In this instructional manual, the details pertaining to the iPhone 5s series of apple phones is outlined. Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the phone. The manual explains the basics of operating the phone. Also, the manual illustrates how to get started with respect to the phone’s operations. Details pertaining to the use of Siri and other features of the phone are elaborated with the intention of making the application of the machine easy (Eunson 23).
Figure 1
Features and Accessories
The iPhone 5s has several features and accessories which make up for the phone’s operations. As indicated in Figure 1, the phone has a total of 12 features. In point form, the features are as follows:
A face time camera.
An isight camera.
A rear microphone.
A SIM card tray.
A speaker.
A lightning connector.
A home button.
Sleep/wake button.
Headset jack.
Volume buttons.
Bottom microphone.
Multi-touch display.
Receiver microphone.
A face time camera.
The iPhone 5s also comes with a number of accessories which aid in the operations of the phone. The main accessories that come with the phone include the following:
An Apple headset: The phone work with the Apple EarPods to allow one to listen to music and videos and to make phone calls.
A connecting cable: The cable, also known as a USB, connects the phone to an external computer for synchronization purposes. The cable is also used to charge the phone.
An Apple USB power adaptor: The adaptor is used in conjunction with the connecting cable to power up the phone
SIM eject tool: This accessory should be used to eject a SIM card from the tray
Getting Started
There are a number of processes that should be followed before one can use the iPhone. In this section, the preliminary actions are outlined:
Installing the SIM
An iPhone 5s uses a Nano-SIM card for the purposes of making use of the cellular services. The services include making phone calls and internet connectivity the SIM card is inserted into the phone through the SIM card tray using the eject tool mentioned.
Activation of the Phone
The activation process requires a live network. To this end, a wireless network or the cellular network becomes necessary. The following steps should be undertaken:
Connect to an internet network (Wi-Fi or cellular).
Create an Apple ID.
Enter the necessary passcode.
Set up an iCloud account.
Ensure all the necessary features are turned on.
Phone Usage
Making a phone call
The process of making a phone call begins with the selection of a contact from the phonebook. One can either use the Siri software to select a contact or scroll to the phone book manually. Using Siri one needs only utter the phrase, “call Tom” and the contact will be called.
Accepting a call
One accepts a call by sliding or tapping on the green icon that appears on the screen. The red icon that appears is meant for declining a phone call.
Siri
Siri is the software that is used to carry out a number of operations on the phone. The software works on the principle of voice control. Siri works for all the operations on the phone. The voice command requires the phone’s owner to issue commands while speaking into the speaker. For instance, one can ask Siri to “show photos”. The same prompts the phone to open the gallery and show all the necessary photos. Siri helps make the use of the phone easier and faster.
Camera
The camera allows for the recording of the videos and capturing of photos. Using Siri or a manual operation, the user can use either the front or rear camera. Once the application opens one can choose between the video option and the still pictures option. The red button that appears allows one to carry out the intended option.
Messaging
The phone has the option of sending messages via SMS, E-mails or multi-media messages. The messages are sent via a typing mechanism that is accessed on the phone’s keypad. The messages are displayed on the screen. The messaging mechanism works for other messaging applications that are downloaded from the internet.
Applications
The applications are stored in a folder names “applications” some of the applications range from weather, social media and financials. The following is a list f the applications that come with an iPhone 5s:
Compass.
Passbook.
ITunes store.
Compass.
Passbook.
Stocks.
Clock.
Maps.
Social media.
The applications are accessed from the iTunes app store and they require one to register themselves o the online platform.
Safety, Handling, and Support
An iPhone should be handled with care. Considering that it is made with glass, plastic and light metal. The device also has sensitive electronic components. The use of a damaged iPhone has the potential cause injury in case one is concerned about scratching the surface of iPhone the use of a case or cover advised. The phone should not be opened in an attempt to repair unless one is a professional. Disassembly of the phone may lead to damage and may also lead to injury to the user. In case the phone gets damaged, malfunctions one should contact an Apple Authorized Service Provider.
Any attempt to replace the phone’s battery by oneself. Such attempts may damage the battery. Consequently the phone would eventually overheat. The lithium-ion battery in phone should be replaced trained agent from an Apple Authorized Service Provider. Once replaced the battery should be recycled. Incineration of the battery is not advised. The use of an iPhone in some circumstances can be distractive and result in danger to the user. The use of the phone should be avoided when one is cycling, driving or handling of machinery.
Works Cited
Eunson, Baden. Business Writing, Milton: Wiley, 2007. Print.
iPhone has revolutionized the cell phone technology elevating it to a whole new level. It has set the standards so high that other mobile phone companies have no choice but to upgrade their products in order to survive in the dynamic and ever changing technological age.
It utilizes internet protocol to perform its tasks most of which are time and space consuming in their operations (Krugler 19). iPhone success has been proven by its popularity and performance in the mobile phone market.
Apple has made a remarkable gain from the sale of the iPhone since its first release. Since its introduction into the market, iPhone has dominated over the cell phone market and maintained its demand by continuously upgrading its models. It is also designed such that it is possible to run the operating systems of the new models into the older models.
This enables its users to enjoy upgraded systems on their phones without having to purchase a new model phone.
Apple offers a free utility referred to as the iPhone configuration utility which lets you create and install configuration profiles and provisioning profiles (Landau 139). This utility has general trouble shooting related features that are important even to the non-enterprise population.
Its unique software and hardware also allows you to create an application that enables the users to perform tasks that may not be possible with a laptop computer (Goldstein 12). However, this is not to mean that it can entirely replace the personal computer.
The iPhone applications generally allow for internet access. Its operating system and hardware allows you to determine the device location through GPS and also has tracking and motion detectors that can register its movement. The iPhone also supports audio and video application (Goldstein 14).
Over the years, questions have been raised as to who is the real manufacturer of the iPhone. Although there are various companies that have attempted to imitate the iPhone, the original iPhone is made by a collection of more than 30 companies in 3 continents each of which provides a certain contribution to come up with the finished product. However, Apple remains the most credited company for this remarkable innovation of the 21st century since it is the original designer of iPhone and creator of the software that gives it the unique feature.
“Apple’s iPhone first made headlines at the Macworld conference & expo in San Francisco in the early 2007” (Plunkett 22). The product hit the market in 2007 and did so well that by the late 2008, the firm had made a sale of more than thirteen million and was confirmed as being the best seller in the Phone industry in the third quarter of 2008.
First generation iPhone (2G)
Apple first introduced the 2G iPhone in the market. This first generation iPhone first hit the market in 2007. With just one physical button, the iPhone provided a new advanced way through which users interacted with their phones with almost everything being done via touch screen. First generation iPhones came with either 8GB or 16GB storage capacity and its retail price varied accordingly. These iPhones were programmed via sim card.
In general, iPhones originally worked only with (service provider) AT&T. However, through program jailbreak, it can be reconfigured to accommodate any GSM network (Kubasiak and Varsalor 46). The first generation iPhone facets include a 3.5 inch (screen) which that gives an ultra-clear (480*320 resolution). Its rear has an even (metal finish) with a black ribbon placed underneath while its face consists of a (shiny) metal piece surrounding the sides.
It also features a two megapixel camera and weighs 4.8 ounces. The first generation phone is designed to support Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and the frequencies of GSM and Quad-Band (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz). This limits its internet surfing speed relative to the subsequent iPhone models. Its software features the version of apple mail with HTML email, web browser safari with Google and yahoo search engines.
Its operating system is Mac OS X which enables the user to upload other applications into the system (Merrett par 11). The phone also features sensors that redirects what is displayed on the screen during rotation between portrait and landscape orientation as well as a proximity sensor that detects when the phone is on ear range consequently adjusting the screen and touch pad accordingly.
The first iPhone could connect to iTunes and You tube. Its software also supports the ‘app store’ which is an e commerce centre where users can access free and paid for software that can be supported by the iPhone. It also has personal data assistant applications such as calendar, address book and notes (Kubasiak and Varsalor 396).The first generation iPhone is the slowest of all the iPhone models in terms of internet connectivity and data uploading hence there was need for its improvement.
Although the 2G iPhone is still being used, the company has stopped releasing the 2G iPhones to the market since they are relatively lacking in line with the prevailing technology. This led to Apple’s innovation of the iPhone 3G (Mark and laMarche 26).
Second generation iPhone (3G)
The second generation iPhone was released in 2008. It had more features compared to the first generation iPhone such as GPS services which when working together with Google maps can detect the gadget’s exact location. Just like the first generation iPhone its software supports the ’App store’ where users can free and paid applications that can be supported by iPhone (Kubasiak and Varsalor 396).
The third generation model offers 3G networking that is twice as first as the first generation iPhone. It contains a built-in GPS and iPhone 2.0 software that include a support for Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync and operates hundreds of third party applications (Plunkett 23). iPhone touch identifies location by combining data from the available methods.
However, tall buildings can block GPS signals but you can still have 3G OR Wi-Fi network availability. On such cases the iPhone is determining the location without the assistance from GPS. This gives the explanation why the accuracy of location depends on the user’s exact location and the network services available (Landau 179).
The 3G model has boosted the surfing speed as compared to the 2G model and one can easily watch videos online. This is primarily due to its 3G speed which is more advanced compared to the 2G. It has a 2 megapixel camera like the original iPhone and weighs 4.7 ounces. Its alert types include vibration, downloadable polyphonic and MP3 ring tones.
It has practically unlimited entries on its phone book, supports photo call and has an internal memory of 4/8/16 GB. The 3G meets the worldwide standards of cellular communications and is twice as first as the first generation iPhone in data downloading since it utilizes HSDPA other than UMTS (Phan 241).
Third generation iPhone-3Gs
This model was released in the market in June 2009. It is an 8GB phone hat benefits from all the great benefits that come with iOS 4.The iPhone 3GS features common cell phone features e.g. multimedia messaging and video recording as well as voice dialing. It also has a proven elongated battery life. It has a TFT capacitive touch screen and a scratch resistant surface.
It has increased speed relative to the previous models and also features a number of other hardware upgrades from the preceding models. It has a higher resolution camera (3 mega pixel) which is capable of autofocus (Biersdorfer 10). This is an improvement from the earlier models whose camera resolutions were 2 mega pixel.
It also has the abilities to shoot videos and take pictures even better under low-light situations. Its navigation features also goes beyond the GPS into a built in electronic compass which enables it to determine the direction in which the device is pointed. It also has an improved battery life in comparison with the earlier models (Faas 4). The third generation is also available 16 and 32 GB which provides a more built in memory than either of the earlier models.
The model provides a unique security feature that allows it to fully encrypt all its data. This ensures that saved data is secure since retrieving such data is virtually impossible without pass code access (Faas 4). The phone also features a built in voice control and voice over which enables phone –user voice interaction. 3G capable iPhone is capable of switching between Wi-Fi, 3G and edge as you roam depending on the network that is currently available in the user’s location.
The third generation iPhone is faster and has new features that lacked in the previous models. However, the iPhone 3GS call quality has not advanced and it experiences uneven reception. It further lacks flash light and USB storage and multitasking hence the need that led to the development of the fourth generation iPhone (German par 3, 4).
iPhone 4
The fourth generation is supported by technologies structured and modified to resemble those of the internet. The gadget operates on IP-powered networks with the ability to share spectrum capacities in ways not currently popular in the commercial networks (Krugler 19).
The new generation model was introduced in August 2010. It is a modern and technologically advanced phone. It is claimed to consist of more than 100 new features. It is far much thinner and elegant than the iPhone 3GS and has an all glass front and a stainless steel casing.
The new iPhone differs from the previous models in that its volume controls are located its sides together with an accessible microSIM tray. Some of its other features include a microphone, speaker, a front facing camera among others. iPhone 4 supports the popular iTunes and provides a means through which you can organize your iPhone 4 content (Trautschold and Mazo 709). The iPhone 4 is a classy and elegant cell phone designed such that it supports more application than any other smart phone in the market.
With iPhone 4 you can view photos, check emails, surf the web through an interactive touch screen gesture. They also anticipate the introduction of an application that allows you to organize and manage your content as well as streaming high quality movies and TV shows on your iPhone 4(Kelby 3). Hulu + is also featured in this new model.
It is an application that allows you to watch complete seasons of your favorite TV reality shows and movies right on your phone. You can also update your face book status and receive push alerts right on your iPhone 4 (Trautschold and Mazo 3). The new phone also supports high speed protocols for web connectivity as well as a built in Wi-Fi or 3G- network connectivity which are among the fastest in the modern world. The iPhone 4 has an amazing retina display which is four time more effective than older models.
It also provides a first ever video chat right on the front facing camera. One of the greatest new features contained in the fourth generation iPhone 4 is its ability to multitask. This is made possible through simply double clicking the home button in order to jump between applications (Trautschold and Mazo 5).
This allows users to access multiple applications at the same time. You can also locate your iPhone using any web browser using Find my browser feature in mobile me. With iPhone 4 you can also lock your iPhone with a 4 digit code and you can also remotely delete information on your iPhone. This enhances its security settings since you can manage privacy on your phone.
The iPhone 4 like the third generation iPhone also comes with voice over option that reads your applied commands from the phone screen. When you turn the voice over feature on it speaks anything on the screen. This has helped in enabling the use of mobile phones among the visually impaired since they can have a verbal interaction with their phones and can feed it with commands.
It also contains a feature (voice control) that enables the user to send commands through merely speaking (into the screen). The iPhone 4 also has a 5X zoom camera, iBooks which is an electronic book reader, a spelling checker among other features that makes it even more desirable (Lowe 1).
Conclusion
The iPhone is currently perceived as a new computing platform since it aims to serve most of the internet related functions. Since in the modern world the mobile devices are becoming more and more popular, most internet accessing is being done through the mobile devices making the iPhone an even more desirable cell phone to acquire since it is compatible to the current technological needs.
The eventual market for these devices as anticipated by Steve Jobs and Apple will be bigger than any other product and will even surpass the massive PC and desktop computing market (Dvorak, par 5). Due To its efficiency, the iPhone continues to be one of the most preferred mobile phone models of our time.
It is therefore important for its manufacturer to make sure that the iPhone is at per with the dynamic technology. They should also lay some strict measures to curb imitations by other companies which have resulted to low quality cheap iPhones flooding in the market thereby reducing its demand.
Works Cited
Biersdorfer, J. D. Best iPhone apps. Sebastopol: O’ Reilley media Inc, 2010. Print.
Dvorak, John. Understanding the impact of the iPhone. New York: Market watch Inc, 2010. Print.
Faas, Ryan. iPhone for work: Increasing productivity for busy professionals. California, Apress, 2009.Print.
German, Kent. Apple iPhone 3GS-32GB-Black (AT&T) CBS interactive. California: Apress, 2010. Print.
Goldstein, Neil. iPhone application development for dummies. Hoboken: Wiley Publishing Inc, 2009. Print.
Kelby, Scott. The iPhone book: How to do the most important, useful and fun stuff with your iPhone. New York: Peachpit press, 2009.
Kruglar, G. Lennard. National Broadband plan. Pennsylvania: Diane publishing, 2010. Print.
Kubasiak R. Ryan and Varsalor, Jesse. Macintosh OS X, iPod, and iPhone Forensic Analysis DVD toolkit. Burlington: Syngress (2008). Print.
Landau, Ted. Take control of iPhone OS 3. New York: Tidbits publishing Inc, 2009. Print.
Lowe, Doug. Networking for dummies, for dummies. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.
Mark, Dave and laMarche, Jeff. Beginning iPhone development: Exploring the iPhone SDK. New York: Apress, 2009. Print.
Merrett, Andy. Apple iPhone: The full specifications. Memphis: Sky mobile world Inc, 2010. Print.
Phan, Thomas. Mobile computing, applications, and services: first international ICST. New York: Springer, 2010. Print.
Plunkett W. Jack. Plunkett’s entertainment and media industry almanac: Entertainment and media industry market research, statistics, trends and leading companies. Houston: Plunkett research, Ltd, 2009. Print.
Trautschold Martin and Mazo, Gary. iPhone 4 made simple. California: Apress, 2010. Print.
It is not a secret that the Apple iPhone is the most recognizable and popular phone on the planet. However, it is not the most affordable one. It seems that for those who want to enjoy the benefits of the iPhone or just to get acquainted with iOS, Apple created the iPod “younger brother” – iPod music player.
The iPod is almost twice cheaper than the iPhone with a similar memory. It suggests a significant difference in the functional quality. Speaking of his personal experience, Shalin notes both advantages and disadvantages of iPod: “small, portable, and had a good battery life, but had only one audio jack” (114). Even though the iPod has a most of the iPhone functional, Apple had to remove some of the characteristics and components. Processor set to iPod, generally similar to the processor of the corresponding model of iPhone.
However, another important component of almost any portable device is a screen. It made by Retina technology but has a smaller angle of view (Shanklin par. 7). Also, the colors on the iPod screen seem dull and “lifeless.” The mentioned shortcomings are noticed only at the direct comparison of the two screens, as, before comparison, pictures on the iPod screen are clear and bright. Due to Retina technology, it is almost impossible to discern individual pixels, in other words, there is no graininess.
Another evident difference is a camera. The camera module installed in iPhone suits for casual shots on the street or in a company. iPhone copes well with shooting in optimal conditions. Probably, the camera installed in the iPod is just “for a show”, because it is practically useless while the front camera of both devices does a good job with its “responsibilities.” The player is also installed with 256 MB of RAM memory against of 512 the iPhone (Yoffie and Merrill). This difference is visible when a person uses games and applications, but unnoticeable during web surfing. Pages in Safari browser are opening slower. For example, finger zoom is rather inconvenient (Engst and Josh Centers par. 5). Partially, the problem might be solved by the installation of the other Web browsers.
Kwan reveals the reason for the iPod popularity in the world: “it is capable of storing thousands of songs in such a tiny package” (par. 5). Many people believe that the iPhone has two speakers. In fact, it is not. What appears to be the second speaker is a microphone. Therefore, there is no stereo on both the iPhone and iPod. However, the phone speaker louder and better than those of the phone, and using volume function in iTunes, one could make it sound better.
It goes without saying that the sound quality of the headphones should be noted. iPod is a player; therefore, it seems to sound ideal, but it worse than iPhone sound. For example, during the listening to the music in.alac format, some audio player errors become obvious. iPad produces treble and bass in an inappropriate way. However, it could easily play simple compositions of pop or chanson. The listening to more sophisticated styles such as classic, jazz, metal, or rock requires another powerful and high-quality sound source. “If you have a smartphone, and you wanted an iPod as a supplement for music, just wait until Apple Music comes out on your platform of choice,” advised Tinari (par. 10). iPod seems to be the ideal device for those who are not prepared to purchase and use two gadgets at the same time.
In conclusion, the iPod would suit people unpretentious to the quality of the music.
Apple supporters and technology trend analysts awaited the much-anticipated public unveiling of the Apple iPhone with bated breath. Since Apple’s chairman, Steve Jobs, unveiled the mobile product at the MacWorld convention, there has been much noise about the gadget on the Internet and in the news. The iPhone is an Apple device that integrates a laptop, iPod, digital camera, and cell telephone into a single device with a touchscreen interface (Godwin-Jones, 2017). A person can use this device using the touch screen so that the user can interact with the information on the net. The primary purpose of this device is access to the Internet and interaction with other users.
Since the iPhone is a compact device, it is possible to carry it with you. Every morning I check my device for news. Then, with the help of special applications, I check the message from my friends and also revise other essential aspects like the weather. The iPhone records which applications I use, what news I receive, and how I react to that as well. Thus, the device builds an algorithm for displaying advertisements and information that will fit the user’s preferences. Since all device usage data is then sent to Apple’s servers, a database is created that generates user behavior profiles. Someone watches more videos, and someone reads more. It changes the perception of the information and, accordingly, the display itself. All collected information about the usage of the artifact is collected in order to improve the user experience in future updates. The user agreement is permitted by Apple in order to understand user needs better.
Cultural Uses
The phone, as technological equipment, demonstrates intentionality and a program that prescribes usage, amplifying or lowering specific aspects of people’s thought and cognition. High levels of demand for iPhones may be explained by connecting narratives centered on Apple Inc., the neoliberal emphasis on personalization, and the amount that exceeds and cultural power of a so-called creative community (Martin, 2019). Most often, the iPhone is said to be an invention that changed the world. After Apple presented the iPhone, corporations from all over the world began to copy this form factor. To this day, most of the innovations that can be found on the market, if not presented on the iPhone, have been brought to perfection (Muntean et al., 2017). If we take recent years as an example, Apple has recently introduced an iPhone without frames, with a notch that stores the camera and other sensors. After the presentation, all phone manufacturers began to make the same phones with gaps, but no one managed to repeat the iPhone form factor.
At the time of the release of the first iPhone, it was a challenge for thinking and action for the whole world. However, now this challenge has been overcome as the iPhone has entered the world culture as a common thing that everyone knows about. Thus, we can conclude that the world has approved this challenge and eventually accepted it as a given. At first, for everyone, the iPhone was an absolute novelty as a rethinking of the cell phone as such.
Analysis
Each new iPhone causes excitement on the Internet and leads to the fact that every person who is somehow following the news will know about the latest version of the iPhone without decelerating. Apple presents its devices in a way that evokes emotions in people around the world. The algorithm works so that initially, it is necessary to arouse sentiments in users so that they want to purchase it. Further, the brand works for itself: Apple has achieved high-quality devices over the years of design, and now the main advantage is the human emotions during the exploitation.
The iPhone as a modern cultural artifact says a lot about today’s values. Although people do not recognize that today’s material values prevail, this is how it happens. iPhone is a cultural symbol of modernity and relevance; every teenager wants to have an iPhone because it shows the knowledge of trends. Even those people who do not want to buy Apple gadgets for themselves admit that the contribution of this company and the iPhone in particular to the culture is colossal.
People who buy modern devices sacrifice their privacy as all data becomes available to the manufacturer’s company. It often happens that data is lost due to hacker attacks, which entails getting all the data to the public. However, it also leads to its advantages, such as relevance and power. iPhone is a device that is always relevant; Apple has ensured that when buying a two-year-old appliance, the user does not experience severe problems with the device’s significance. Due to the fact that this device appeared on the market more than ten years ago, today, it is difficult to say about changes in cultural norms. However, people can say for sure about a particular cultural shift at that time towards information technology.
Oral Presentation
Apple fans and technological trend-watchers waited with great expectancy for the much-anticipated official introduction of the Apple iPhone. A person can engage with the information available on the Internet by utilizing this device’s touchscreen interface. The gadget creates an algorithm to show advertisements and information based on the user’s choices. All information gathered regarding the use of the artifact is saved in order to create an enabling environment in future releases. Apple allows the license agreement in order to fully understand user demands.
The phone, as a piece of technological equipment, demonstrates intentionality and a script that prescribes usage, amplifying or lowering specific aspects of people’s perception and action. The iPhone is frequently referred to as a world-changing invention. Following the introduction of the iPhone by Apple, firms from all over began to imitate this form factor, and to this day, most of the advances that can be found on the marketplace, if not displayed on the iPhone, have been perfected. When the first iPhone was released, it was a thought and action competition for the entire world. Nevertheless, this problem has already been addressed because the iPhone has become ingrained in global society as a commonplace item that everyone is aware of.
Apple offers its products in a way that evokes strong emotions in individuals all around the world. The algorithm is designed in such a way that it is first essential to produce feelings in people in order for them to desire to purchase it. As a modern historical phenomenon, the iPhone tells a lot about today’s values. Although most people are unaware that today’s material values predominate, this is how it works. The iPhone is a cultural icon of modernity and relevance; every youngster desires an iPhone since it demonstrates an understanding of current events. People who purchase contemporary products give up their privacy because all data is made available to the manufacturer’s firm.
References
Godwin-Jones, R. (2017). Smartphones and language learning. Language Learning & Technology, 21(2), 3-17.
Martin, J. (2019). Artifact. Rochester Institute of Technology.
Muntean, R., Antle, A. N., Matkin, B., Hennessy, K., Rowley, S., & Wilson, J. (2017). Designing cultural values into interaction. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 6062-6074.
Since the innovation of the flip phones the iphone is the other gadget that has taken tech to the next level. This refers to a type of a Smartphone that was established and is sold by Apple incorporated. It has a variety of internet apart from multimedia applications that set it apart from other gadgets of its caliber. The main features that it does posses include camera, music player, and voicemail just to mention but a few.
One can check mail, browse or utilize Wi-Fi connectivity. In enhancing the user interface, the gadget has a multi touch screen with a virtualized keyboard. The sophistication of the iPhone is reiterated by Jacko (422) who is of the opinion that the exquisite look of the gadget coupled with the touch screen effectiveness has made many other firms come groping for the success of this firm.
The order by Apple’s CEO that touch screens be investigated formed the grounding for the invention of the iphone. In collaboration with AT&T, Apple came up with the iphone in a deal costing about 150million dollars in the period running to over 30 months.
The initial design was rejected before Cingular gave Apple the discretion to produce the iphone in house. Unveiling of the iphone to the public happened on 9th of January 2007. However, sales for the gadget started out on June 29th 2007 in the US. In the spring of 2008, the gadget found its way into the Germany, France and UK markets.
At the inception of the iphone in 2007, there wasn’t many features save for the fact that it was cute looking and one could see the caller. With further updates, persons can stream music videos directly from MTV, get their way in new locations by the use of GPS and has created better utilities for online shoppers.
Of late one can order commodities online at the comfort of their palms. Online banking is now very possible with the new updates on the iphone. Previously, security was an issue in terms of concerns raised by depositors as they could not trust engaging in online transactions.
Payments can now be made easier just as much as account balances can be confirmed online. Facilities have now been incorporated in the iphone so that the gadget can detect noise and automatically time out. This benefits parents who would not want their unknowing children messing up with the gadgets. Puzzle solving is now backed up by music plus a horst of other games that are 3D. Since the inception of the iphone, insurance can be done to guard against theft of the iphone at the click of a button.
Now if you thought you were going to queue at your insurance firm for this, be relieved. The gazillion exquisite applications available on the iphone cannot all be mentioned here. This is just but a tip of the iceberg. According to the Wall Street Journal (1), Apple has plans of coming up with an even faster iphone. Moreover, one can easily access tools to do a publishing of texts, photos or blogs anywhere at any time. (Rich 16)
Even with technology soared by the iphone, society has had various opinions to express towards the gadget. Many and sundry are of the opinion that addiction is eminent with the iphone.
Productivity in other aspects of life has greatly been lowered since people spend much time head down on the gadgets browsing here, chatting there and emailing everywhere. There has hence been complaining of user dependency as persons view it as yet an extension of people’s brains. People have ended up being very disconnected as natural socialization is diminished.
This does not mean that the iphone has only elicited negative responses. Others thank the gadget for entertainment and convenience for the activities is assured to them. A section of society has therefore considered the iphone to be the dream gadget with access to a myriad of applications.
Other people still don’t view it so useful since they don’t use most of the applications presented by the gadget. At the same time the gadget has been hailed for a sense of simplicity, ease of use and consistency (Jacko 422). Just barely a week ago, another new one from Apple called the iPad has been launched. Technology seems to be going high and high and definitely the iPhone is not the end of it.
The smartphone industry is very competitive and the only competitive software that is appealing to the users gets an edge over other system software in the market. Apple exploited the available market for mobile applications to develop an operating system for its hardware (Mark, 50). The iPhone operating system, commonly known as iOS, is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. that was originally developed to run on iPhone. Recent developments in the operating system made it also run on other Apple devices such as Apple TV, iPod touch, and iPad. Apple Inc. boasts of more than 300000 iOS applications, with the highest download rate of any other mobile application present in the market (Mark, 50).
By May 2010, Apple owned approximately 15.4 % market share of the mobile smartphone operating system, being third behind Symbian and RIM’s BlackBerry (Sibsankar & Aravind, 56).
User interface
The user interface of the iPhone Operating System is characterized by direct manipulation of the interface items and a multi-touch approach which involves the use of screen synaptic to control the components of the iPhone(Mark,45). The interface controls used in iOS include switches, buttons, and sliders which are used to either select, scroll or toggle between different applications that are currently in use. An important feature of iOS is the response time to user input is fast. The basic system interaction operations that are deployed in iOS include tapping, swiping, and other gestures such as pinching (Mark, 45). Recent developments in iOS include automatic switching depending on the orientation of the handheld device, for instance, portrait and landscape mode. The iOS is derived from the Macintosh OS X, implying that it draws its features from Unix Operating Systems (Mark, 45).
Process Management in Ios
Process management is an important aspect of any operating system in order to ensure effective execution of the necessary system processes and other application software. The process management in iOS is basically aimed at achieving a balance between the system processes and the application processes. The approach to managing processes in iOS is through the use of system calls (Sibsankar & Aravind,198). The various elements that are involved in the process management in iOS are outlined below.
Process scheduler
Process scheduling is a major concept of iOS that facilitates the multitasking and multiprocessing abilities of iOS. The scheduling concept is used to determine the way processes are assigned to the available CPU time. The task of the process scheduler/dispatcher is to select a task from spooled tasks and sequentially load it into the memory. For fast user response, iOS uses the short-term process scheduler. The short-term scheduler is primarily responsible for choosing which of the processes that have been already loaded into the memory are to be executed next depending on a CPU clock interrupt, an IO device interrupt, or a system call (Stallings, 256).
The short-term scheduler is ideal for iOS due to its ability to execute processes more frequently than long-term and medium-term schedulers. The process scheduler used in iOS is non preemptive/ cooperative, implying that the scheduler can not force a process out of the CPU (Mark, 95).
Dispatcher
The main aim of the dispatcher in iOS is to control the processes to be executed by the CPU. The dispatcher in the iOS has to be ultrafast to facilitate fast process switching (context switch)
Process scheduling algorithms
The main objective behind scheduling algorithms in iOS is to avoid resource starvation to the various processes and ensure fairness in the distribution of the CPU time to the various threads/ processes (Stallings, 78). The various scheduling algorithms used in iOS are outlined below.
First In First Out
Uses the First come first served (FCFS) approach to allocate resources to the threads and processes. The queuing procedure is based on the arrival time of the process in the ready queue (Sibsankar & Aravind, 210). The following characteristics are associated with the FCFS scheduling algorithm:
The throughput of the CPU is generally since processes that tend to consume longer CPU time can result in a phenomenon called CPU hogging.
There is process prioritization; this implies that the operating system might have problems with achieving deadlines of some processes.
Scheduling overhead is reduced because there is no prioritization of processes
Shortest remaining time
This scheduling algorithm uses the Shortest Job First (SJF) approach. The scheduler puts processes that require the least CPU time next in the ready queue. Any arrival of a process that requires less time than the remaining time of the current process that is being executed results in an interruption of the process execution (Sibsankar & Aravind, 211). This results in the creating of two different processing blocks, resulting in additional overheads because of the additional context switching time. The features of the SJF include:
The algorithm ensures maximum throughput
the SJF approach does not a consideration to deadlines unless the deadlines are made to have the shortest CPU time possible
There is the possibility of starvation in systems whereby there are a large number of small processes that are being constantly executed.
Fixed Priority preemptive scheduling
Under this approach, the operating systems use ranks that have been assigned to the processes to determine which process is loaded into the queue (Sibsankar & Aravind, 224). Processes that have high priority ranks are loaded first in the queue while those with low priority are loaded last in the queue. Interruptions are caused by the arrival of higher priority processes. This algorithm attempts to eliminate the overheads as much as possible. The waiting and starvation depend on the priority ranks assigned to the processes (Sibsankar & Aravind, 225).
Round Robin algorithm
Under this approach, the operating system assigns a fixed amount of time per process and cycles through the queue. The round-robin algorithm incurs a lot of overhead in situations where the fixed time unit is small. It exhibits a balanced throughput in relation to both SJF and FCFS. Starvation is eliminated in Round Robin because there is the prioritization of processes based on priority ranks, process time, or time of arrival (Sibsankar & Aravind, 228).
Multi-level queue algorithm
This process scheduling algorithm is deployed in contexts whereby the processes are segregated into groups in terms of priorities (Mark, 88). The iOS uses a multilevel feedback queue, with its processes being divided into four categories: normal, kernel mode only, real-time threads, and high priority threads (Mark, 90).
Deadlock
Deadlock refers to a situation whereby a number of processes are competing for the same CPU resources. Deadlocks are always a result of a number of processes awaiting requirements that can not be met by the central processing unit. The major causes of deadlocks are mutual exclusion; systems that have no pre-emption and the circular wait (Stalling, 136).
Concurrent processes
Concurrent processes in an operating system are two processes running at the same time that can function independently without impairing the overall performance of the operating system.
Memory Management in Ios
Unlike other operating system platforms, iOS uses a complicated memory management approach to ensure the effective use of its memory resources. Memory management by iOS involves the analysis of the available memory and the amount of memory that a given process requires (Mark, 95). Memory management is an important aspect of iOS and facilitates the execution of more processes that require more than the available memory.
The memory management concepts in iOS include (Mark, 100):
Large address spaces; the iOS achieves this through the use of virtual memory. Virtual memory is that part of the secondary memory the OS uses as main memory. The virtual memory in iOS can be adjusted to suit the user’s requirements.
Protection; involves assigning each process virtual address space. The virtual address spaces by different processes are different from each other and the hardware mechanisms do not allow overwriting of the protected virtual address spaces.
Memory Mapping; is fundamentally used to plot data into the physical address locations of the processes.
Fair Physical Address memory allocation; the goal of memory management is to ensure each process receives a fair amount of memory according to its requirements and the available memory.
Paging memory management/ allocation
Mark (98) infers that in the iOS context, paged memory allocation refers to a memory management strategy whereby the operating can read and write instructions from the secondary storage; implying that the paged memory functions as the main memory. The advantage of this scheme is that it frees the main memory and therefore facilitates the executions of programs that require more memory than the available physical memory (Mark, 102). The various aspects of paging are outlined below.
Virtual Memory
The Virtual memory in iOS uses virtual address spaces rather than actual physical addresses locations(Mark, 100). The virtual addresses are then mapped to the actual physical memory by the processor depending on the page tables maintained by iOS. The Virtual and the actual memory locations are divided into segments called pages which are all of the same size (Sibsankar & Aravind, 225).
In the virtual memory addressing, the virtual address is divided into two elements; an offset and the virtual address frame page number. The operation of the virtual memory is principally based on the paging tables that are subject to the control of the Operating system.
Demand Paging
In most cases, the physical memory is far much less than the virtual memory, the iOS has the responsibility of making use of the available memory in the most efficient way possible. Demand paging is whereby the CPU loads the virtual memory directly without mapping it into the physical address space (Mark, 110). It entails the loading of virtual address spaces into the memory as they are being accessed.
A page fault occurs when the CPU can not transform the virtual address into a physical address space on the main memory.
Page replacement policies
The page replacement policies in iOS are greatly determined by its kernel architecture; which in turn influences the locality of reference. The two-page replacement policies are (Sibsankar & Aravind, 230):
Local replacement; page replacement is can be selected from any page within the memory
Global replacement; page replacement can only take place from the memory partition that has been assigned to the process.
Pre-cleaning; page replacement policy whereby it starts with pages that are most likely to be replaced next.
Memory Management Algorithms in Ios
The page replacement algorithms are primarily used to determine which pages in the memory are swapped in and swapped out of the memory. The iOS deploys the use of the following conventional page replacement algorithms (Mark, 120):
Not Recently Used (NRU)
This algorithm favors the retention of memory pages that have been recently used based on the principle that if a page has been referenced or modified, there is a possibility that it may be referenced in the near future system time(Stallings, 170).
First-in, First-out
Is far the simplest page replacement algorithm deployed by the iOS and has low overheads on the operating system. The replacement algorithm favors the retention of pages that last in the queue; the page at the front of the queue is the first to be replaced in case a page replacement is required by the OS (Stallings, 170).
The least recently Used (LRU)
The LRU algorithm is base on the principle that pages that have been accessed more are likely to be accessed and again, therefore it favors the retention of mostly used pages.
I/O Device Management in Ios
Device management is essential in any operating system so as to integrate communication between the user, the operating system and the CPU. Basically, device management entails the processing of the I/O interrupts (Stallings, 115). The various approaches in device management in iOS are outlines below.
RAID technology
Redundant Array of Independent Disks is primarily used to improve the systems functionality through the use of redundancy approach. The various disk drives are arranged into one logical unit and the arrays in the multiple disk drives functions independently. This serves as a back up procedure and aims at maintaining the operating system’s functionality (Stallings, 120).
The two main objectives of using RAID in disk drives are to achieve data reliability and improve the performance of the I/O devices. The RAID classifications include: RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID2, RAID 3, RAID 4, RAID and RAID 6 (Stallings, 125).
File Management in Ios
Files are an integral part in the usage of any computer system and mobile devices; this implies that the operating system has to establish effective file management approaches which may use a hierarchical organizational structure. File systems define the way data are arranged in a computer system (Sibsankar & Aravind, 105).
The four basic concepts involved in file management in the iOS include:
File creation
File and Directory Naming
File systems
File organizational structure.
File Creation
The iOS allows the user to create files and folders. Other file operations in iOS include file deletion, file modification such updating of the file contents. The operating system allows users to create files within other files; thereby allowing a parent-child files association (Sibsankar & Aravind, 100).
File directory and naming
In the iOS, a file name refers to the name assigned to a file in order to distinguish it from other files. No two different files under the same logical hierarchy can have the same file name (Stallings, 156). File names can take any character except “,” (comma) and “/” (backslash) which are reserved to separate between different directories and pathnames. The file naming rules used in file still apply to the parent directories and subdirectories under it. In the iOS, the directory structures may be flat or take a hierarchal structure whereby files are divided into subdirectories taking the parent child order, which the child being a subdirectory in the main file (Mark, 90).
Physical File organizational structures
The physical file organizations determine how files are arranged in the storage space according to the operating system. The file system used in iOS is commonly referred to as the HFS plus which is consistent in case preservation. The HFS plus file system that is used in iOS has mechanisms to avoid data corruption; it also has mechanisms that use automatic defragmenting algorithms thus eliminating the need of an external defragmenter (Mark, 80).
Network Management in Ios
One essential capability that a Smartphone must have is to be able to access network and network resources under any given settings. The iOS therefore must incorporate network access capabilities into the operating system. To achieve these the iOS has inbuilt network management services that run as background processes (Sibsankar & Aravind, 102).
.Apart from the inbuilt network management services that are incorporated into the iOS, the Apple Inc. has developed network management applications such as the Brooklyn for Nagios, which has the ability to monitor the Nagios system allowing network administrators to remotely control the network via the Smartphone (Mark, 50).
The iOS also incorporates the abilities by the iPhone to have access to WLAN through the use of in built Wi-Fi system in the iPhone. The iPhone has in built wireless network sensors which can detect any environment that is broadcasting a wireless signal that matches the frequency of the iPhone or the iPad. Other network access methods that are developed by iOS include 3G and Blue tooth. Recent attempts have been tested towards the use of 4G in iOS (Mark, 96).
System Security in Ios
System security is imperative in the development of an operating system in order to avoid its vulnerability to external threats such as viruses, Spyware and other malicious programs. The iOS therefore has measures that are aimed towards the protection of the system against such threats.
The two main approaches that are used by the iOS in ensuring system security include:
The use antivirus applications that serve to protect the system against virus threats. An example of antivirus that is compatible with the iOS is Intego VirusBarrier X5 10.5.3.
The use of inbuilt firewall software which aims to protect the system against online threats such as hacker attempts.
The use of spyware applications which are aimed to detect any malicious online software that may pose threat to the stability of the system.
Conclusion
Difficulties encountered during the research
Carrying out a study on technological devices is not always an easy task. The difficulties experienced during the research study included:
Lack of access to enough information; the iOS is a recent technology, this implies that there are no enough resources that have been developed towards the iOS, the few that were available were based on the earlier versions of the iOS and drawing a correlation between the Unix-like mobile operating systems software.
Very few people have smart phones that are powered by iOS; this poses a barrier to the gathering of information concerning iOS.
The complexity of the iOS is hard to understand
Solutions to the difficulties
Intensive internet research to acquire information such as through Apple Forums
Visiting the various iPhone dealers and customer centers for relevant information and more explanation of the functionality of the iOS
Lessons learnt during the research
The Smartphone industry is a complicated and very dynamic, with the mobile application users increasing daily. The user preference is basically based on the usability of the mobile operating system and therefore Apple tries to make its operating system the most usable in the market through an integration of the hardware and software on their Smart phones.
References
Mark, David. Beginning iPhone 3 Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK. New York: Apress, 2009.
The product life cycle (PLC) is one of the most crucial methods describing the processes of development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline of a product. When entrepreneurs are leading their products through these five stages, they often apply the 4P method that stands for product, price, promotion, and place to create an effective business plan (Sradersmar, 2019). Further, each stage of the PLS of the iPhone, applying the 4P method will be described.
Development
Product: Interestingly, the development of the iPhone started as a part of a project aimed to create an alternative for a PC mouse.
Place: The US-based project had the codename Project Purple, and in its framework, the Model 035 was developed, which included a touchpad allowing its users to pinch, scroll and zoom without pressing any keys (Jones, 2020). After the iPod appeared, the developers made sure that consumers will never give up their mobile phones for anything (Jones, 2020).
Promotion: Hence, in 2005 Apple released the Rokr E1 in partnership with Motorola (Jones, 2020).
Price: This new mobile phone was quite a chip and compatible with iTunes and allowed to store and play the music but had severe technical limitations.
Introduction
Product: The company moved on and finally presented the first iPhone.
Promotion: It happened on 29 June 2007; the device had a thick, unbreakable Gorilla Glass screen and excellent technical specifications (Jones, 2020).
Price: Although the initial price was high – $499 for 4 GB and $599 for 8 GB memory storage, by the end of the year, Apple sold 6 million units (Jones, 2020).
Place: The product was mainly being sold in the US, UK, and Germany, and somewhat later, it reached consumers from the Netherlands, Belgium, and France (Jones, 2020). It had overwhelming success and instantly conquered the market.
Growth
Price: Several months after the release, the initial price for the iPhone was lowered dramatically.
Promotion: A discount of $200 was a good move, even though Apple had to give $100 gift vouchers to its fans who bought the phone for $599 (Jones, 2020).
Product: Besides, the introduction of 3G in 2008 was another wise decision (Jones, 2020).
Place: Apple was striving to reach its targets – make the iPhone faster, cheaper, more compatible with third-party apps, and available in more countries.
Growth Continuation
Product: Therefore, the company introduced the iOS2, App Store, and new software, allowing third-party apps.
Price: The price was lowered once more when the iPhone 3G was released on 11 July 2008 – to $199 for 8GB and $299 for 16GB storage space (Jones, 2020).
Place: Now, it was sold in 21 countries throughout Western Europe and North America (Jones, 2020).
Promotion: Next month, countries from South America and Central Europe expanded this list.
Maturity
Place: In 2010 the device could be purchased worldwide, and the price was set and remained unchanged.
Price: Now it was $199 for less storage memory and $299 for more (Jones, 2020).
Product: Besides, the product was still gaining new features, like 4G, Wi-Fi, Siri, more memory storage, and longer battery life (Jones, 2020).
Promotion: The price went higher only for iPhone 7, iPhone X, and iPhone Pro models in 2016-2019 (Jones, 2020). The product had never reached the decline stage, mainly because the developers tumbled to start raising the price while introducing new features to engage wealthier customers.
SunSmart is a nonprofit organization that is located in Victoria. The organization began operating in 1988 through a joint funding of the Cancer Council Victoria and Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Vic Health). Alongside the core aim of minimizing the human cost of skin cancer in Victoria, SunSmart also aims to promote and improve the awareness of a balanced approach to UV exposure and the link with vitamin D.
The cornerstone of SunSmart’s work is raising awareness and providing sun protection advice to the Victorian public. This work involves ongoing research initiatives and campaigns to promote sun protection and prevent skin cancer. SunSmart and Cancer Council Victoria believe that investment into developing a strong research base is essential in developing the most effective programs and policies.
Past and continuing research involves monitoring skin protection attitudes and behaviors, as well as evaluation of SunSmart programs and media campaigns (Cancer Council Victoria 2010 p. 17).
This paper will look into the marketing research intended to be carried out on the SunSmart iPhone application and try to answer some of the questions the research poses. It will critically evaluate the questionnaire for the research focusing on the appropriateness of the length layout and screening and skip questions.
It will look at the need for pretesting and the importance of pre testing the questionnaire and will finally look at how the research project being proposed can be changed into a longitudinal study and the advantages of changing it.
Discussion
Critically evaluate the questionnaire developed for the research. Specifically focus on the appropriateness of the length layout and screening and skip questions
A questionnaire is one of the instruments employed by researchers in collecting information or data. It consists of a series of questions that are designed to collect useful information relevant to the research. The use of questionnaires is advantageous to a researcher over other methods because it is cheap and its structure allows the researcher to use standardized questions that make it easy to collect information.
The use of standardized questions may, however, become a frustrating point to a respondent. The questionnaire is sharply limited by the respondents’ ability to read and understand the questions being asked so that they can give a solid response. This makes it unusable among certain demographic groups (Bolton & Bronkhorst 1996).
The type of questionnaire used in the market research for the SunSmart Company is a personal questionnaire that tries to gather information about the SunSmart iPhone application. A questionnaire should have a length that is well balanced and contain enough questions so that it helps in making the survey relevant.
The researcher should also avoid having the questionnaire contain many questions that would cause a high incompletion rate among respondents. The questionnaire that is used in this case is long and contains many questions. This would make it time consuming for the respondent and there would be a high incompletion rate (Bolton 1991).
The questionnaire is well detailed and is designed to gather enough information necessary for the completion of the research. The screening questions used in the questionnaire are well structured, and try to get relevant information about the usage of the application and its effect on the users’ life, experience as well as other important aspects about the application.
The questionnaire tries to gather much personal information about an individual and this would run the risk of making respondents skip some questions. Questions about a person’s age, earnings, and physical address are sensitive and many respondents would be unwilling to share this information (Converse & Presser 1986).
Should the questionnaire be pretested? What are some of the issues involved in pre-testing instruments? Recommend a process for pre-testing this questionnaire
When designing a perfect survey questionnaire, it is of paramount importance that researchers carry out pre-testing. Pre-testing helps the researcher to gauge the effectiveness of the survey questionnaire before using it to seek information.
Pre-testing also helps the researcher to determine the strong points of the questionnaire and its weaknesses concerning question format, order and finally the question wording. It is, therefore, important that the questionnaire being used to gather information on the SunSmart application be pre-tested (Czaja & Blair 1996).
There are two main methods employed while conducting a pre-test. They include participating and undeclared. The participating pre-test requires you inform the respondent that the pretest is only for practice instead of having the respondent actually filling the questionnaire.
This kind of pretest usually involves having an interview where the respondents are asked to give their views on how they would react to the questions form, order, and its wording. This helps the researcher to determine whether the questions are understandable and if not what are the various amendments that can be made to make it more understandable.
While undertaking an undeclared pretest, the respondents are usually unaware that it is a pretest. The survey is administered just it would be in real survey. This method helps the researcher to check on their choice of analysis and how standardized the survey being carried out is (DeMaio & Rothgeb 1996).
In their journal 1986, Converse and Presser say that if the researchers have adequate resources then it is important to carry out more than one pretest starting with the participating pre-test followed by the undeclared pre-testing.
I would recommend that the research use the participating pre-test so that they can determine the reliability and validity of the survey questions they intend to administer to respondents (Esposito, Campanelli, Rothgeb & Polivka 1991 p. 98).
“The JRA has suggested that the data collection method for the questionnaire should be a link to the survey via the home screen of the SunSmart iPhone application.”
What kind of sampling is being proposed here? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method?
The sampling method that is being proposed to ensure that the data collection method for the questionnaire is a link to the survey via the home screen of the SunSmart iPhone application is random sampling. This is true because anyone can take the survey by just visiting the website.
In this sampling method, respondents are chosen using some kind of probability means and the likelihood with which every participant of the frame populace could be chosen is known. In this method, the sampling prospects do not necessarily be the same for each and every correspondent.
Many times the population is specific in a sampling frame that the potential or desired respondents are randomly selected based on the probabilities laid down by the researchers. There are several advantages and disadvantages of using random sampling. One of the advantages of using random sampling is that when all the respondents have given their responses then the response given can be taken to be highly representative.
The other advantage of using random sampling is that it is easy to make sure that all the relevant groups to the research have been sampled. The random sampling method is also advantageous in that a probability sample can be established or be made at stages throughout the research.
This is also an inexpensive way of conducting a survey since one does not have to send people in to the field to go and actually carry out the survey. An individual visiting the SunSmart website could easily participate in the survey by answering the various questions in the questionnaire.
The major disadvantages of using this kind of sampling method include the fact that the process is at times uneconomical and getting responses may take too long. It is also very expensive to establish the roles of the respondents as well as time consuming. Using this kind of sampling process can also tend to be useless when carrying out a survey on a small number of respondents.
Using examples from the questionnaire describe two statistical tests that are appropriate for each of the four levels of scale measurement.
The four levels of measurement used in the questionnaire include nominal, ordinal, interval, and Ratio. The nominal level of scale measurement involves consigning numeric numbers such as 0, 1, 2. Ordinal level of measurement designates something concerning the rank ordering of the research partakers. The statistical test used for the ordinal level of measurement is Analysis of variance (ANOVA).
The interval level offers quantitative information. When we have the variable measured on the interval scale the units on the scale is the same on all the levels of that scale. The final type of these scales is the ratio scale that has a fixed zero point. The numbers on this scale not only have units on the scale that are equal on all levels of the scale, but also has a meaningful zero point that is used in the interpretation of ratios of comparison.
An example of a ratio scale used in the questionnaire is time. One of the chief reasons of categorizing variables depending on their level of measurement is to ease the option of a statistical test in analyzing the data (Lessler & Forsyth 1996 p. 58).
Statistical tests that are appropriate for nominal level of scale measurement are by calculating a statistic such as a % (percentage and chi-square test. The ratio and interval level of measurement apply statistical tests such as Pearson Correlation coefficient (Czaja & Blair 1996).
Make recommendations on what research methods could be used
The research method that will be used in this survey is qualitative research. Qualitative research is one of the most employed methods used in market research and it aims at gathering an in depth knowledge of the human behavior and the driving forces that affect their behavior.
This type of research method tries to investigate factors of decision making that dwell on the why and how. It goes beyond finding answers to the what, where and when. Mostly it focuses on smaller but detailed samples rather than on a large sample. This research method often produces information about a particular case being studied and any other conclusion is taken as a proposition (Presser & Blair 1994 p. 69).
When undertaking this research on the SunSmart iPhone application this is the best method because it will give the researchers on the insights of why people choose the application or ignore it all together as well as the major changes the application may require to undergo. It will also address the question of how the users apply the application in their everyday life and how they can expand on the number of users.
Qualitative researchers have the option of using an array of methods in collecting their data; they include grounded theory practice, classical ethnography, or shadowing.
In our case, the best method would be grounded theory practice, which is an inductive research type that is based on observation or data that is developed. This type of research method uses a range of data sources that may include data gotten from quantitative research, review of records, observation or even from surveys (Fowler 1993 p. 123).
The coding used in this research method interpretive technique, which allows the research to organize the data as well as interpret, it into a quantitative method. The coding in this requires the researcher or analyst to obtain n the data as well as demarcate the various sections within it. Every segment is given a code that is usually a short phrase, which explains how the segments relate with the research objectives.
After the coding is done, the researcher will prepare a report through summarization of the prevalence of the codes in the various occurrences of the code followed by comparison of how the codes relate to each other. The central issue when carrying out a qualitative research is validity, which can be established through a number of ways.
This may be done through interviewer corroboration, peer debriefing, negative case analysis, auditing ability, confirmation ability, bracketing, and balance. These methods were first described by Lincoln and Guba in their 1985 journal, which tried to explain the various research methods (Schwarz & Sudman).
Develop an instrument to be used for data collection
In this research, the researcher is the primary data collection instrument. This method of research, qualitative research, involves the data gathered through various methods from respondents. They include interviews, questionnaires, observation, as well as focus groups. Data can be described as a raw material that is used in formulating an evaluation (Krueger 1994).
The evaluation data are methodically collected information that are relevant to the program that will be tested to see if the program has achieved its objectives. The data collection instrument may give you qualitative data or quantitative data depending on how the instrument is used.
Data collection is a myriad of activities that revolves around administering instruments and getting as well as organizing responses and measures that will be used for analysis. A data collection that is well planned has to be reliable, consistent and help in obtaining useful information regarding to the impact of the program. In this research to develop a good data collection instrument, the researcher should follow several things.
The first thing the researcher should do is identify the data type as well as the data sources. This involves making an inventory of the data types that the researcher will want to collect and from whom they will be getting the information (Schwarz & Sudman p. 89).
The next step involves identifying who the research is going to concentrate on. It is always essential to involve the stakeholders and all the persons who will be involved in the collection of the data while developing a data collection instrument. This is important because it helps to eliminate or minimize issues that may hinder or delay data collection.
If it is important to request for permission for data collection then this should be sought way before the data collection has began.. The other important thing in data collection is making sure that the data entered is legible and that there is no missing data entry.
If a computer program is to be used then there should be consideration for programming to flag missing entries. The questionnaire should be designed such that it is easy to record data in it because a poorly designed questionnaire may lead to errors during recording (Fowler 1993).
Discuss how this proposed research project could be turned into a longitudinal research project. Why would a longitudinal project be beneficial to SunSmart in the continued evaluation of the iPhone application? How would such a longitudinal research be designed?
A longitudinal research is a relationship research that involves observing a variable for a long period usually at intervals that are set from the start of the research. The research is usually used in psychology and tries to learn the development trends of a being during its life span. In sociology, the longitudinal research is used to study the life events of generations (Bovaird & Little 2007 p. 243).
Unlike other cross sectional studies, this research or study tracks the same people or events and therefore, the researcher can make conclusive assumptions about the development or change of events. (Schwarz & Sudman n.d) There are several types of longitudinal studies or research project. This includes cohort study, which can be used to change this research project into a longitudinal research project.
A cohort study is one of the forms of longitudinal studies that analyzes risk factors and traces the activities or happenings in a group of persons who have a related factor. In this case, it would help in tracing the usage of the application and its help to the people who actively use the application (Presser & Blair 1994).
Monitoring the skin protection attitudes and behaviors is the main reason for most of the clients wanting to take the research. This is important and the advantage of using this kind of longitudinal study is that it has a high validity because it documents the various changes that the program is going to make in the lives of users.
The other advantage is that the data collected can help the company in making important changes to the application as well as make other important changes such as financing and this is a definite boost.
The longitudinal research project should be designed such that three wave research studies are carried out every year. The project should be carried out such that it captures many of the changing trends in the users life so that it can be used in making critical decisions about the upgrades and distribution of the application (Bovaird & Little 2007).
References
Bolton, R. N., & Bronkhorst, T. M. (1996). Questionnaire pretesting: computer-assisted coding of concurrent protocols. California: Sage.
Bolton, R. N. (1991). An exploratory investigation of questionnaire pretesting with verbal protocol analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, 28, 558-565.
Bovaird, S., & Little, D. (2007). Modeling contextual effects in longitudinal studies. New York Routledge.
Cancer Council Victoria. (2010). SunSmart: protecting workers from ultraviolet radiation in sunlight. Victoria: Victoria Publishers.
Converse, J. M., & Presser, S. (1986). Survey Questions: Handcrafting the Standardized Questionnaire. California: Sage.
Czaja, R., & Blair, J. (1996). Designing Surveys: A guide to Decisions and Procedures. California: Pine Forge.
DeMaio, T. J., & Rothgeb, J. M. (1996). Cognitive interviewing techniques: in the lab and in the field. California: Pine Forge.
Esposito, J. L. Campanelli, P.C. Rothgeb, J., & Polivka, A. E. (1991). Determining Which Questions are Best: Methodologies for Evaluating Survey Questions. In Proceedings of the American Statistical Association. Survey Research Methods Section. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.
Fowler, Jr. F. J. (1993). Survey Research Methods (Second Edition). California: Sage.
Krueger, R. A. (1994). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (Second Edition). California: Sage.
Lessler, J. T., & Forsyth, B. H. (1996). A coding system for appraising questionnaires. In Schwarz N & Sudman S (eds). Answering Questions: Methodology for Determining Cognitive and Communicative Processes in Survey Research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Presser, S., & Blair, J. (1994). Survey pretesting: do different methods produce different results? In Marsden PV et al. (eds.). Sociological Methodology Volume 24. Cambridge, MA: The American Sociological Association.
I bought the iPhone 5 recently. The smartphone has enjoyed unprecedented success both locally and globally. The iPhone 5 has superior features to its predecessors. Every customer wants a superior and quality product (Kotler & Keller, 2011). The user can download different applications and games from the internet. The ultra-slim design of the iPhone 5 makes it powerful and admirable. The owner can use this smartphone to do very many things. This powerful smartphone fulfills the needs of every user. The phone’s capabilities make it admirable.
Why I Purchased the Product
The iPhone 5 is irresistible. Every student requires a smartphone to download and upload documents. The iPhone 5 can be helpful throughout the learning process. I bought the phone for two reasons. The first one was to use it for personal communication and browsing. The user can also download music and movies. The phone has many applications and functions. I also acquired the device because of social influence (Kotler & Keller, 2011). Many people in my life are using different smartphones. These mobile devices have extraordinary applications and features. Some of these people include my relatives, friends, and schoolmates. Having a smartphone is a common practice in this country.
Applying Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory explains why human beings work hard to satisfy their needs. Every individual will “work hard to fulfill the next need after achieving the first one” (Kotler & Keller, 2011, p. 163). The first needs are psychological in nature. These needs include shelter, water, and food (Kotler & Keller, 2011). The other needs include protection and security. The third needs are social in nature. Every person is looking for love. This is an important need in every person’s life. The next need is self-esteem. The final one is self-actualization. According to this theory, I purchased the iPhone 5 to fulfill my social needs. I also wanted to be part of society. The above scenario explains why this mobile device did not fulfill my safety needs. I also bought a smartphone to improve my self-esteem.
Brand Personality
Brand personality is the perception of a specific service or product. Human beings attribute certain traits to every product in the market. Every brand has its unique aspects or qualities. These traits determine the personality of the brand. The iPhone 5 is a competent and sophisticated product. The mobile device is “reliable, successful and intelligent” (Kotler & Keller, 2011, p. 160). The product also fulfills the expectations of the upper class. This explains why the iPhone has succeeded in the global market.
Decision-Making Process: Five-Stage Model
Many consumers follow “the five-stage model before buying a given service or product” (Kotler & Keller, 2011, p. 167). These five stages include:
Problem recognition
Information search
Evaluation of options
Purchase decision
Post-purchase behavior
The first approach was to recognize my problem. I needed a powerful smartphone that could help me in different ways. The next stage was to gather the best information about every smartphone in the market. I used this stage to explore the features and prices of every smartphone. The third approach was to evaluate every alternative. I decided to acquire the iPhone 5 because it would address my problem. I ignored the other smartphones in the market. I have liked the device because of its superior features and capabilities.
Reference List
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. (2011). Marketing Management. New Jersey: Pearson Education.
The application of marketing strategies by companies in the real industry or in real life is indispensable. Marketing strategies accounts for the effective and efficient scanning of both internal and external environmental factors with respect to the SWOT Analysis results, or to an external.
However, to be specific, analysis of the marketing mix shall provide evaluated and enough details about the market and subsequent determination of the type of marketing strategy to go for, having closely put into consideration the performance analysis and strategic constraints (Kelly 1). Further, the external environmental factors of any market shall be the extensive and intensive analysis of the consumer behaviour, competitor’s strengths and weakness, the market segmentation and target analysis.
Saudi Arabia experincwes disparity in the cultural practice like clothing, food, religion, entertainment and the use of news media is under this context.
The clothing in Saudi Arabia is under the principles of hijab where the men put on the ankle-length shirt, thawb with a keffiyeh or ghutra (a plain white square made of finer cotton) while going to work, undertaking government activities and during celebrations.
The women also wear the traditional clothes called abaya or burqa whenever they appear at the public. In the United States, fashion rules the day as well as freedom of dressing where everybody wears whatever they like.
The information technology trends, global economic condition, sociocultural and political factors that shall greatly affect the market penetration are analysed in the external environment categorisation.
According to Baker (56) With all these weighed and scaled according to their importance and criticality, a market strategy is developed that is key to the businesses market penetration and increase in the market share. Thus, to have an always updated market strategy, it is essential that it should always bear the overarching company’s mission statement.
The benefits accruing from marketing strategies immense, it accounts for the concentration of the limited economic resources that utilise great opportunities to boost the sales revenue, increase the market share and maintain a sustainable competitive edge. IPhone Corporation is not an exception (Kazushi 64).
The most reputed New York based American Corporation; IPhone, headquartered in Tokyo Japan, has gained its popularity from the diverse products it offers the market across the globe ranging from IPhone Electronics, IPhone Entertainment, IPhone Pictures Entertainment, IPhone Music Entertainment, IPhone/ATV Music Publishing (50% ownership), IPhone Computer Entertainment LLC, and IPhone DADC Americas just to mention a few.
Actually, the Corporation has been in business for years, and today, it reserves the pride of being the leading producer of audio, video, communication and information technology goods globally for both consumers based used and professional markets, as well.
This notwithstanding, the company has evolved to have 3D motion pictures, the Bravia Television, PC entertainment, musical enhancement devices, and actively engages in eMarketing. In essence, the company has embraced currency with market trends and consumer tastes and preferences as an identity (Hadjicharalambous 24).
Today IPhone marks years of great business accruing from their consistent upgrading of their products to compliment the comprehensive entertainment and information technology musical and entertainment devices. This has significantly contributed to its increased sales in the 2010 financial year to over $ 78 billion.
Its size can only be compared with the massive number of employees that it contains in the globally, over 170,000 workforce. It is, therefore, evident that IPhone Corporation uses the best marketing strategies using the marketing tools like the marketing mix, SWOT Analysis etc.
In actuality, marketing strategy as a technique rotates around the adoption of a high deal of strategic planning, market analysis, business analysis, uncertainty and tight timescales (Hussey 31). Further, according to (Wedel & Pieters 187) the marketing strategies bring significant sustainability of marketing plans geared towards meeting he consumer tastes and preferences and reaching the set marketing objectives.
Any company’s goals, objectives and plans are in the overall designed for a measurable result. In most cases, the marketing strategies are designed to enhance a long term plan, with tactical plan releasing enough particular actions and tasks to be achieved in a particular financial year, and the remains part of the action plan to be pursued in the outstanding years of the long term plan.
Marketing plan are so sensitive to time since most opportunities that may crop up may be unexpected, but when approached and utilised with generate immense profits in the within the short time span (Kurtz & Snow 34). Time horizons are supposed to figure in the marketing plan which may influence other businesses within the market, and in the same physical region because of sharing the same market.
Hence, a marketing strategy efficiently comes in to tackle the competitive niche by developing effective plans that will see it sway to a higher competitive advantage over its customers. Marketing strategies are diverse and interactive because they are partly planned by different input methods and levels (Lee, Donthu & Yoo 376).
iPhone’s Marketing Strategy
IPhone is widely spread around the world, and the type of strategy used in a particular market segmentation is different from the other. Due to the diversity in the government regulation and different economic conditions the company has adopted different marketing strategies that fit effectiveness for each market. True to say, IPhone Corporation has worked effectively in their marketing strategy as reflected in their years of market share and customer loyalty.
This is because, the company is well endowed with enough capacity to effectively use the right strategy irrespective of the market, but with a goal of increasing sales and winning customer loyalty. For instance, IPhone is endowed with U.S. R & D and Engineering Facilities all the way from San Jose, San Diego, Boulder, Co to Park Ridge, NJ. Further the Major Manufacturing Sites in North America numerous, widely spread through Pitman, San Diego, Terre Haute, IN and Tijuana, Mexicali. According to the IPhone Corporation of America (2011) Marketing strategies vary depending on the kind of situation at hand for each company.
Because of this, IPhone Corporation has adopted various types of marketing strategies, which are Strategies based on industry dominance, Porter general approaches, Invention strategies, and the Growth strategies;
Market dominating strategies
IPhone has used the dominance in the industry over the years to set up its marketing strategy. IPhone has the highest market share in worldwide and in particular Japan and the United States. As the market leader, the company has advanced in advertising its products, which portray their superiority, thus, posing a higher challenge for its followers in the large niche.
Porter generic strategies
Theoretically, IPhone uses the porters generic marketing strategy, as reflected practically by the strategy on the extensiveness of the strategic opportunity usage and strategic advantage it accrues from large scale production of its products as well as the large market it covers.
Strategic scope, as implemented by the IPhone Company is reflected in the global market penetration envisaged by the business, which has attracted demand from Africa, Europe, Australia and America. As a result, the strategic market approach has made the company have a higher competitive advantage and achieve sustainable growth (Kotler 243).
Today, IPhone is proud of succeeding in the market penetration to all corners of the world through product differentiation, cost minimization through large scale production, and mastery of the market segmentation within Japan and North America as indicated above.
Innovation strategies
The company has portrayed its competency in having an innovative marketing strategy. A brief flashback, during the 2010 FIFA world cup the company officially launched the IPhone Bravia, as a satisfactory watch of the event during the period. Thus, the development model put in place by the company has led to the sales escalating especially in Africa. IPhone having been the pioneer and popular close vendor of the product got this advantage (Kapferer 123).
Growth Strategies
Today a close analysis of the company publications advertise of their intensive growth in the market with the surging employees over 170 000 worldwide and the always increasing sales, as compared to 2009 and 2010, the company had an increase in sales of roughly 9%, indicated in their websites and links. In essence, the vertical integration and diversification reveal of a growth market strategy to popularise the company, as a leader in the market, hence winning customer confidence (Brun et al. 558).
What Makes It Unique?
The company recorded among the highest sales in the industry in the year 2010 amounting to $78 Million and supports the largest number of employees in its market. The uniqueness of the company is routed in its ability to effectively penetrate the market and popularise itself among a large number of competitors (Keller 18).
This is due to the reputation the company has gained as the best audio-visual electronics and information technology corporation in the united states and internationally, having the best 3D picture television in the market with a co-developer of compact discs, super audio compact discs and the Blu-ray discs (Bilton 23).
The company has been the first producer of the market play station audio-visual products and LCD, PCs and computer entertainment systems, which are current with the market trend and customer preferences and demands. Further it is the only company which wholly deepen into the quality production of the 3D products and its distribution.
What Special Advertisement and Promotions
IPhone Corporation has developed its promotion styles and approaches in informing its esteemed consumers of their wide range of products. Today IPhone website is more interactive displaying all products in the site with the choice left to the consumer, on the products and its features attractively set.
Further, the company appreciates receiving and responding to customer request and complains in an effort to adequately satisfy the customers. The company uses a product advertisement where the product is used to advertise its own product, for instance the only way they advertised the IPhone Bravia TV was through the Televisions.
Further the company uses the visual media, the television to advertise their products and features’. Each of IPhone’s shop is also well labelled with their logo ‘IPHONE’ that is well displayed to inform customers of their presence. The company has also advanced in using Billboards and audio advertisements (Lee 356).
When the population is made up of the youth or females contributing a large portion of it, it is likely that the kind of goods mostly demanded will be luxurious goods with high tendencies of fluctuations in demand due to changes in fashion. Therefore, perfumes and fashion products are likely to experience shifts in demand to the right; an extension. Generally, an increase in population causes an extension shift on the demand curve.
For example, a bookshop in a local area will experience high demand for books during the holiday as most students will at home even if the prices are unchanged. Again, many people experience urban sprawl and increases in demand for products where the municipal boundaries are extended ever wider by the housing developments. However, a decrease in the population leads to a contraction left shift of the demand curve. Demand for products falls with a decrease in population.
If consumers prefer a particular good over the other, the quantity demanded for such goods will increase, as will be reflected in the demand curve shifting outwards. Perfumes and fashion industry experience these changes more frequently.
A liking to a specific type of perfume by most consumers, or a high demand for a particular design of clothes will be reflected in the outward shifts of the demand curve. However, a sudden change, as usually happens, for another upcoming design or fashion will significantly reduce the demand for that particular product causing a shift to the left in the demand curve, ceteris paribus price.
In addition when most consumers prefer electric cars because they are environmentally friendly and economical, the demand curve will experience an outward shift in demand curve.
Price of related goods
If the cost of purchase of a related good, say fuelled vehicles, increases, the demand curve for the electric cars will shift to the right. This is because of the most consumers will opt to buy electric cars which are more affordable than the fuelled cars. These related goods can either be a substitute (fuelled cars) or a compliment, the charged battery that drives the electric car.
As illustrated, substitutes are commodities that serve the same purpose as the one on hand. While compliments, are those commodities that are used together with the product at hand for it to function properly. For instance, a rise in price of an electric car battery in the overall will mean an increase in the operation costs of the electric cars which will reduce the demand for the electric cars, causing a shift in the demand curve to the left.
Today telephone and communication industry have attracted interest groups globally. Any tourist or traveller is always curious to get an unforgettable experience from the destinations on explores. Of much importance, it is the quality of service offered, the comfort, and finally, the fulfilment of expectations.
With a stiff competitive edge the hospitality industry is facing a great challenges in quest of meeting customer expectations while maintain high standards. As the customer preference trend is inclined on surety, prior to visitations, that their expectations will be met, they demand to touch all the aspects of the destination before making their journey.
Mobile and communication, in return, have innovatively taken up systems that store more information, with in an interactive portfolio. In effect, sophistication and system integration has there has been rapid and demanding in an effort to enhance the operational efficiency in the sector. The Case Study of EnTrip in this paper gives an intensive detail on how the site has made an innovative approach in addressing trend in the market.
It is an enhanced online-based portfolio that brings together different iPhone and mobile industry managed websites in addition to Google maps, blogs and interactive networks which enable travellers to effectively plan for their entire trip using the sufficient information this interface.
On access of Entrip website – www.entrip.com/map – one is acquainted with the details of the their destination points with enough details of the particular trip airline, and hospitality services like hire cars, restaurants and special events among others, in which the customers’ expectations is raised and assured.
Evaluate the objectives
For a long time most travellers have always had a big problem getting sufficient information on their destinations, much of the information is disintegrated in each website. EnTrip objective was to offer its users an opportunity to manage their travel schedules and to plan their whole trip, by the enhancement of an intuitive map-based interface.
In experience, Anthony Hsiao and Nick Adams had a hard time figuring out exactly how the US 20 mile trip would be. As distribution channels become more sophisticated, making sure that incorporation of the core systems will result in a highly competitive priority for most iPhones. Software application, databases and websites have to incorporate systems to encourage choice of service from a larger variety within one domain.
As distribution channels become more sophisticated, making sure that incorporation of the core systems will result in a highly competitive priority for most iPhones. The increasing essential of the mobile channels is intensifying. However, the utilization of a lesser in size device that can access the internet, and the expectation of the technology platforms utilised by travellers from around the world.
With immense opportunity in the sector, hospitality industry is evolving under a time of unprecedented change the trend is not meant to change. Most customers are adapting to the change with the technology advancement in the industry. Thus, the comprehension of the key industry drivers, customer satisfaction included the technological innovation in online and offline sectors are designed to raise the rapidity of customer in the sector, accruing from better management plan of their travel schedules.
Ultimately, the benefits accruing from marketing strategies immense, it accounts for the concentration of the limited economic resources that utilise great opportunities to boost the sales revenue, increase the market share and maintain a sustainable competitive edge. IPhone Corporation is not an exception (Kazushi 64).
The most reputed New York based American Corporation; IPhone, headquartered in Tokyo Japan, has gained its popularity from the diverse products it offers the market across the globe ranging from IPhone Electronics, IPhone Entertainment, IPhone Pictures Entertainment, IPhone Music Entertainment, IPhone/ATV Music Publishing (50% ownership), IPhone Computer Entertainment LLC, and IPhone DADC Americas just to mention a few. The company uses a product advertisement where the product is used to advertise its own product, for instance the only way they advertised the IPhone Bravia TV was through the Televisions.
Further the company uses the visual media, the television to advertise their products and features’. Each of IPhone’s shop is also well labelled with their logo ‘IPHONE’ that is well displayed to inform customers of their presence
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