Category: Innovation

Problem/ Solution Statement

There is competition among Freshippo, unattended convenience stores and unattended shelves and the Amazon Go, the technology-driven new retailers in the new retail industry. The retailers had appeared in Chinese and U.S markets where they could do their businesses. An innovative initiative like Daily Fresh and Hexioama assist Freshippo to be the influential player with strong bargaining power that exists in the value chain in the new retail industry.

Situational Analysis

Freshippo started a grocery store in china in 2016, and by 2018, it had opened 46 stores in the 13 cities in the country. The customers were only doing the shopping between supermarkets and e- eCommerce platforms. When the Freshippo grocery started, customers had varied choices, where the customers could do grocery shopping and get freshly cooked food in the store (Sorescu, 2017). The customers had chances to book for the food to be delivered at their homes through scanning codes in Freshippo app if they didnt want to eat at the store. The Freshippo app could also allow customers to place orders online and make payments.

The Freshippo business model innovation uses mobile internet, cloud computing and artificial intelligence, which plays an essential role in the business. Mobile internet made Freshippo interact more with customers, product location, and stores anytime online or offline. Cloud computing assisted Freshippo to make a business operation system within Ali cloud. Artificial intelligence and big data made Freshippo come up with sets of unified standards for online and offline retailing systems such as membership, product prices, accounting procedures, marketing channels, and inventory.

Freshippo started its business by selling fresh produce, in-store catering and online retail. Customers are supposed to shop online through a downloaded Freshippo app linked to Alipay and get the service within 30 minutes, which is within a three-kilometre radius. Freshippo had Alibabas extensive data analysis, leading to a top-level design that could identify the key performance indicators according to the business model. Online transactions become more than offline transactions; each store generated more than 5000 orders online per day (Sorescu, 2017). The Freshippo app gave services without aid from other online traffic, and stores offered 30-minute service under logistics cost.

Freshippo employed white-collar workers to operate Alipay to reach its targeted customers through the Freshippo app. Many customers get attracted by the cleanliness of Freshippo stores and seafood. Customers consumed goods in large quantities and spread the news about the Freshippo business, which led to F2 (Fast and Fresh) convenience stores, Hexiaoma stores, and Freshippo cloud supermarket. The F2 started when the Freshippo noticed pain points at lunch and breakfast offices of the workers, time wastage in the queues, food hygiene concerns and F2 provided lunch, breakfast and afternoon tea for workers.

Problem Analysis/Basis Recommendation

The problems Freshippo business faced in the previous development are well addressed through data and innovation in technology. Freshippo created the company with various data-driven core capabilities such as personalized marketing, data-driven site selection, supply chain management and online traffic. According to Alipay data profiles, Freshippo selected a location accessible to most of its customers. The online traffic helped the customers shop online using Freshippo app that enables the customers to make payments in offline stores, scan products barcodes online and place an order for delivery at homes. The customers could also scan products in the store and pay through the app, reducing waiting time in the queue.

The Freshippo used the app in marketing to different customers according the data profile in the Alipay based on the needs and interests of customers. It had a supply chain management which included procurement  warehousing and logistics to distribution well managed with technologies. The supply chain management systems was in Alibaba cloud platforms purposely for digital management over marketing, chain supply, goods, transactions and store operations. The Freshippo used the app in marketing to different customers according to the Alipay data profile based on customers needs and interests (Sorescu, 2017). It had a supply chain management which included procurement  warehousing and logistics to distribution well managed with technologies. The supply chain management systems were in Alibaba cloud platforms purposely for digital control over marketing, supply, goods, transactions and store operations.

Recommendation

Freshippo business made procurement plans and product selections for every store and allocated the stock based on the data collected from Alibaba and its customers. The Freshippo selection capability improved continuously as the business continued providing goods and services to customers. After the company opened the stores, it tracked the sales to establish the products needed mainly through customers in the market. The company decided on the quantity and frequency in which the products flow based on the customers preferences and interests. Freshippo studied the products purchase frequency and ordering ability through its app for better services to the customers.

Freshippo sold produce from private farms and third parties to its customers. It buys the produce direct from domestic or overseas production or gets them from their local farms. The company had sound systems such as Wi-Fi cameras, GPs, temperature sensors to monitor and keep the products fresh (Sorescu, 2017). The Fresippo practices the following operations: warehouse management, operations in-store, fulfilment of the orders, logistics, and distribution to ensure better services to customers. They help the company deliver quality services and goods to customers at the required time.

There is an inspection of products, products standardization, and live seafood farming in the warehouse. The Daily Fresh goods are received directly from the farms or in bulk by trucks from the suppliers in the store warehouse. Freshippo uses electronic shelf labels and products barcodes in unifying prices and managing inventory systems. In-store there is receiving of goods, shelving, order picking, packaging and distribution. Freshippo has system control that picks and makes sure the orders get delivered to the customers at the expected time. It uses the required systems and follows the set logistics in distributing the products to the customers.

Action Steps

The Freshippo business leverages better-emerging technologies to become competitive in the 5G era. The company will realize many data sources with the 5G era, and many business opportunities will develop. The company think of reinforcement to its online and offline channels. The intense media will help Freshippo increase bargaining and pricing power within the value chain (Sorescu, 2017). The integration of online and offline channels leads to market expansion and brings more bargaining power to suppliers.

The Freshippo will control large markets by building more private labels based on the data sources and applying the emerging technologies. The strategy helps Freshippo increases the pricing power by looking at the attributes of the products. Cloud computing allows Freshippo to access infrastructure and software required through mobile internet to attain services in the business. The new technologies lead the company to have data collection, data security, data analysis results display and storage for better motoring of the activities taking place in the business.

Reference

Sorescu, A. (2017). Data-driven business model innovation. Journal of product innovation Management, 34(5), 691-696. Web.

Abstract

This paper is a case study on Virgin Group, a multinational conglomerate uniting 60 businesses operating in different sectors of the economy. The recognition of the brand is constantly growing, as there is no region in the world where the work of the Virgin Groups industry giants would remain unnoticed. Because the company provides more than 60 million customers with its products and services annually, the key to its success should be investigated.

That is why this paper will make an emphasis on studying leadership and organisational culture based on the assumption that they determine the use of innovative strategies, thus leading to successfulness. Mission and vision statements of the company, together with its values and slogan, are the foundation of the future analysis. They will be supplemented with a thorough review of the companys innovation strategy and specificities of innovation and product development processes.

Moreover, it will scrutinise risk-taking procedures and techniques. Therefore the central objective of the study is to discover how company culture, product development process, and risk-taking facilitate innovation and contribute to operational success. Based on the findings of the research, the case study will conclude with recommendations for improving performance and growing more powerful.

Introduction

Virgin Group is a multinational conglomerate of industry giants. It unites companies operating in such sectors of the economy as entertainment, travel, energy, publishing, media, healthcare, food and drink, hospitality, business services, retail, sports, lifestyle, charity, and banking. Nowadays, the Virgin Group is 60 different businesses attracting more than 60 million costumers in 35 countries around the globe (Virgin: about us 2016). Virgin companies employ more than 71,000 people worldwide. Figures representing employment and customer base point to the fact that the recognition of the brand is constantly growing, as there is no region in the world where the Virgin Group companies are unknown.

This fascinating story of success and continuous growth began in 1970 with the foundation of Virgin Records by Richard Branson and Nick Powell. Launched as a mail-order record project, it evolved to become the first billion-dollar Virgin company and foster development of other Virgin-branded businesses (Virgin: our story n.d.). During the following five decades, the brand has become one of the most recognisable and desirable ones, as it is synonymous with exquisite service and superior quality.

Nowadays, the most popular businesses are Virgin America, Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Australia, Virgin Business, Virgin Books, Virgin Hotels, Virgin Sport, Virgin Money, Virgin Mobile, Virgin Media, and numerous other related companies (Virgin branded companies n.d.).

Leveraging Innovation Through Mission and Vision Statements

Because the Virgin Group is a conglomerate of more than 60 businesses, mission and vision statements differ across companies and industries. Another peculiarity is the fact that the Group itself does not have a mission statement or motto. However, specific values are what makes it outstanding. That said, challenging the status quo (Virgin: our purpose n.d., para. 1) with the aim of becoming an industry and global giants and changing business for good (Virgin: our purpose n.d., para. 2) is the core value and central purpose of the Virgin Groups foundation and operation.

This slogan affects all Virgin-branded companies because they should work under clearly articulated objectives making all decisions and attracting investment to benefit their customers and the world. Nevertheless, if the Virgin Group were to have a mission statement, it would be something short and fun like the Latin Ipsum Sine Timore, Consectetur loosely translated as Screw it, lets do it by Sir Richard Branson (Branson 2013, para. 14). It highlights the understanding of innovation at the Virgin Group  being the best and delivering change without necessarily becoming the biggest (Branson 2014). Both potential mission statement and core values of the conglomerate correspond with this understanding of innovation, and highlight changes are desirable.

Link Between Company Culture and Innovation

According to Neck, Houghton, and Murray (2016), organisational culture is a combination of values, rules, and norms that are appropriate within a company. It is the basis for inspiring employees and reaching high levels of operational performance. Moreover, there is a robust connection between innovations and organisational culture because of motivating and encouraging teams. At the Virgin Group, leadership is the foundation of organisational culture.

Bransons leadership centres on communication and inspiration. Employees are acquainted with companys strategic goals and steps that are necessary for achieving them because Sir Richard Branson believes that making change, i.e. innovating, is only possible when everyone is involved in the working process and is motivated to become a part of success (Urso 2014).

In addition, Branson is a perfect example of appropriate and desirable attitude to doing work and completing tasks. He is adventurous, thinks outside of the box, and is not afraid of taking risks. He is the role model for all employees. Branson (2011) believes that a perfect atmosphere is one eliminating fear, whether it is the fear of taking risks or speaking up and becoming involved in the decision-making process. It means that the culture should be liberal and democratic so that every team member is willing to face any challenges and changes and not afraid to bring them to life.

Furthermore, the foundation of the organisational culture is a cooperation between everyone involved in chasing dreams. According to this type of culture, not only fear is avoided, but also ideas for diversification are encouraged and stimulates (Peng 2014). It is supplemented by fostering the we atmosphere so that every employee sees themselves as an indispensable element of a team and its success  that leading to high performance instead of preventing it lying at the heart of success (Branson 2014).

To sum up, there are several specificities of the Virgin Groups organisational culture, which leverage innovation:

1. Inspiring team members to take risks and foster changes;
2. Enhancing enthusiasm so that everyone is motivated to make a maximum effort and achieve the companys strategic objectives;
3. Guaranteeing that the atmosphere in teams eliminates fear, organisational culture is cooperative;
4. Relative informality to stimulate trust and openness among team members;
5. Being willing to face changes and make efforts to implement them;
6. Fostering the we atmosphere.

Innovation and Product Development Process at the Virgin Group

In most cases, the process of implementing innovations is natural and creative at the Virgin Group. For instance, stand-up bars aboard were introduced when Sir Richard Branson himself wanted to talk to one of the passengers but could not leave his seat because of technical issues. This decision was made in order to facilitate communication and making travelling more comfortable. The same approach was applied to offering massage and nail treatment services aboard (Goldsmith 2012).

Still, there is a general framework for implementing innovations and product development. First, creative idea is noticed or offered. This step is fulfilled either by a team member or some outward people. Sometimes, it can be achieved as a result of conducting research and studying customer feedback. The next step is the presentation of a project to senior managers and Sir Richard Branson himself. It is his approval and available funding that affect launching projects.

However, only most creative and unique ideas are approved (Branson 2011). Moreover, it is imperative to note that the power of research and development are not ignored at the Virgin Group. The conglomerate invests in investigating market and industry gaps, as well as the most recent breakthroughs, with the aim of detecting gaps and determining options for the further innovation process (Branson 2014).

That said, the whole process is made up of the following stages:

1. Generating a creative idea in order to fill existing market gaps or make services better;
2. Conducting a thorough research estimating companys financial resources;
3. Assessing innovation outcomes;
4. Bringing considered idea to life.

The Virgin Groups Innovation Strategy and Rules of Innovation

As mentioned above, according to Sir Richard Branson (2014), innovation refers to becoming better and fostering changes. That is why, in the Virgin Group, there are several rules of innovative strategy. First of all, innovation of the highest calibre is to get very small, very specialised and very expensive (Branson 2011, p. 212). The best example of this approach is breaking bigger tasks down into smaller ones and concentrating on addressing them.

On the other hand, it might point to the diversification of offered products and services. In case of the Virgin Group, diversification of operations is the foundation of innovative development (Keeley et al. 2013). Launched in the music sector, more companies were created over time. They operate in different sectors thus offering varying services and are highly specialised. It means that both rules of innovation are strictly followed.

Moreover, Sir Richard Branson (2011) believes that introducing innovations requires conducting thorough research. Because the Virgin Group operates in the services sector, it is imperative to find out how customers needs change over time and react to these changes appropriately. The exploration should go beyond official customer feedback or survey because the most accurate information is always found in social networks and on blogs.

Finally, to innovate operations, strong ties with powerful corporations are necessary due to limited inner resources. Nowadays, the conglomerate is in cooperation with the most influential investors of the global economy such as the International Financial Corporation of the World Bank, Eurasia Capital, Delta, Stagecoach Group, Sequoia Capital, Redpoint, and numerous other influential organisations (Virgin: our co-investors n.d.). It makes driving innovative process and continuous improvement possible.

To sum up, Virgin-branded companies operated under the following rules of innovation:

1. Become highly specialised;
2. Differentiate offered products and services;
3. Initiate change;
4. Conduct research monitoring both survey and social networks;
5. Make it happen.

Facilitating Innovation Through Risk Taking

At the Virgin Group, rules are insignificant. Employees are not forced to follow them strictly. Instead, risk taking is extremely valuable and encouraged. The reason for this regulation is the fact that employees, who are not afraid of taking risks, are more likely to lead the company to breakthroughs and innovations. The ground for this statement is the atmosphere in the working environment highlighting that everyone is free to offer changes and ways to implement them, and the process of introducing innovations will not take long and will be supported by senior management if the idea is worthy of attention (Nelson & Quick 2013).

This procedure comes back to Sir Richard Branson himself because he is a risky person and his ideas are always adventure-driven just like the foundation of the Virgin Group. He believes that even if an offer or a decision is not successful, enjoyable experience is what matters at the end of the day. In addition, the Virgin Group preaches the adventure of the joint business, i.e. taking employees ideas and opinions into consideration when making decisions because risk taking fosters creativity thus leading to introducing innovations (Branson 2014).

In addition, it should be mentioned that the Virgin Group operates on the basis of fun and thinking different postulates (Kaplan 2013). They as well come from the founder of the conglomerate. Because similar character traits are valued and encouraged, the love of risks is impossible to ignore at the Virgin Group. Some appropriate examples to mention are diversification of provided services and expanding the scale of operations to contrasting sectors ignoring the fear of failure.

Taking a closer look at the expansion of the Virgin Group proves the assumption that the drive for adventure and risk taking are what led the conglomerate to becoming the giant because if Sir Richard Branson was afraid of taking next steps and moving to other industries, Virgin Record might have remained the only Virgin-branded company. Other similar examples are the introduction of massage and nail services aboard and stand-up bars mentioned above (Goldsmith 2012).

Summing up, risk taking is the very essence of the Virgin Group. It is a business philosophy of the conglomerate because it was created by the risk-loving adventurer, who encouraged creativity as the foundation of innovations (Lancaster & Reynolds 2011). Nowadays, being fearless is the most significant character trait of Virgin team members.

Recommendations

Even though innovation and creativity are the foundation of the Virgin Groups everyday operations as well as making decisions and introducing new services, there are some gaps to fill and recommendations for the future improvement. For instance, regardless of the global recognition of the brand, the Virgin Group focuses on the United Kingdom and preferences of the British people offering some unique services such as beverages and communication options within the UK (Botten 2010).

That said, attention might be paid to the further expansion of the scale of operations abroad. In addition, the introduction of some country-specific services might be a beneficial option. For example, media and communication services should be offered in Australia and the United States just like they are provided in the United Kingdom. One more recommendation is to expand to Asia because this decision will not only become financially beneficial but also present options for creative development and more significant changes in the world. Finally, attracting more talent from different sectors of economy might be useful for the further expansion of the Virgin Group and making it more powerful because new people might bring new creative ideas and serve as sources of inspiration to others.

References

Botten, N 2010, Enterprise strategy, Elsevier, Burlington, Massachusetts.

Branson, R 2011, Business stripped bare: adventures of a global entrepreneur, Portfolio/Penguin, New York, New York.

Branson, R 2013, Richard Branson on crafting your mission statement. Web.

Branson, R 2014, The Virgin way: everything I know about leadership, Portfolio/Penguin, New York, New York.

Goldsmith, D 2012, Creating new products and services: paid to think, BenBella Books, Dallas, Texas.

Kaplan, N L 2013, Management ethics and Talmudic dialectics: navigating corporate dilemmas with the invisible hand, Springer, Frankfurt, Germany.

Keeley, L, Pikkel, R, Quinn, P & Walters, H 2013, Ten types of innovation: the discipline of building breakthroughs, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.

Lancaster, P & Reynolds, G 2011, Marketing, Routledge, New York, New York.

Neck, C P, Houghton, J D & Murray, E L 2016, Organisational behaviour: a critical-thinking approach, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.

Nelson, D L & Quick, J C 2013, Organisational behaviour: science, the real world, and you, Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio.

Peng, M W 2014, Global strategy, Cengage Learning, Mason, Ohio.

Urso, T 2014, Sir Richard Branson: a brand leader influence and role. Web.

Virgin branded companies n.d. Web.

Virgin: about us. 2016. Web.

Virgin: our co-investors. n.d. Web.

Virgin: our purpose. n.d. Web.

Virgin: our story. n.d. Web.

This essay will attempt to discuss in detail the history of certain prevalent pseudosciences currently taking place in society today: The anti-vaccination trend, the Flat-Earth theory and movement, and Astrology. It will also discuss how these pseudosciences have impacted modern society’s perceptions of the notions created by actual science, and how easy it is for these theories to turn the public against science.

One of the most prominent examples of pseudoscience impacting society’s view of real science is the anti-vaccination movement. This trend has been and is still a very large part of society, with its beginning dating back centuries. Originally, vaccines were met with disbelief of science and fearful though that one would lose their loss of individual freedom. In England 1853, there were laws implemented forcing vaccinations become mandatory, however this was later repealed. This created an extraordinary development of state powers, and was held with fear by many in both the public eye as well as the intellectual populace. Parents who did not agree with the laws to have their children vaccinated faced heavy consequences, from lofty fines to being imprisoned.

A large number of these parents joined anti-vaccination groups, of whom debated for their rights as individuals, and to decide independently what they believed was the best move for their children. Nevertheless, in the 1890s there were outbreaks of smallpox. These sudden breakouts rapidly transformed cities such as Gloucester, which was previously a centre ground for the anti-vaccination movement to change motives and support vaccinations .

An additional reason for the anxiousness surrounding vaccinations includes the uneasiness surrounding its possible side effects. There was a major scare in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s regarding the whooping cough vaccine and was followed up by publications of a chain of cases in 1974 proposing a link that joined the vaccine neurological issues. However , there was a decline of 77% to 13% of vaccine coverage after the media sought out attention and exposure of these publications . This developed into three considerably large outbreaks of whooping cough. There was never any proof that agreed with the association between the vaccine and neurological harm, and by the 1980s, inoculation rates had spiked back to pre-1974 levels .

The most notable and dangerous example of anti-vaccination influence in the United Kingdom debatably relates to Andrew Wakefield, who led a study of which was officially debunked in 1998. In this study, Wakefield made claims there was a discerning link to the MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine and autism. Wakefield’s study caused worldwide suspicion and fear towards the MMR vaccine, primarily due to the media portraying Wakefield to be whistle-blowing. Within the context of abundantly low cases of the diseases this vaccine worked against (bizarrely due to abundance in coverage) many families believed the risk inherited with the vaccine was greater than the benefits.

Between 2003 and 2004, only 79.9% of children were treated with the MMR vaccine before their second birthday, all the while rates in Scotland and Whales had decreased. As a result of the Wakefield scandal, there was a measles outbreak that set a record high in Europe, estimating 41 000 cases in August 2018 .

The 1998 study created worldwide repercussions, reaching out to anti-vaccination crowds around the globe and encouraged the attitude anti-vaccination believers have today. It is difficult to know exactly how large the anti-vaccination movement is. Several countries in North America and Europe have witnessed decreases in vaccine reportage over the last twenty years and, comparably, an increase in contagious diseases. For Example, in the USA there was a rise in cases of infectious diseases in 2017 for the first time in history . With this in mind, it is disturbing to think the anti-vaccination movement in the USA may have made considerable steps forward after the United States President Donald Trump tweeted the belief that vaccinations cause autism – “Healthy young child goes to doctor, gets pumped with massive shot of many vaccines, doesn’t feel good and changes – AUTISM. Many such cases!”

In conclusion, even with the abundant amount of evidence of studies that support vaccinations, there are still groups in the general public disprove and argue with their own evidence, despite being seemingly is not backed up by any concrete evidence, making the anti-vaccination movement a pseudoscience that is still impacting on the real science in support of vaccines. The Flat Earth theory is an ancient hypothesis, suggesting the Earth’s shape being as a flat circle or disc. This idea was vowed by numerous ancient civilisations. This included ancient Greece as late as the classical era, the Bronze Age and also Iron Age civilisations in the Near East (Western Africa, Turkey, Egypt) until the Hellenistic period (323BC – 31BC), And China until as recently as the 17th century. The Greek philosopher Pythagoras was the first to propose the spherical Earth theory, in spite of the fact numerous pre-Socratics held onto the flat Earth idea. It wasn’t until circa 330BC when Aristotle brought forth evidence supporting Pythagoras’ spherical Earth theory. Afterward, this enlightenment of the new theory gradually dispersed beyond the Hellenistic world from then on.

Today, the flat Earth theory is still brought up in modern society, with groups around the world who still believe in the hypothesis, that dates back to the mid-20th century. The theory is being increasingly adopted by individuals via social media, who do not associate with the larger groups around the world . Furthermore, these groups are often motivated by the pseudoscience or biblical liberalism to support their claims. Thus, despite the countless cases of science disproving the Earth is flat , believers in the theory are still adamant. In this “Internet era”, the rapid increase in technological communication and social media programs we have today including Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube, have presented the public, celebrities as well as ‘normal’ people, a platform to voice their pseudoscientific ideas . Due to this, the assumptions of flat-Earth have proliferated. Thus, the internet and social media has made it less difficult for theorists to join with others and bolster their opinions. Due to that, scientists and experts are less trusted by the public mind than they once were.

Organisations that are sceptical of fringe beliefs on occasion have presented experiments to prove the Earth has a curvature. For example, in June 2018 a test was managed by people from an investigations group at the Salton Sea in the United States. Members of the Flat Earth also attended this experiment. The National Geographic Explorer recorded the encounter between the two factions. The test was performed by showing the disappearance over a distance of targets placed on a boat on the lake and on the edge of the shore. The experiment was a success .

“Flat-Earthers” also employ techniques such as confirmation bias and conspiracy theory to support their arguments, because there is no actual scientific data to support their theories. Conspiracy theories are a major part of defending their beliefs.

The explanation that is used the most the world’s space agencies faked the moon landing, and are still pretending we can travel to space. This possibly initiated during the Cold War’s ‘Space Race’ , when the USA and the USSR were hell-bent on being the first superpower to get to space. This got to the point that each country falsified achievements in order to stay in line with the other’s apparent accomplishments. However, when the Cold War ended, the conspiracy is expected to have been influenced by greed as opposed to political amplification .

The flat-Earth movement is nothing new to society, however, due to the rise of the internet and social media, finding an answer has been made much more accessible, as well as exercising freedom of speech. While science is an ever-growing movement of knowledge, the thin line of demarcation of science gives pseudoscience ideologies claim to scientific jurisdiction, and the flat-earth movement is no exception.

Astrology is defined as “the study of movements and positions of the sun, moon, and the stars in the belief that they affect the character and lives of people” . Uses of Astrology have been dated to as early as the third millennium BC. The calendrical system used to predict the change of the seasons and to understand astronomical cycles as signs of divine communication . Astrology has been considered a pseudoscience as it doesn’t serve as an explanation for an illustration of the universe . Today, astrology remains very popular, often finding articles in newspapers and magazines, containing a paragraph for each sun sign for the week of publication (Libra, Cancer, etc.), usually outlining one’s feelings, ambitions, and so on.

Astrology has been under scientific investigation for some time, and it is generally found that there has been no confirmation that support the models summarised in astrological traditions . There has been no scientific modelling for how the placements and movements of the planets and stars have effects on humans and Earth that does not conflict with basic features of physics and biology. According to Bart, members of the public who maintain their beliefs in astrology are identified doing so “… in spite of the fact that there is no verified scientific basis for their beliefs, and indeed that there is strong evidence to the contrary” . A prominent psychological factor that is instrumental in its ideologies is confirmation bias. The members of the public who believe in astrology usually only recollect predictions that are and can become true, but forget any of the predictions that are false. Similarly, people also find it very easy to relate what their weekly horoscope says with their own life, as what is written is generally very vague, broad, and can easily apply to anyone’s life. Furthermore, it makes the readers feel like the horoscope is tailor-written for them. This is a clear example of the Barnum Effect .

Science philosopher Karl Popper first suggested that astrology be labelled a pseudoscience proposed with falsifiability . Popper assessed astrology as “pseudo-empirical”, and that “it appeals to observation and experiment … nevertheless [astrology] does not come up to any scientific standard” .

People who follow astrology place trust in the divinations and advice offered by astrologers, without thinking of needing any proof or verification. Sadly, the horoscope predictions placed by astrologers in newspapers, magazines, and on social media platforms are not questioned for validity or evidence by those who follow astrology. In doing so, they’re not gathering any actual knowledge. Instead, the prophecies show really how much of a lack in understanding people have of what science actually is, and the dissimilarity trust-based opinions and proven scientific theory. Despite their extraordinary claims, many tests prove that astrologers cannot predict the future.

There are occasional disputes between believers and non-believers astrology is formed from statistics. Due to that fact, the predictions may not be exact for everyone. If what astrologers claim is fact, the people including scientists should be able to find a relationship between astrological tradition and the signs someone was born under. Many scientists have attempted to prove this theory, alas no one has ever found a link.

Astrology is certainly a pseudoscience; unlike real scientific fields of study, it’s based on hypothesis but is not supported by any homogenous evidence. Instead, astrology abandons the notion of real science investigation and discovery with magic and spirituality.

In conclusion, pseudosciences like mentioned above, are based on hypothesis but with no regular supporting evidence. Under this fashion, the anti-vaccination movement, flat-Earth theory, and Astrology are prime candidates to be labelled a pseudoscience. The differentiation between objective and subjective conception is paired with the differentiation between real science and pseudoscience. Proper scientific findings are given a false idea by pseudoscience and support anti-intellectual attitudes whilst condemning critical thinking. These three examples are self-replicating notions that do not meet the criteria that science follows.

In a way, they take the easy way out and spread their ideologies around the world for members of the public who are easily exploitable and turn them against the methodologies of real science. This poses a real threat for science and there needs to be discussion to at least attempt to balance the distrust with open-mindedness.

The scientific revolution was the rise of present-day science during the early current time frame, when improvements in arithmetic, material science, space science, science (counting human life structures), and science changed cultural perspectives about nature. The logical transformation started in Europe at the finish of the Renaissance time frame, and proceeded through the late eighteenth century, affecting the scholarly social development known as the Enlightenment. While its dates are contested, the distribution in 1543 of Nicolaus Copernicus is frequently referred to as denoting the start of the scientific revolution.

Copernicus

Under the scientific revolution that was characterized and applied in the seventeenth century, regular and fake conditions were surrendered, and an exploration custom of efficient experimentation was gradually acknowledged all through mainstream researchers. The way of thinking of utilizing an inductive way to deal with nature—to forsake suspicion and to endeavor to just see with a receptive outlook—was in severe stand out from the prior, Aristotelian methodology of conclusion, by which examination of well-established realities delivered further understanding. By and by, numerous researchers (and thinkers) accepted that a sound blend of the two was required—the readiness to address suspicions, yet likewise to decipher perceptions expected to have some level of legitimacy. That standard was especially valid for arithmetic and material science. René Descartes, whose idea underlined the intensity of thinking yet additionally settled the logical technique, recognized the information that could be accomplished by reason alone (realist approach), which he thought was science, and the information that necessary experience of the world, which he thought was material science.

European governmental issues, theory, science and correspondences were drastically reoriented throughout the ‘long eighteenth century’ (1685-1815) as a component of a development alluded to by its members as the Age of Reason, or essentially the Enlightenment. Enlightenment scholars in Britain, in France and all through Europe addressed conventional position and grasped the thought that humankind could be improved through levelheaded change. The Enlightenment delivered various books, articles, creations, logical disclosures, laws, wars and upsets. The American and French Revolutions were straightforwardly propelled by Enlightenment beliefs and separately denoted the pinnacle of its impact and the start of its decrease. The Enlightenment at last offered approach to nineteenth century Romanticism.

The Enlightenment’s significant seventeenth century antecedents incorporated the Englishmen Francis Bacon and Thomas Hobbes, the Frenchman René Descartes and the key common savants of the Scientific Revolution, including Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Its foundations are typically followed to 1680s England, where in the range of three years Isaac Newton distributed his ‘Principia Mathematica’ (1686) and John Locke his ‘Exposition Concerning Human Understanding’ (1689)— two works that gave the logical, numerical and philosophical toolbox for the Enlightenment’s significant advances.

Locke argued that human instinct was alterable and that information was increased through collected experience as opposed to by getting to an outside truth. Newton’s analytics and optical speculations gave the ground-breaking Enlightenment illustrations to definitely estimated change and illumination.

There was no single, brought together Enlightenment. Rather, it is conceivable to discuss the French Enlightenment, the Scottish Enlightenment and the English, German, Swiss or American Enlightenment. Singular Enlightenment masterminds frequently had totally different methodologies. Locke contrasted from David Hume, Jean-Jacques Rousseau from Voltaire, Thomas Jefferson from Frederick the Great. Their disparities and differences, however, rose out of the regular Enlightenment topics of levelheaded addressing and faith in progress through discourse.

It was a period of enlightenment tyrants like Frederick the Great, who bound together, justified and modernized Prussia in the middle of merciless multi-year wars with Austria, and of edified would-be progressives like Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson, whose ‘Assertion of Independence’ (1776) surrounded the American Revolution in wording taken from of Locke’s articles.

The Enlightenment was a development in Europe that focused on thought and reason. The heritages can even now be seen today. Servitude is annulled, individuals have rights to opportunity and normal rights, governments use detachment of forces, and ladies have fairness.

The Industrial Revolution denoted a time of improvement in the last 50% of the eighteenth century that changed to a great extent country, agrarian social orders in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones. Products that had once been carefully created by hand begun to be delivered in mass amounts by machines in manufacturing plants, on account of the presentation of new machines and methods in materials, iron creation and different businesses. Energized by the game-changing utilization of steam power, the Industrial Revolution started in Britain and spread to the remainder of the world, including the United States, by the 1830s and ’40s. Current students of history frequently allude to this period as the First Industrial Revolution, to separate it from a second time of industrialization that occurred from the late nineteenth to mid twentieth hundreds of years and saw quick advances in the steel, electric and vehicle ventures.

The rise of the mechanics

Starting in the mid-eighteenth century, advancements like the flying transport, the turning jenny, the water outline and the force loom made weaving material and turning yarn and string a lot simpler. Delivering material turned out to be quicker and required less time and far less human work.

Progressively proficient, automated creation implied Britain’s new material plants could fulfill the developing need for fabric both at home and abroad, where the country’s numerous abroad settlements gave a hostage market to its merchandise. Notwithstanding materials, the British iron industry likewise embraced new advancements.

In spite of the fact that numerous individuals in Britain had started moving to the urban communities from rustic regions before the Industrial Revolution, this procedure quickened significantly with industrialization, as the ascent of enormous production lines transformed littler towns into significant urban communities over the range of decades. This quick urbanization brought huge difficulties, as packed urban communities experienced contamination, deficient sanitation and an absence of clean drinking water.

In the meantime, even as industrialization expanded monetary yield in general and improved the way of life for the center and high societies, poor and average workers individuals kept on battling. The motorization of work made by mechanical advancement had made working in processing plants progressively monotonous (and here and there risky), and numerous specialists had to work extended periods for miserably low wages. Such emotional changes powered restriction to industrialization, including the ‘Luddites,’ known for their savage protection from changes in Britain’s material industry.

The industrial revolution was a period of incredible creative mind and progress. The innovations that permitted new items to be made an interest that caused an endless loop that moved a few people to success, while simultaneously held individuals down in neediness.

Romanticism and Realism are apparently the two most noticeable nineteenth-century developments in European writing and craftsmanship, normally imagined as fundamentally unrelated and some way or another mirroring the philosophical clash of vision and authenticity that goes through the historical backdrop of current European culture, or surely is viewed as all inclusive. Nineteenth-century European artistic history is viewed as a moving reaction to the ascent of advancement, which moves from Romanticism through Realism to Modernism, a dynamic where scholars, for example, Dickens and Thackeray, Balzac and Flaubert assume a critical job. On the other hand, conventional scholarly historiography saw the German Realism as a deviation from this European direction, disengaging German writing during the second 50% of the century from the European standard and prompting artistic provincialism. Albeit since a long time ago reprimanded for being excessively shortsighted, cliché perspectives, for example, these continue in some ongoing investigation into German Realism and its place among Romanticism and Modernism.

A new volume, in view of a global and interdisciplinary gathering at the Institute of Germanic and Romance Studies in London and co-altered by Professor Dirk Gottschee (Nottingham), presently advances a radical reevaluating of these conventional thoughts, rethinking the relationship of German abstract Realism and its different strands with the rich field of German Romanticism, while additionally considering the more extensive European setting of German artistic and social history during the nineteenth century.

At the point when authors and pundits, for example, Gustav Freytag, Julian Schmidt and Berthold Auerbach established the new abstract development called ‘Authenticity’ in light of the 1848 upheaval and its destruction, ‘Sentimentalism’ went about as a basic foil for the new flight. This polemically roused and verifiably moored wording has made due in the present customary view that ‘Authenticity’ and ‘Sentimentalism’ mark two particular periods in scholarly history, yet in addition two profoundly restricted ideas of writing. Consolidating hypothetical methodologies and diagrams with a scope of contextual analyses, interdisciplinary examinations and near enquiries, this volume reconsiders German Realism’s relationship with Romanticism and reveals new insight into the numerous manners by which scholars from Sifter and Keller to Raabe and Fontane recollect Romanticism, drawing in with its issues, topics, themes and poetics. By reevaluating the commitment with Romanticism in the writing and culture of Realism between c. 1840 and 1900, the book difficulties existing ideas of periodization and progresses in the direction of a progressively separated comprehension of the perplexing elements in the field of nineteenth-century ‘authenticities’ and their job in the overall scholarly directions from Romanticism to Modernism. Commitments are in English and in German.

The entirety of that influenced the advanced society in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century is described by an accentuation on reason and experimentation. As a significant forming reasoning of Western culture, it historically affected the strict, social, scholarly, and social establishments of eighteenth-century Europe. the creator investigates the enduring effect of Enlightenment thinking on current Western social orders and different vote-based systems. With an interdisciplinary, similar verifiable. this investigates the effect of Enlightenment beliefs, for example, freedom, balance, and social equity on current social organizations. Joining sociological hypothesis with solid models, this remarkable structure for understanding present day social turn of events, including an image of how it would look without this Enlightenment premise. This work gives a multi-faceted methodology, including: a chronicled review, investigation of the Enlightenment’s effect on present day vote based social orders, current culture, political theory, common society and the economy, just as investigating the counter-Enlightenment, Post-Enlightenment, and Neo-Enlightenment ways of thinking.

Today sciencemade the impossible things possible. Science, technology have made the life safe, secure and comfortable. Today we are totally depended on science whether it is inside or outsidehome. Now we can enjoy every second in our life through them. Technology has totally changed the field of entertainment. Science,technology and innovation each represent a successively large category of activities which are highly interdependent but distinct. The relation between science and technology are complex and vary considerably with the particular field of technology being discussed. What is the real connection of Science and Technology? Here it goes, Science is a systematic way which involves observation and experimentation in order to get knowledge and improve skill; whereas, technology is the practical application of science which helps in improving the quality of life.

In real life Science and Technology is very useful to people. Also, Science and technology are extremely important in our daily life because they made our life simpler, faster and more secure. While science is the study of physical and the natural world, technology is the application arising from science.Science and Technology also have its Advantages and Disadvantages. Yes, It helps a lot and we use it everyday but there are times that were not using it right to the point that we are abusing it; Example of advantages of Science and Technology is that communication became easy, fast and cheaper. Standard of living have increased with the increase of technology. But of course it has its own disadvantages for example, terrorists uses modern technology for their destructive work.

Modern technology have not only affected man only but it also affects plants and creatures also due to nuclear energy. If we go back to the old times, we can see the development that has happened in our lives because of Science, and one of its main innovations is technology which played a huge contribution to the different sectors of life. An example of this is the industrialization revolution which is a shift from man power to machineries that gave way for mass production which is still used by the economy and the businesses that exists within it. In connection to our examples, it is greatly evident that science and technology worked hand in hand to get us to where we are now which is the digital age wherein people are more connected to each other through smartphones, social media, and such. Although it is evident that technology brought about by Science created a positive impact towards mankind, we cannot deny the fact that it also contributed to a lot of problems in our society. The rise of technology and development gave alarming problems to our environment because of the innovations that are harmful to it.

An example of this are cars and factories that pollute our air and seas; nowadays scientists kept on warning us that the ozone layer is getting thinner and we need to utilize the technology that was given to us in a right way. Global warming is becoming an increasingly important issue on the political and public agenda and is heavily linked to developments in science and technology. While technology is blamed formuch of the pollution that contributes to global warming, it may also provide the solution to the problem. Research into new methods of generating power and electricity is abundant; experts hope to find cleaner, renewable sources of energy to replace the finite supply of fossil fuels and reduce global warming and climate change. New methods such as wind turbines, solar power and hydro-electric power are under scrutiny and are constantly subject to trails to improve the efficiency of existing systems.

Every day, new research is being conducted to improve the systems involved in the modern world. New systems of removing waste and improving the efficiency of the distribution of electricity, for example, may benefit many people in the future by cutting emissions and improving efficiency. Projects such as those involving cars that run on cleaner fuels may also significantly change the way we live in the future; energy efficient products such as light bulbs will also contribute to making the environment cleaner. One of the principal reasons behind the significant gap between the developing world and the developed world is a lack of technology. The developed world is heavily reliant on technology which makes life much easier and production much more efficient. Technology is lacking in developing countries and this contributes to widespread poverty and a lack of basic amenities such as clean, running water and food supplies.New technology which will boost food production, improve infrastructure, improve healthcare and provide sanitation facilities could dramatically change the quality of life in the developing world. With the help of charitable organizations and Government leaders from developed countries, this kind of technology is gradually being introduced into developing countries.

Science and Technology worked hand in hand for us to be a developed society. There are good and bad effects that came with it, but surely if we used it in the right way wherein we don’t abuse it, it will be an avenue for us to be more developed in the future. Science and technology inventions and discoveries, including the theory of the origin of the universe, the theory of evolution, and the discovery of genes, have given humanity many hints relating to human existence from civilized and cultural points of view. Science and technology have had an immeasurable influence on the formation of our understanding of the world, our view of society, and our outlook on nature. In the present, squarely addressing the relationship between science and technology and society is an essential challenge to the sound development of science and technology, one which it is important to continue addressing in the future based on historical and civilized perspectives, while also maintaining a deep awareness of the needs of the times. We should keep it use as a side on so that it does’t affect us in big way and we should develop our self as we were before without science and technology.

I’m a person housing two personalities in a single body: I come to have a strong fascination with science, especially physics, and from the different vantage point I am tantalized by the doctrines of philosophy. On one hand, I have a world of facts, explanation and hypothesis and on the other I have a world of pure imagination and something more humane than biology itself. But it is not the distinction between the two that intrigue me, but the correspondence between them.

I was fifteen-committed to the fact that science is the ultimate reality– when I read about “The Starry Night” by Vincent Van Gough for the first time, it appeared to me as mellow work, but as I read about-how it had broken the contemporary style of romanticism to create something more realistic and more natural or how had made a very accurate mathematical conjecture about the turbulent motion of the cloud, I realized it was something more than a just painting it was science itself. Then voilà my love for philosophy was born.

Whether it was about space with all the stars and planets revolving around or about the atoms with electron and quarks, I could not help but juxtapose it with the philosophy of Bhavgwat Gita. Not just in pure science, but also in social science I could see the resemblance to the work of some philosopher. I recall comparing the theory of evolution with Hegel’s dialect-ism, which was my very sole idea, and I was very proud of it.

And it’s not just the philosophy that fuels me, but also the art. And since the whole idea of art is established upon the sense that we possess, I believe the relation between them, art and science, is inevitable. Like how the background of the Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa” creates an optical illusion making the painting more proposing and considering the fact that Leonardo da Vinci was also a scientist it is obvious that there has to be science as a special ingredient for the magnum opus it is today. The same thing is in the music. Whether be the meticulously crafted “Good vibration” or the raw energy of “Trout Mask replica” they had a very distinct odor of science and I loved it.

At this point I assume the person reading this might be saying, “Man, this guy has to be the biggest nerd, I have ever seen” and that is alright with me. The facts and stories cannot even faintly describe the love and interest I have for both philosophy and science. All the cognitive thoughts that I have built up till this stage have something to do with them. I believe in them, it gives me hope, and as I get to acknowledge about them even more it fills me with immense pleasure. And that is exactly what I want to do. Mix the idea of fantasy and reality to create something much more compelling and something that will be held among my idols works ergo change the world like them; I believe I can and I will change the world, with the help of my closest friends: Science and Philosophy.

A world without vehicles and transportation could be harsh for people to survive as trading and traveling are important for certain countries and regions to survive. Many vehicles used for transportation are very convenient and beneficial to our society, however, there is a price to pay for transportation such as money, resources, and more. Because vehicles cause problems in our society such as creating pollution, people are always making new vehicles that can be a solution to these problems. Therefore, the Hyperloop is one of the most innovative products in our era. It is said to be a transportation system that could boost the speed of travel dramatically. The Hyperloop also has some other interesting details that proves why people admire it such as its functionality and its expenses for building and riding. As the creation of Hyperloop is still being developed, journalist and companies continue to publish articles for the public to read about the progress of the engineers who are still making improvements and adjustments to finalize their product.

A problem in the transportation industry that many engineers are trying to solve is how to reduce the consumption of nonrenewable resources and resources that can harm the environment. Crude oil, for example, is known as a reliable nonrenewable resource that we use to fuel airplanes, cars, and trucks. Although it is very efficient for transportation it is also difficult to find, produce, move, and it can also be harmful to the environment. Since crude oil is the most common resource used for public transportation, many engineers and scientists are trying to be more creative and find a different way to build new vehicles that travel using a cleaner method that does not require non-renewable resources. This is why Hyperloop was designed to run purely on electricity that can be produced renewably and does not cause any harmful threats to the environment. According to a reliable source, ‘Full-Seats & Other Secrets to a More Sustainable Transport Future’, John Miles made a statement about Hyperloop during an interview saying: “Anything you can do to electrify transport and generate that electrical power from renewable sources is key. Because if we produce electricity from dirty sources, we haven’t done much good”. This basically explains how Hyperloop One was trying to avoid the same mistakes other innovators have made with their creation being ruined by non-renewable resources that are dirty for consumption. Hyperloop seeks to improve and find solutions that many people have been asking for such as the demand for better capacity in transportation vehicles. John Miles also stated that with Hyperloop a single pod can consist of a maximum capacity of 50 people that can always be transporting people around during busy times. Even when a pod is not being occupied, it will stay stationed at its location waiting for orders and not consuming energy, which can be an economical way to save money during slow times. This method of transportation that has efficient use of energy and low emissions signifies that there should be fewer vehicles and a system that is capable of identifying peoples order of destination and group them into a specific pod that takes them to their appointed location. Sharing transportation can be adverse as people always have different destinations that they want to travel to. However, with Hyperloop’s intelligent systems, it can gather information of people who want to travel to the same location or close destination and send a vehicle to pick them up. With Hyperloop’s advanced features, it proves that the outcome of Hyperloop can be a clean way of transportation that doesn’t harm our environment as well as not consuming non-renewable resources that are difficult to acquire.

Despite Hyperloop having amazing features an issue with hyperloop is that the price for construction development can be more expensive than conventional vehicles. According to an article ‘Hyperloop One Completes Series B-1 Round of $85 million’, Hyperloop One has spent nearly $245 million in total since it was founded in 2014. Although Hyperloop has succeeded in building and testing Hyperloop, the company has been going over their expected budget to succeed in their project. Most of the money they have acquired and spent was mostly for their research and tests on the Hyperloop that have not yet gone official for the public. Although Hyperloop has gone beyond their budget and expectations, they still continue to accomplish their goal of publishing Hyperloop to the public. However, according to the article, Hyperloop has stated that they are not working alone. “As we move towards the commercialization of our technology, we’ll continue to work with governments and embrace public-private partnerships to reimagine transportation as we know it”, – said Shervin Pishevar, executive chairman and co-founder of Hyperloop One. This explains how Hyperloop has been able spend so much money on their project even when their product has not been officially published to the public. With the development and test runs being successful, Hyperloop One has started on their next step which is investigating possible routes that can create a link between two cities. Hyperloop One still has a long journey ahead and developers have said that they will bring Hyperloop in a few years. However, many engineers fear that even if the Hyperloop is more reliable and superior than other transportation vehicles, it will be more expensive to build and possibly ride in the future. With the expensive price of Hyperloop, many companies and investors are cooperating to make Hyperloop become reality. Although Hyperloop is focusing on improving safety and efficiency, these are just some small problems Hyperloop is facing currently. Another problem that Hyperloop is trying to fix is congestion or obstruction that exists within our society. According to an article ‘Why Integration with Other Transport Modes Is Central to Hyperloop One’s Business’, Hyperloop One, discusses a report by Dan Katz who is the Transportation Policy Counsel for Hyperloop One. During the report, Dan introduces the company and its project about the development of the Hyperloop. He then explains the positive and negative outcomes of his journey such as the test success and expensive finances that Hyperloop One has encountered. However, one of the main topics that Dan discusses is about the problems with many vehicles we use today and how they plan to avoid those mistakes in the future. Dan speaks about solving the problem we have in society today, his response during an interview question about safety was, “As we see with autonomous cars, there is a recognition that we can make huge improvements in safety and reduce congestion by eliminating human error”. He speaks about congestion and obstruction in public transportation systems we use today such as the subway, taxi, and even airplanes. However, Hyperloop One has already developed a solution that will be capable of controlling freight and passenger traffic through their control system. Dan explains how their control systems are designed to ensure that everything on the main line of the Hyperloop is moving at an optimal speed and calibrate pod entry to the Hyperloop to prevent congestion and maximize efficiency. However, Hyperloop One has started searching for the best possible routes around the world and putting real teams and stakeholders to begin building Hyperloop. With the problems and succession that Hyperloop One has experienced throughout their journey, Hyperloop One has started on making their product become reality by commencing the construction of its first official Hyperloop that will come in a few years.

Since Hyperloop One has started its construction on the hyperloop, the team has then started investigating for possible routes that can be built around the world. According to Greg Uyeno’s article ‘Fast Track: Will the Super-Speedy Hyperloop Be the Transportation of the Future?’ (SuperScience, Sept. 2017), the company has announced 11 possible routes in the U.S. one of them being from Houston, Texas to Cheyenne, Texas. The construction of the Hyperloop is said to change time transportation between these two cities, as it takes nearly 2 hours to travel from Houston to Cheyenne. In comparison with a car that takes nearly more than 16 hours, Hyperloop is the most suitable form of transportation when it comes to traveling from different cities. Although Hyperloop is said to reach speed limits up to 750 miles per hour, many people wonder what makes the Hyperloop move more rapidly than other vehicles. According to the article, Maria Yang who is an engineer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology explains the concept of the Hyperloop being a train in a tube. Maria explains how they reduced the effects of two forces known as drag and friction that limits a train’s speed. Maria even stated “Hyperloop engineers want to solve this problem by building a train track inside a sealed tube. Machines would pump most of the air out of the tube. Vehicles would travel much faster in this vacuum than they do in open air”, which explained how Hyperloop was able to reach faster speed limits than regular trains. Hyperloop One have stated that it wants a system up and running by the year 2020, but there are still many challenges ahead to ensure that the Hyperloop is complete and ready to build. T. Donna Chen, who is an engineer at University of Virginia that studies new transportation systems, stated “the hyperloops success will depend on how well it connects with existing transportation, like roads and public transit”. This explains that the only thing that mattered was if the Hyperloop succeeded with transporting people to different places and reducing congestion. Therefore, the creation of the Hyperloop would allow for people to travel to different cities and locations that are far in a short amount of time rather than other vehicles that can take hours or even days to travel.

Although Hyperloop does possess some high-tech features that other vehicles don’t have, the magnetic levitation system is one of the most high-tech systems out there that haven’t been implemented into society other than maglev trains. This creates an opportunity for inventors and engineers to create innovations and iterations from this method to advance in its capability to be efficient in our society. A company by the name of Arx Pax has recently released a new product of their own that uses the magnetic levitation method to hover almost the same way as the Hyperloop but in a different concept. According to the article ‘From Hoverboards to Flying Cars, This Startup Has a Maglev Master Plan’, they claim that the hoverboard they made was just the first step to their project as they plan to use their magnetic engine on different vehicles. Their magnetic engine and system have also proven that it has some better benefits than other maglev trains as they are less expensive since they do not rely on the high amount of electricity used in both the vehicle and tracks to operate and also on having to spend nearly 10 million dollars per mile. Although Arx Pax has high potential on innovating vehicles with the magnetic levitation systems, some of the issues that many companies have faced trying to implement the maglev method is getting approval from the government and transit authorities to adopt the idea. The most common reason why they do not support this concept is because of its high costs to build and provide demanded supplies to build it into reality. However, the Hendo hoverboard proved the world that the maglev was certainly interesting and in high demand as it sold out their hoverboard that went for the high price of $10,000. If was also advertised by skate legend Tony Hawk. Learning about the Hendo Hoverboard and Arx Pax has given me more knowledge and information about how exactly magnetic levitation works and what type of problems can occur when trying to implement this system to operate.

Throughout my research I have learned a lot about Hyperloop and the Hendo Hoverboard that both use magnetic levitation to basically levitate above the surface, which allows their product to avoid the force of friction on the surface and achieve higher speeds than ordinary vehicles of the same type. However, understanding exactly how magnetic levitation works requires research on how magnets function and how it’s able to levitate objects of high mass such as trains that use these systems more commonly than any other vehicle. The article, ‘How Maglev Works’, it explains the true nature of magnets, as well as how they work on maglev trains that are becoming more common in our society. The science writer talks about the history of how maglev was initially discovered and how it has three purposes in being used to make the train elevate. The three purposes of these magnets were to make it hover, keep it stable horizontally, and the third is a propulsion system used to push the train forward. She claims maglev trains are more efficient, safer, and faster as they can travel up to 375 miles per hour and passengers experience less turbulence than the traditional trains that run on the surface. Whyte explained exactly what type of magnets have to be used and how they should be cooled down in their temperature to allow them to be way more effective than average magnets. This information can be used to help me create my own method on how to levitate and implement this system into a car.

After conducting extensive research about advanced transportation technology, my plan now is to try and create my own version of these similar inventions by using their method and techniques to implement into my research and creation of the product that I am trying to make. The product that I am trying to build is a levitating car with its own singe lane that is able to transport people to different areas in congested cities like Houston, Los Angeles, and New York. This type of transportation system is able to improve the transportation industry as it can help people who are always in a rush to somewhere important such as their jobs, meetings, and school. It can also reduce the production of car emission that causes pollution and global warming that harms our environment, and its energy efficiency also makes it safer and more comfortable than regular cars as it has advanced software technology that can control and assure that the passenger is safe at all times. In conclusion, after finally browsing through the Internet and looking at different type of innovations that are coming up right now such as Hyperloop and Hendo Hoverboard, that I spoke about mostly, the idea I got from this research was to create a levitating car that is able to send people to areas around their city that they want to travel to. I plan to look more into how to make this concept into a more realistic and understandable way and possibly build one of the biggest transportation systems in the future.

Work Cited

1. “Full-Seats & Other Secrets to a More Sustainable Transport Future”. Hyperloop One, 19 Oct. 2017, hyperloop-one.com/blog/full-seats-other-secrets-more-sustainable-transport-future.
2. ‘Hyperloop One Completes Series B-1 Round of $85 million’. Entertainment Close-up, 28 Sept. 2017. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=j101919018&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA506938196&it=r&asid=04a2edd078ea4cfde43c63fdd82f2307. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017.
3. ‘Hyperloop One Finalizes First Successful Hyperloop Full Systems Test’. Entertainment Close-up, 16 July 2017. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=j101919018&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA498605426&it=r&asid=e4045d86c39daa050f950e1c6497bbc1. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017.
4. Katz, Dan. “Why Integration with Other Transport Modes Is Central to Hyperloop One’s Business”. Hyperloop One, hyperloop-one.com/blog/why-integration-other-transport-modes-central-hyperloop-ones-business.
5. Morris, David Z. “From Hoverboards to Flying Cars, This Startup Has a Maglev Master Plan.” Fortune, Fortune, 20 Apr. 2015, fortune.com/2015/04/20/maglev-hoverboards/.
6. Uyeno, Greg. ‘Fast Track: Will the Super-Speedy Hyperloop Be the Transportation of the Future?’ SuperScience, Sept. 2017, p. 10+. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=ITOF&sw=w&u=j101919018&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA511789089&it=r&asid=1d60a78793aa0b320d052d72f8da0b78. Accessed 9 Nov. 2017.
7. Whyte, Chelsea. “How Maglev Works”. Department of Energy, 14 June 2016, www.energy.gov/articles/how-maglev-works.

The problem of responsibility of a scientist to society is complex and diverse. It consists of a considerable number of factors and is closely intertwined with the broader problem of ethical and moral aspects of science. A scientist is expected to be extremely demanding to the reliability of the data, to use a scientific approach of the analysis and provide a solid validity of the conclusions he makes. Scientists bare social and moral responsibilities; this implies that their work benefits the society, satisfies the needs of people, indicate the ways of further progress, gives reliable predictions and warns of likely negative consequences. I am going to use the example of Carson’s study about the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment that entailed a ban on the use of pesticides and, therefore, the death of millions of people because of malaria; and the example of the use and promotion of pseudoscience, including traditional Chinese medicine resorting to which a patient loses time without seeking qualified medical assistance, thereby reducing his chances of a positive result.

To begin with, usually the accidents and tragedies are only the consequences of a series of incorrect previous steps or unexpected circumstances, for example, malfunction of machinery. It is difficult to identify the guilty party because it is hard to determine where the chain of these wrong decisions began and who is more responsible; often everyone who participated in an action that results in a catastrophe is guilty. In a time of a freedom of thought and speech every person has the right to express his point of view no matter what way for this he chooses: to write his thoughts on the wall of his house or publish a book. However, when it comes to science everything changes. A scientist is not simply a profession, it is a title that carries some obligations and a waiver of certain human rights and freedoms. The activities of scientists must comply with several ethical norms: 1) the interests of science must be placed above personal interests; 2) a scientist must be objective and unbiased; 3) a scientist is responsible to society for the information he provides and for the inventions he creates. Expressing one’s own opinion under the guise of science is a crime.

Rachel Carson published her book “Silent Spring” where the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment are described. The book tells that after the use of DDT and similar chemicals the entire population of songbirds disappeared in some regions. She was not the first or the only researcher who publicly expressed the concerns about the use of DDT and other pesticides. However, her book which combined scientific knowledge, observations and the simplicity of presentation became the most popular and contributed to the development of a social movement to protect the environment. Carson also claimed that children began to experience sudden deaths, anemia and leukemia. Moreover, women suffered from infertility and cervical cancer, and the cause of this was the use of pesticides (perhaps, these claims were caused by her paranoia because of breast cancer).

After the harmful effects were described in her book the US government imposed a ban on the use of pesticides, and then many other countries also banned or restricted the use of DDT. Despite the fact that the word “DDT” has become a synonym for a terrible poison, this pesticide was an effective weapon in the fight against the infection that killed more people than any other – malaria. By 1960, mainly due to DDT, malaria was eradicated in 11 countries, including the United States. When the level of threat from malaria decreased, the average duration of human’s life increased. After the ban of DDT, malaria again began to conquer the world. Since the mid 1970s, when DDT was banned around the world, millions of people died from malaria. The ban on the use of DDT in agriculture was justified, but its exclusion from the health sector was a mistake. In 2006 the World Health Organization renewed the use of DDT as a part of a program to control malaria that proves the fact that Carson was not objective in providing the information and she did not think about the consequences her book might cause.

A conclusion can be made that only the statement of one person should not be a sufficient reason to ban what works well even if it has some negative effects. Only the replacement of one solution with another can become a reason for banning the first. It is hard to say that Carson is indirectly responsible for the deaths of people. In this case not only Carson should be the person to blame, everyone in this chain are guilty more or less for what eventually happened: from ordinary people who believed those loud claims to the governments who made decisions to impose this ban. But because the scientist’s title imposed certain social responsibilities on Carson, she should have supposed the possible consequences and proposed alternative solutions.

The following example concerns not a specific scientist, but the ancient principles of science, which formed the basis of traditional Chinese medicine. Chinese Science “can be understood in terms of three interlocking theories” (Kluz, n.d), which are the theory of five elements, the theory of two fundamental forces Yin-Yang and the associative thinking including the law of similarity and the law of contagion. Chinese medicine can be understood only as a holistic concept of thinking, the cause-analytical way of thinking should be put aside. Western medicine has evolved from the observations of the tangible material world: a human consists of organs, tissues and cells. What cannot be measured is ignored.

Chinese medicine is a discipline of invisible with definitions of space and time. A lot of people turn to traditional Chinese medicine for different reasons despite the fact that Chinese medicine theories are not proven by Western studies. First is the fact that some of the Western drugs cause negative side effects. Second, nowadays due to environmental pollutions and a distance from nature people strive for all organic, they try to cleanse the body of slags and toxins, and Chinese medicine is a way to avoid chemicals. Third, particular Chinese herbal medicine really works, but not because of its influence on Ci, but because some of herbs, such as eucalyptus, proven to have a positive effect on body and because of the placebo effect. Fourth is that Chinese medicine is cheaper and there are a lot of recipes how to make the medicine at home. However, there are a lot of cases when people used traditional Chinese medicine without resorting to the ordinary medicine, did not undergone medical examinations, thereby losing time and chances for recovery.

Thus, traditional Chinese medicine cannot be a substitute for Western medicine. Chinese medicine itself is not responsible to society for its possible reverse effects, but people who both promote this treatment as the only right way and people who only use this therapy bare responsibilities and are directly guilty of negative consequences. Chinese medicine should be considered as a pseudoscience, it can only be the way to prevent, for instance, a cold by strengthening immunity but it cannot cure serious diseases such as cancer.

To sum up, the limit of the responsibility of science and scientists to society lies where personal opinion and insufficiently confirmed facts turn into possible massive negative consequences that can take the lives of people. People tend to be lazy and trust everything written without checking the facts if they consider the resource reliable, especially if there is a word “science”. Knowing this, scientists are responsible for the possible effects of unverified data they release to people. The information must be verified several times because the risk is too high. However, not only scientists are responsible but also those who blindly trust the words and follow what is written or told without actual confirmation; everyone is in charge of his own life.

Technology has captured the attention of many people in the world especially the young generation and this has affected their lifestyle. They use electronic devices such as phones, laptops, iPods, tablets, computers and many others. The electronic devices are so addictive that they don’t use it because they need it or it is necessary for them to use but they use it for enjoyment. Due to this addictiveness, it has resulted in negative effects on people’s life and their mental health.

Technology has a negative and positive impact on people’s lives; it just depends on how the person uses the electronic gadget. Technology has made it easier to access information which is very helpful for businesses or even a student. But not all technology was made for positive purpose as due to technology, there was a development of weapons which is a threat to the society.

We can say that addiction refers to a situation when you like a particular thing so much that you lose control over your mind, and this is what is happening to today’s world especially the young generation. The young generation became so addicted to the technology gadgets that all they think about is that, it has control over their mind. They spend most of their time on electronic devices that they don’t even realize.

According to Kimberly Young (1998), “addiction to technology is a habitual compulsion to engage in using technology instead of using it to address life’s problems.” As due to technology, the young generations specially, try to avoid their real life problems by using the gadgets. And also due to the technology and the internet addiction, the teenager’s attitude changes, the way they talk, their behavior, the way they face the problem of not being able to study, they face sudden depression, and they face a loss of self-esteem. According to (Young, 2004), “teens are particularly vulnerable to technology addiction.” They get so addicted to it that their whole life depends on the social media, even when they are stressed, they use the technology gadgets or any application that would relieve their stress which this has affected their mental health like depression, headaches, anxiety and logical thinking, and even their behavior. It has affected their mental health by making them more desperate, for example, from what I have heard from a colleague, if she is watching a movie of 2 hours, she would finish the movie in 1 hour by increasing the speed or by skipping some parts as it makes her desperate of what is going to happen, she will be using the technology gadget but even though she will feel she has no time to do anything as it has control over her mind. According to (Reed, 2013), Professor of Psychology in Swansea University’s College of Human and Health Sciences claims “the net addiction as the cause of the depression, social isolation, and disrupted sleep of the present generation” and she even compares “online addiction to drugs or alcohol” showing that how addicted it is that the people find it normal to consume it and if they are not consuming it, they will end up being in depression and get mood swings like being mad.

Also, according to Boothroyd in 2014, “Countries like US, China, Australia, Singapore, Japan, and South Korea have sounded the warnings that internet addiction represents a significant health threat” showing how dangerous it is as they get into deep depression if they are not consuming or using the technology gadgets, and when they are not with their electronic gadgets, they start to get worried for it as they are losing their life. By using the electronic gadgets, they might expert in the technical issues but it is possible that they might lack information of what is happening around them.

In fact, technological gadgets also have positive impact on the present generation as it helps the person in the investigation skills and it even increases the creativity of a person. The technology provides services such as internet and this can be a source of learning for the students and at the same time a source of entertainment and fun. The use of internet has been increasing throughout the year. There has been a research which says that “About 32.7% of the world’s population has access to the social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, Linked-In, YouTube, Flicker, blogs, wikis, and many more which let people of all ages rapidly share their interests of the moment with others everywhere.” (Janikian, 2013), So due to the use of the internet, the connection between the world has been growing through the services provided by technology.

The digital divide is the inequality between groups to access knowledge and use of information and communication technology. Through the studies of the digital divide, shows that there is a significant difference in the economic development between developed and developing countries. And we can also say that technological progress is what makes the difference between fast-growing developing economies and slow-growing ones. Technology does not spread rapidly in all countries, it depends on the country whether if it’s a developed one or not. It is not a surprise that richer countries have greater access to technology compared to the poorer countries because they can afford it. And due to this information, it shows that technology plays a key role in the economic and industrial development in any country in the world.

After some research, I found out the purpose of use of the technology gadgets between the female and male. I found that most of the boys use the electronic gadgets for entertainment and few for studying and the female use it more for studying and communication than entertainment. But both use a very great amount of their time on the electronic gadgets mostly for entertainment. And there has been a questionnaire in India at NIT campus Rourkela, with 150 participants which 90 of them were male and 60 were female, regarding the use of technology and time spent. The students were around 18 to 26 years old. The first question was about the number of gadgets they have, the responds were “up to 99% of them are having at least two gadgets. Among them 45.7% respondents have two gadgets, 37% have three and 16.3% of them have more than three gadgets” showing the possession towards the tech-devices and this also shows that only 1% of them have less than one gadget. By having more than 1 gadget, means that they will spend more of their time with them, clearly showing the fondness and addiction. And then, they were asked about the time spent, “Their percentage is 67.4% i.e. nearly 68% of the total respondents are spending more than 6 hours per day with their technological devices and enjoy the services out of them.” And “Where 20% participants are using the gadgets for 4-6 hours per day and 7% of them are using these for 2-4 hours.” Showing how it has been a habit for them as most of them use the tech-devices and services ¼ of their time per day on them and very few use it for 1-2 hours per day. And they were asked for the purpose of use between the males and females, “The male respondents are giving 70% of time for entertainment purpose, 17% for study purpose and 13% for communication purpose where in case of female respondents; it is 55%, 25% and 20% respectively” showing and proving of what I said earlier, the females use the tech-devices more for studying compared to the males, but it also shows how both of the genders use most of their time for entertainment compared to any other use (Young, 2004).

Access to technology in school can improve the quality of a student education, especially with the technology that is specially designed to promote the level of engagement with data and information in different forms. Technology in the classroom benefits the student to be more creative and become responsible digital citizens with competitive skills which lead them to achievement. Nowadays, there is access to technology in schools, or they ask for the students to bring their electronic devices from home or they provide it. Students who learn with laptops, tablets and other electronic devices adopt specific skills which have to do with emotion, which changes the way they interact with other which eventually becomes the new normal. We just have to show the students how they should use the technology as way creativity, productivity, learning and not a way of pass time or enjoyment. But through this, there is an issue which is the technology implementation, which is when a school chooses between Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) policies or providing the electronic devices themselves, (Dotterer, 2016). If they choose BYOD, it saves the school from costs but it affects the students because it will depend on the student’s family if it can afford it or not. If it is a student from a low-income family, he may not be able to afford it which could affect his studies. According to a research , “95 percent of teachers and 90 percent of parents believe that home access to high-speed Internet gives students an advantage when it comes to classroom performance.” (2012), Showing having access to technology gadgets and services increases the class performance of a student as they get productive and get access to information through the internet. But not all students get access to the internet, wealthier students have more access to the technology gadgets and services and through this way, they learn to think, behave and make them successful in the future. And it becomes difficult for those students who can’t afford it, as they don’t learn the same thing as the other students.

Differences in home life create a gap, such as in inequality, access to child care and health. And due to this gap, it affects their education as many schools have access to technology gadgets to assist teaching and learning. So due to this the lower income students are unlucky as there would be an achievement gap between the lower income students and higher income students as they have access to technology at home also and the lower income students lack access to technology at home.

We can see that technology has positive and negative effects. It just depends on how the individual is using it or consuming it. The individual should be thought of how to use the electronic gadgets before buying it and they should know their limits of using it. After all if a parent gives an electronic device to its kids and does not teach him or her of how to use or for what to use it for and the time limit so it is like giving its kid a drug which is an unhealthy lifestyle. Because technology has many negative effects on people especially the young generation as they are the ones who use it the most and it affects them in the long run due to the addiction. The user should set its priorities of life which makes it easier for them to manage the time they are using electronic devices. The user should also see for what is she or he using the technology devices, if it is for entertainment or for necessity. If it is for entertainment, it should try to avoid it or use it along the limit time.

Technology is not only limited on the field of engineering, medical, management. I think technology is equally important as technical field. IT plays very important role in sports. Role of information technology plays very important role in enhancing sports performance of players, coaches, and all mentors.

IT helps to avoid mistake in organization and administration of various sports and games at world level. If we see in cricket, football, volleyball, lawn tennis and all indoor and outdoor games, there is a use of IT for the purpose of close decision. in all these sports there is a use of IT. the use of IT is needed when ground umpires or referee unable to give correct or close decisions. IT can use in many ways, like are as follows: –

• To update the health status of players.
• Preparing training schedule
• Video Feed back for players practices.
• To assessment of physical activity by using Information Technology.
• Storing the results
• To analysis the team performance at the time of competition.
• Online registrations and profile verifications.
• Storing the personal data of athletes.
• Search engine for the latest training in sports

Players take help of IT for the purpose of reviewing their results. Selection committee take the help of IT to review and give feedback and on that feedback, they select merit players for the team.

We can also take the help of IT for the purpose of reviewing the previous performance of any team or players. there are crores of results or data are they’re in sports field, we can take the help of IT for the purpose of storing of data or results in database system.

And with the help of data mining, selection committee gather important decisions at correct timing at right place when they needed.

BENEFITS OF IT

Here are some of the way’s technology can provide most of the types of support that someone trying to become or stay physically active needs. Now a day’s computer is widely used as a teaching purpose. In this era of globalization black board is quit away. Power point presentations, Video clips, Animation, Graphics, and Sound have become much more effective and needful, CD, DVD, MP3, are more useful in teaching. IN some way computer is applied in sports sciences, scoring systems, computerized test all evaluation can be largely followed. A coach keeps monitoring on the players. A computer helps us if any deficiency is found. Records of the player can be maintained for future plan Selection of players for various game and sports is an important for this multiple regression helps in many ways. Hence computer plays a significant role in storing research data and its analysis. Treatments in sports medicine involve Flexibility and strength building programme. Sports Medicine is the study, prevention and treatments of sports and fitness related injuries.

In these days, IT plays major role in enhancing the sports in all over the world. the most use of IT is in Olympic games, commonwealth games, world cup and FIFA. In organised sports, IT helps a management of sports to reduce the match fixing in any type of organised sports.

In 2008, Australian ball tampering scandal, also known as the sand paper gate scandal, was a cricket scandal surrounding the men’s Australian national cricket team. In march 2018, during the third test match against south Africa at new lands in cape town, Cameron Bancroft was caught by television cameras trying to rough up one side of ball with sandpaper to make it swing in flight. Captain Steve smith and vice-captain David warner were found to be involved and withdraw from Australian cricket from all three format.

These all fixing are taken place with the help of IT. if technology will not be developed at that time then the task of management team is very difficult to know the fixer.

At the start of 20th century, football was just beginning to gain popularity. Fans could only experience the game attending in person, catching the highlights through newspaper articles or by word of mouth. Today, technology saturates our lives, and we can now watch, listen, download, stream, record and project all aspects of the game through innovations made in technology. Advances in technology have dramatically influenced the game, the way it is played, and have helped to make professional football become Americas most popular pastime.

The role and impact of technology in our lives is ever expanding. Understanding how technology is shaped by innovative minds and how technology shapes people’s interactions with each other is important, not only for those who study, formulate and implement new technologies, but also for all people and organizations (like professional football) that use such technologies.