Category: International Trade

Rice Importation in the Philippines

In the Philippines you can’t call a ‘meal’ without rice. Most Filipinos eat three meals a day. Breakfast, lunch and dinner with the presence of rice. But what would happen if the country did not provide its citizens with enough rice to eat? As the population of the Philippines is increasing, the amount of rice grown by local farmers is becoming insufficient for the total population of our country.

According to the Department of Trade and Industry, the Philippines is a strongly committed member of the WTO (World Trade Organization) since January 1, 1995. The World Trade Organization is an intergovernmental organization that deals with the management and arrangement of international trade between two or more nations. This is one of the reasons why the Philippines allow other countries to import their rice, another reason is for the people to have an extensive selection and also sustain the right supply for the population in the Philippines. We do agree that the implementation of the Rice Tariffication Law helps our economy to reduce inflation. However, there is the other side of the story. There are effects of the action, mainly is the drastic dropped in the prices for the local rice, inadequate of capital, absence of provision from the government, and for the farmers that are struggling to compete in the market enduring labor causing many of the farmers to protest and speak for their justice to make a difference that way it the government can come up a solution for the problem.

The Rice Tariffication Law

“An act liberalizing the importation, exportation, and trading of rice, lifting for the purpose the quantitative import restriction on rice, and for other purposes”. The law was implemented because of the price hike that caused rice to strike Php70 per kilogram last year. To terminate the said rising of inflation the Government officials passed the Rice Tariffication Bill. The law enables the country to have a sufficient supply of rice and provide lower domestic price in order for the citizens to afford in a much lower price. By allowing many rice competitors to enter the market, the retail of rice will decrease as the supply increase.

Consequence of Rice Importation to Our Local Farmers

Although rice importation helps our economy to reduce inflation, it cannot deny the fact that the excess supply of rice may cause a major impact to the livelihood of the country’s local farmers. Philippines is known as one of the agricultural countries in the world because 47% of the land can be a source of food crops. But why the farmers of our country are crying and seeking for help? How does the mentioned law affect their lives? ‘No to rice importation’; the government is still talking over the particular matter mainly because it contradicts the matter of exportation which is were authorized by being a part of the WTO (World Trade Organization).

As the cheap rice imports are being sell to the market the consumers will no longer support the rice produced by the local farmers, that’s why the retail price of the farmer’s rice dropped enormously. Some province in our country sell rice as low as Php7 to Php8 per kilogram even though the original production cost is Php12 per kilogram.

Conclusion

To sum up, the implementation of the rice liberalization law may help our country to resolve the issue of rice inflation, however allowing international farmers to compete with our local farmers may cause a major damage to our farmers lives. In order for our agriculture to grow and foster we should harbor and nourish what’s ours and not depend on other countries’ imports. We value farmers as much as how we value our teachers, doctors, lawyers, engineers, and so forth. To work out the issue there are various solutions speaking of providing more supply and need for agriculture specifically to the farmers, greater value for local palay, and more importantly to hold on what’s ours.

History of Sugar and Cotton Trade: Origins of Modern Capitalism

Around the world, the consumption of sugar is necessary and played an important role in the economy. However, but we as consumers don’t know exactly the origins of these important products that are sugar and cotton in the 18th century. In this essay, I’m going to discuss the importance of sugar, the role that played slavery in the sugar plantation, how cotton benefits the economy and also, how sugar benefits the economy. The human doesn’t know exactly the history of sugar and how sugar became an important product globally. Some people may ask what is sugar and why sugar is valuable? I would say that sugar is a crystalline substance that is very sweet and is obtained from various plants, such as sugar cane, etc. and is commonly used as a sweetener in food, desserts or drinks. The sugar is important because it was the motor of the slave commerce that transported millions of Africans to the Americas in the 16th-century. In this essay, I’m going to discuss a book called sweetness and power by Mintz and what he learned on his trip about the people of the Caribbean and their products. Also, secondly, I’m going to discuss today capitalism was born as slavery which was very important because it talks about cotton and the importance of cotton by Beckert and finally the rise of slavery by Gibson that explain how hard was the regimen in the plantation in the 17th century and the beginning of sugar production in the Caribbean.

The history of Mintz is very interesting and important because it talks about the history of the Caribbean and how he learned about some of the products that we consumed nowadays. Mintz says that “his book has an odd history. He studied the history of the Caribbean and some of the tropical products, mainly agricultural since the European conquest” (Mintz. 1985). Mintz worked with people of the Caribbean he was learning about those people, how they transformed their life for the conditions they were livening. Mintz liked to know more about sugar, rum, coffee, and chocolate. The history of the Caribbean and their products is very interesting and we can learn a lot from this reading some of the points that caught my attention is that Mintz was learning about the culture of the people of the Caribbean and what caught his attention was their products such as sugar, rum, coffee and chocolate which is still very important products globally. In the year 1800, Puerto Rico and Cuba succeeded Haiti, after the Haitian Revolution, because they have the most important world sugar producers. Also, Mintz learned that north Americans had penetrated most deeply into the vitals of pre-1898 Puerto Rican life.

According to the article titled “Today’s capitalism was born in slavery” written by Beckert talks about how by the year 1830 one million Americans were enslaved, grew cotton. That was a huge number of Americans enslaved in 1830 and they have to work. One of the* most important exportation in the United States was Raw cotton. A fugitive slaved name, John Brown observed in 1854: “When the price of the cotton rises in the English market, the poor slaves immediately feel the effects, for they are harder driven, and the whip is kept more constantly going” (Beckert, p. 2). I can say by this that when the price of the cotton increase the poor slaves are the one that suffers because is more work for them and they have to be in constant movement. One point that caught my attention is when the author talks about the economy of the United States and he says that like cotton and slavery, became the key to the U.S economy and this moved to the center of the world because thanks to the cotton and slavery U.S economy increase. Capitalism with slavery also played an important role in the United States and in more countries. Our modern world originated in cotton factories, cotton ports, and cotton plantations of the 18th and 19 centuries. In other to understand the creation of the cotton and how this empire grew, we need to extend our view to the world at large and to the history of global capitalism.

According to the reading named “the rise of slavery” written by Gibson is letting us know about how cruel was the regimen in the plantation. African slavery was too big and extended to be ignored. By the beginning of the 1700 new lands were rich but what they don’t know if how this plantation operated because slavery plays an important role in the world. In the reading, there was a point that caught my attention which I didn’t know about it. When in the reading says that “slavery was a living death for millions of people and in the eighteenth-century things got worse because Africans had been enslaved in the Caribbean for more than 200 years” (Gibson, p. 4). I can imagine 200 years of slavery in the Caribbean that’s terrible. I know at that time a lot of slaves were sent to work in rural areas or in mines which is very hard work. I didn’t know by 1700, English ships had taken around 400,000 slaves from Africa. That was a lot of slaves at that time and that was a very impressive number of slaves at that time. Also, it was very terrible that a big number of them die in the sea and others were stolen by pirates.

The beginning of sugar production in the Caribbean was very important because after the Caribbean was first colonized and conquered by Spain in the 15th century, a system of sugar planting and enslavement were developed. The Caribbean turned into important colonies because of the demand for sugar cane products in Europe. Sugar is very valuable, necessary and important because few products derived from sugar cane, which can be used for tea, coffee, chocolate, and other products. Also, it can be used to make rum, which is an alcoholic drink that is very popular globally. Sugar plantation owners became very wealthy and the production increased and for that reason, they buy slaves to keep the hard work. Sugar was first used, only the wealthiest people consumed it. After 1650, the price of sugar decreased to the consumption and therefore production, increased as it became more available to the lower class.

What is cotton and why was it important? Cotton is one of the most important products in the United States. Cotton is soft and fluffy and grows around the seeds of cotton plants. Cotton was important because it is one of the first commodities in the world, after sugar and tobacco. The United States gained power and they have a connection with the western hemisphere due to the consumption of cotton because the U.S sold cotton to other countries. Our modern world originates in the cotton factories, and cotton plantations of the 18th and 19 centuries. Slaves contributed a lot in the United States and cotton became successful because slaves were the ones who used to work in the plantation and do the hard work. The trade between the Western hemisphere and Eastern hemisphere became absolutely incredible because the caffeine was produced by the northeast and the cotton was in the U.S which impact the economy and the economy of the United States increases because of the trade of these products.

Sugar or Biofuel: Trends for International Sugar Trade and Investment

Sugar is one of the most valuable agricultural commodities. Around 80 per cent of the world’s sugar is derived from sugar cane, grown by millions of small-scale farmers and plantation workers in developing countries. In some countries, sugar beet growers’ contracts with processors, which operate as farmer-owned cooperatives, require those who leave unharvested acres to pay a fee to the cooperative so it can pay its bills in leaner years. Sugar has been falling since October 2016 after more than doubling.

Sugar can be one of the most volatile commodities that trade on the ICE futures exchange. Since way back in 1971, the sweet commodity has traded as high as 66 cents per pound and as low as 2.29 cents. The most recent significant peak in the sugar futures market came in 2011 when it hit a high of 36.08 cents. Increased production then drove the price to a low of 10.13 cents in August 2016, which turned out to be a bottom. The U.S. government authorized the import of an additional 100,000 short tons of Mexican refined sugar due to the harvest issues in December 2019. Producers Western Sugar Cooperative and United Sugars Corp issued force majeure notices due to what producers have called the worst weather conditions in nearly two decades.

Sugar refinery in Egypt

Some UAE-based investors, along with Egypt’s Al Ahli Capital Holding, are investing $1 billion to set up a sugar refinery as well as develop agriculture land in Egypt. Jamal Al Ghurair, managing director of the UAE-based Al Khaleej Sugar, and other UAE investors will hold 70 per cent stake in the sugar refinery while the rest of 30 per cent will be controlled by Al Ahli Capital.

Demand and Supply

Weather and crop yields in those nations often determine the path of least resistance for the price of world sugar. Brazilian sugar companies are increasing their capacity to produce ethanol in the face of depressed global sugar prices and government policies expected to boost demand for the bio fuel. The two leading producers in the world are Brazil and India. The United States is the world’s third-largest sugar importer after Indonesia and China, buying 2.8 million tonnes in 2018-19, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

How to invest?

Sugar is the sweet commodity depicting extreme volatility and it has a low correlation to stocks. One can buy ETPs, future contracts or buy stocks of sugar companies to invest. The price of world free-market sugar can be highly volatile, but many countries impose tariffs, quotas, and subsidies to aid domestic producers.

2020- 2021 trends

Two consecutive campaigns of lower sugar production and trade deficits are forecast in the European sugar market. A shift to ethanol in the 2018-19 season slashed Brazil’s sugar output by 9 million tonnes to a 12-year low and more switching to the bio fuel next season could help to wipe out a global surplus weighing on sugar prices. Brazil could also lose its crown as the world’s biggest sugar producer to India for the first time in 16 years, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Impact of Financial Crisis on International Trade: Theory and Practice

Executive summary

The reason of penning this assessment is to develop the notice of the shoppers regarding international trade, finance and investment that they are on the brink of start-up. Capital allocation inside the UK domestic market and international free enterprise that area unit vital issue for an economy development, on the other hand it may be affected to various factors. Toward allocating capital inside the UK domestic market and international market, it needs to remember of however monetary markets work, furthermore as discussion on interest rates, exchange rates, market, capital market, exchange, bond market and FDI were explained and the way they will have an impact on the allocation of capital. The impact of Brexit on international trade, options of cash market, sorts of monetary markets, Purpose of monetary market, Main Beliefs of international trade, change the bank Model, ways of capital allocation, Impact of capital allocation, Evaluating rising economy that was picked from one in every of the Brisk countries (China) and looking out at the challenges that China encounters thanks to manufacture and their trade policies, the monetary crisis in China’s equity and debt markets inside China.

Background of financial markets

The financial market has been active since the first 1800s, however has become rather more necessary since 1970 once the international rates rose on top of historic levels. However, the go up in short-run rates, in addition to a regulated job on the speed that banks may buy deposits, resulted during a speedy outflow of funds from the institution within the late Nineteen Seventies and early Eighties. This, in turn, caused several banks, savings, and loans to fail. The business regained its strength solely when substantial changes were created to bank rules about securities industry interest rates. International trade act because the sale and trade of products, services, and capital across international borders. Such trade of food, clothes, machinery, oil, commodities, and currency offers corporations’ access to customers everywhere the planet and it offers shoppers opportunities to shop for a wider choice of products and services (Trendfollowing.com, 2016).

The financial merchandise includes the provision of Capital, Bond, Credit, Mortgages, Stock. Commodity, Money, Company share, Derivatives, exchange. Main Beliefs of international trade Are Gains from trade, this suggests that international trade is useful to any countries mercantilism merchandise and services to every different, this exchange is somewhat continuously to their mutual profit.

According to financial time’s states that the financial markets have a primary and secondary component to them. As an example to shop for an automobile, a private might put off a loan from a high-street bank. The money market is AN unsuitable name for the financial market because of money currency is not listed within the market because of the securities that do trade there are short run and liquid, however, they are about to being money. It is a market wherever patrons and sellers participate within the trade of assets like equities, bonds, currencies, and by-product (Uwlacuk, 2016).

The money market exists primarily to produce short-run loans and to just accept short-run deposits. It additionally brings economical supply of funds to corporations, the government, and intermediaries that require a short-run infusion of a fund. securities industry are marketplace for monetary assets, and wherever massive denominations are oversubscribed, it is low default risk, They mature in one year or less from their original issue date of most securities industry instruments maturing in on the other hand one hundred twenty days (Doiorg, 2017).

The UK aggregate demand for two sectors, finance, and producing, will account for many of the autumn in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland combination productivity growth. The post-crisis productivity transporter from finance ought to disappear as deleveraging runs its course, however, slower producing productivity growth could relate to a discount within the impact of lower –priced foreign inputs from China associate degrees another rising market is persistently weak investment has conjointly been enjoying an progressively vital role within the weakness of producing and combination productivity. That the typical employee in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, works constant variety of hours, might turn out doubly the maximum amount as she might have simply thirty years before as seen within the chart (Nwachukwu, 2017).

Effect of Brexit on international trade

Britain is exploit from the EU can want it to renegotiate its trade association not simply with the remaining twenty-seven EU countries, however additionally with the remainder of the globe. Associate rules its gift trade with non-EU partners in nursing agreement negotiated by the EU on behalf of all its members and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland might merely trade with the EU beneath general world trade Organization [WTO] rules, like most alternative non-EU countries. This result, however, would force it to face tariffs and alternative trade barriers in its monetary sector. Brexit could place great the UK firms beneath stress in many ways in which. Land pound are going to be additional volatile against alternative currencies, and overall political economy growth is probably going to weaken. UK firms that swear heavily on trade or labor flows with the EU can struggle. The uncertainty encompassing Brexit could be an issue for the market to contemplate. For those who have not endowed before however are think aborting it or those that consider themselves novices, the potential impact of Brexit will be a frightening prospect. The truth is, nobody is presently able to accurately predict the lay of the land post Brexit, and therefore it is natural that prospective and current investors can second-guess themselves. The role of recommendation in serving to individuals to mitigate uncertainty and guarantee their investments are wide-ranging to soak up any shocks are going to be crucial, however not everybody has access thereto. Mintel’s customers, Saving and finance the United Kingdom, January 2017 Report reveals that twenty seventh of individuals with savings and investments say they conceive to save additional over subsequent twelve months given the uncertainty encompassing Brexit, and twenty fifth say recent market uncertainty encompassing Brexit has place them off finance. This shows that Brexit is already skewing prospective and existing investors back towards risk dislike, and can seemingly encourage individuals to create easy-access money reserves just in case of emergencies. However, Brexit is not all-dangerous news, significantly for skilled investors. finance is all concerning taking calculated possibilities, either with or while not recommendation from people who have specialized info concerning sure investment varieties. Brexit are going to be a gradual method, and investment opportunities can emerge as these progresses. Those that are already active within the markets can have earlier access to those opportunities and thus have the potential to maximize their returns ought to this set up out well (Serialssolutions.com, 2017).

Financial crisis

The global financial and economic meltdown of 2007 -2009 was the worst since the nice Depression Banks throughout the planet unsuccessful or needed in depth government support to survive the world economic system froze, and therefore the entire world economy was thrown into recession. This financial crisis was originated within the shock to the financial market and was transmitted from country to country by the financial market. The collapse of Leman Brothers, a world bank, in September 2008 nearly brought down the world’s economic system. It took Brobdingnag Ian taxpayers to finance to bailouts the trade as debts became unplayable as a results of disposal an over-sized add of cash into the property market that pushed up the value of homes beside the amount of non-public debt. Interest needs to be paid on all the loans that banks gave out, and with the debt rising faster than incomes, some folks became unable to stay up with reimbursement, at this time, they stop repaying their loans, and banks realize themselves in peril of going bankrupt (j.ribaf, 2017).

Ricardo’s theory

Comparative price advantage in step with Ricardo’s theory he explained that countries will specialize in the assembly merchandise of products that it produces expeditiously and obtain the products that it produces less expeditiously from different countries albeit this suggests shopping for goods from different countries it may product effectively itself. For example, if the United Kingdom uses ten units of resources to supply one pen and thirteen resources to supply one automotive, whereas China uses forty units of resources to supply one pen and twenty units of resources to supply one automotive, therefore with associate input of two hundred units of resources, The UK will create twenty pens and zero automotive or zero pen and fifteen automotive whereas China will create five pen and zero car or zero pen and ten cars. therefore relatively, the United Kingdom has fourfold, the advantage over the assembly of pens however just one 5 time the advantage over the assembly of the automotive, in reality, it’d be far more effective and economical for each countries if the United Kingdom focuses on pen production and China specialize in automotive production (j.econmod, 2017).

Capital allocation within domestic economy

The primary allocation of capital is that the federal and native government and firms within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, as an example, the national problems long-run notes and bonds to fund the debt and to finance capital comes, like college and jail, constructions. whereas the corporation allocates each bonds and stock in alternative to finance its growth with debt or equity For Instead savers lending/investing directly with borrowers, a money mediator (such as a bank) acts because the middleman, the mediator obtains funds from savers the mediator then makes loans/investments with borrowers This method is termed money intervention. However, is that the primary means that of moving funds from lenders to borrowers (Heidelberg, 2015).

US-Taliban Treaty: Comprehensive Analysis of Its Impact on India-Afghanistan Relations

Impact of US-Taliban Treaty on India-Afghanistan Relations

Bilateral relations between both India and Afghanistan is friendly and the public perception in both countries is positive with respect to each other. And this has continued ever since Modi took office in India in 2014. Their relationship pans over the following key sectors:

• Political
• Economical
• Security

This paper focuses on the above topics and specifically the impact of the US-Taliban treaty on Afghanistan and subsequently on Indian investments in Afghanistan and also the risks involved in future investments.

Political Relations:

The new dispensation in India traded cautiously during the Afghan presidential election and also during the initial months of incumbent Afghan President Ashraf Ghani’s presidency. The commonly held perception at that time was that this caution was due to President Ghani’s overtures to China and Pakistan. However, India demonstrated strategic patience and gauged developments; it continued with its developmental assistance and engagement in Afghanistan [1].

Meanwhile, as the Afghan-Pakistan relations worsened, President Ghani focused more effort towards strengthening their relations with India. Since May 2014, several high-level visits have taken place between the Indian and Afghan governments, including those of India’s vice president, prime minister, external affairs minister, national security adviser (NSA), and minister of law and justice; and Afghanistan’s former president, chief executive officer (CEO), NSA, deputy foreign minister, and army chief. Recently, the Indian ambassador to Afghanistan met Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the leader of the Hezb-e-Islami Afghanistan (HIG), soon after the latter signed a peace deal with the Afghan government. This was the first such interaction between the two sides [1].

Economic Relations:

Since 2001, India has spent US$ 3 billion on development assistance in Afghanistan. The past three years have seen continuity on this front. The previous government in New Delhi initiated numerous infrastructure projects in Afghanistan, including the construction of Route 606, the new Afghan parliament complex and the Salma Dam (officially, the Afghan-India Friendship Dam), the establishment of the Afghan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU), and investments in small development projects and skill-building-related initiatives[1].

India is also Afghanistan’s fifth largest donor overall, in addition to being by far the largest donor in the region. Moreover, the development assistance India gives to Afghanistan is greater than the amount given to Sri Lanka or Bangladesh – both of who have traditionally received substantial development assistance from India [2].

After taking charge in 2014, the Modi government ensured completion of key pending projects such as that of the parliament and Salma Dam – both of which Prime Minister (PM) Modi jointly inaugurated with President Ghani during his visits to Afghanistan in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Visas for Afghan businesspersons and tourists were further liberalised; 500 scholarships were announced for the children of the martyrs of Afghan security forces; restoration of the Stor Palace was completed. In 2016, India pledged an additional US $1 billion in assistance to Afghanistan [1].

Additionally, India has steadily been working with regional countries on developing landlocked Afghanistan’s connectivity to facilitate trade and movement of goods. In 2016, India, Iran and Afghanistan signed the Trilateral Agreement on Establishment of International Transport and Transit Corridor (the Chabahar Agreement) and by September 2017, India will begin shipping 35,000 containers of wheat to Afghanistan via Iran’s Chabahar port [2].

Security Relations:

Bilateral engagement in security-related issues has seen continuity and some enhancement. Although India is hesitant to supply lethal weapons to Afghanistan, it delivered three unarmed Cheetal helicopters and four refurbished Mi-25 assault helicopters to the Afghan Air Force (AAF) in April 2015 and December 2016, respectively. In 2016 and 2017, New Delhi participated in multiple Russia-led regional multilateral meetings aimed at addressing the security situation in Afghanistan and its neighbourhood, in addition to participating in other ongoing initiatives. Meanwhile, the new administration in the US may be considering different ideas regarding Indian participation in resolving the security situation in Afghanistan. India, too, is evaluating its options [1].

There have been a fair number of attacks on Indians on Afghanistan soil. The September 2011 assassination of former Afghan president Burhanuddin Rabbani was condemned by India, which stated that, ‘Tragically, the forces of terror and hatred have silenced yet another powerful voice of reason and peace in Afghanistan. We unreservedly condemn this act of great brutality,’ and reiterated the steadfast support of the people and government of India in Afghanistan’s ‘quest for peace and efforts to strengthen the roots of democracy’. On 22 May 2014 the Indian consulate in Herat was attacked by 3 militants equipped with AK-47s, RPGs, hand grenades and suicide vests. ‘Our premises have been repeatedly attacked by those who do not support India’s development work in Afghanistan. The attack will not dilute India’s development assistance and its contribution to rehabilitation and reconstruction of Afghanistan,’ India’s ambassador to Kabul Amar Sinha said at the time [3].

US – Taliban Treaty:

Special Representative Khalilzad signed a formal agreement in Doha with Taliban deputy political leader Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar on February 29, 2020. On the same day in Kabul, Secretary of Defence Mark Esper met with Afghan President Ashraf Ghani to issue a joint U.S.-Afghan declaration reaffirming U.S. support for the Afghan government and reiterating the Afghan government’s longstanding willingness to negotiate with the Taliban without preconditions [4].

As part of the U.S.-Taliban agreement, the United States agreed to draw down its forces from 13,000 to 8,600 within 135 days (with proportionate decreases in allied force levels). CENTCOM Commander General Kenneth McKenzie confirmed on June 18 that U.S. forces have been reduced to that level nearly a month ahead of schedule. The U.S. further committed to withdraw all of its forces within 14 months (April 2021). Other U.S. commitments included working to facilitate a prisoner exchange between the Taliban and the Afghan government (more below) and removing U.S. sanctions on Taliban members by August 27, 2020. The sanctions removal is contingent upon the start of intra-Afghan negotiations. In exchange, the Taliban committed to not allow its members or other groups, including Al Qaeda, to use Afghan soil to threaten the U.S. or its allies, including by preventing recruiting, training, and fundraising [4].

Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Treaty:

Overshadowing all of the developments above is the continued spread of COVID-19 in Afghanistan, which reported over 30,000 cases as of June 25, 2020, though that figure likely understates the scale of the virus in Afghanistan due to extremely limited testing [5]. COVID-19 has impacted a number of dynamics related to the U.S.-Taliban agreement and potential intra-Afghan talks. Most notably, the United States announced on March 18 that it was pausing the movement of personnel into and out of the region due to concerns about COVID-19 [6]. The withdrawal evidently resumed after that announcement, and NBC News reported in April 2020 that President Trump had advocated accelerating the withdrawal of all U.S. troops out of Afghanistan because of the pandemic [7]. COVID-19 also presents logistical hurdles to convening large groups of negotiating teams.

The further spread of COVID-19 in Afghanistan could cause additional disruptions to the nascent peace process, but might also present opportunities for compromise and intra-Afghan cooperation. For example, Afghan government representatives have expressed support for Taliban efforts to combat the virus in areas they control [8]. At the same time, some observers dismiss the Taliban’s actions as a propagandistic attempt to undermine the legitimacy of the Afghan government, and charge that the Taliban’s escalation of violence since February 2020 is the main factor impeding the country’s response to the pandemic [9]. Afghanistan may be at particularly high risk of a widespread outbreak, due in part to its weak public health infrastructure and its porous border with Iran, a regional epicentre of the pandemic where up to three million Afghan refugees live: nearly 300,000 Afghans returned from Iran between January 1, 2020 and late May, 2020 [10].

Risk Assessment:

Terrorism:

The first set of risks has to do with the possibility of international and regional terrorism. One of the four guiding principles mentioned in the joint declaration between the United States and the Afghan government includes “guarantees to prevent the use of Afghan soil by any international terrorist groups or individuals against the security of the United States and its allies” [11]. However well-intentioned these words might be, there is little clarity on how these guarantees will be upheld. After all, the factions to be reconciled will also include those elements who have fronted the ISI’s war against India from within Afghanistan. The evidence supporting this claim is overwhelming [12].

Pakistani Influence:

The second related set of risks has to do with the ISI’s increasing influence in Afghanistan. The nexus between the Taliban (especially the Haqqani group) and the ISI underscores Pakistan’s increasing influence within the country. The Taliban leadership may not always see eye to eye with the Pakistani state and the ISI, but the ISI’s influence over the Taliban is undeniable [13]. Given the potential of Taliban representation in Kabul in the near future, this state of affairs is naturally far from comfortable for India [14].

Divided Afghan Government:

The third set of risks has to do with the perpetually divided Afghan government. While a semi-united government led by Ghani and Abdullah might have offered India some options for mitigating the risks mentioned above, such an arrangement seemed unlikely with both sides engaged in a months-long bitter rivalry while violence escalated. The recent political agreement between Ghani and Abdullah, while welcome, does not guarantee political stability [15]. The two leaders, on opposing sides until very recently, will now have to find ways to work together. India will need to identify its own strategic actions and not rely on an Afghan-led approach on reconciliation, which carries the risk of disintegrating because of the sharply competing politics and the outsized battle of egos among Afghanistan’s leaders.

Conclusion:

There are two choices before the Indian government. First, it can “wait and watch” to see if Ghani and Abdullah are able to mend fences and provide a degree of political stability. Second, given the “enormous instability” that looms large, in order to remain “engaged in Afghanistan in the future,” India may have to build “new equities.” This will require India to be “actively involved” and, equally important, “to be seen to be actively involved” in a wider set of international and national conversations [16].

References:

1. India-Afghanistan Relations: Innovating Continuity, by Rajeshwari Krishnamurthy, http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=530
2. Indian development cooperation with Afghanistan and the ‘Afghan-India Friendship Dam’, by Dr Rani D Mullen, Kashyap Arora, https://cprindia.org/sites/default/files/policy-briefs/Indian%20Development%20Cooperation%20with%20Afghanistan%20and%20the%20%e2%80%98Afghan-India%20Friendship%20Dam%e2%80%99_0.pdf
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations
4. Afghanistan: Background and U.S. Policy, by Clayton Thomas, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45122.pdf
5. 9 Belquis Ahmadi and Palwasha Kakar, “Coronavirus in Afghanistan: An Opportunity to Build Trust with the Taliban?” United States Institute of Peace, April 16, 2020. See also, Jaffer Shah et al., “COVID-19: the current situation in Afghanistan,” The Lancet, April 2, 2020.
6. Thomas Gibbons-Neff and Julian Barnes, “Coronavirus Disrupts Troop Withdrawal in Afghanistan,” New York Times, March 18, 2020.
7. Carol E. Lee and Courtney Kube, “Trump tells advisors U.S. should pull troops as Afghanistan COVID-19 outbreak looms,” NBC News, April 27, 2020.
8. Ruchi Kumar, “Taliban launches campaign to help Afghanistan fight coronavirus,” Al Jazeera, April 6, 2020.
9. For the Taliban, the Pandemic is a Ladder,Foreign Policy, May 6, 2020, and “The Taliban are joining Afghanistan’s fight against covid-19,” Economist, May 9, 2020.
10. International Organization on Migration, Return of Undocumented Afghans Weekly Situation Report, May 24-30, 2020.
11. Joint Declaration between the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the United States of America for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan, U.S. Department of State, February 29, 2020, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/02.29.20-US-Afghanistan-Joint-Declaration.pdf
12. Why Pakistan Supports Terrorist Groups, and Why the US Finds It So Hard to Induce Change, Brookings, January 5, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/01/05/why-pakistan-supports-terrorist-groups-and-why-the-us-finds-it-so-hard-to-induce-change/
13. Abdul Salam Zaeef, My Life with the Taliban.
14. Dealing With the Taliban: India’s Strategy in Afghanistan After U.S. Withdrawal, by Rudra Chaudhuri and Shreyas Shende, https://carnegieindia.org/2020/06/02/dealing-with-taliban-india-s-strategy-in-afghanistan-after-u.s.-withdrawal-pub-81951
15. Mujib Mashal, “Afghan Rivals Sign Power-Sharing Deal as Political Crisis Subsides,” New York Times, May 17, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/17/world/asia/afghanistan-ghani-abdullah.html?smid=tw-share.
16. Chaudhuri telephone interview with Rakesh Sood, April 21, 2020.

International Trade in Energy in Ethiopia: Challenges and Opportunities

Energy is a sector that plays a driving role in socio-economic advancement; poverty reduction and enhancement of the quality of life. Energy relates to all sectors of the economy as well as forming a sector itself. For decades Trade in energy has been considered as an exceptional case of International trade, different from other trade sectors and products. This is because of a variety of factors including the distinctive features of the product and the unprecedented challenges confronting it. Energy plays a decisive role in countries’ economies as all sectors use energy. Besides, Energy is one of the most crucial elements of modern daily life. Thus, trade-in energy constitutes, for every country, a major part of international trade.

There are various challenges and concerns surrounding the global energy trade. Such challenges comprise a mismatch between the growing demands and inert supply of energy, absence of distinction between energy products and energy services, and dependence of energy trade on fixed infrastructure. International trade in energy is regulated by general international trade frameworks like the WTO and specialized trade frameworks like the Energy Charter Treaty, other bilateral treaties, and domestic laws. The specialized regulatory frameworks set out comprehensive rules than the general ones.

Ethiopia is one of the few African countries gifted with various energy resources; in particular, the country’s hydro-power potential can be an important input to its economic development. The regulation of the energy sector was largely not centralized until recent times let alone its global energy trade. Although there are attempts to regulate regional energy trade through a specialized regional regulatory instrument like the draft market rules of East African Power Pool, the regulatory frameworks governing Ethiopia’s international trade in energy are largely domestic laws and energy sale contracts (i.e. power purchase agreements). The Energy proclamation no. 810/2013 and Regulation no. 447/2019 are the basic laws setting conditions for the exportation of electricity. The Ethiopian Energy Authority Establishment Regulation no. 308/2014 instituted the Ethiopian Energy Authority to be a mandated government organ to regulate cross border electricity trade. The authority is granted with the power to examine and approve essential cross border electricity trading instruments i.e. the electric power purchase agreements under article 4 (7) of Energy Proclamation no. 810/2013 and Article 77 (3) of Regulation no. 447/2019. It is also conferred with the power to regulate Ethiopian international trade of electricity through the conditions set for importation or exportation of electricity under the regulation. The conditions reflect the regulatory mechanisms envisaged to control the cross border power trade. These mechanisms can be categorized into Legal mechanisms, Technical mechanisms, and Custom regulations. Any applicant who wants to engage into the export/import trade of electricity is required to produce a power purchase agreement, acceptable license issued by the appropriate authority to participate in the spot market, disclose the source and amount of desired export/import of power, assess the possible impact of the desired export/import on the existing customers and the economy and produce an applicable agreement with entities in the country where the electricity is to be exported. An exporter or importer who applied for a license has to also make its generation, transmission, and distribution compatible with the national grid code.

In another respect, the Ethiopian trade in Energy products is primarily conducted and regulated by a sole public Enterprise. The Ethiopian Petroleum Supply Enterprise is the exclusive importer of Energy products such as coal and petrol. The enterprise is authorized by Regulation no. 265/2012 with the functions of supplying petroleum to distribution companies by importing clean products and by importing and processing crude oil on the basis of an assessment of the country’s demand. It imports energy products through three modes i.e. open international tendering, restricted international tendering, and based on government to government dealings.

The economic development of the East African region in general and Ethiopia, in particular, is hindered by various factors; one of the reasons is the lack of adequate supply of energy to promote industrialization. So, in order to properly address the energy problem in the region and the country from all aspects, it is necessary to formulate comprehensive energy trade regulatory frameworks that guarantee the least-cost and standard monitoring. This depends on the level of the countries’ energy resource endowment and socio-economic policies. Actually there are encouraging prospects for Ethiopia in this regard. The development of an efficient energy market, the establishment of an independent national regulatory body, and the adoption of essential international trade principles in domestic law are promising steps towards creating a competent regulatory framework for the country’s international trade in Energy.

Conversely, there is a range of issues that are becoming a challenge to the regulation of Ethiopia’s international trade in energy. The lack of infrastructure to regulate the cross border energy trade, structural problem of regulatory institutions, and discriminatory import practices are among the major ones. Since Ethiopia is considering the energy sector to be a major source of foreign currency for the country, it should at any cost setup advanced infrastructure that enables effective cross border energy trade regulation. The country should also empower independent regulatory institutions to monitor its energy trade. Especially the mandate of the Ethiopian Energy Authority shall be enforced properly. For instance, any exporter or importer of electricity shall get approval of its power purchase agreement by EEA before exporting or importing power. Finally, the country can promote its economic development through the energy trade sector in a much-enhanced manner if it eliminates some discriminatory trade practices. Such operations are mostly observed in urgent purchases of petroleum products through restricted tendering by the Ethiopian Petroleum Supply Enterprise. Therefore this state trading enterprise should abandon such mode of purchases to comply with the international trade principle of non-discrimination.

How Can Vietnam Benefit from the US-China Trade War: Essay

The trade war between the US and China has been attracting global citizens’ attention since July 2018. Until now, Washington’s tariffs on Chinese merchandises have reached US$550 billion. Beijing struck back with tariffs of US$185 billion on US merchandises. Therefore, the trade war between the US and China is affecting the world.

Global

The US-China trade war impacts the world in general and ASEAN members more specifically. Its effects can be either positive or negative, and nations must try their best to get the most out of the trade war.

The trade war can benefit the ASEAN association economically. Companies are shifting factories out of China to avoid the tariffs that Washington applied to Chinese products. Thus, companies are finding potential locations to build a new manufacturing chain and Southeast Asia is receiving attention from US multinationals. According to the ASEAN Post, the trade war will have large impacts on the ASEAN economy (Thomas, 2019). The ASEAN economy will improve as each of its members’ GDP will grow rapidly due to the rising international investment (Thomas, 2019). For example, Malaysia’s GDP will rise at least 1.8 percent as a result of the trade war (Thomas, 2019). Indonesia is receiving attention from US firms as they’re exploring the country (Thomas, 2019). Thus, ASEAN members can gain millions of dollars due to the trade war. Together, from the ASEAN association perspective, the trade war can boost the ASEAN economy.

However, the US-China trade war can cause conflict within the ASEAN. Southeast Asian countries will reduce their tax rate on foreign companies to attract businesses to move out of China. After moving out, businesses will first look for places with a low foreign tax rate that will benefit them the most. Therefore, nations will try to decrease their tax rate to attract as many oversea multinationals as possible. According to Forbes, one of the main components for US firms to choose China over other nations around the globe is the tax rate (Rapoza, 2019). Even though Brazil or Mexico is closer to the US, and India has a more significant labour force compared to China, Chinese cooperate tax level is 25 percent for foreign firms while the type of tax from the aforementioned nations is at least five percent higher (Rapoza, 2019). This proves that one component for firms to allocate their factories is the tax rate. Many ASEAN members will work on how to lower their tax levels to attract companies and still keep the economy growing. This might lead to hidden competition among countries to have the lowest tax rate. If all ASEAN members concentrate on reducing the cooperative tax rate, then conflicts can occur within the ASEAN association. Thus, it can affect the relationship between ASEAN members.

The trade war between the world’s two most powerful nations can change the economic status of various countries in Asia. It can weaken the connection between these nations.

National

News and articles mention that Vietnam is advantageous from the trade war. The trade war brings numerous advantages for Vietnam, but Vietnam has to face difficult challenges to achieve that.

After the trade war began, businesses were trying their best to avoid tariffs, and there are various methods to do that. One of them was to change the label from ‘Made in China’ to ‘Made in Vietnam’ to avoid Washington tax tariffs. It is reported that some Chinese goods are being transported to Vietnam to get the label ‘Made in Vietnam’ and are then traded to the US to evade increasing tax rates on Chinese merchandises (Bằng, 2019). These actions of Chinese corporations are being noticed by both the US and the Vietnamese government (Bằng, 2019). Responding immediately to the case, Washington warned Vietnam saying that they will put tariffs on Vietnamese merchandises in order to tackle the issue (Press, 2019). Similarly, Hanoi is also trying its best to stop corporations from breaking the law (Press, 2019). To be specific, the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade is opening an investigation on the illegal Chinese goods transportation line to Vietnam that ships these goods to the US later on (‘Vietnam: China Companies Using Fake ‘Made in Vietnam’ Labels’, 2019). Recently, the Ministry of Finance and the General Department of Customs received a written request paper from the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade asking for tight control on specific Chinese products that are being investigated by the US Customs and Border Protection (Bằng, 2019). These products were reported with a high increased export rate in early 2019 compared to same time frame the year before (Bằng, 2019). The trade war is pushing the Vietnamese government to protect its country as Chinese factories are attempting to evade the Washington tariffs. The obstacles the trade war is producing are in turn giving Vietnam a chance to protect and therefore prove itself to the world.

Since the trade war began, US businesses are transferring their international investment from China to Vietnam to evade Washington tax tariffs. The same action is being taken by the Chinese factories that export goods to America (Lynh, 2019). As firms come into Vietnam, they’ll bring advanced technology with them (Lynh, 2019). These high-tech methods will enhance Vietnam’s manufacturing chain and technology development. The Vietnamese market will be promoted globally and therefore attract more foreign corporations from across the globe. A report done by the US Department of Commerce stated that the merchandising rate between Vietnam and the US in January, February and March of 2019 had extended 40.3 percent compared to the previous year which means Vietnam has the highest rate among the US’s 12 largest exporters (Lynh, 2019). The article mentioned that if Vietnam could maintain this stable growth of their export rate for the next three quarters of 2019, Vietnam can become the 7th largest US exporters leaving France, England, Italy and India behind (Lynh, 2019). The value of exported products is estimated to reach US$69 billion (Lynh, 2019). If Vietnam can seize the chance provided, Vietnam’s economy will improve immensely. There is a tendency among US firms to move mechanized places out of China to more sustainable nations. The intense relationship between the US and China generates more investment from US corporations and is a push for this shift to occur faster (Hoài, 2018). As the door for Chinese merchandises to the US gradually closes with an import tax rate of 25 percent, it’s possible for Vietnam to get a direct profit from the US market by associate with the same type of goods. Vietnam can make use of the trade war and consequently, Vietnam’s economy will be boosted.

Vietnam’s economic status will raise as an implication of the US-China trade war. In the journey of reaching this achievement, Vietnam will deal with difficulties that might cause hardships for itself.

Solution

The advantages that Vietnam will receive are undeniable and Vietnam must take action now. Vietnam needs to advance the quality of its workforce and reduce its tax rate for foreign firms.

The US-China trade war allows opportunities for Vietnam to be known worldwide. In the long-term, Vietnam needs to improve labor skills to take advantage of the opportunities provided by the US-China Trade war. According to BBC, Vietnam has a productive labor force and a young labor structure. Every year, more than one million Vietnamese join the labor market. However, the majority of the workforce don’t go through training for qualifications. According to ManpowerGroup (a recruitment firm), only 12 percent of the Vietnamese workforce (which is 57.5 million people) are highly skilled (Thương chiến Mỹ-Trung, 2019). As companies shift to Vietnam due to the trade war, the demand for highly skilled labor has increased rapidly, making the shortage of technical workers even more intense. If Vietnam doesn’t take actions in order to aim for a skillful labor force, foreign businesses cannot choose Vietnam as their next location after moving out of China. Enhancing workforce quality not only benefits Vietnam during the trade war but also after it as Vietnamese laborers are skilled enough to retain clients from overseas.

As a result of the trade war and corporations shifting out of China, there are various suitable countries for these companies to choose from. To make Vietnam stand out, the Vietnamese government should lower tax rates to entice foreign factories to place their factories in Vietnam. ASEAN countries are competing on tax rate to have as many businesses as possible to boost the economic status of the nation. Therefore, if Vietnam can take action immediately, the probability of businesses shifting to Vietnam is exceptionally high. US multinational companies are choosing chains of Chinese factories not only because of the quality but also the tax rate (Rapoza, 2019). After Washington puts tariffs of 25 percent on Chinese goods, less than 10 percent of American multinationals want to relocate their mechanizing chain (Rapoza, 2019). Therefore, Vietnam must have a reasonable tax rate for oversea firms to move their factories by decreasing the tax rate.

Organizing more training among the human resources will be the continuing plan for Vietnam to utilize chances provided the US-China trade war and the international market. The government can reconsider the export tax rate to draw attention globally.

Comparison of Causes and Consequences

The cause and consequence of the Vietnam economy being boosted are most applicable to the topic. In reality, the export rate of Vietnam goods to the US in 2019 increased nearly by half compared to 2018 which help the economy grow (Lynh, 2019). Even though hidden conflicts between ASEAN members are very likely to happen, there is no direct evidence to prove this claim.

Personal, Global and Local Analysis of Cause and Consequences

Before research, I believed that the US-China trade war wouldn’t affect any country besides them. I thought that the US-China trade war would only affect its citizens as the Chinese and US exports prices will be higher for the other. After researching, I understand that other republics can be affected. For example, Vietnam can be affected as Chinese people are trying to break the law and transmit their products to Vietnam and then export away. There is also a possibility of Vietnam getting the same tariffs as China. The researching process helped me to understand how the trade war affects the world.

Conclusion

The results of the US-China trade war on the world are diverse. Both enhancing workforce quality and declining tax rate are must-take actions for Vietnam. Improving labor force is important for Vietnam if the republic wants to attract businesses. Decreasing tax rates can retain factories to stay in Vietnam. Thus, the authority should deploy both solutions to stay strong in the long run.

Bibliography

1. A Quick Guide to the US-China Trade War. (2019, September 2). Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45899310
2. Bằng, L. (2019, June 28). Tiếp tay hàng Trung Quốc gian lận xuất xứ vào Mỹ: Ngăn chặn ngay. Retrieved from VietnamNet: https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/kinh-doanh/dau-tu/ngan-chan-nan-tiep-tay-hang-trung-quoc-gian-lan-xuat-xu-vao-my-545490.html
3. Hoài, N. (2018, July 7). Chiến tranh thương mại Mỹ – Trung ảnh hưởng ra sao tới kinh tế Việt Nam. Retrieved from VnExpress: https://vnexpress.net/kinh-doanh/chien-tranh-thuong-mai-my-trung-anh-huong-ra-sao-toi-kinh-te-viet-nam-3774035.html
4. Lynh, K. (2019, June 7). Chuyên gia cảnh báo tác động tiêu cực của thương chiến Mỹ – Trung với kinh tế Việt Nam. Retrieved from VnExpress: https://vnexpress.net/the-gioi/chuyen-gia-canh-bao-tac-dong-tieu-cuc-cua-thuong-chien-my-trung-voi-kinh-te-viet-nam-3931077.html
5. Personnel. (n.d.). Retrieved from ASIA Briefing: https://www.asiabriefing.com/personnel/dorcas-wong.html; https://www.asiabriefing.com/personnel/alexander-chipman-koty.html
6. Press, A. (2019, June 10). Vietnam: China Companies Using Fake ‘Made in Vietnam’ Labels. Retrieved from Business Insider: https://www.businessinsider.com/vietnam-china-companies-using-fake-made-in-vietnam-labels-2019-6
7. Rapoza, K. (2019, September 3). Why American Companies Choose China Over Everyone Else. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2019/09/03/why-american-companies-choose-china-over-everyone-else/#5e756b3171de
8. Thương chiến Mỹ-Trung:, T. l. (2019, October 12). Thương chiến Mỹ-Trung: Thiếu lao động chuyên môn cao khiến VN khó tận dụng cơ hội. Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/vietnam-50012528#orb-banner
9. Thomas, J. (2019, May 13). ASEAN to Gain Most from Trade War. Retrieved from The ASEAN Post: https://theaseanpost.com/article/asean-gain-most-trade-war
10. Vietnam: China Companies Using Fake ‘Made in Vietnam’ Labels. (2019, June 10). Retrieved from AP News: https://www.apnews.com/3e8d620a800a45d788ecc96d44e4b61c
11. Wong, D., & Koty, A. C. (2019, November 5). The US-China Trade War: A Timeline. Retrieved from China Briefing: https://www.china-briefing.com/news/the-us-china-trade-war-a-timeline/

The executives at the Green Simpson’s distribution center are exploring the pote

The executives at the Green Simpson’s distribution center are exploring the potential benefits of implementing the “Cap and Trade” program and are aggressively reducing the company’s carbon footprint. During a recent meeting, Bart, a newly hired process engineer, presented a compelling case for implementing “standardization” as a means to achieve this goal. Bart’s presentation highlighted significant cost savings in labor and floor space through the consolidation of customer orders into four distinct categories, each corresponding to a specific pallet type (A to D). Following the meeting, you, the transportation logistics team, gathered to assess the proposed change and its implications.
Considering your role in overseeing transportation logistics, you examined the upcoming shipping order and were tasked with loading cube vans for delivery using the four pre-built pallets. The objective is to develop a plan that ensures each van is loaded with a minimum of 500 cubic feet while delivering 6 packs of garden hose, 10 bags of garden topsoil, and 8 boxes of bug spray to each customer in every van. Additionally, you aim to minimize your carbon footprint in alignment with your organization’s objectives.
Volume (cubic feet)
Garden hose (50ft Role)
Garden topsoil (30kg bag)
bug spray (Box)
Carbon footprint (g)
Pallet A
400
3
2
2
500
Pallet B
200
2
2
4
200
Pallet C
150
0
4
1
300
Pallet D
500
0
4
5
800
To address this challenge, please provide a mathematical program formulation outlining your plan for efficiently loading the cube vans while meeting the specified requirements and reducing carbon emissions. Would you challenge Bert’s Idea? Why?”
Your group oversee transportation logistics. You looked at next shipping order and you must set up load on a cube van for delivery from the four pre-built pallet .
Give a plan which have at least 500 cubic feet of each van are loaded. While 6 pack of garden hose, 10 bag of garden topsoil and 8 boxes of bug spray is delivered to each customer in each van while you want reduce your carbon foot print based on your organization objective. How would write the mathematical program for this problem?

Subject: Marketing short essay
This
is an opportunity for you to reflect upon wh

Subject: Marketing short essay
This
is an opportunity for you to reflect upon what you have learned about a
specific topic from Ch. 12 and 13. Topics could be Generation Y, Baby
Boomers, gender differences in consumer behavior, Hispanic American
consumers, household influence, middle class and consumption, and so on.
[PICK ONE TOPIC].
Be
sure to discuss your personal examples and introspection on the topic.
This fulfills one of the course learning objectives, i.e., better
understanding yourself as a consumer.
500-600 words
Three Grading Criteria:
1.
You should demonstrate that you understand and are ready to discuss the
key concepts and issues from the assigned topic in your paper. Be sure
to cite the definitions of and past findings about the concepts from the
textbook or other credible sources (5 points).
2.
You should discuss your own personal example(s) to help you and your
readers better understand the concepts and issues. In addition, your
personal introspection should bring new understanding to the topic (5
points).
3.
Your writing should be clear, well-composed, and free of spelling and
grammar mistakes. It should also meet the following format requirements
(5 points).
1) Create a title for your paper. Individual Paper #1 is NOT acceptable.
2) No need to provide a title page.
3) Must be typed in a word document; use double-spacing, 12-point font.
4) Include bibliography or references.
5)
Use APA (American Psychological Association) writing style: Cite a
source in parentheses after any quotations or after assertions that are
based on a reading. Example of in-text citations: (Hoyer, MacInnis,
& Pieters, 2018). Provide page numbers if you quote from an article
or a book directly. For example, different from opinion leaders, market
mavens are consumers “on whom others rely for information about the
marketplace in general”(Hoyer, MacInnis, & Pieters, 2018, p. 298).

No plagiarism
Do not copy the solution from the Internet
The solution is in Word

No plagiarism
Do not copy the solution from the Internet
The solution is in Word format
References in APA format
Please solve clearly and answer the questions completely
Explain the answer in detail
Here is the case for assignment and the answer is in the attached Word file