A smart city is an excellent type of city to support innovation because it is organized around the idea to be self-sustainable with the use of information and communication technologies and multiple other innovative means to stimulate advancement and quality of life (Manville et al. 2014). A smart city is intended to promote the efficiency of urban operation and meet the needs of its inhabitants (ITU 2014a). The organization of this type of populated locality allows providing the necessary facilities for economic and social activity, and together with this, it supports the exalted standards of the environmental protection (ITU 2014a).
A smart city is, first of all, the living area where the latest information and communication technologies have come in use (ITU 2014b). Innovation is also inevitably connected with the latest information and communication technologies. Therefore, a smart city is the place where the essential components of innovation implement to optimize peoples daily life. So, the citizens of smart cities get the necessary tools into their hands to make their labour highly more effective and their social life more fulfilling.
As a result, the new generations of intelligent and efficient people are able to progress to the horizons of the never yet seen innovation. To illustrate, the real life example from Barcelona, Spain can be considered. Being the ancient city, Barcelona has faced a number of complex developmental problems due to the poor conformability of its infrastructure to the requirements of the new era of technological progress. However, today the city has been able to achieve the unprecedented innovation success due to the total redevelopment of the city information and communication technologies.
Further, one of the major characteristics of smart cities is smart governance (Manville et al. 2014). Smart governance is also the key variable of any innovation project because no achievement is possible without an effective manager. Therefore, the smart governance available in smart cities is the great contributor to innovation. Without the smart governance, smart cities will meet regulation difficulties at the very beginning of their development because their formation requires the smart horizontal actions such as standards and common measurement frameworks. Smart people, which is another characteristic of smart cities according to Manville et al. (2014), have their supporting role in promoting innovation together with the smart governors.
These are the people who utilize their potential including their intelligence, physical power, and creativity to keep on moving to the further levels of advancement. Manville et al. (2014) provided another significant detail in connection with the smart governance and smart people in smart cities , which is the private-public partnerships. The private-public partnerships are a very promising form of governance and people co-operation due to the fact that they contribute to the development of expertise, technology capabilities building, the formation of financial capital, and greater involvement of common citizens into the process of innovative change (ITU 2014a).
Next, since innovation is impossible without an effective distribution of resources, smart cities with their effective systems of resource management provide the ground for the innovation stimulation. According to Manville et al. (2014), smart cities have the necessary communications for timely delivery of the major resources needed for peoples economic and social activity including the water, energy, raw materials, transportation, and public spaces. It is impossible also to forget about the smart mobility when the theme of smart cities is addressed. Interestingly, innovation is also unattainable without the smart mobility since innovation occurs only under the condition of timely delivery of resources to their destinations including people, energy, water, raw materials, public facilities, and many more.
When addressing the theme of innovation, it is no way one can forget about the economy because it is an essential component for any type of progress. Without smart economy people will simply have no resources to allocate for their innovative projects. Thus, smart economy as the key component of smart cities sustainability is also the factor contributing to innovation. Smart cities economy incorporates such significant factors for the innovation success as productivity, employment, gross domestic product, market dominance, viability, investment, value chain, and compensation (ITU 2014b). Besides, smart economy incorporates local and global interconnectedness and international embeddedness with physical and virtual flows of goods, services and knowledge (Manville et al. 2014, p. 28). This aspect of smart economy also has the key significance for the innovation advancement.
Thinking about innovation, some representatives of the wide public may leave smart environment behind. However, it is the mistake because the unwise environmental policy leads to the climate and living conditions catastrophe. As a result, the population suffers. First of all, people begin to experience the physical and mental health problems. With such state of health, people can no longer be effective, and thus, one of the key variables of innovation becomes inactive.
The result is not difficult to predict, it is the innovative slow-down or complete innovation arrest, and the most complicated state of such a process can be the innovation regress. From the real life examples that the wide public can observe in some of the Chinese cities, it is clear that the smart environment cannot be avoided when developing smart cities . Otherwise, the project can attain nothing else than an innovative regress. Smart environment also includes provisions for the demographic positive change and improvement; food security; sustainable agriculture, climate action; and bio-based economy.
Summing up, it is important to note that innovation and smart cities appear to come hand in hand with each other due to the fact that they are inevitably connected through the complex networks of contributing factors including smart governance, smart people, smart economy, smart mobility, and smart environment to name just a few. Innovation is impossible without people who will provide their intelligence, physical power, and creativity resources for its facilitation and thus, these people also need the conditions for the optimization of their inner resources, their timely delivery, and development and sustainability. The overall goal of smart cities is to provide smart people with the best conditions for the non-stop innovative advancement.
Key Learning Points
My best example of a smart city in the word in 2016 is:
The city of Vienna, Austria
In 2016, Vienna has become the top-performer smart city in all major categories that characterize this type of city. By winning leadership from the point of view of a combination of factors, Vienna is considerably ahead of its closest competitors including Toronto, Paris, and New York. The three cities perform outstandingly in their strong areas but none of them is capable to even come close to the performance indicators demonstrated by Vienna. Below are some of Viennas best smart indicators:
Vienna has performed as the number 1 city with the highest quality of life.
Vienna has performed as the number 4 regional green city.
Vienna has performed as the number 5 innovation city.
Vienna has performed as the number 8 digital governance city.
Vienna governors continue to put into practice their smart city initiatives with an objective to make it the number 1 European smart city with the environmental protection, mobility efficiency, and land-use planning characteristics.
Vienna authorities have already accomplished an unexampled progress at the worlds arena in the field of carbon reduction and transportation concepts optimization.
Vienna has become the best walkable city in the world with the absolute availability of its major facilities and institutions for both pedestrians and bike riders.
Practical Implications
My 10 innovative ideas that are specific to a smart city environment are as follows:
Nb
Smart Idea
Description in couple of sentences
1
The low-carbon economy
The smart city economy should rely only on the environmentally-friendly sources of energy to promote the high-quality living conditions for the citizens. The era of carbon-based sources of energy has laid to the considerable environmental crisis in the world including the global warming. The low-carbon initiative aims at improving the state of affairs.
2
Eco-burb dwellings
The smart city can facilitate the energy supply practices by providing the homes with the smart-grid of energy-efficient appliances, solar panels, and storage batteries. These helpful technologies will help in achieving another important initiative described above that is the low-carbon economy. They are not only effective in peoples houses, but for the industrial use also.
3
Smart buildings
The smart city infrastructure should incorporate only the smart buildings best fitting its efficiency concepts. The smart buildings are the buildings with the energy-efficiency technologies, outstanding communications characteristics, and the compact organization for the smart use of space and volume.
4
Climate change adaptation
The smart city organization should mind the enhancements necessary in connection with the global climate changes. In so many areas around the globe, the weather became warmer, as well the climate has shifted to cause the extreme weather phenomena. The organization of smart cities requires taking these factors into consideration.
5
Disease control and prevention
The smart city governors need to pay their constant attention to ensuring the good health in the population.
6
Digital governance
The smart city population should have a digital access to all the necessary government services and arrangements.
7
Quality of life
The smart city organization should be focused on peoples lives improvement.
8
Smart education
The smart city educational system should provide its citizens with the high-quality education to help them meet the demands of time.
9
Cyber-security and resilience
The smart city governors should ensure high standards of information safety and security to prevent the economic crimes and other illegal and dangerous practices with the use of digital data.
10
Smart water management
The smart city resource management should pay attention to water saving and providing the population with the high-quality water for the household purposes. The same objective is important in the industry because the safe and clean water is the key resource in many industries including the pharmacology, food industry, and cosmetics, to name a just a few.
References
ITU 2014a, An overview of smart sustainable cities and the role of information and communication technologies. ITU-T Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities. Web.
ITU 2014b, Smart sustainable cities: An analysis of definitions. ITU-T Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities. Web.
Manville, C, Cochrane, G, Cave, J, Millard, J, Pederson, J, Thaarup, R& & Kotterink, B 2014, Mapping smart cities in the EU. Web.
Theatre or play dates back to the medieval year during the time when playwrights like Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Aeschylus among others did their works. Analyzing the difference between the medieval playwriting and the Elizabethan, as well as Restoration plays, is pertinent in understanding the history of theatre.
Playwriting has undergone some changes. There are some noticeable differences. Plays including Meneachmi (Plautus and Riley 27), Phaedra, Tartuffe, and Henry V have remarkable changes. Their main structure is significantly influenced by medieval plays like Antigone (Sophocles 605) and Bacchae (Euripides 6). Aristotle, studying ancient plays, proposed some characteristics of these plays to help understand how they affect recent works.
Plot: Aristotle assigned huge importance to the plot. Ancient plays were mainly on myths but with a historical fact. For instance, Phaedra is the queen of Athens in the play Phaedra (Racine 3) while King Henry is the King of England in Henry V (Shakespeare 86). The plot develops from the chorus in ancient plays -Antigone (Sophocles 605) while in recent plays like Henry V; it is built from the characters speech.
Thought: ancient plays (Antigone, Lysistrata, and Bacchae) communicated certain believes like a confrontation between gods, or gods and humans or humans against humans but with the influence of gods (Aristophanes 12). Recent plays like Henry V and Phaedra communicate political, societal, and religious messages even though some medieval ones do the same. Their messages were not the core themes of the play (Shakespeare 87; Racine 12).
Character: in Antigone, King Creon refuses to grant Antigones brother a decent burial (Sophocles 635). Phaedra falls in love with Hippolytus, the son of her husband. Antigone gives her life for the love of her brother while Phaedra threatens to kill herself when repulsed by Hippolytus, she offers him the kingdom later (Racine 32). These plays portray a psychoanalytical interpretation of issues.
Diction and Spectacle: the language used by plays in the medieval and Elizabethan eras is social, formal, and argumentative while some are more expressive and classicist (Aeschylus 3). Songs appear at varying levels in both ancient and recent plays.
The third millennium has definitely brought many innovations to enjoy, and the Internet has become by far the most valuable of them. However, in the online sphere, a number of ownership issues arises. Because of the seeming availability of the online information, the copyright infringements become highly likely to occur.
It can be assumed that in ten years from now, in 2023, only a reasonable legislation concerning the new types of media can help people retain their ownership of specific virtual property.
Concerning the Possible Ownership Issues in 2023: A Prospective Look
Despite the fact that ten years is enough for the world to change to the point where it becomes hardly recognizable, some issues concerning copyrighted information and ownership will remain in the same spot where they are now, in 2013. However, with the ten-year innovations, these problems can grow greatly.
Social networking and the accessible information
Because of the growing impossibility to control the content that the users upload in the blogosphere, it is highly likely that in the future, some users will simply copy a specific picture/video and use it further on without the authors permission (McDowell).
Apple and its hardware policy: the wind of change
In contrast to the owners and users of blogospheres, hardware producing companies seem to have reinforced their ammunition against pirates. Therefore, it can be considered that in future, such companies as Apple will reduce the instances of ownership rights infringement.
Open hardware and the source code: future concerns
It is important to keep in mind that the more complicated the security system becomes, the more sophisticated the hacking tools turn.
The existing evidence shows that the competence of online hackers is growing and that the ownership issues are going to be very topical in 2023, especially in the light of the emergence of such sources of copyrighted content as torrents (Kravets).
Drones/guns: printing in 3-D and the associated problems
According to Harouni, 3-D printers have been around for a while, but people learned about them only abut thirty years from when the first concepts of these devices appeared. Therefore, 3-D printers are yet to be improved and marketed as a new facility.
However, even at the given stage of development, 3-D printers already pose an ownership dilemma. If these machines can reproduce certain products, the original creators and developers of the products will be left without their legitimate revenues (Harouni).
Pros and Cons of the Ownership Issue: By the Power of Copyright
As one might have already guessed, the key problem will concern tracing the copying of online information is hardly possible.
The case of Instagram: sharing as the key principle
On the one hand, in 2023, the internet users might consider the idea of copyright issues on the Internet absurd and enjoy knowledge and information sharing without any concern, as in Instagram.
On the other hand, in case of using ones work of art, the rights of the owner will be infringed (Franzen). It is feared that in 2023, not only Instagram, but also a number of other services will work according to the given principle.
In Search for the Solution: The Rule of Thumb in Action
Despite the obvious obstacles, there are the ways to make sure that the rightful owners of online content will feel safe about their property in 2023.
Stallman and his four freedoms: taking responsibilities
Therefore, the key problem of online ownership in 2923 will concern the problem of drawing the line between knowledge sharing and private ownership.
However, with the help of Stallmans idea of four freedoms, i.e., starting from the freedom to run the program any way the user wants to the ability to customize the program.
Cathedral and bazaar models of agencies
When considering the idea of online ownership in 2023, one will have to decide whether the content in question should be related to as the one belonging to the cathedral model, or to the bazaar one.
In the latter case, the content should be regarded as free to share all over the Internet; in the former, it is guarded by ownership laws. With such classification, the future of online content will be more or less save in 2023.
Cookie law: do-not-track policy
One can also expect that in 2023, the famous Cookie Law will provide a different perspective on the problem. It is a well-known fact that HTTP cookies are very simple to intercept and even modify as long as the Internet surfers do not use SSL services.
Thus, the policy that demands clients consent for placing their cookies on a certain website has been developed. A rather clever decision, it will probably help avoid the issue with copyright and privacy rights infringement in 2023.
Overcoming the Possible Obstacles: The Controversy
Because of the confusion of the ideas of shared information and the private content, the users of the Internet in 2023 might encounter considerable issues with ownership laws (Palmer).
It can be assumed that, with the help of a set of strict laws concerning ownership of online content, some of the issues may be resolved.
Conclusion: There Is Still Much to Think over
Therefore, the issue of ownership on the Internet will definitely grow more complicated in 2023. With the technological advances, pirating will become insultingly accessible.
Providing reasonable regulations concerning the copyright and ownership issues will not suffice it will be necessary to help people develop conscious approach towards the use of online sources.
Works Cited
Franzen, C. Instagram Users Are Right to Be Worried, Copyright Experts Say. 2012. Web.
Harouni, L. A Primer on 3-D Printing. TED. 2012. Web.
The third millennium has definitely brought many innovations to enjoy, and the Internet has become by far the most valuable of them. However, in the online sphere, a number of ownership issues arises. Because of the seeming availability of the online information, the copyright infringements become highly likely to occur.
It can be assumed that in ten years from now, in 2023, only a reasonable legislation concerning the new types of media can help people retain their ownership of specific virtual property.
Concerning the Possible Ownership Issues in 2023: A Prospective Look
Despite the fact that ten years is enough for the world to change to the point where it becomes hardly recognizable, some issues concerning copyrighted information and ownership will remain in the same spot where they are now, in 2013. However, with the ten-year innovations, these problems can grow greatly.
Social networking and the accessible information
Because of the growing impossibility to control the content that the users upload in the blogosphere, it is highly likely that in the future, some users will simply copy a specific picture/video and use it further on without the authors permission (McDowell).
Apple and its hardware policy: the wind of change
In contrast to the owners and users of blogospheres, hardware producing companies seem to have reinforced their ammunition against pirates. Therefore, it can be considered that in future, such companies as Apple will reduce the instances of ownership rights infringement.
Open hardware and the source code: future concerns
It is important to keep in mind that the more complicated the security system becomes, the more sophisticated the hacking tools turn.
The existing evidence shows that the competence of online hackers is growing and that the ownership issues are going to be very topical in 2023, especially in the light of the emergence of such sources of copyrighted content as torrents (Kravets).
Drones/guns: printing in 3-D and the associated problems
According to Harouni, 3-D printers have been around for a while, but people learned about them only abut thirty years from when the first concepts of these devices appeared. Therefore, 3-D printers are yet to be improved and marketed as a new facility.
However, even at the given stage of development, 3-D printers already pose an ownership dilemma. If these machines can reproduce certain products, the original creators and developers of the products will be left without their legitimate revenues (Harouni).
Pros and Cons of the Ownership Issue: By the Power of Copyright
As one might have already guessed, the key problem will concern tracing the copying of online information is hardly possible.
The case of Instagram: sharing as the key principle
On the one hand, in 2023, the internet users might consider the idea of copyright issues on the Internet absurd and enjoy knowledge and information sharing without any concern, as in Instagram.
On the other hand, in case of using ones work of art, the rights of the owner will be infringed (Franzen). It is feared that in 2023, not only Instagram, but also a number of other services will work according to the given principle.
In Search for the Solution: The Rule of Thumb in Action
Despite the obvious obstacles, there are the ways to make sure that the rightful owners of online content will feel safe about their property in 2023.
Stallman and his four freedoms: taking responsibilities
Therefore, the key problem of online ownership in 2923 will concern the problem of drawing the line between knowledge sharing and private ownership.
However, with the help of Stallmans idea of four freedoms, i.e., starting from the freedom to run the program any way the user wants to the ability to customize the program.
Cathedral and bazaar models of agencies
When considering the idea of online ownership in 2023, one will have to decide whether the content in question should be related to as the one belonging to the cathedral model, or to the bazaar one.
In the latter case, the content should be regarded as free to share all over the Internet; in the former, it is guarded by ownership laws. With such classification, the future of online content will be more or less save in 2023.
Cookie law: do-not-track policy
One can also expect that in 2023, the famous Cookie Law will provide a different perspective on the problem. It is a well-known fact that HTTP cookies are very simple to intercept and even modify as long as the Internet surfers do not use SSL services.
Thus, the policy that demands clients consent for placing their cookies on a certain website has been developed. A rather clever decision, it will probably help avoid the issue with copyright and privacy rights infringement in 2023.
Overcoming the Possible Obstacles: The Controversy
Because of the confusion of the ideas of shared information and the private content, the users of the Internet in 2023 might encounter considerable issues with ownership laws (Palmer).
It can be assumed that, with the help of a set of strict laws concerning ownership of online content, some of the issues may be resolved.
Conclusion: There Is Still Much to Think over
Therefore, the issue of ownership on the Internet will definitely grow more complicated in 2023. With the technological advances, pirating will become insultingly accessible.
Providing reasonable regulations concerning the copyright and ownership issues will not suffice it will be necessary to help people develop conscious approach towards the use of online sources.
Works Cited
Franzen, C. Instagram Users Are Right to Be Worried, Copyright Experts Say. 2012. Web.
Harouni, L. A Primer on 3-D Printing. TED. 2012. Web.
Today, many people are obsessed with an idea of innovation and consider it as the main driver of personal and professional well-being. Innovation is used to promote growth and success, to identify and eliminate weaknesses, and to increase the number of positive outcomes. Each field requires certain innovations from time to time to demonstrate a portion of the progress achieved. In the field of healthcare, innovation plays an important role due to the possibility to introduce new practices, improve human life, and promote an understanding of change (Khanassov, Vedel, & Pluye, 2014).
It is necessary to understand that innovation in healthcare is not a new kind of technology only. Healthcare innovation is a concept that may be used in various health management programs, processes, and services to improve the existing system and find a solution to an existing problem. In this paper, the goal is to introduce, develop, and discuss an innovation strategy in healthcare, its peculiarities, and key outcomes. Talent management is one of the strategies that have already been used in different countries and healthcare facilities. However, there is no definite structure and plan on how to implement this innovation in healthcare. Therefore, the quality of Middle East healthcare may be considerably improved with the help of crossover learning, and this paper will examine different aspects of this strategy, evaluate several experiences, and prove that government schools are ready to elaborate the relationships between patients and healthcare practitioners lives, the working environment, and the promotion of lifelong learning (Vishwanath, 2015).
Unit Background
Dallah Hospital is the focus of the current report. The organization has been known for providing various healthcare services for twenty-five years. Dallah Hospital has gained an impressively positive reputation over the years of its existence by providing consistently good service and focusing on the needs of patients by identifying culture-specific characteristics thereof. As a result, the opportunities for efficient management of a disease or disorder form in which a patient suffers are located and explored extensively. The active promotion of multiculturalism and the importance of addressing the unique needs of customers should be viewed as one of the primary assets of Dallah Hospital ( Dallah Hospital starts treating speech and swallowing disorders, 2013).
Problem Description
Managing changes in the healthcare setting is a challenging task, primarily because of the necessity to balance the needs of patients and those of staff members. Herein lies the issue regarding the introduction of innovations in the context of healthcare institutions; while serving as the foundation for a massive improvement in the quality of the provided services, they also imply that staff members should accept new responsibilities and acquire a range of new skills. Therefore, it is possible to face significant resistance from the staff members. By introducing the principles of transformational leadership combined with the communication strategy grounded in the idea of compromise and negotiation, one will be able to manage change in the healthcare setting successfully
Even though the companys values include handling the unique needs of patients as efficiently as possible, the organization has been experiencing significant issues with the management of their human resources. Particularly, the issues associated with the management of the staffs schedule and the enhancement of their motivation levels should be viewed as two primary issues that need to be addressed. While Dallah Hospital provides the services of excellent quality, it needs to reconsider its current policy toward its staff by rearranging the roles and responsibilities among them. Thus, the issues associated with unreasonable workload, including workplace burnouts, can be avoided successfully, and the quality of the provided services will remain consistent. To attain the identified goal, the company will have to introduce innovative solutions to the area of HR management.
Innovation Focus
Description
As stressed above, it is imperative to make sure that the necessary changes should be made to the existing approach toward managing innovations that Dallah Hospital adopts. Therefore, the current focus on innovation must be geared toward exploring new opportunities for communication between managers and staff members. Particularly, it is essential to address the issues associated with the tools for encouraging employees to accept the suggested changes, the leadership framework that will allow keeping them motivated, the strategy for reducing the levels of resistance toward change among the target population, and the active use of the time management strategies that will contribute to the further improvement in the staffs schedule. Moreover, Dallah Hospital must consider viewing the principles of talent management as the foundation for its relationships with its staff members. As a result, the very idea of innovative thinking can be fostered among the employees and promoted to them as the basis for decision-making in the context of the organization. The identified change is bound to affect the quality of the employees performance to a considerable extent, thus, contributing to a significant improvement in the number of positive patient outcomes, as well as the satisfaction levels among staff members (Erickson et al., 2015).
Implementation
The implementation process will require the active use of transformational leadership strategies. Particularly, the employees will have to be provided with a set of innovation-oriented values and a role model that they can follow to meet the companys expectations. Furthermore, the tools for enhancing the communication process between the staff and the managers will have to be used.
For this reason, the use of the services of a coach should be deemed as paramount in the identified situation. It is important to make sure that the progress of the employees should be coordinated and controlled by coaches will help create the environment in which a homogenous professional growth of the target population will become a possibility. Furthermore, the sue of coaches services will allow collecting the feedback from the staff and, thus, spotting the points at which problems in the perception of the innovative techniques, the development of the relevant skills, the acquisition of essential knowledge, etc., will be hampered. As a result, it will be possible to pinpoint the exact moment at which the process of rearranging the staffs perspective is stalled and, thus, introduce the tools for managing the emerging issues (Ratanawongsa et al., 2014).
Key Outcomes
It is expected that the application of the identified technique will lead to a massive improvement in the quality of services. Indeed, with the emphasis on communication and the development of talents in staff, one will be able to create the foundation for refocusing the corporate values and viewing the improvement as the basis for the companys development. Thus, both the proficiency of the staff and the number of positive patient outcomes will increase (Adams, Smart, & Huff, 2016).
Risk Management
As stressed above, it is expected that Dallah Hospital will have to face several obstacles. The resistance among the employees should be viewed as the key one. therefore, the current risk mitigation strategies will have to be aimed at promoting loyalty among the staff. For instance, benefits for the target population will have to be provided. Furthermore, training opportunities will showcase the organizations willingness to cooperate and invest in its personnel (Bowers & Khorakian, 2014).
Incremental Plan
People
Seeing that people are viewed as the primary focus of the innovation, one will have to reconsider the current approach toward human resources that are used at Dallah Hospital to manage the relationships between staff members and managers. As stressed above, it is expected that eh employees are going to be against the changes that will be implemented in the context of the organization due to the changes in the responsibilities and tasks that they will have to meet and accomplish. While the innovative approach based on a redesign of time management techniques and the values of the organization is aimed at reducing the pressure experienced by the employee, the rearrangement of roles and responsibilities may cause dissatisfaction among the target population. Therefore, adopting the principles of transformational leadership along with the active support of the employees is required. Furthermore, the communication between the company and its employees must be enhanced. Thus, the staff members will realize that their voices are heard, and the levels of tension among the target group will be reduced significantly (Schippers, West, & Dawson, 2013).
Culture
It should be borne in mind that the identified changes will only become possible once the enhancement of a specific corporate culture will occur in the target environment. Therefore, the active promotion of the values associated with the consistent improvement and the enhancement of communication between the stakeholders involved should be deemed as a necessity. The specified elements of the corporate culture will lead to the process of uninhibited communication between the employees and the managers and, therefore, allow resolving the conflicts that occur in the workplace much more efficiently than they are handled at present. Consequently, the satisfaction levels among the staff will increase systematically. Furthermore, the focus on the unceasing development and lifelong learning will trigger a rapid rise in the quality of the services provided by the staff. Remarkably, the two elements are intertwined. Indeed, by investing in the progress of the employees, Dallah Hospital will contribute to not only their professional growth but also the rise in their trust toward the organization. Consequently, the opportunities for further improvement in the performance of the target population can be expected (Birken et al., 2015).
Resources
The redesign of how technology is currently used at Dallah Hospital must be deemed as a necessity. The first and most obvious, the devices for maintaining consistent communication between managers and employees should be introduced into the companys design. For instance, the creation of a corporate network within which the essential data will be transferred will allow for a significant improvement in the security of the patients personal information. Also, the incorporation of hand-off communication tools for healthcare staff members will allow carrying out a range of procedures much more efficiently; for instance, bedside handover will improve extensively with the addition of the devices that will contribute to a more efficient hand-off communication among healthcare staff members.
Furthermore, the introduction of innovative technologies allowing for a faster and more accurate transfer of the necessary data will lead to a significant drop in the amount of workload with which the members of the hospital staff have to deal regularly, especially as far as the management of the crucial data is concerned. Thus, the pressure experienced by the staff will be reduced successfully. Consequently, the opportunities for rearranging the roles and responsibilities among the target population will be open for managers.
However, the shift toward the importance of talent management is going to be by far the most essential innovation in the setting of Dallah Hospital. By focusing on fostering the importance of the consistent acquisition of new knowledge and skills among employees, one will enable them to engage in the process of consistent lifelong learning. As a result, the quality of the services provided by the staff members will remain high, and the motivation levels will be kept at the required level (Godfrey, AnderssonGare, Nelson, Nilsson, & Ahlstrom, 2014).
The focus on talent management, however, will require massive changes in the companys HR system. For instance, the introduction of extra options for improving the employees abilities and helping them develop new competencies will have to be designed. It should also be borne in mind that the connection between the talent management framework and the corporate philosophy must remain transparent. Thus, the foundation for promoting trust in the relationships between the employees and managers at Dallah Hospital will remain a possibility.
Structures
Apart from addressing the current approaches toward time management, talent management, and communication processes, one will also have to consider the specifics of the corporate hierarchy and the structures that are currently used in the realm of Dallah Hospital. For instance, the importance of providing staff members with personal coaches that could guide them toward achieving better results should be recognized by Dallah Hospitals managers. Consequently, the reconsideration of the existing corporate hierarchy and the introduction of a group-based structure, where the communication process and knowledge-sharing will occur at a faster pace, must be deemed as essential.
Disrupting the structures that currently exist in the environment of the Dallah Hospital does not seem reasonable, though. The rearrangement of its elements is likely to disrupt the system to the point where the participants will not feel comfortable enough sharing the relevant data. Therefore, one should consider reinforcing the existing framework and improving it by adding the elements that will serve as the mediation mechanisms. Coaches, for example, will become not only the agents of change among the employees but also the link between the staff and managers. Thus, a more active transfer of essential information concerning the needs of the employee, and the requirements of the company will become a possibility.
Results and Expectations
It is assumed that the active promotion of the talent management approach rooted in the enhancement of communication and supported with the adoption of the latest technological innovations will contribute to a significant improvement in the overall quality of the employees performance and the number of positive patient outcomes. Particularly, it is expected that the staff members will be encouraged to accept the philosophy of lifelong learning and, thus, engage in the process of unceasing knowledge acquisition and the development of new skills.
The focus on talent management as the foundation for the improvement of healthcare quality is assumed to lead to a significant rise in the levels of understanding of multiculturalism as the foundation for efficient service delivery among the staff. While the gravity of failing to recognize the specific needs of patients is currently recognized by the staff of Dallah Hospital, the healthcare experts seem to lack the cross-culture communication strategies that allow meeting the needs of patients in the most efficient manner possible. Therefore, the focus on the subject matter is bound to lead to a significant rise in the recovery statistics at Dallah Hospital. Furthermore, the efficacy of the communication process between the staff members and the patients is expected to occur.
Conclusion
Creating additional opportunities or the staff members at Dallah Hospital is a crucial step toward improving its performance. The active use of talent management must be deemed as an essential step in enhancing the employees willingness to engage in lifelong learning and, thus, improve their performance. As a result, a massive rise in the number of positive patient outcomes is expected. As soon as the staff members develop the abilities required to improve their skills and abilities regularly, rapid growth in the number of positive patient outcomes is expected. For this purpose, a change in corporate values will have to occur. Dallah Hospital will have to place the emphasis on talent management and the process of fostering the necessary qualities, including lifelong learning and the appreciation for patients needs, in employees.
References
Adams, R. J., Smart, P., & Huff, A. S. (2017). Shades of grey: guidelines for working with the grey literature in systematic reviews for management and organizational studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(4), 432-454.
Birken, S. A., Lee, S. Y. D., Weiner, B. J., Chin, M. H., Chiu, M., & Schaefer, C. T. (2015). From strategy to action: how top managers support increases middle managers commitment to innovation implementation in healthcare organizations. Health Care Management Review, 40(2), 159-168.
Bowers, J., & Khorakian, A. (2014). Integrating risk management in the innovation project. European Journal of Innovation Management, 17(1), 25-40.
Erickson, H. L., Erickson, M. E., Southard, M. E., Brekke, M. E., Sandor, M. K., & Natschke, M. (2016). A proactive innovation for health care transformation: health and wellness nurse coaching. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 34(1), 44-55.
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Ratanawongsa, N., Handley, M. A., Sarkar, U., Quan, J., Pfeifer, K., Soria, C., & Schillinger, D. (2014). Diabetes health information technology innovation to improve quality of life for health plan members in urban safety net. The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 37(2), 127.
Schippers, M. C., West, M. A., & Dawson, J. F. (2015). Team reflexivity and innovation: The moderating role of team context. Journal of Management, 41(3), 769-788.
Vishwanath, A. (2015). The psychology of the diffusion and acceptance of technology. In S.S. Sundar (Ed.), The handbook of the psychology of communication technology (pp. 313-331). West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
There is no doubt that the world never stops changing since each achievement of humanity usually involves a range of opportunities for further development. There are plenty of examples of disruptive innovations in different spheres, and each of them has been able to completely change peoples assumptions concerning technology. Such examples include the introduction of personal computers, mobile phones, or new and effective medicinal drugs.
When it comes to the sphere of healthcare, disruptive innovations are usually represented by the transition from one healthcare model to another that provides both specialists in the sphere and clients with extended opportunities. More than that, to be called a disruptive innovation, the novelty should help to improve the quality of healthcare services. The particular innovation that this paper will focus on is ATP, which promises to become an important practice in the future.
ATP is an abbreviation for asynchronous telepsychiatry, which is a practice that involves providing patients with psychiatric help using digital devices that most modern people possess. The use of ATP therefore does not require any special equipment, and it can be stated that there is no need for the development of special equipment and it can reduce the costs of implementation of the method significantly. To begin with, it is important to note that ATP can be used to accomplish a wide range of tasks related to psychiatric care. In reference to the proposed savings, ATP allows providing high-quality services involving positive health outcomes. At the same time, ATP does not involve threats to patient safety; instead, patients with particular disorders such as anxiety feel safer while having online conversations with their healthcare providers. As for costs, implementation of ATP will also help to save money as it decreases the need to build special facilities for violent patients.
It cannot be denied that ATP provides healthcare specialists with an opportunity to shift away from traditional healthcare venues such as hospitals. Instead, the use of ATP allows specialists in psychiatry to conduct consultations with a larger number of patients since the latter do not need to spend time traveling to the hospital or other healthcare facilities to get help. More than that, holding online consultations with those people whose mental conditions are not critical can be regarded as an additional factor allowing healthcare providers to pay increased attention to other patients who need their help. In addition, it is important to note that there is a significant reason explaining the rapid development of ATP. In fact, it is reported by healthcare specialists in different parts of the country that there is a lack of qualified psychiatrists, whereas the number of people who have problems related to mental health is increasing.
The second goal that ATP makes possible is related to the quality and accessibility of service. In fact, the use of ATP helps to provide increasingly affordable and conveniently accessible services to consumers. Importantly, it needs to be mentioned that the use of ATP will not lead to a decrease in the quality of service. First, most specialists holding online consultations are supposed to be working at medical facilities, which means that they have access to any tools or information they need. Also, their work can be supervised by other specialists to ensure a higher quality of service. As for increasing the accessibility of service, the development of ATP can solve problems for many people who are disabled or have special circumstances preventing them from visiting usual consultations.
ATP can be applied in different countries due to the fact that it does not involve the use of equipment that is hard to find. In fact, to provide patients with services using ATP, healthcare specialists only need such equipment as personal computers or laptops, cameras, and microphones. Nowadays, this system of healthcare service delivery is used in California and other states; if the use of ATP results in improved mental health outcomes for patients, it will be important to introduce this system in other areas as well.
Nowadays, the specialists whose work is related to studying and improving ATP claim that it has a range of advantages over common psychotherapy. For instance, it mitigates the risk of negative emotional reactions in patients (such as fear, anger, or anxiety) during consultations. Also, there are many situations in which the use of ATP can be regarded as the best alternative, and this fact helps to define the beneficiaries of the given delivery method. They include children, elderly people, and physically challenged citizens having mental problems (Hilty et al., 2013). Besides, this method of service delivery is particularly good for those with anxiety disorders or post- traumatic stress disorders.
Ultimately, ATP can be considered to be an important healthcare innovation because it extends opportunities for both healthcare providers and patients with mental disorders. Its significance cannot be overestimated: it is beneficial for many categories of patients who have special needs, and its implementation helps to reduce costs related to special facilities for violent patients and to improve the quality of service. As for the latter, it becomes possible as practitioners using ATP are supervised by other specialists.
Reference
Hilty, D. M., Ferrer, D. C., Parish, M. B., Johnston, B., Callahan, E. J., & Yellowlees, P. M. (2013). The effectiveness of telemental health: A 2013 review. Telemedicine and E-Health, 19(6), 444-454.
Today, owing to advances in information technology, the healthcare sector has experienced an explosion of innovations aimed at not only improving life expectancy and quality of life of patients, but also diagnostic and treatment options, disease control, as well as the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the healthcare delivery system (Omachonu & Einspruch, 2010).
However, opinion about the rate of innovation in the healthcare industry seems divided, with some researchers suggesting that innovation is woefully lacking (DeWolf, 2010), while others acknowledge that inefficiency still exists in the healthcare system due to lack of innovative ways in dealing with health issues (Thakur, Hsu & Fontenot et al., 2012).
The present paper aims to describe an innovative way of ground source heating and cooling that could be used in health facilities to control internal temperatures, hence providing in-patients with a favorable environment for total healing and comfort.
DeWolf (2010) defines innovation as creating value through viable business concepts (p. 3). Omachonu et al (2010) define innovation as the intentional introduction and application within a role, group, or organization, of ideas, processes, products or procedures, new to the relevant unit of adoption, designed to significantly benefit the individual, the group or the wider society (p. 3).
In this regard, the proposed ground source heating and cooling system will definitely create value and benefits to patients admitted in healthcare institutions.
The solar-powered system will provide heat during the winter and cooling during the summer, with a view to maintaining constant temperature which is favorable for optimal patient healing and comfort.
Each piece of the heating and cooling equipment will have its unique monitoring and control system, which will be designed to be self-controlling and adjusting, not only to provide flexibility but also efficiencies in operation. It is imperative to mention that the proposed innovation is a product innovation as it will introduce a new type of good for the external market (Omachonu et al., 2010).
Available literature demonstrates that product innovations are essential to the life of any organization since they provide the most obvious means for generating revenues (Omachonu et al., 2010 p. 2). The ground source heating and cooling equipment will come with innumerable benefits owing to the fact that it will be developed around market-oriented and customer-focused strategies. Thakur et al (2012) are of the opinion that market needs as well as customer demands and expectations drive the innovation agenda forward.
This equipment, for instance, will benefit in-patients with various respiratory diseases as it will be able to maintain constant room temperature, hence shielding them from vagrancies of weather. It is common knowledge that respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis and asthma worsen during the winter. The quality of life of in-patients will also be enhanced as the equipment offers comfort by controlling extreme temperatures.
Patients will also benefit in reduced hospitalization costs and lesser patient trauma due to the equipments capacity to prevent disease progression and relapses. Again, it is worth mentioning that sharp discrepancies in room temperature may worsen various cardio-pulmonary diseases such as pneumonia and heart disease. Additionally, healthcare institutions will benefit from energy savings as the equipment is powered by solar energy.
The proposed innovation is transformational and will definitely improve patient outcomes while decreasing healthcare spending.
DeWolf (2010) acknowledges that what is needed today are transformational innovations that involve significant change and provide differentiation and/or disruptive innovations that can reshape the competitive landscape and, thus, have a profound impact on economics and customer preferences (p. 3). When the equipment stabilizes room temperature, in-patients with various cardio-pulmonary complications will not be exposed to cold, and hence will not suffer from disease relapses or deteriorations.
Healthcare spending will therefore decrease in terms of reduced hospital stay, reduced spending on medications, and reduced overhead costs in energy savings. The innovation will also be transformational as it will disorder old heating and cooling systems, create new players and new markets in terms of patients who value comfort, and deliver dramatic value to the management of health institutions which will adapt to the innovation in terms of increased revenues (Omachonu et al., 2010).
The proposed innovation, in my view, will become a trend as we progress into the future. Thakur at al (2010) acknowledge that innovation is driven by strategic implementation and/or assimilation of information technology (IT) and/or information systems (IS) (p. 563).
In the same measure, it can be argued that the innovation, which is the ground source heating and cooling system, will be driven by the strategic implementation and adoption in health institutions as well as the accruing business and economic benefits. More explicitly, the proposed innovation will become a trend in the future as it is effective and easy to use, not mentioning that it is useful in contemporary times.
The technology acceptance model (TAM) demonstrates that people plan or intend to adopt new technologies and innovations if they perceive that these technologies and innovations are useful and can be used with ease (Thakur et al., 2010). The ground source heating and cooling system meets the threshold of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, hence it is expected that the innovation will become a trend that will be adopted by many other health institutions into the future.
References
DeWolf, L. (2009). Understanding innovation in healthcare. Journal for Healthcare Quality: Official Publication of the National Association for Healthcare Quality, 31(1), 3-4.
Omachonu, V.K., & Einspruch, N.G. (2010). Innovation in healthcare systems: A conceptual framework. The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, 15(1), 1-20.
Thakur, R., Hsu, S.H.Y., & Fontenot, G. (2012). Innovation in Healthcare: Issues and Future Trends. Journal of Business Research, 65(4), 562-569.
Modern health technologies and information systems are making it possible for medical institutions to provide timely services. Unfortunately, such innovations present various security and privacy challenges that might affect the level of confidentiality. Different states across the United States are engaging in social networking and ePatient collaborations to address this challenge. This paper describes the arrangement and laws existing in Florida regarding the issue of healthcare informatics safety and privacy.
Collaboration Efforts
Florida is currently participating in various collaboration initiatives intended to improve the level of security when it comes to the use and access of patient data. First, the state uses the Crosswalk Tool that allows providers to search for regulations and laws regarding the safety and integrity of patients data. Second, Florida is part of the Health Information Security and Privacy Collaboration (HISPC). This is a federal initiative that brings together different states that want to expedite the adoption and improvement of electronic health records (EHR) safety (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, n.d.). Third, Florida liaises with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Cybersecurity Program. This federal initiative promotes an enterprise-wide initiative for supporting the wellbeing and health of the American people.
HISPC
Florida is presently participating in HISPC with the aim of introducing additional security mechanisms when using EHRs. This project has been bringing together different states in such a way that they expedite the adoption of health informatics (HIs) while protecting the stored data (Health IT, n.d.). Such an approach is essential to ensure that the handled information is safe while supporting the delivery of personalized and high-quality services. The decision to join this collaborative process has made it possible for the state to achieve notable milestones.
Importance of Collaboration
Collaboration is an evidence-based practice that allows different partners to partner and focuses on the best ways to achieve their common goals. This approach makes it possible for various agencies to identify some of the common security needs and analyze how they can affect the experiences and outcomes of the stakeholders. The states involved in such projects will combine their resources and implement superior mechanisms that can minimize the security threats and attacks that might affect the experiences of different patients (Mello et al., 2018). The initiative is capable of supporting the delivery of timely results within a short period. The partners will benefit from the strategies and implement similar mechanisms that make it impossible for hackers and phishers to manipulate or steal confidential information.
Through continuous collaboration, partners present their insights that eventually result in practical and multi-state solutions. The relevant departments will harmonize the formulated security measures, formulate appropriate policies, and solve some of the emerging problems (Health IT, n.d.). Consequently, the process will deliver desirable goals much faster and support most of the involved healthcare institutions. The regions or states will, therefore, use modern health information technology more efficiently and meet the medical needs of more patients.
Conclusion
Florida is one of the states whose health leaders and policymakers take the issue of data privacy seriously. These professionals have identified and participated in various collaborative projects that have been aimed to deliver similar goals. The initiative has made it easier for more practitioners, physicians, and organizations to offer secure and safe services. The improved level of data security has increased the confidence of most of the patients.
Constructing a public health strategy and program depend on research and innovation. Research provides essential information about diseases, their trajectories, risk factors, treatment response or interventions, functional capacities, care patterns, costs, and healthcare usage. It is imperative that the health and well-being of participants who are utilized as research subjects are protected. Several steps can be taken to ensure the safety of research participants. Public health professionals, including researchers, health managers, and educators, should ensure that all guidelines concerning the health and safety of persons participating in research trials are observed. In this manner, they fulfill their duties of advocating for research, innovation, and patient protection.
Notably, many contemporary ethical and safety measures stem from failures to protect participants in past trials. For example, the Tuskegee syphilis study is an example of patients being abused for medical research, with their rights being compromised for the good of the greater public (Waxman, 2017). The study was carried out under the pretenses of treatment, and the participants were not informed about its primary goal of observing the disease trajectory. Researchers in the Tearoom sex study failed to obtain consent from participants and observed sexual encounters under claims of watching out for police ( Laud Humphreys and the Tearoom sex study, 2022). Similarly, during birth control trials in Puerto Rico, no consent was collected, with the participants receiving no compensation (Vargas, 2017). Furthermore, they were not explicitly explained that the drug was untested and had severe, said effects (Vargas, 2017). These studies exemplify unethical research practices that, despite their innovation, may endanger human lives.
In summary, while research and innovation are fundamental in advancing knowledge and protecting the public from the catastrophic impact of new diseases, the rights of the individuals used to gain this knowledge require protection. Past trials indicate the areas that need to be addressed when advocating for innovation and research in healthcare. Therefore, when proposing new research, drug trials, or experiments, public health professionals should ensure no unethical practices are employed and that the studies follow current ethical and safety guidelines.
For a long time, services innovation has been ignored as compared to manufactured product innovation (Rubalcada, 2010). The services sector contributes to a large percentage of the Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of many countries across the world. Innovation is largely embraced in the manufacturing and technology sectors with little or no emphasis on service innovation (Rubalcaba, 2010).
Traditionally, lack of service innovation is based on the perception that services have no tangible value; therefore, it is assumed that services have little or no innovation is necessary for the services.
However, with the continued integration of goods and services in the modern economies, services innovation is essential for businesses in creating customer focussed approach in the realization of superior value of their products. Service innovation is vital in the improvement of customer experience with the business products (Rubalcada, 2010).
Service innovation
There are fundamental differences between innovations done by manufacturing firms and innovation done by service by service firms. Technology is extremely beneficial in innovation of products by manufacturing firms. To produce superior products, manufacturing firms need to carry out intensive research about the changes to be made in the products that are essential in generation of higher revenues.
At the same time, the firms should have sound technology in order to create a superior product (De-Jong, Bruins, Dolfsma & Meijaard 2003). The product innovation process requires a large capital investment to develop a new product that has unique features that are hard to imitate. Product innovation has to deal with product characteristics during the innovation process.
Innovation has accelerated the differentiation of various products in the global markets. Many companies have developed differentiated products by applying innovative strategies. Therefore, innovation is very important in differencing products, and improving the level of customer satisfaction (De-Jong, Bruins, Dolfsma & Meijaard 2003).
Service innovation differs significantly from product innovation in that it does not require much research and development to be carried out. Services innovation is non-technological and therefore requires less money to undertake the process.
Additionally, service innovation involves minimal changes in the procedure of service delivery as compared to product innovation that require substantial changes in product characteristics (De-Jong, Bruins, Dolfsma & Meijaard 2003). Innovation in services there is little distinction between the product itself and the process whereas in manufacturing takes two forms that is goods and the process itself.
According to Bitner, Ostrom and Morgan (2008), customers are involved in firms service innovation and delivery. During the design of service innovation, firms should understand the outcome of the service to the customer and the long run effect on the customer behaviour towards the service. Services innovation changes should involve development of marketing, operation, and delivery of channels that are valued by the customer (Bitner, Ostrom & Morgan, 2008).
According to their analysis, Bitner, Ostrom and Morgan (2008) found out that customer involvement in service innovation and service delivery is crucial in the retention of the customers. Firm internal customer service is critical in achieving the core service delivery to the customer.
They recognize the importance human resources in services innovation more than product innovation because the intangible attributes of services. They are of the opinion that service innovation is more varied and complex hence requires the input customers for it to be successful (Bitner, Ostrom & Morgan, 2008).
The above arguments by Bitner, Ostrom and Morgan about the importance involving customer in service innovation and delivery seemed to support earlier argument by Debackere and Van Looy that customers are more involved service innovation and service delivery than product innovation.
The two argued that customers are more involved in service innovation since services changes more radically as compared to products. They claimed that product innovation is not as heterogeneous as the service sectors because customers are just external variable that need to be considered in product development but the real innovation is internally made.
The claims by the Bitner, Ostrom, Morgan, Debackere, and Van Looy (2008) that the customer is more involved in service innovation and service delivery are agreed upon. The customers need to be involved more in service innovations since service innovation is less costly than product innovation.
The services are going to be directly felt by the customer hence justifying their involvement. Services are also offered directly to customers therefore customer involvement is necessary. The intangible and distinctive natures of services necessitate the involvement of customers more than product innovation.
The blueprint techniques offered by Bitner, Ostrom and Morgan allow organizations innovate successfully. The blueprint technique offers guidelines on how organizations can go about innovating services and services delivery. It gives an organization a common point on which to discuss services innovation by focusing on customer, managers, and employees. The blueprint provides an innovation platform on which organizations can codify potential innovation roadmap for future innovations.
Furthermore, the blueprint enables organizations to realize the roles and interdependences that different components in the innovation process have to play for the success of the entire process. Bitner, Ostrom and Morgan offer organization strategies of how they can identify and rectify gaps in the innovation process and the general understanding of innovation experiences.
The blueprint gives an illustration of how different companies have dealt with service innovation and service delivery. These examples are appropriate for the Company to use as benchmarks in the process of service innovation.
The blueprint technique is seen more appropriate to derivative innovation than to the breakthrough innovation projects. The technique is ideal for any organization that is pursuing innovation since it outlines the various steps that the organization can take as innovates. The technique is adaptable and offers practical applications that can be adopted by different firms undertaking innovation.
Conclusion
The services sector has over the year positively contributed to economic development of many economies across the world. The sector rapid growth as compared to manufacturing industry serves as a wake-up call for more innovation in the sector. However, innovation in the service industry has been ignored.
This indicates that there is need to embrace innovation in the service sector to promote its growth. As presented by Bitner, Ostrom and Morgan, organizations that embrace services innovation are bound to reap enormous benefits in both short term and long term. It is dues to increased service innovation in the services sector that the modern economies are witnessing the growth and development.
Well structured innovation in all field, especially in the services sector is bound to accelerate economic growth and development of many countries in the world today. This is achieved through increased customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and variety of services for customers to select. Innovation should be encouraged in the service sector to improve the performance of other sectors of the economy.
Reference List
Bitner, M, J, Ostrom, A, L & Morgan, F, N 2008, Service Blueprinting: A Practical Technique for Service Innovation, California Management Review, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 66-94.
De-Jong, J J P, Bruins, A, Dolfsma, W, & Meijaard J 2003, Innovation in service firms explored: what, how and why? Web.
Debackere, K & Van Looy, B 2003, Managing innovation in a service environment, in Van Looy, B, Gemmel, P & Van Dierdonck, R (eds.), Services management: An integrated approach, 2nd ed., Financial Times Prentice Hall, Harlow, England, pp. 404-426.
Rubalcaba, L 2010, On the differences between goods and services innovation Journal of Innovation Economics Vol. 1 no. 5, pp. 17-40