The world has experienced tremendous developmental progress since time immemorial. A great number of personalities and events have contributed either directly or indirectly towards this end. The notion of development has acquired various perspectives throughout the long period of time in the world. Sustainable development can be defined as the process of improving the welfare of human beings through the enhancement of quality of life and social well being which ensures the satisfaction of their various needs and wants (Rist 10).
This essay seeks to discuss, in summary, the content of chapter four found in Gilbert Rist’s book, “The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith.” It will highlight President Truman’s perspective on development, the concept of underdevelopment, US supremacy, development as a recent invention, and finally the age of development.
In this chapter, the author focuses on how the concept of development came into existence. He concentrates on the events that followed the end of the Second World War, especially in Europe and the United States. During this period, efforts were made to reconstruct Europe and save it from the ruined state caused by Nazism (Rist 69). This period saw the launch of the Marshall Plan in Europe.
The supreme authority in the US could not ignore the then dynamic changes that were taking place virtually everywhere. In 1949, President Truman, during his Inaugural Address, outlined the four points that the US was determined to pursue (Rist 70).
Firstly, its support for UN Organizations, the use of the Marshall Plan to reconstruct Europe, and thirdly, the creation of NATO with an aim of countering the security threat from the Soviet. However, the fourth, which was the need to extend America’s technical assistance to other parts of the world, was considered a public gimmick since it was in contrast with the first three.
On being sworn in as the president of the United States, Rist notes, Truman introduced the term, underdevelopment, as a new concept of regarding the impoverished regions of the world (Rist 72). This terminology brought up an entirely new way of understanding development, where, it was to be brought into existence rather than happening intransitively. Underdevelopment, on the other hand, was to be regarded as occurring ‘by nature’ with no one to blame.
The new perspective led to the stratification of nations in the North and South orientation on the basis of developed and underdeveloped states. As a result, struggle for the elimination of the status quo through accelerated economic growth emerged (Rist 74). The author discusses the perceived steps necessary for development and that all nations seeking to be developed must go through. This includes persistent internal hard work (Rist 75).
North America has asserted itself over time as the world’s super power. In its attempts to decolonize the world, the US brought about a new way of imperialism as it sought new markets worldwide. This was made easier following its triumph during the WWII.
The author points out how North America exploited the loopholes in the concepts of development/underdevelopment to ensure a sustained supremacy in the world (Rist 76). Rist proposes that the use of Point Four and its well crafted structure was meant to exploit the concept of development and promote America’s dominion internationally in the name of a new paradigm shift (Rist 77).
Furthermore, the introduction of the term development and the new ways in which it was to be interpreted helped a great deal in bringing a new age of ‘Development’ in the world (Rist 78). America managed this move through the contents of Point Four. Many nations were convinced of the ‘good intentions’ that the US had for them. This era saw the growth in the need for economic expansion, ‘underdeveloped’ independent and colonized states alike (Rist 79).
The essay has highlighted the author’s ideas concerning the history of development from a western perspective to a global belief as brought out in chapter four of the book. It has mainly centered on President Truman’s Inaugural Speech, the introduction of the underdevelopment concept, the dominion of the US, the crafting of a new paradigm and the subsequent era of ‘development.’
Generally, the author criticizes the whole concept of development as an intelligent way used by the western states over time to deceive the international community.
Work Cited
Rist, G. The history of development: from western origins to global faith (2nd ed.). Zed Books, 2002, Pp. 10, 69-79.
The works by Luc Sante and Jeremiah Sullivan provide new ideas and knowledge about the origin of the blues as a music genre. Personally, I have found the article “The Invention of the Blues” by Sante important because it explains in details the origin of the music genre. Historians and scholars have tried to understand when and where the music genre began. Sante informs the reader that “the blues” emerged as a deliberate decision by artists who decided to use different experimentations to come up with the type of music[1].
Soon, “the blues” became a common type of music in the South. Many musicians and artists took up the genre and expanded it to suit their personal expectations. This made it easier for the genre to become an important part of human emotions. Artists used the genre to portray certain emotions such as fury, defiance, heartbreak, sarcasm, and even delirium.
The readings explain how there have been numerous accusations and assumptions about the development of “the blues”. In the mid 1900s, the whites were fascinated with “the blues” forcing many people to believe that the music represented a sort of colonial overtone or sentimentalism. From a personal perspective, I will say that the readings have equipped me with adequate ideas and knowledge about the origin of “the blues” and their cultural significance[2].
I have also understood that the music genre developed through what the author calls reduction method. This explains why there is no attachment between the genre and human suffering, slavery or colonialism. The other thing that has interested me from the reading is the unique position and role played by blues today. The music has a strong emotional attachment. This explains its appropriateness as an important American music.
The article “Unknown Bards” by Sullivan portrays similar ideas. In the work, the author examines the unique history of “the blues” in a very intelligent manner.
One interesting thing from the readings is that they explore the nature and sweetness of the blues music[3]. The author is keen to portray the relationship between old music and its emotional attachment. The articles explain how different things such as emotions and transparency are critical attributes of music. The music entertains the audience while connecting the people to their parents and relatives.
The readings have also taught me the importance of examine our situations and relationships with other people. This is definitely one of the best ways to come into terms with themselves and others. Music is a powerful tool that brings together emotions and human experiences. The readings give the reader a wider view of the development of “the blues” as an important genre today.
This explains why there is no single reason that might have led to the invention of “the blues” music. I personally find these readings helpful because they offer succinct ideas regarding the origin, nature, and values of “the blues”. This is an opportunity for people to examine the ideas presented in the readings thus appreciating the genre. This is necessary because the genre is diverse and inclusive[4].
Music is a source of encouragement to many people. Although the authors fail to articulate most of the presentations for the average reader, I would conclude by stating that I have gained much knowledge about “the blues” as an important genre today.
Reference List
Sante, Luc. “The Invention of the Blues.” In The Genius of Blues, edited by Lawrence Cohn, 177-206. New York: Abbeville Press, 1994.
Sullivan, John. “Unknown Bards”. In Pulphead: Essays, edited by John Jeremiah Sullivan, 253-277. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.
Footnotes
Luc Sante. “The Invention of the Blues.” In The Genius of Blues, edited by Lawrence Cohn, 177-206. (New York: Abbeville Press, 1994), 205.
John Sullivan. “Unknown Bards”. In Pulphead: Essays, edited by John Jeremiah Sullivan, 253-277. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 259.
John Sullivan. “Unknown Bards”. In Pulphead: Essays, edited by John Jeremiah Sullivan, 253-277. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 263.
Luc Sante. “The Invention of the Blues.” In The Genius of Blues, edited by Lawrence Cohn, 177-206. (New York: Abbeville Press, 1994), 206.
To begin with, there is nothing more precious in a man than his mind. Many people try to invent the things which were invented before either in ancient scriptures or described in nature or society. The other thing is to catch a right sight of the processes used in the Universe. It is the reason for inventing something new. The progress power stays on fundamentals of rational explanation of some processes or inventions which provoke the emergence of other new and better-performed inventions.
Of course, time is needed to implement the ideas which suit society at the moment. In other words, a new scientific solution of a genius can be appropriate only when the society draws to a head with a little bit mere understanding of the scientific flow at a definite epoch in the development of mankind. It is true when reminding fabulous and genius scientists of all times before and after: Leonardo Da Vinci or Giordano Bruno and other genii who advanced the time when they lived and forecast the way of further elaboration of science.
In the essay by Jonathon Keats “John Koza Has Built an Invention Machine” the author presents a reader with detailed and brief at once information about Koza’s creative work. This man being a high-school student ventured to create something that seems like a personal computer but only by his design. John was inspired with a thought to create the unprecedented independent formation of devices to control several difficult at times processes in engineering and programming.
His so-called invention machine was then named artificial intelligence (AI). It is not surprising that Koza exactly had invented and even patented his “system”. People who have global standpoints or mottos in their life always leave deep traces in the history of human beings. John thought that “the intelligence of a machine is a matter of adaptability as much as accuracy.” (Keats, 1) This statement is vital when somebody wants to prove his ability to invent something new.
The issue gains another coloring when applying to the power of common sense and the depths of the mind and intellectual ability of a man. Koza’s creations granted a lot of additional inspiration to the creator himself. “Yet as impressive as these creations may be, none are half as significant as the machine´s method: Darwinian evolution, the process of natural selection.” (Keats, 1)
Being one of the few who wanted to study programming and computer technologies in his 1950-s Koza felt the importance of such an urge and greatly understood that every invention cannot be done without financial support. John in this case had a grave argument to venture to make something new. A talented man is talented in everything, as a rule. This saying also concerns John Koza who made out the situation of prematureness about inventing and providing new technologies and information technologies in his 1960-s. That was the reason why John continued studying at the University of Michigan. He replied about this affair: “I was interested in computers, so I studied computer science. Why do other people go into medicine or become policemen?” (Keats, 1)
Being a teenager Koza worked part-time “for a supermarket rub-off game manufacturer” (Keats, 1) and made up his mind that this experience may help him to earn money for the subjugation of the future spurs. Their genius of his was embodied in his abiding faith in himself. Here no self-criticism can be applied. It was a man of strong will combined with a highly intellectual background.
Like many successful innovators, Koza combines unusual competence in his work with supreme confidence in himself. Rather than taking the bankruptcy as a sign that rub-off games were dead, he decided that scratch cards were the future of yet another moribund business: state lotteries. (Keats, 1)
His lottery gave him the result of 2.7 million tickets sold in the first week. That was a tremendous success for a beginner in this sphere but not in the sphere of creative thinking. John worked out everything needed for the achievement of this purpose and even calculated supply and demand rates of lottery engagement within masses.
Lottery tax incidence studies have been based on a variety of data including surveys of winners (Borg and Mason 1988; Brinner and Clotfelter 1975; McConkey and Warren 1987; Spiro 1974), surveys of the population (Brinner and Clotfelter 1975; Clotfelter and Cook 1987, 1989; Livernois 1987; Suits 1977a; Vaillancourt and Grignon 1988), lottery sales by zip codes (Clotfelter 1979), sales by city (Jackson 1994), sales by state (Vasche 1985), winners by zip codes (Clotfelter and Cook 1987; Koza 1982), and winners by census tracts (Brinner and Clotfelter 1975; Heavy 1978). (Hansen & Miyazaki, 2000)
He became very rich and perspective and could let anything he wanted at the end of the 1980-s, but a creative innovator who possessed a “money-printing machine” was eager to work and create innovations for mankind and science, in particular. New research projects inspired him as earlier and the computer innovator built GECCO:
In this instance, the machine has created a complex lens system that outperforms a wide-field eyepiece for telescopes and binoculars patented just six years ago by lens designers Noboru Koizumi and Naomi Watanabe-and which does so, moreover, without infringing on the Koizumi-Watanabe patent. (Keats, 2)
Rational proposals made by Koza contributed predominantly individual guidelines which stimulated the growth of science in its versatile nature. It was appreciably due to the sequential inventions supporting the progress flow of John’s “invention the machine.” He never stopped at gained successes: “Jones calls up an optical simulator known as KOJAC. From a prescription (which numerically describes the curvature, thickness, and glass type of lens components), KOJAC predicts how the compound lens will function in the real world.” (Keats, 2)
Is the fact that a statistical analysis for which AI may be appropriate can go along with neural nets. Quantitative data here are rather useful for “the procedures employed in symbolic processors.” (Sims & Brent, 1994) The potential of genetic algorithms still stays uninvestigated for many reasons, one of which is the general vastitude of questions about computing and sciences relevant to it in the age of high technologies.
All in all, it is approved now by scholars in many countries that John Koza like a wise innovator and researcher as well as a pioneer in the field of high technologies and computer modeling particularly. It is not for nothing that Jonathon Keats underlines the role of Koza’s inventions for human beings and science as well by grabbing attention on the following words: “What Koza has done is to automate the creative process.” (Keats, 3)
Works Cited
Bainbridge, William Sims, et al. “Artificial Social Intelligence.” Annual Review of Sociology (1994).
Hansen, Ann, Anthony D. Miyazaki, and David E. Sprott. “The Tax Incidence of Lotteries: Evidence from Five States.” Journal of Consumer Affairs 34.2 (2000).
Kolata, Gina, Cohen, Jesse. “The Best American Science Writing”, HarperCollins,( 2007).
Keats, Jonathon. “John Koza Has Built an Invention Machine”. Web.
LeFevre’s article is concerned with the explanation of a social act. The paper is divided into four parts: social aspects of the invention, invention as a dialectical process, invention as an act, and classical criteria for a social view of the invention. LeFevre offers a distinction between Platonic and social perspectives on the invention.
Analyzing social peculiarities of invention, the author draws attention to several important features. First of all, the inventing “self” is impacted by social factors (LeFevre 34). Therefore, the invention may be considered social even when initiated by a single person. Next, the process of inventing is performed with a system of symbols. Since language is a social feature, the invention is social, as well. Another reason for invention’s social nature is that it involves the knowledge of previous generations that presents a legacy of opinions and ideas (LeFevre 34). Other proofs of invention’s social nature are the possibility to enable it by an internal dialogue, the involvement of other participants, and the impact of social collectives and context (LeFevre 34-35).
Regarding invention as a dialectical process, LeFevre remarks that it combines the efforts of the inventing people and sociocultural aspects (35). Such a dialectical “partnership” helps to form new ideas (LeFevre 35). An exclusive peculiarity of the individual investor, according to the author, is his or her ability to interact with the sociocultural and other individuals. At the same time, LeFevre notes that there is a contrary position according to which invention can relate to either sociocultural or others but not to both (36-37).
LeFevre remarks that when viewing invention from the social perspective requires analyzing it as an act (38). Two approaches are considered in this respect. The first one states that the action is initiated by the inventor and completed by the audience. The second one regards invention as an act that incorporates symbolic endeavors, such as writing or speaking, and continues over time (LeFevre 38). The author notes that the comprehension of the rhetorical invention involves considering two parts of this notion: the initiation of the act and its reception (LeFevre 38). Therefore, the inventor cannot exist without the presence of someone else. One of the ways of treating invention in this respect is considering it as the collaboration between the writer and the reader. As LeFevre emphasizes, there is a notable distance between these actors (38-39).
Another crucial issue to consider is the time dimension (LeFevre 40). The author connects the significance of this tendency with the need to take into consideration not only the creation of texts but also their revision (LeFevre 40). Such an approach is defended by such theorists as Foucault, Braudel, and others. The role of the time aspect is explained by the need to consider the aim and perspective of the definer.
In the final part of the chapter, LeFevre explains her views on classical precedents for invention’s social aspect (44-46). The author notes that considering invention from a social viewpoint may appear “unorthodox” (LeFevre 44). Arguing that invention is a purely social act may seem to be against commonly accepted capitalistic tendencies. LeFevre mentions that such an approach to the invention is sometimes received as the underestimation of the committee’s role (44). However, the author concludes that the social perspective does not take away the individual’s duties or rights and that it is not as exceptional as it looks (LeFevre 44). Thus, through a variety of proofs, LeFevre manages to provide a logical explanation of invention being a social act.
Work Cited
LeFevre, Karen Burke. “Invention as a Social Act.” Invention as a Social Act, edited by Karen Burke LeFevre, Southern Illinois University Press, 1987, pp. 33-47.
The largest work of the great ancient Roman poet Virgil was his epic poem “The Aeneid.” In ” The Aeneid,” Virgil tells of the adventures of the hero of the Trojan war, Aeneas, who was destined by the gods to stay alive after the destruction of Troy to come to Italy and establish the future Roman state there. The desire to create a national epic while preserving the mythological concept in the poem prompted Virgil to turn to the Homeric poems Iliad and Odyssey. Virgil disposes of his epic material under the influence of Homer: books I – VI tell about the flight of Aeneas from the dying Troy and about his adventures before arriving in Latsium; books VII-XII describe preparation for battle, the battles of Aeneas and his allies with the enemy, the exploits of Aeneas, and his victory over Turn (Johnson 37). Thus, the first part of the poem echoes the Odyssey and the second with the Iliad.
Ovid
In the form of tales, which was quite common in Roman literature and already had its classics, Ovid was able to show full power bright talent, which immediately made his name loud and popular. Finishing the last of these elegies, he portrays himself as glorifying his people as the Peligins, as Mantova owes her fame to Virgil, and Verona to Catullus. Undoubtedly, there is a lot of poetic talent, free, laid-back, sparkling with wit and accuracy of expression, in these elegies, as well as many accurate life observations, attention to detail, and versioning talent, for which there were no metric difficulties. Despite this, most of Ovid’s creative path lay ahead. The study of the formation of statehood in Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages, without a doubt, is one of the key problems in the whole complex of issues related to the period under consideration (Wilkinson 29). In this regard, it is especially important to clarify the level and degree of interpenetration and mutual influence of the elements that existed before and were introduced by Rome and its poets.
Circling the Mediterranean: Europe and the Islamic World
The writing address one of the first interactions between Rome and the primordial Islam world. Karl Musa, the grandson of Karl Martell, nicknamed the Great, first allies with the emperor of the West against Arabs annoying them with raids. Karl swears that he is ready to return with his people to the fold of the Christian church, he is with the army on the Apennine Peninsula and treacherously captures Rome. Most of the provinces of the empire are part of the Frankish Caliphate, proclaimed by Karl. Norwegian king Olaf accepts Islam and brings the Koran and Sharia norms to the Scandinavian world (Gibbon 141). Wilhelm, a native of the Roman caliphate, defeats the Anglo-Saxon King Harold and imposes Mohammed’s doctrine in Britain. Christians retain influence in Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with their capital in Constantinople.
The Christian Bible: The New Testament Gospels
The history of Christianity in the Roman Empire covers the period from the birth of Christianity in the first half of the 1st century to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. During the II century, Christianity spread almost throughout the Roman Empire, in the II century, there was extensive apologetic literature, as well as messages and writings of authoritative Christian authors. New Testament Gospels address mostly Rome’s internal term oils, which were not only based on religious views but also influenced by political disbalance of power and corrupt hierarchical structure (Gibbon 85). The Gospels can be used as a source for observing and view the given events from religion’s perspective, which was establishing itself in this new empire.
Works Cited
Gibbon, Edward. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Palala Press, 2015.
Johnson, Ralph. Darkness Visible: A Study of Vergil’s “Aeneid”. The University of Chicago Press, 2015.
Wilkinson, Patrick. Ovid Recalled. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
It is important to note that the ancient Romans were one of the most advanced civilizations of their time. This is the reason why their structures continue to be admired and studied even today. From their ingenious water systems to the creation of waterproof concrete, the Romans were highly skilled engineers who left an indelible mark on the world. The Roman Empire was extensive, covering much of Europe and parts of Africa and Asia. In order to maintain their influence, the Romans built a vast network of roads that linked towns and cities, allowing trade and communication to flourish.
Firstly, the Roman road system was undoubtedly a marvel of engineering, and it remains a testament to the vision and planning of its creators. The roads were made of several layers of materials, including gravel, sand, and lime. They were carefully sloped to drain rainwater and prevent erosion, and they were often lined with retaining walls to prevent landslides (Sear 62). The roads were equipped with milestones that indicated distances between different destinations, making it easier for travelers to navigate the vast empire. In addition to the road network, the Romans built a series of aqueducts that supplied water to their cities. The aqueducts were often hundreds of miles long and built on arches, which allowed them to cross valleys and gorges (Sear 161). The water was transported in lead pipes, which were cast on-site and carefully fitted together to prevent leaks. The Romans built fountains and public baths, which were a testament to their advanced plumbing and water management techniques.
Secondly, one of the most remarkable inventions of the ancient Romans was their waterproof concrete. Unlike other forms of concrete, which slowly dissolve when exposed to water, Roman concrete actually becomes stronger when submerged in water. This made it ideal for building structures like bridges, ports, and even underwater foundations. Roman concrete was made of a mixture of lime, volcanic ash, and small stones, which created a strong, durable material that could withstand the elements (Sear 58). The Romans built some of the most impressive buildings in the world, including the Pantheon and the Colosseum. The Pantheon is a stunning example of Roman architecture, featuring a massive dome supported by thick walls and columns. The Colosseum, on the other hand, is a massive amphitheater that could seat over 50000 people (Sear 215). It was used for gladiatorial contests, public spectacles, and even naval battles.
Thirdly, the Roman structures continue to impress and inspire modern engineers, architects, and designers. The techniques used by the Romans to build their roads, aqueducts, and buildings have been studied and adapted for modern use. For example, modern concrete is often reinforced with steel to create a material that is stronger and more durable than traditional concrete (Sear 174). This technique was first used by the Romans, who embedded iron bars in their concrete to create structures that could withstand earthquakes and other natural disasters.
In conclusion, the ancient Romans were accomplished engineers who made significant contributions to the industry. They were responsible for the creation of a vast network of roads, aqueducts, and bridges, which allowed for the efficient movement of people and goods across their empire. They built some of the most impressive structures in the world, which continue to inspire and awe visitors today. Thus, the Romans were ahead of their time, and their legacy continues to shape modern engineering and design.
The snow on the mountain was melting and Bunny had been dead for several weeks before I came to understand the gravity of the situation. The same fate had befallen my other brother, Melville, just two years before Bunny. These subsequent events changed my conviction that the year 1870 was going to be a huge success to my family. This very morning I had no clue of what was going on until my parents informed me that we were going to leave Edinburgh, Scotland, in search of a healthier climate. It was a very short notice and since I had counted on working on my telephone project in the spring of 1870, I was at first not ready to move with my parents. I could not because most of my equipment and tools were stationary and I did not imagine starting afresh a project, which had started to illuminate some progress.
A year before this, it would have seemed possible since I had not done much on the project, but now it seemed like a terrible disaster. I had a good excuse to remain in Edinburgh and continue with the project, since I really valued it. Furthermore, I could not imagine leaving my good neighbors, the Ricks, and the serene climate that traversed the wooden neighborhoods of Edinburgh. I was confused and I felt compelled to make a decision in such a hurry. I walked inside the house and heard my dad calling out my name loud, “Come back here, Alex. We have to agree on this issue!” “Ok, I am coming dad” I answered. His tone was not usual and I knew he was becoming agitated. His face expressed a lot of fear and my mother was just quiet waiting for my positive answer. My dad expressed his fear of losing his only remaining son and he told me how much I meant to the family. Finally, I was convinced to move and experience life outside my childhood city.
From Edinburgh to Brantford
At this point, I had worked so hard to prove my worth to my family and the rest of my friends around me, but the fact that I was leaving Edinburgh made me feel disappointed and now I was retreating and not ready to prove anything to anybody. For my fallen brothers, I had a reason to fight and live long. Running from Edinburgh felt like withdrawing from this course, but for the sake of my good relationship with my parents, time was due for us to move together as a unit (Shulman, 2008).
During this time, I had no money because I depended on my parents for livelihood and my project. It could have been hard staying back against their will. I had become very friendly with my neighbors so I took a few minutes to say goodbye as my mother helped dad to load our luggage in an old Volkswagen. Rick could not believe we had decided to move on such a short notice. I tried to explain the situation before I hesitantly said goodbye. Within less than half an hour, we were ready to depart for Brantford, Ontario. The spring of 1870 was now marking a fresh beginning in my life. Although, I had not dreamt of leaving Edinburgh, the new climate in Brantford felt more serene. From the first glance of my new town, I realized that I was going to catch up quickly and pursue my dreams of improving the state of communication for all.
Like most of the residential buildings constructed in the1870s, our new house assumed the Queen Anne style with a verandah and several rooms where each family member could find some privacy and silence. The house had a tower and it was so colorful. The entire neighborhood looked like a pattern since the building design was similar in Brantford for the middle classes (Lawson, 2008).
Figure 1: The picture below demonstrates the cool weather during spring in Brantford.
The low-class families lived in well-furnished wooden houses with little open spaces where they planted some vegetables. From the types of cars and houses, it was easy to tell that the middle-income class occupied Brantford. At this time, the climate in Brantford was very cold since winter was in its closing stages. People dressed heavily using warm clothing like woolen coats, scarfs, hats, and gloves. People covered all parts of their bodies to protect themselves from the chilly weather (Lin, 2012).
Figure 2: This mode of dressing was influenced by the chilly weather in Brantford and its environs.
I found Brantford a little bit colder as compared to Edinburgh, as I had lighter clothes than this new climate demanded. Since I knew that the spring was on the way, I did bother buying new clothes because it would introduce a gradual return to warm environs.
Changing attitude
I knew I needed not only my parents, but also new friends, teachers, and colleagues to help me with my project. Apparently, I had to do many things by myself until I learned that my parents had decided to move following Henderson’s invitation, who was a Scottish friend and a Reverend who had moved earlier to live in Brantford. I now learned that I had someone who would help me adjust quickly to life in the wider Ontario.
My college education and teaching experience would not have been of great effect without the encouragement of friends, inspiring conversations with my father, and now my new friend, Henderson. Partly due to the experiences that had compelled my family to move on that chilly morning in March and the events that followed, I was now finding new horizons. From my new environment and relation with Henderson, I developed the desire to connect my earlier project with real life situations, which could touch people in great ways. My interaction with Henderson made me question my own adaptation to Brantford. Was my own adaptation to this new environment typical? I really did not struggle as a newcomer. I learnt that Henderson had known much from my father and organized a teaching opportunity for me to teach deaf students at a local institution and later in Boston.
As I continued to interact with this new environment, I came across different people in disparate places around Ontario. The majority of the places were fascinating, but Henderson made it easy for me until I realized I had developed a close friendship with him. After a long walk through the neighborhoods, I realized that I was gradually finding something outside myself that gave much meaning to my life than I had previously thought. I had loved working in my deserted workshop all day with only my parents getting involved at times, but now it seemed I was establishing the passion for working with the community. Having previously taught visible speech at a London private school of deaf children owned by Susanna Hull, my father’s friend, I felt motivated to take the offer that Henderson had organized for me.
At one point as we walked back home, I nearly introduced the topic, little did I know he was going to ask me about the offer before I could engage the conversation. Henderson carefully reached out my hand and called out my name quietly, “Alex, have you thought of the offer to teach at the community school of deaf children.” “Yes. I am willing to take this new challenge.” I answered (Gray, 2006, p.14). From deep within, I strongly felt that I was doing the best thing not only in my life, but also for my community.
Disturbing thoughts
Life in Brantford was changing faster than I had imagined. Even though the weather was giving me some problems, I felt safe since I had moved away from a place where I had witnessed my siblings succumb to tuberculosis. I was swiftly getting used to heavy clothes as well as having more time with friends. I had agreed to commence teaching on the following morning since my services had been long awaited although I was not aware. March 3, 1870 was to mark my first encounter with deaf children in Brantford. Since I was not used to socializing with people often, I knew I needed to perfect my presentation skills.
Early that morning before meeting Henderson for orientation, I passed by the hairdresser. The hairdresser gave me a warm welcome and said, “My friend, can I help you?” “Yes,” I responded. “Will you please cut my hair short and wash my head?” “Right away,” he answered. He was a nice charming person and within a short while, he had done his job just as I wanted. I hurriedly walked towards Henderson’s house where he was patiently waiting for me. This moment was an opportunity for me to link with people beyond my neighborhoods by interacting with children from diverse origins, but with a common need. By now, I had no clue that this event was going to build on my telephone project, which I had put on hold for some time.
Everyone in the Brantford deaf institution appeared very understanding and welcoming. I did not feel like a stranger as Henderson had worked everything out for me. Although I had left the security of my former comfortable workshop to share my knowledge and advance my ability through teaching in diverse communities of deaf students, a lot of courage was swiftly building from inside. I did not know this beginning would later mean a lot to my life.
I had always believed that my destiny would be solely determined by my passion for inventing a communicating device. With my little experience with deaf children, I made my first speech about how everyone can understand and communicate using symbols and how I was determined to help my new students to learn. At this time, I was not even sure if the students were in a position to understand my visible speech. It was a big challenge, but just as my father had flourished in this field, I was keen to follow his footsteps. I was keen to pioneer the visible speech, an idea developed by my father to help the deaf-mutes and speech-impaired children. I had long been fascinated by the concept of transmitting speech and I knew I stood a better chance of actualizing this aim by interacting with speech-related problems (Royston, 2010).
That morning was my first day teaching in Brantford community school for the deaf children and it marked my second encounter with a class of deaf children. At this point, it started to appear as if we were not off on the right footing. One of the students attempted visual conversations implying that he disliked visible speech and he was not ready to cooperate. I composed myself and assured the children that I was going to be friendly to them and help them learn visible speech. Visible speech included a system of symbols to assist deaf individuals in speech. This aspect was not common in Brantford, but it was a source of hope for the deaf and speech-impaired children.
Teaching the virtues and successes of visible speech was not going to be easy as I first thought. Although students seemed to understand some of the ideas of visible speech, the students did not express concerns to let me know which parts of visible speech confused them and the kind of assistance they required in a bid to improve their speech. Nearly an entire class of angry faces confronted me that day. This move was just but an insight of what awaited me in this new course that I had chosen to endeavor. This institution consisted of deaf students representing diverse cultures and a wide range of social classes (Carson, 2007). Since Ontario was a city of immigrants, I anticipated such experiences. Since most of the students came from low-income backgrounds, I felt obligated to help them and create an impact in their lives.
Building confidence
During my first lesson, the situation was highly complicated, but I was not ready to withdraw. On the contrary, I focused on overcoming all barriers. At the end of my first lesson, I summoned a boy who had demonstrated an extreme lack of interest in this lesson. “Jack, right?” I asked using symbols of which I was not sure he understood in the first place. “Yes, so what?” he implied using visible speech. Although the response was not perfect, I was fascinated to realize that there was a chance to develop from somewhere. “Listen, I surely understand each student’s feelings about visible speech. I have joined you to assist everyone to learn how to communicate successfully.
Kindly do not let any obstacle come your way while I can help.” I affirmed this using visible speech. Jack smiled discouragingly at me as he walked out of the class. I knew I would find a way to engage him, which would serve as a breakthrough to creating rapport with other students. Whenever I felt like quitting, I would experience memories of my deceased brother, Bunny. I had to do everything possible to achieve what my family had set to achieve. By now, I had realized that my father had moved us from Edinburgh so that I could see the maturity of the family dream in helping deaf children learn how to communicate successfully.
Despite the inspiring support from my parents and Henderson, I never saw myself developing personal ability in my current role. At one point, I solely wanted to help and never thought of myself for a second. I was not sure how long this feeling would last. I spent an entire evening attempting to figure out how wrong I had approached my first lesson in this new institution. Everything seemed normal so I had no basis to complain. I knew I needed time to learn how to engage my class.
My anxiety from being a prospective teacher to conducting my first lesson had now declined since the reality had hit me hard. I spent the best part of that evening trying to see how I could set up my telephone project and divert my thoughts from the school experience. Unfortunately, I had to get new materials to set up a new station, but I did not know how since I had not saved any money for this project. Henderson had taught me to take everyday situation as a basis to build a better tomorrow. This aspect reminded me of the new horizons that I was starting to join. Each new day, I had the opportunity to interact with new people who played a significant role throughout the process whilst presenting a broad range of expectations and experiences.
Helping the deaf children learn visible speech was not an easy or pleasant experience as I thought, but meeting students like Jack for a second time felt scary. One of the hardest things I was yet to learn was being tough. I was always keen not to hurt anybody, but I decided that helping these students was very necessary and nothing was going to stop me. What I realized was that acting tough would also build my confidence in all my objectives. The two weeks following my brother’s death kept lingering on my mind. Mentally and emotionally, I got the taste of real life. Now I thought of pursuing what my brother cherished, viz. helping the deaf children, but I felt lacking in my approach.
My father was always there when I sought his advice, as he had a lot of hope in me. For the first time, I wanted to be on my own doing what I felt was best for my students. I decided to relate my classes with my project and see how I could help the deaf students. In the evenings after school, I would spend a little time in my newly set station. I started experimenting with electrical signals in an attempt to invent a telephone device. However, I realized that whenever reflecting on my project, the skills that I had learned from my father never crossed my mind. On the contrary, there were memories of everyday dreams that my late brother, Bunny, wanted to achieve for the deaf children. Unfortunately, I did not realize that I was at one time going to be accredited for inventing the telephone, which my father and I had always thought of in our lives.
The great invention
By the summer of 1870, I had worked with two schools for the deaf and this felt little of what I looked forward to attaining within my first year in Brantford, Ontario. The spirit of invention had possessed me and motivated by the urge to benefit the world, I sought to improve life through communication. I always looked at the situation in Ontario and with the breakthrough I had helping deaf children learn how to communicative using symbols, I was convinced that this was not enough to improve the lifestyles for all people. I had a strong feeling that my harmonic approach was viable to invent a device that could transmit signals from one end to the other. My childhood interaction with my grandfather who often liked experimenting was in a short while going to prove vital. By the end of 1870, the idea of the telephone became so vivid.
At this time, I had invested a lot of time and money on this project and I experimented with a system that could relay several message at the same time through a single wire. As I taught, I also experimented with different devices to assist the deaf learn to communicate. Eventually, on December 14, 1870, I came up with the first telephone device. With the help of my assistance, Lucy, we made the first conversation over the phone. Within a short while, the news had spread everywhere through the same device that I had invented. By the eve of the New Year, many families in Ontario had acquired a telephone device (Grosvenor & Wesson, 1997). At last, I realized that I had achieved something for my family and community.
Conclusion
As I constantly embarked on perfecting my device, I tirelessly committed my time to help the deaf children to improve their integration into the mainstream community with the means of lip-reading and alternative techniques. Despite the fears that developed at the beginning of the year, losing Bunny was surely a turning point in my life. This year defined my entire life and it remains fresh in my mind.
Figures 3a & 3b show that only a few people owned cars with most of the middle-income earners opting for horse-ridden caravans, which were deemed prestigious. Availability of motorcar and road network facilitated Moving from Edinburg to Brantford. Fig. 4
The kind of weather experienced during nights in Brantford.
Figure 4 shows the kind of weather experienced during nights in Brantford. Adapting to this kind of climate is not hard since Edinburg and Brantford had relatively similar weather patterns.
Figure 5 shows the environment in Brantford. The climate is admirable and welcoming though it is a bit chilly.
The environment in Brantford.Family life was always cherished in during 1870s in Brantford.
Figure 6 family life was always cherished in during 1870s in Brantford. Having close family ties facilitated networking which helped cope with new neighborhoods and social integration.
The telephone project.
Figure 7 demonstrates the telephone project that was part of my daily involvement
An accomplished telephone project.
Figure 8 demonstrates an accomplished telephone project that changed lives of many people. To me, this was a dream come true and a dedication to my family whose support was reflected through the project.
References
Carson, M. K. (2007). Alexander Graham Bell: Giving voice to the world. New York, NY: Sterling. Web.
Gray, C. (2006). Reluctant genius: Alexander Graham Bell and the passion for invention. New York, NY: Arcade Pub. Web.
Grosvenor, E., & Wesson, M. (1997). Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone. New York, NY: Abrams. Web.
Lawson, D. (2008). Posterity: Letters of great Americans to their children. New York, NY: Broadway Books. Web.
Lin, Y. (2012). Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone. New York, NY: PowerKids Press. Web.
Royston, A. (2010). Inventors who changed the world. New York, NY: Crabtree Pub. Web.
Shulman, S. (2008). The telephone gambit: Chasing Alexander Graham Bell’s secret. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Co. Web.
The fact is the majority of people do not pay much attention to the objects that surround them. Such ordinary things as pieces of furniture, dress, and dishes have become ingrained in our everyday lives and are perceived as something trivial. At the same time, practically everything of a daily routine may say a lot about its owner, his habits, his lifestyle, his education, and so on.
One of the brightest examples of such a thing is an umbrella. The majority of us perceive it as an element of rain protection. At the same time, many people carry umbrellas regardless of weather conditions, just because this thing has become an integrated part of their image.
In the history of humanity, there are such inventions that, despite the development of technologies practically have not undergone a change. Though over the course of history mechanisms and shapes of umbrellas have been changing, the general principle of its functioning remains the same.
Nowadays scientists dispute the fact of the invention of an umbrella. The major part of them are apt to think that an umbrella has been invented in China. According to the Chinese legend, the idea of its creation was inspired by children who had been using leaves of lotus to protect themselves from sun. (“Kaleidoscope. Science and Invention.” para1). An umbrella in ancient China was not only the item of sun protection, but it was also a symbol of a high rank and nobility of its owner.
There also exists an opinion that an umbrella was invented in Africa over 3500 years ago (“Interesting Umbrella Facts.” para.2). Apart from their direct functions, umbrellas were also used in religious ceremonies.
The attitude towards this ordinary thing varies in different cultures. For some nations, it is the unnecessary item, which can be easily replaced with a water coat or a special dress. For others it is the article of daily necessity. For instance in Japan there is hardly a person who does not have an umbrella. In addition, “Japan is extremely different from America when it comes to umbrellas”. (“Japanese Umbrella Culture.”para.2).
In Japan practically in every establishment, there is a special rack for umbrellas. Moreover many of them are equipped with a special lock in order an umbrella no to be stolen.
At the same time, it must be admitted that umbrellas are not always used as the protective device from rain or sun. Many people use it in order to emphasize their high status or image. There are many cases when this device is used other than as intended. Sometimes it is used as a walking stick, sometimes as an item for self-defense (“12 Amazing Ways to Use an Umbrella.” para.4).
Producers of umbrellas try to meet the demands of customers. There is a link between a national culture and a market orientation (Luczak, Cheryl, et al. para.54). So nowadays umbrellas of different types and shapes may be found.
In our research, we have interviewed people of different age and gender. They were asked the following questions:
Do you have an umbrella?
How often do you use it?
Do you use it only when it rains?
Describe the type of the umbrella you have.
In the research, it has been found out that aged people as usual have umbrellas of dark colors. The younger generation prefers bright colors and more original models (for instance in a form of a sword or with a special pouch). Two women confessed that in their choice of umbrellas they had not paid much attention to its application in practice. They wanted their umbrellas to suit their dresses. So it is possible to conclude that an umbrella reflects a persons character.
Works Cited
“12 Amazing Ways to Use an Umbrella.” Life Hackery. n.d. Web.
“Japanese Umbrella Culture.” The Japan Guy. n.d. Web.
“Kaleidoscope. Science and Invention.” Cultural China. n.d. Web.
Luczak, Cheryl, et al. “National Culture, Market Orientation and Network-Derived Benefits: Conceptual Model for Service SMEs.” Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal 16.2 (2010): n.pag. Web.
The Progressive Era refers to the period in American history, which lasted from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. The Progressive Era was an enlightened age, which transformed various sectors in society. These transformations affected American citizens either positively or negatively based on the particular field (Hatfield and Hatfield, 2010). Moreover, the period marked the shift from the agrarian to the urban society, and many critics referred to it as the age of reforms in American history. Such notable figures as John D. Rockefeller, Henry Ford, and President Theodore Roosevelt pioneered this great age. Different aspects that range from politics, the birth of democracy, innovations, women’s suffrage, liberalism, and policies underwent radical changes in the stipulated period. Basing on the analytical analysis of the period, the paper discusses the technological advancement in American history (Cocks et al., 2009).
America as a nation experienced new inventions in the early twentieth century. These new inventions and ideas revolutionized the way American industries operate up to now. By the year 1920, the country had transformed into the most industrialized nation on the earth surpassing the likes of Germany, Britain, and France. New inventions ranged from the automobile, the assembly line, the radio, television, and efficiency engineering. The Progressive Era had extraordinary technological pioneers such as Henry Ford and Thomas Edison (Hatfield and Hatfield, 2010).
Henry Ford’s invention of the automobile transformed the lives of the American citizens, for most of them earlier depended on horseless carriages. He transformed the automobile sector from a rich man’s asset to a common person’s method of transportation from one point to the other. Moreover, the automobile pioneered the growth of another sector in the rubber industry for manufacturing tires and the petroleum refinery industry. Consequently, the discovery of the assembly lines accelerated the productivity of different factories, which ranged from the food industry to the automobile industries. Since the idea became successful, Ford’s industries sought to mass-produce due to the growing number of middle-class citizens (Cocks et al., 2009).
On the other hand, Frederick Taylor pioneered the idea of competence engineering (Cocks et al., 2009). This noble concept helped industrialists to improve the productivity of their factories. His machine attempted to increase factory productivity levels and obtain results in the least possible time. He further developed different theories that helped industries reduce production time, which influenced positively their output levels. Furthermore, other famous figures such as the Wright brothers discovered that humans could actually fly in the year 1903 (Jaycox, 2005). They invented the first airplane, which made the flight across America easier. They were the first ones to engineer, pilot control, powerful airplane engines, and design efficient propellers during this great era.
Conclusively, all these discoveries in the technological sector, improved factory effectiveness, productivity levels, and minimize industrial strikes. Economically, American agriculture improved and even the farms became more productive in the country than in any other nation on the globe. As a result, there was an increase in population, which paved more room for growing of crops and advancement of labor saving machines. In addition, these discoveries improved working conditions of American laborers, and their wages and benefits were put into consideration for the first time. Industrial risks became noticeable at ease, which led the American government to pass legislations that protected common labors from industrial exploitation (Hatfield and Hatfield, 2010). This Era played a crucial role in shaping the modern day America as a world superpower. Technology reformed various sectors such as industries, finance, medicine, government and public education (Jaycox, 2005).
References
Cocks, C., Holloran, P. C., & Lessoff, A. (2009). Historical dictionary of the Progressive Era. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press.
Hatfield, Z. J., & Hatfield, M. J. (2010). Progressivism: Our road to serfdom. Bloomington, IN.: Trafford On Demand Pub.
Jaycox, F. (2005). The progressive era. New York: Facts on file.
Living in the modern world we use the items which were invented many years ago without even understanding this fact. Many people do not know that a lot of technological items and the facilities we use now were invented in ancient times. Ancient China is the place which contributed to the development of many modern sciences, this is the country which discovered many inventions and continues impress the whole world with its developments (Sayre, 2012). Speaking about Ancient China, it is possible to enumerate a lot of inventions and contributions four of which are the most essential ones as it is impossible to imagine many modern innovations without them; moreover, there is one invention I cannot imagine my life without.
Ten Useful Inventions and Contributions of Ancient China
Ancient China was a great civilization which did all possible to make the modern world closer and faster developing. It is Ancient China that has invented the things which have been used as the basis for creating the super innovative things. Trying to point to ten most useful inventions and contributions of the Ancient China, it was really difficult to select the most necessary ones as Ancient China is famous for its contribution into the development of science in the modern world (Backus, 2002). The first three items I want to enumerate are seismoscope, the compass, and clock mechanisms.
The forth contribution is the astronomic knowledge (Matthews & Pelt, 2009). The fifth invention I want to underline is iron and steel smelting. The next important invention by Ancient China is coal discovery and mining. The contribution to the medicine (acupuncture, variolation and other issues in the traditional Chinese medicine) is considered as the next point in the discussion. The next contribution which should be highlighted is the invention of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System. Abacus is the ninth invention which deserves attention. And finally parachute invention is the tenth one in our list, however, its contribution cannot be called as the least important. These mechanisms and inventions contributed to the development of science in the ancient times and helped modern researchers using that knowledge invent more useful items.
Four Most Useful Inventions and Contributions of Ancient China
Deng (2011) identifies compass, gunpowder, paper and printing as the four major inventions of Ancient China. I absolutely agree with this statement, however, creating my personal list of four major inventions of Ancient China I would like to make some corrections and change it. Even though there are a lot of impressive and really useful inventions, compass, gunpowder, paper and clock mechanisms are considered as the most useful and the most applied to the modern life inventions. Moreover, compass, gunpowder, paper and clock mechanisms made civilized world closer and faster developing. Each of these inventions made the life of people in Ancient China easier and made those developing faster. It is easy to predict that nations which had compass had more opportunities than those who did not have such an invention. It is difficult to imagine Ancient China as well as the developments of the modern world without the contribution made by these innovations.
Argumentation in Favor of Inventions and Contributions of Ancient China
Trying to provide strong arguments in favor of compass, gunpowder, paper and clock mechanisms, it is important to consider he way how they were used in ancient time and how the contributed o the development of the modern science. Considering each of the inventions in detail, it should be stated that the invention of compass gave way to the development of other sciences and contributing to such disciplines as astronomy, geography, etc. Using compass for navigation ancient Chinese citizens had an opportunity to go on large distances being sure that they would return to the appropriate place. The navigation importance may be supported by the trading advantages, military success, etc. Compass gave push to the development of astronomy. The first maps of the sky, star catalogues and star atlases in Ancient China supported the calendar creation. Therefore, the invention of the compass is a great contribution to the development of many sciences which continue its existence and growth in the modern world.
The creation of gunpowder made possible for Ancient Chinese people invent the first weapon which worked on gunpowder. Most ancient people used weapon which was too primitive while China was much ahead others. The possibility of wars was not too scary for Chinese people in the ancient world. Dwelling upon the advantages of he invention of gunpowder, I should be remembered the entertainment and military uses. The fireworks were invented which made the entertainment sphere in Ancient China one of he leading cultural issues. The military uses of gunpowder also cannot be overestimated. During many years gunpowder was used in different spheres of national life and nowadays this invention remains in demand as it is impossible to imagine modern world without this invention.
Paper invention was a great step in the social sphere, in politics, economics, communication, etc. Before the paper invention the information was placed on rock or wood tables which was not really easy. With the invention of paper the information spread increased. People had an opportunity to write letters to each other, to share information etc. Paper invention affected economics as the paper money were invented that made economic and market relations easier. Books, newspapers and other paper made things cannot be rejected. Communication between people who lived on long distances became easier. Moreover, development of art increased.
Clock mechanisms in China helped people follow the time, innovate the calendars, etc. The measurement of the day and the night using clocks made possible to follow the weeks, months, etc. Time arrangement facility is really important in the life of people as having an opportunity to follow minutes and plan time and other arrangements. As for me, clock invention is one of the most creative and useful thing created by the Ancient Chinese people.
Conclusion: Invention or Contribution I Cannot Live Without
Many different inventions and contributions to science in Ancient China deserves attention. However, the invention of clock mechanisms seems to me the most important one. Clock allowed people plan their time and business. Planning is a guarantee of success. Living in the modern world I cannot imagine living without strict measurement of business and leisure time. Living in the modern world, people understand how time is important. Lack of time is a problem, however, it can be easily solved if appropriate planning is applied. Therefore, clock mechanism is the facility I cannot imagine my life without. All my day is planned, I strictly know when my starts and when it should finish. Planning and he appearance in the correct time at he appropriate place is a guarantee of success and I want to be a successful person.
Reference List
Backus, M. (2002). Ancient China. New York: Lorenz Educational Press.
Deng, Y. (2011). Ancient Chinese Inventions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Matthews, R., & Pelt, T. V. (2009). Ancient Chinese Civilization. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.
Sayre, H. M. (2012). The Humanities: Culture, continuity and change, Volume 1. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.