of the story and the conflicting ideas of a modern-day respecting person such as ourselves in a town with many rules requiring less respect towards people’s outward appearances, like an outsider entering a small complicated town. We see the town through the eyes of a little, yet mature young girl, hearing her narration and visualizing her descriptive words on the events which occur through the novel. We are reading her thoughts and experiences on what being a Maycomb villager is like and how to deal with the problems presented like being bullied for her father’s justice-provoked actions to care for a colored man even defending him in a prison cell. White culture pushed the Finches to remove the idea of defending a colored man as a good thing and something that’s worth defending, but the Finches stand strong sticking to a new culture they have made, a culture in which many are equal and have the rights to be defended and have it done well.

To conclude this essay about how the law affects the overall story and premise of the novel ’To Kill A Mockingbird’ I am to write about how well Harper Lee used the combination of many literary devices throughout the entire extraordinary story like Onomatopoeia with bolded words, metaphors, similes, verbal/dramatic irony. Harper Lee also represents how the law twists social, cultural, and personal problems creating a novel that masterfully explains a story of exploration, excitement, and prejudice against colored and white people creating a diverse array of ideas usable for a story of lies and law.

When addressing the concern about the United States being able to provide fair access to health services there are two popular theories that most people agree with. The two contrasting theories are market justice and social justice and in this paper, the theory of social justice is discussed. Social justice believes healthcare should be on a population level instead of an individual basis and should not consider wealth as a requirement for healthcare. The term “social justice” was invented in the 19th century by critics of capitalism to describe the “good society” (Kristol, 1978, p. 58). This theory believes that healthcare is a societal responsibility, where the government would be the best choice to take over the responsibility of producing and distributing healthcare to the United States. In other words, social justice believes that healthcare should be available to everyone no matter individuals’ ability to pay, and that it’s a societal right rather than an economic right.

There are many different characteristics of the social justice theory that diversify it from other theories. As stated above, social justice views health care as a social resource where everyone should be entitled to healthcare no matter their economic position. Similar to the system today, social justice requires active government involvement in health services delivery and assumes that the government is better equipped in delivering health resources correctly. Furthermore, it believes that medical resource allocation is determined by central planning and that the ability to pay for one’s health-related bills is unrelated to receiving medical care. It also states that access to medical services should be viewed as a basic right. Looking at countries across the world, plenty of them use the social justice theory towards their healthcare and have shown that this theory can work for delivering healthcare to a big population adding to the support of this theory. Looking at the social justice theory, many different theorists have voiced their opinion about the topic, one of them being Irving Kristol. In Kristol’s work, “A Capitalist Conception of Justice” (1978), the philosophy of social justice is discussed as a protest against the capitalist distribution of income, believing that the government is the only power to decide on certain decisions.

This assumes that the government can make wise decisions. Kristol believes that social justice is where the “government will have, should have, and can have an authoritative knowledge as to what everyone merits or deserves in terms of the distribution of income and wealth” (Kristol, 1978, p. 222). Another theorist is Uwe Ernest Reinhardt, who speaks about how “Canadians and Europeans long ago reached a broad consensus that healthcare is a social good” (Reinhardt, 1994, p. 268). Reinhardt states that this philosophy has a good intention and that this nation isn’t the first to realize it, but it’s not as simple as letting the government be the sole decision-maker. Individuals who believe in social justice as the right path for our healthcare system, don’t like the inequality that results from our market today, so they pinpoint the government as the only power to make sure equality happens. If the United States healthcare did change to a social justice system, there would be major effects on all health professions and even everyday life.

Some of the changes would be that there would be a collective responsibility for health for everyone and everyone would be entitled to a basic package of benefits. Paul Feldstein, in his book, Health Policy Issues: An Economic Perspective on Health Reform states that “in the real world, no society can afford to provide unlimited amounts of healthcare to all its citizens” (1994). Feldstein discusses the unrealistic aspects of social justice, understanding that there would have to be a limit on the amount of healthcare that everyone got and that it wouldn’t become a perfect solution to the healthcare system today. Some of the other changes that would have to be incorporated would be a strong obligation to the collective good or the community well-being supersedes that of the individual which would be a big difference in the way that services are given to patients. In my chosen profession, I am aiming to be a medical coder within a healthcare facility and this change in the healthcare system will impact me hugely. The medical codes themselves are going to change, the billing system is going to change, and different policies are going to be put into place to follow the new system so this would completely change my whole chosen profession. Not only would having a social justice system impact the health professions around the United States, but it would also impact the medical community. The medical community would have to start coming up with public solutions to social problems, most of the medical problems would become much bigger and more complex than what they already are. Instead of trying to get each individual the correct care of medical attention that they need, there would be new planned rationing of health care for all individuals in any medical community.

This new system will be surrounded around the fact that it’s based on one’s medical needs rather than one’s ability to pay for services. The medical community will see an unhealthy individual as a problem that society must cure in order for the better good. In the social justice system, there are going to be many different changes made to the medical community and along with that to any health-related area. In terms of social justice, health care is a social good where any individual should be eligible for health care at any time despite their ability to pay for anything. Social justice believes that the United States government should be in control of delivering health care. Furthermore, there are plenty of theorists such as those mentioned in the paragraphs above, who focus on justifying why healthcare such as medicine and public health around the United States is a social need rather than economic. Widely supported by Healthy People 2020, social justice will bring a different aspect to the current healthcare system that the United States has been using. Having characteristics such as having equal access to medical services for everyone, requiring active government involvement in health services delivery, and seeing health care as a social resource it’s becoming a very popular topic.

In this essay I am going to address female poverty, focusing on gender inequality of pay and how this leads women into poverty. I am going to look at this issue through a Social Democratic lens. I will analyze: the impacts of poverty on women, local, national, and global policies on the pay gap, and show my understanding of social justice and the importance of collaboration.

Poverty researchers commonly define poverty in relative terms as, “having insufficient resources to meet socially recognized needs and to participate in the wider society” (Lister, 2004:04). Within Scotland, “20% of people were living in relative poverty after housing costs in 2015-18” and overall, this rate continues to rise (Scottish Government, 2019).

My rationale for choosing female poverty is, that it is a current issue with women in the UK being more likely to live in poverty than men with 21% of women, compared to 19% of men in 2016-17 living in poverty (Women’s Budget Group, 2018). This has led to the popular term ‘feminization of poverty’ which describes the disproportionate percentage of the adult poor who are women (Goldberg, 2010). This is a social injustice that often leads to women facing other hurdles like social exclusion, bad housing, and a decrease in mental and physical health (Ridge & Wright, 2008:140).

One major issue that leads many women into poverty is the gender pay gap. This is the difference in earnings between men and women (Heery & Noon, 2009). The gender pay gap in full-time work was 8.6% in 2018 (ONS, 2018). One theory that supports this view is Socialist feminism which draws upon many concepts found in Marxism; this is the idea that we live in a Patriarchal society in which “males dominate and exploit females. The patriarchal system refers to the principles, regulations, and structures of male domination” (O’Donnell, 1997).

Governments throughout the world have recognized the gender dimension of poverty and implemented policies. Social democrats typically regard this as vital for establishing a more equitable society. Working on closing this pay gap is an example of becoming a more distributive society with resources being more fairly allocated. This is Distributive justice, which is about, “fairness in what people receive, from goods to attention” (Changing Minds, 2019). This links with Social justice, equal worth, rights, and opportunities for all (Ledwith, 2005:xv).

On a global level, gender inequality is a relevant issue being embedded into international human rights law. Goal five of The United Nations General Assembly’s 17 global equality goals for 2030 is ‘Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls’ including new laws that decrease female poverty (United Nations, 2015). This is important as “the concept of human rights is central to the poverty debate” (Ledwith, 2005). At a National level, the government has put a clear focus on gender inequality in terms of pay. Policies have come in, including the Equality Act 2010, legally protecting women from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society, including equal pay, and the legislation that all organizations with over 250 employees now have to disclose their gender pay-gap data (GOV.UK, 2015). Another legislation, The Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations (2000), was introduced to give people on part-time contracts, “comparable treatment to people on full-time contracts who do the same jobs” (legislation.gov.uk, 2000). Also, the minimum wage is set to increase by 2020 to over £9 from £7.20. These regulations help female poverty as women are often in part-time and minimum wage work (ONS, 2019). Scotland has introduced their ‘gender pay-gap action plan’ to make the country fairer for women, reducing female poverty through tackling issues surrounding female earnings including employment, leadership roles, childcare, education, and training/promotion (Scottish Government, 2019). Finally, at the local level, in Dundee, there are numerous CLD projects that are promoting gender equality, by working to challenge gender norms. This creates a generation of young individuals that sees everyone as equal and that young women grow up to fight against the pay gap and glass ceiling. These projects include Dundee International Women’s Centre and Dundee Women’s Festival (Dundee’s Women’s Aid, 2019).

To lower female poverty services working with women need to work collaboratively using an anti-poverty practice that promotes gender inequality as “closing the gender pay gap in Scotland will require collective action” (Scottish Government, 2019). An example of partnership working is, the Scottish Government’s ‘Gender Pay-Gap Action Plan’ working with members from Equality & Human Rights Commission, Equate Scotland, Engender, etc., who are promoting gender equality (Scottish Government, 2019:60). This collaborative practice is key to reducing poverty.

In conclusion, women are being forced into poverty by gender inequality which is unfair pay. Policies and collaboration are vital in creating a fairer society through Distributive Justice. However, more needs to be done to lower female poverty and be up there with the Nordic countries that have the lowest rates of inequality (Norden, 2015). An example of this is Iceland’s progressive childcare policies (World Economic Forum, 2018).

We have discussed in class that Social justice is “the premise that everyone deserves equal economic, political, Social rights and Opportunities.”

Minorities in all places have been facing several types of discrimination and inequality. Precisely similar to what happened to Mr. Walter McMillian. Mr. Walter McMillian was under arrest and kept on murder row for ages, for the reason that he was charged with killing; a crime he did not commit. The criminality occurred on November first, 1986. Ronda Morrison – eighteen-year-old – was murdered by several gunshots. During the criminality, Mr. Walter McMillian stayed at the church fish fry. Subsequently, for reasons unknown around then he got caught and captured. The policeman that detained Mr. Walter understood that Mr. Walter has nothing to do with the crime that happened. Mr. Walter has a very clean history, he has nothing wrong or committed any crime in his life. The policeman knew that Mr. Walter is a persevering man and a decent person. All though, there was one thing that was distracting the policeman about Mr. Walter, he has a relationship with a white lady. Likewise, the policeman took Mr. Walter as an answer to make the community feel comfort in light of the fact that the people were pondering and apprehensive that the crime and criminals were still outside nearby. They were anxious and nervous about the possibility that if the criminal was still out there, these murders and crimes may happen over and over by a similar criminal. Unfortunately, Mr. Walter did not have the chance to safeguard himself from police oppression. The people who realized that Mr. Walter was guiltless did not reserve the option to represent him. The most noticeably terrible than everything that the policeman carried an observer to lie about observing Mr. Walter at the crime scene during the time of the murder.

At that moment, Mr. Walter’s older sister replied, “I feel like they done put me on death row, too. What do we tell these children about how to stay out of harm’s way when you can be at your own house, minding your own business, surrounded by your entire family, and they still put some murder on you that you ain’t do and send you to death row?” (Stevenson 93). She described very valuable statements like; What should we say to our children. This is a violation of human rights and has not been uniquely on Mr. McMillian, yet in addition in everybody around his community or anybody is considered a minority. They have crossed the privilege of allowing these children the chance to experience childhood in a sheltered world. Likewise, they have taken the appropriate for these children to not feel separated. Furthermore, they have damaged the ideal for these kids to live unafraid of death, or the guardians to be hesitant to hear a disaster of their kids being murdered or captured. Moreover, they have envisioned these communities or minorities in the wrongdoing outline; thus, they have damaged their own privileges to have the option to take a look at people in a reasonable manner and as all are equivalent.

“We are all implicated when we allow other people to be mistreated. An absence of compassion can corrupt the decency of a community, a state, or a nation. Fear and anger can make us vindictive and abusive, unjust and unfair until we all suffer from the absence of mercy and we condemn ourselves as much as we victimize others. The closer we get to mass incarceration and extreme levels of punishment, the more I believe it’s necessary to recognize that we all need mercy, we all need justice, and-perhaps-we all need some measure of unmerited grace.” (Stevenson 18)

Therefore, we should look for social justice and work to get it constantly and wherever for everyone. Along these lines, I would utilize Mr. Stevenson’s theory on the most proficient method to battle social injustice. For the primary idea ‘Proximity’ there are two choices. The first choice, so if the change I can do is at the moment of Mr. Walter McMillian’s story. As I probably am aware of the reality of what happened; I would proceed to enlighten everybody concerning what occurred, and I will request some proof explanation, and evidence. I will tell everyone the reality of what happened and make them plan to do something for achieving social justice. Second choice, as though now; I would take an example from the story. At that point, I will request equity before each choice made in any judgment or circumstance that is considered under social justice or law choice.

Thereafter, without a doubt, I will be uncomfortable, and I will continue ready to be uncomfortable until I get to see justice holds its own true situation. As a result of that, I will be experiencing the strain of the media, the police, the administration, and the political people in the territory. I realize that I am putting everyone including my family, neighborhood, myself, and my people in danger. I will be readied when things turn out badly, in light of the fact that I realize that there is a decent possibility for things to turn out badly whenever.

Afterward, the message we learned from this article will be the difference in the future. Perhaps the situation in the real story may not happen, however, it occurs later on circumstances that may occur, which need us to manage them and locate the correct answer for each issue.

Lastly, we as humans urgently need to hold our optimism and hope active to the whole world around us by requesting honesty in every single situation similar to this. Personally, I will keep the hope alive by continue calling for social justice and human rights at whatever point something like this occur. What’s more, we will continue looking for social justice and human rights no matter what and all over the place. 

If I have to give my personal definition of the word “justice”, I would say that justice means equality, fairness, and entitlement to our rights. That means, whenever we make a decision or do something, the result has to equal and be enjoyable for both agents and receivers. Moreover, in the political sector, the government has to rule equally between minority groups and majority groups. For instance, the majority group gets special health care, the minority group has to access special health care, the government should not discriminate against even the minority or majority, and have to give equal opportunity to them. Therefore, all people have to be entitled to equal rights not only rich but also poor. On the other hand, most scholars regard justice as the fundamental moral concept of ethics, rationality, law, religion, and so forth (Civics Academy, 2019). Furthermore, justice is the principle of balancing human relations in society (K.K Ghai, n.d). Thus, justice is very crucial in our lives and our society to be well. For example, if a country does not have justice for citizens or the public, and when people feel unfair, the country will have rebellions, and violence against citizens, and the country will go down and delay reaching a developed country. In addition, the country will face crises, like economic. That’s why, we have to analyze, is our society is just or unjust.

Justice is to harmonize different values of people in society and to join, organize, and bond of people’s rights or fairs in the order of relationships (K.K Ghai, n.d). In justice, there are four kinds of justice, such as social justice, economic justice, political justice, and legal justice.

Social Justice

Social justice is based on individuals’ needs, property rights, and equal access to opportunities and rights, like wealth, health, well-being, and so on (W Kenton, 2019). Thus, it is focused on human well-being. Social justice is respect, and no discrimination the individual rights and self-interest, such as gender, rich, poor, religion, and so forth. So, C.JP.B Gajendragadkar stated that social justice is to end the inequalities of society in society. To illustrate with our society, our society is still injustice for me. The reason is that we have still gender inequalities. For illustrate, the head of the house has to be a man, and the woman has to be responsible in the kitchen room, and the woman has to respect the man. In that case, women are still discriminated against in our society. And Myanmar military abuses the human rights of ethnic minorities and many people are forced to live far from their homes as IDPs due to conflict between military and ethnic arms, however, the government does not take responsibility for them. Thus, most children drop out of school because they do not have sufficient money to continue their education. That kind of situation can cause human trafficking, prostitution, and so on. In that situation, the government is still discriminating and injustice against ethnic minorities.

Economic Justice

Economic justice is essential to well-being and preventing poverty in society. Economic justice means that every person can engage freely and creatively with unlimited work beyond economics (Center for Economic and Social Justice, 2019). Every person should access dependable and adequate to avoid hunger, housing, homelessness, pay equity, living, and fair wages (Jewish Life, 2019). Therefore, all citizen should access enough opportunities to earn and achieve fair wages from their livelihood. Moreover, the public has to gain equally widespread well-being in society without exploitation from a person or group (K.K Ghai, n.d). Economic justice is one part of social justice, society’s health in wealth also indicate economic justice (Harrell, 2009 and Kenton, 2019). The government should support citizens’ economic security during illness, old age, and so on (K.K Ghai, n.d). All citizens should be balanced wages without discrimination, and the government should create new jobs for lack of job person in society. In discussions with Myanmar, the government does not take responsibility for creating new job opportunities to lacks job persons to be social welfare. We do not have fair wages so we have to work at least 8 hours per day in Myanmar. Thus, the lack of jobs is increasing day by day even for educated people. The Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2018, claimed that women from Myanmar wages are 30% less than men.

Political Justice

Political justice means that all citizens can take part in the country’s administration with equal political rights and opportunities. All the public should have to participate in the election vote without discrimination based on gender status, religion status, ethnic status, and so on (K.K Ghai, n.d). To discuss with our society, we cannot do assembly whenever we do not like the government policy. When we assemble, the government always arrests the assembly leaders, and they constrain the assembly. We do not have the right to speech, or assembly related to politics. The military and most of the government abuse power in every sector, participation of citizens in the political sector is as much as government and military. Moreover, ethnic minorities cannot undertake many seats in Congress due to the 2008 constitution, and the election is also first past the post system. Those kinds of activities cannot be called political justice; hence, our society is not just political.

Legal Justice

Legal justice is put together with two dimensions, such as justice laws and doing justice according to laws (K.K Ghai, 2019). However, the laws should be based on the public perceptions when making the law; it must be demonstrated by advocacy of the public. Hence, Aristotle argued that if the whole society takes benefits from the law except for selfish interest (Heywood, 2004). To examine our societies, the state does not take public opinions, they never demonstrate to the public when they make laws and policy processes such 2008 constitution. Additionally, whenever, the government and count never solve and prove good results according to the laws in many crime cases, they always cover to perpetrators, like the two teachers case, U Ko Ni case, and so forth.

Economic and Human rights laws address two spheres of social life that being the economy and human rights/politics. It also addresses two irreconcilable areas of government policy. There was a constant attempt at separating the two although this led to some disastrous results. Economic policies place a focus on the market with this usually results in inequality and discrimination. Human rights policies attempt to lessen this inequality and discrimination that may exist. The lessening of inequality and discrimination can make for an argument that Human rights are capable of achieving some form of social justice. Social justice more specifically justice in this case could be defined as the right thing to do to promote human dignity and economic growth. One of the main principles of social justice is equality. Taxes can be seen as one of the most important policy instruments that governments can use to generate the resources needed to realize the full range of human rights. The problem with taxation is that it is one of the major causes of inequality that exist. By applying human rights policy to taxation, it is possible to lessen the inequality but whether this achieves any form of social justice must be looked at. This would mean that there must be critique as to whether the policies bring forth any sort of equality within social justice or if merely leads to more inequality. If the right tax policy is used, then social justice can be achieved although it can result in some confusion for policymakers since there are some cases in which human rights can be used means of undermining social justice.

The laissez-faire ideology created an artificial binary the market which is the concern of economics and society which is the concern of law/politics. This artificial binary sought the separation of the two with the society subordinate to the market. Polanyi has argued that the market and economy are not autonomous or separate from society as the economy is always embedded in society.1 F Block and M Somers, The Power of Market Fundamentalism (Harvard University Press 2014), Chapter 1: Karl Polanyi and the Power of Ideas, pp. 8-11 and pp. 28-43 A society that is subordinate to the market emphasizes a stark utopianism of the self-regulating or free market which places limits on the scope of democratic politics. The problem with this is that it usually results in disaster for the society as it creates an issue where people cannot win the protections from the market that they need which results in them turning against that system. It is precisely because of this dynamic that democracy in many European countries was destroyed in the 1920s and 1930s. it also resulted in the Russian Revolution, the Great depression, the Wall Street crash, the rise of fascism, and the Cold War just to name a few. This resulted in alternative economic ideas legitimating active government management of economies dominated by national policies in the West and the East. This paved the way for social justice to be better integrated into economic policy. Of course, this did not last very long, and a separation between the market and society. Due to the failure of the market which resulted in the global financial crisis of 2007-08, there has been a call for the reintegration of law/politics in the economic realm. This reintegration is led by a desire for social justice, and at present many believe that human rights might be an important framework that can accomplish this.

The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)2 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) followed by the treaties, declarations, and reports stemming from it include not only civil and political rights but also economic, social and cultural rights which can be viewed as both indivisible and interdependent with each other. The goal of social justice can be expressed in the realization of rights both civil and political and also economic, social, and cultural rights, the human rights approach allows for a kind of complex interaction between individual rights, collective rights, and collective action. Human rights can both enable and deny social justice and the fact that individuals need protection against the misuse of government power. 3 R Balakrishnan (et al eds), Rethinking Economic Policy for Social Justice (Routledge 2016), pp. 1-44 It can also require the use of the state’s power to realize the rights of an individual. It consists of a legal framework that can be used to contest unjust policies. Human rights emphasize the principles of non-discrimination and equality. It recognizes the fact that people need substantive equality and that all aspects of a person’s life need to be taken into consideration when ensuring that everyone can enjoy the same rights and freedoms. This can be seen as a Marxist view of justice and the strive for equality and non-discrimination that human rights perpetuates allows for it to achieve some form of social justice. The human rights framework does not tell governments which choices are the best. The state is required to set priorities through a democratically accountable process while ensuring that its core human rights obligations are met. Human rights are constantly evolving and open-ended as it is continuously being applied to new issues and in new contexts. It Facilitates ongoing discussion and deliberation as it can be a driver towards deliberative and substantive democracy. Many human rights principles have also been seen to have some important implications for economic policy and governance but are as of yet underexplored and rarely applied. Human rights help to change the terms of economic debate and introduce added concerns of social justice to reintegrate the political economy. The human rights framework allows us to look beyond the narrow view of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or income when evaluating economic outcomes. Human Rights focus more on the progressive improvements in a range of social outcomes with efficiency being important only if it can lead to a greater enjoyment of rights.4 ibid The human rights approach has been argued to provide a normative framework and procedures for contesting unjust policies that fail to realize the basic rights afforded to every individual.5 ibid This can be seen by many as a means by which social justice can be enforced. States enjoy a certain margin of discretion in selecting just how they decide to carry out their human rights obligation, 6 Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Maastricht, 22-26 January 1997 para 8 but they must ensure that they pay regard to Article 2.1 of the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)7 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This article states that each state party that is a part of the covenant should undertake steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation to maximize their available resources. States should also consider General Comment 3 (CESCR)8 General Comment 3 which pertains to the avoidance of retrogression; the satisfaction of minimum essential levels of economic and social rights; and non-discrimination and equality when they attempt to maximize their resources. In addition, the Human Rights framework and economic policy principles of participation, transparency, and accountability must be adhered to as specified as they were specified in the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the ICESCR (OHCHR 2005, Annex 6). 9 Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the ICESCR (OHCHR 2005, Annex 6). With all this in mind, it can be seen that human rights are an agent of social justice as it calls for equality, government accountability, and anti-discrimination.

As it was stated above tax policies are one of the most important policy instruments governments can use to generate the resources needed to realize the full range of human rights. For most states, taxation is a means of primary resource generation and in essence, can be seen as the maximum available resources. With the use of human rights as a means of assessing tax policy, we can go beyond the established policymaking of mainstream economics which puts emphasis on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and can ask the crucial question as to whether or not the policy is also aimed at providing the equitable access to the goods and services required for human dignity’s role in generating the maximum available resources needed to finance human right related expenditure. Taxation has been said to have many essential functions that are relevant to a state’s human rights obligation. Taxation firstly has a resourcing function that enables investment in public services and areas such as health, education, housing, justice, security, social protection, transport and communications10 M Todaro, and S Smith, Economic Development (Harlow, Pearson, 2006) 762. . Taxation secondly has a potentially redistributive function which can provide mechanisms for transferring and redistributing the wealth from upper to lower income groups so as to reduce income inequalities and disparities11 I Ortiz and M Cummins, Global Inequality: Beyond the Bottom Billion: A rapid review of income distribution in 141 countries (UNICEF, New York, 2011) 38–45.. . Thirdly taxation also has an accountability function, which helps to promote social citizenship and responsive government. Taxation can be seen as a manifestation of the social contract between state and citizen with the citizen being empowered to hold the state accountable as it is, she/he who finances the state12 OH Fjeldstad and M Moore (eds), Taxation and State-Building in Developing Countries: Capacity and Consent (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008). . It can be said that due to human rights, governments have an obligation to introduce and implement tax laws and systems of tax administrations which are capable of generating enough revenue for the realization of human rights, in ways that comply with other human rights obligations such as non-discrimination and equality, transparency, accountability and participation. It is possible for Taxes to be distinguished by the effect they have on the distribution of income and wealth. A proportional tax policy is one that imposes the same relative burden on all taxpayers in which tax liability and income grow in equal proportion. A progressive tax policy is one in which there exist proportional rise in the tax liability relative to the increase in income. Finally, a regressive tax policy is characterized by a less than proportional rise in the relative burden. Thus, progressive taxes are seen as reducing inequalities in income distribution, whereas regressive taxes can have the effect of increasing these inequalities

Looking at taxes through a Human Rights perspective allows for us to see that taxation is capable of tackling the inequality between ordinary citizens and the wealthy elites and businesses. There is an issue with equality and taxation and that is the question what the perceived notion of equality would be. Equality of condition is the notion that “people should be as equal as possible in relation to the central conditions of their lives which is about ensuring that everyone has roughly equal prospects for a good life.”( Lynch, Kathleen; Baker, John 2005)13 Equality in education : an equality of condition perspective Lynch, Kathleen; Baker, John 2005 Theory and Research in Education, 3 (2): 131-164 Changing a tax policy so that it is more progressive is one of the ways in which this can be done. As it was stated above direct taxation in the form of an income tax can be seen as a progressive tax policy. This can achieve more social justice as it not only helps to uphold human dignity by not forcing the poor to pay more taxes than the wealthy elite, it also encourages economic growth since it will leave more money in hands of the ordinary citizen which will in turn allow them to spend more on goods and services. Conversely human rights can be used as a means of undermining social justice. This can be seen in a case where secretive billionaires used article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights14 European Convention on Human Rights which covers the right to a private life as a means of making sure that the identities of who are using the UK tax haven of the isle of man was not made public.15 consultation on the transparency of the beneficial ownership of companies – isle of man government response 2016

In conclusion based on what has been discussed above it can be said that when it comes to being the bridge between the market and law/politics, Economic and Human rights law is not perfect but it is able to diminish the inequalities and discrimination that can be prominent due to certain economic policies. Does this mean that it also gives more social justice? The answer to that can be one of ambiguity as there are not many examples of it doing in respects to taxation. It does however provide some form of social justice as it is mentioned above that if a more tax policy were adopted then the chances of there being more equity present between the ordinary citizen and wealthy elite would be more likely.

Bibliography

1. European Convention on Human Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the ICESCR (OHCHR 2005, Annex 6). The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights General comment 3
2. F Block and M Somers, The Power of Market Fundamentalism (Harvard University Press 2014), Chapter 1: Karl Polanyi and the Power of Ideas, pp. 8-11 and pp. 28-43
3. M Todaro, and S Smith, Economic Development (Harlow, Pearson, 2006) 762.
4. I Ortiz and M Cummins, Global Inequality: Beyond the Bottom Billion: A rapid review of income distribution in 141 countries (UNICEF, New York, 2011) 38–45..
5. OH Fjeldstad and M Moore (eds), Taxation and State-Building in Developing Countries: Capacity and Consent (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008).
6. R Balakrishnan (et al eds), Rethinking Economic Policy for Social Justice (Routledge 2016), pp. 1-44
7. I Saiz, ‘Resourcing Rights: Combatting Tax Injustice from a Human Rights Perspective’ in A Nolan (et al eds), Human Rights and Public Finance: Budgets and the Promotion of Economic and Social Rights (Hart 2013)
8. M Couret Branco, Economics Versus Human Rights (Routledge 2009), pp. 8-24
9. Fine Ben (1999) A question of economics: is it colonizing the social sciences?, Economy and Society, 28:3, 403-425,
10. William B. Barker THE THREE FACES OF EQUALITY: CONSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS IN TAXATION 57 Case W. Res. L. Rev. 1 (2006)
11. Consultation on the transparency of the beneficial ownership of companies – isle of man government response 2016

Vengeance is a significant problem in societies around the world. According to the US Department of Justice, 20% of the homicides in the United States are seemingly vengeance-related. Cases from schools to workplaces, friends, and families are emerging year after year with the sole motivation of revenge. It is highly challenging to understand the complex structure of vengeance with the precise causes and effects on individuals, groups, and societies. Vengeance may affect people on many levels that range from physical to psychological and even on a cultural level when dealing with groups and societies. While many factors have contributed to the rise of vengeance rates, the essential ones are the weak rules of law or in subcultures where victims cannot rely on the legal system, the wide gap between societies and laws and even the absence of governmental support enforces vengeance into traditions and conservative cultures.

By definition, vengeance is both an act and a desire. An act of punishing or harming as a reciprocity toward the transgressor. Also, vengeance is the urge to re-enforce what is right and pay back wrongs. On a practical level, if jurisdiction powers enforce laws and adjust rules to support victims and uncover wrongdoers swiftly, the people who would otherwise desire vengeance will be less likely to act as their motive of punishment will be righteously fulfilled. For example, in some cases, crime investigations and trials may take years while the victim’s family and friends are waiting for justice. This delay in ruling is psychologically, emotionally, and mentally intense on the victim’s entourage which can increase the desire for vengeance and might lead to regrettable acts of violence towards the transgressor’s entourage. Consequently, laws’ adjustments, whether initiated nationally by parliaments or revisited by legislative bodies would reduce the growing number of crimes related to vengeance.

In addition to legislation and rules, people’s lack of knowledge of prosecution procedures decreased the level of trust that society shares with the jurisdiction bodies. This gap between society and laws is increasing the feeling of social victimization, unfairness, and lack of justice among groups and communities. The broader the gap, the bigger the desire to retaliate. To illustrate this, at the beginning of 2020, in the USA, George Floyd was brutally arrested by the police. This accident burst the desire for vengeance, riots took place in many states for many days and racial tension rose to its highest level. As a result, gaps between society and laws amplify the feeling of unfairness and transcends vengeance from an individual to a collective act that threatens communities’ and societies’ safety.

On the other hand, some societies don’t refer to laws to attain justice. In some cases, vengeance is a pillar in many traditions and cultures all around the world. Communities and tribes use vengeance as a tool to protect their sanctity. These societies regard laws as an ineffective tool to enforce justice and protect their existence. Some families transfer the duty of vengeance to descendants for many generations and conflicts may take decades to be resolved. In this kind of society, avengers take pride and are praised for their actions. Governments around the world perceive these communities as a threat that may lead to consecutive crimes and even armed confrontation, thus governments cautiously deal with tribes’ traditions and try to reintegrate them into a national acceptance of laws by increasing social and economic support. When a conflict arises between tribes, some governments interfere as mediators to resolve conflicts and prevent bloodshed, yet it doesn’t always go as planned. Therefore, the absence of governmental support and protection for some communities encourages them to self-enforcing justice using vengeance as a mechanism.

In conclusion, societies and individuals around the world face unique challenges when it comes to vengeance. While vengeance transudes as a flow of victory when accomplished, it always comes with a great cost. Violence, aggression, anger, and even death are the price tag of vengeance. The creation of fair and transparent laws that are fairly and righteously enforced in societies with no distinction will decrease the rate of revenge-motivated crimes. Moreover, Government efforts to integrate all communities under their national umbrellas regardless of any cultural differences increase safety in societies and minimize the influence of vengeance.