Category: Information Technology

Every sector of the country today’s growth and development depends on the level of information technology. Introduction 21st century has become recognized as the age of information technology; it is not only a nation’s key driver of economic growth, but the world. Information technology footprints can be seen everywhere from the hi-tech industry to an education system.

Functions and IT Features

1. Speed: IT users can use devices such as computers to perform various tasks more quickly and accurately. At the same time, a machine will perform multiple tasks that cannot be performed by humans. This helps users to complete a given task on time, thus increasing stress and tension at work. Computers have software that can routinely store data so that important facts can be easily understood and organized. Another important tool is the Internet, which can be accessed anywhere at any time, allowing users to interact easily with each other and exchange relevant information. Organizations can use the Internet to communicate easily with their customers.
2. Consistency and accuracy: while IT are controlled by humans, it is more likely than individuals to be accurate. Consumers are quite well-educated on how to use IT tools. Each client has structured knowledge of all accounting principles, and they are equipped with software-based knowledge to help them execute their accounting tasks. The benefit in this is that the qualified consumer has advanced knowledge about the subject and all they need is an IT tool that makes all their work easier and more reliable.
3. Reliability: IT systems will run 24h a week seven days a week. Such systems can only be disrupted for a few hours to repair and maintain, and the machine is ready to be used. For both companies and clients, this is a win – win process that needs service in time. Take a simple bank example. It is a financial institution that allows the end user to provide services on time. Banks use IT systems to provide online banking services so that consumers can conveniently deposit, withdraw or print bank statements without having to reach a physical branch of that bank. IT specialists ensure that these ATM and other mobile banking systems are secure.
4. Data capture: this is the information collection process. Electronic businesses like Amazon.com, for instance, use Internet cookies to collect information about the transactions of a customer on their website. In this case, you use this data to recommend products to a client connected to your previous orders on your website. Google.com ads relevant to our preferences. We use that information. Most online companies use internet cookies to collect data to improve their sales and products because these are used to customize user-based services.
5. Data storage: this requires the preservation of data for potential use. The best example is Facebook social network that connects people, but the user must provide background information like former college, etc., when registering on the Network. This data is then used by Facebook to recommend the client mates. The other trick is that when you suggest Adverts to the consumer Facebook will still use the same data. Announcers will target advertising on their website based on the preferences, place and gender of users. After registration, all this data is provided by the user.
6. Data retrieval: method used for the locating and copying of data in order to transmit and process further on a computer system. A good example of this is a ‘search engine’, such as Google, Bing and Yahoo, which contains data centers that store information that the end-user who is searching for data online can use later. They have robots that lock and click.

Importance of IT

The Importance of Information Technology in Business

The business world has always changed with the invention of computers. Computers and applications are used by businesses to ensure their systems operate smoothly using information technology. In various departments, they use information technology including human resources, finance, development and security.

Businesses can view the developments on world markets much faster than usual through information technology. You buy software and hardware products that help you get your job done. The largest companies are fitted with their own software and hardware information technology unit.

IT has allowed companies to keep up with demand and supply as customers are constantly keen to have their goods instantaneously. Organizations such as Amazon use computer technology to help busy customers search for food. Only a few clicks on a website allows the customer to order and IT sends the order to the company.

The Importance of Information Technology in Education

As the modern world expands, the world of learning is shifting. It is important that learning will reach students in new ways with so much change, so that their students are ready for the future. Today’s students are tomorrow’s rulers, inventors, teachers, businessmen (and women). Such students will not obtain the requisite training to thrive without the appropriate skills.

It can be difficult to keep a job and still get the training needed to get a better job with such a focus on education. IT plays an essential role in enabling students to stay and go to class. Many schools also offer online classes on computers or laptops, tablets and mobile phones. During a lunch break, a busy student can easily check in or request tasks.

Teachers must be trained by keeping insightful software up to date, so that they can do more than just read the latest gadgets. Teachers can use software to train their students for a world filled with laptops, cell phones and computers.

IT also helps prevent more dropouts from high schools and universities. Many secondary schools use online classes so that students can continue their education instead of considering dropping out. Life can happen to everyone at any time.

Importance of IT in Finance

It’s crucial that banks and security keep all tabs with all online shopping so that everyone is safe. IT could only work its hardest with internet transactions. The internet needs more networks, more computers and more security programs for the sake of its users when more transactions are being made. These transactions would not be feasible without information technology, and these sales would not be free for banks.

IT also made sending or receiving cash faster and easier than ever. You can now also open a small online company to sell everything you would like. You can use other websites such as Amazon, eBay and Etsy for the selling of products if you don’t want to apply for a domain name, set up your website, and any other steps required to register an online business.

It is also easier for finance to work at a global level through information technology. Your credit rating and credit score are easily available online in this modern age. It makes credit checking for creditors, insurance companies and businesses much easier to access.

The Value of IT in Healthcare Advancements in Information Technology

This have led to great healthcare reforms. Many medical offices can now send and get data from doctors that you used to provide electronic medical information. Changes such as this will reduce costs and allow doctors to spend more time on patients than on recording. Improvements in safety of information technology have made the health information safe wherever it is transmitted. In most medical offices, you can even send prescriptions online to local pharmacies.

In addition to changing the amount of paperwork needed in your healthcare department the information technology that a doctor can use for your diagnosis or treatment has been changed. The doctor can use the computer to produce detailed pictures of your organs, images that show changes in the body chemistry and flow of the blood, through a computerized axial tomography (CAT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This can assist in identifying diseases not found by blood testing or other medical tests.

The Importance of Information Technology in Security

With so many online transactions and so much information available online it is important to maintain all this safe. The importance of the information technology in security. Informatics allows the online data to remain secure until the appropriate channels are available. Passwords and authentication prevent your personal digital data from being concealed by the information technology and is only accessible through companies licensed by you.

Recommendations

Technology is driven by information technology and business success is driven by technology. Market technology has the same impact on the industrial revolution as steam. Apparently, any organization that did not benefit from the digital revolution is difficult to imagine. Something like hands and machines in farming. For manufacturing records, financial planning, scientific analysis and recruitment, farmers use computers. Today the equation is clear for business success: drive innovation by IT. But start-ups in every industry first try to find out how to pick insightful IT recruitment. A company will not go far without a backbone of information technology. But if we abuse information technology, we should be aware of the penalty.

Conclusion

Informatics allows companies and people to increase efficiency and performance. Because hardware and computing capacities have developed exponentially, consumers were forced to purchase new technology. World data is now digitized for a day and there is a network of more people and things.

Introduction

The overall purpose of this essay is discussing the importance of effective teamwork in information technology and the computing industry. In order to do this, I will be discussing the following: Eventuality of your work mattering, Unity within the workplace, clear and concise structure, risk taking and feedback as well as personal growth. I will be analysing these highlighted characteristics of effective teamwork in information technology and the computing industry in order to gain a better insight into the importance of effective teamwork and what these characteristics offer to that reasoning. Also, within the essay I will be talking about examples of how teamwork can be perceived as not as effective in its first instance, however, you can change that into being more effective and the resulting success and importance of that.

Eventuality of your work mattering

When you work in Information technology, there is a tendency to either lose sight of the end goal or to not necessarily know what that end goal is as a result of feeling like you are a cog in a wheel of a possibly giant business. The importance that eventuality plays in the importance of effective teamwork within information technology is that “team members think their work matters and creates change” [1]. It is not a leap to expect that if an information technology employee has a clear vision or idea of how their work directly impact either the client they are dealing with or the business they will have greater job satisfaction. Eventuality of your work mattering will also help promote synergy with team members at work by experiencing “mutual support shared goals, cooperation and encouragement” [2]. This explains that not only knowing your role within a business is of a large importance to effective teamwork within information technology, but also, sharing and having common goals with people that you both work with and can relate to will have an impact. This can lead to the sharing of ideas, values installed in the workplace and dependability over a common goal and importance of the impact of the work that you are fostering. Overall, we can infer from this that by having a clear and concise understanding of the work you are doing will help you interact with your team in an effective way that will be mutually beneficial.

Unity within the workplace

This leads us onto the next point of unity within the workplace being an important aspect of effective teamwork in information technology and the computing industry. Unity plays a part in effective teamwork as it encompasses the idea that a united front will work better and more effectively than a dived one. Google researches in the past have studied a variety of subjects in order to better understand them, in one they named “Project Aristotle” [3] they displayed the importance of effective teamwork within information technology. In the original discussion the project “proves how much a great team matters” [4]. They go to great lengths to find out how best to motivate unity with the workplace because is it one of the most importance components of effective teamwork which is shown in information technology. We can also see the contrasting side of this argument which further supports the former point that “when a teamwork environment is not encouraged this can pose many challenges towards achieving the overall goals” [2]. We can infer that unity within the workplace can be seen as a large importance to the idea of effective teamwork in information technology and can be further supported by “the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts” [3] stated by Aristotle and the namesake for this particular Google project.

Clear and concise structure

Another significant part of effective teamwork in information technology and the computer industry is having a clear and concise structure. For teamwork to be as effective and efficient is possible “goals, roles and execution plans” [3] need to have clarity. Without this clarity there would be chaos in its place which would not support effective and efficient teamwork and its importance in information technology. A way of working around this would be by taking individual skills that members of a team poses and utilising them to their full potential. If you are working on a project within information technology, you will need someone with really good communication skills. Although, at the start it might not be apparent that anyone has exceptional communication skills within the group. Effective teamwork will eventually see the promotion of new skills that have previously be underutilised until a member of this team. This general idea is supported in The New York Times Magazine’s article on What Google learned from Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team [4]. “When asked to rate whether the role of the team was clearly understood and whether their work had impact, members of the team gave middling to poor scores” [4]. This apparent discontent and clear lack of clarity is not a way of building effective teamwork in information technology. This shows that the importance of clear and concise structure in information technology and the computing industry is highly important in having an efficient and effective motivated team that know their roles.

Risk taking and feedback

Risk taking and feedback are important components of effective teamwork in information technology and the computing industry. In order to risk take, provide and receive feedback comfortably members of the team need to “feel safe to take risks and be vulnerable in front of each other” [1]. This is the idea that in order to be at your most effective within a team in information technology you need to feel comfortable and confident in sharing your ideas with the team. If you do not feel safe within that group and confident to share these ideas and take risks with your work, then the result could be less productive. It is important that if you feel comfortable within that environment it “allows individuals to brainstorm, collectively which in turn increase their success to problem solve and arrive at solutions more efficiently and effectively” [2]. When talking about the importance of effectiveness you can not understate that, that informs us working together and sharing ideas whilst feeling safe will return greater results than being in an environment where you do not want to feel vulnerable and make mistakes. Therefore, when using effective teamwork in information technology and the computing industry it is important to supplement a range of skills that individuals have while making it “safe to take a risk on this team” [1].

Personal growth

Personal growth is another important part of effective teamwork in information technology and the computing industry. Some examples of effective teamwork with personal growth could be learning from “one another’s mistakes” [2]. It is both important and effective when working as a team to better yourself and each other by learning from these mistakes and arriving into future projects with a better mindset or skillset in order to complete them more efficiently or effectively. Personal growth can be ascertained not only for the sole benefit of yourself but the benefit of the team that you work within. It is important to remember that personal growth and effective teamwork do walk hand in hand and “it’s sometimes easy to forget that success is often built on experiences” [4]. Not everything can be fully functional from the start. Personal growth is important in effective teamwork in information technology and the computing industry as without it you are at the risk of not increasing your skillset and missing out on ways to increase productivity which leads to effective teamwork.

Conclusion

The overall aim of this essay was to determine and discuss the importance of effective teamwork in information technology and the computing industry. In order to discuss the importance of effective teamworking in information technology and the computing industry I have discussed several important aspects such as Eventuality of your work mattering, Unity within the workplace, clear and concise structure, risk taking and feedback as well as personal growth. Throughout this essay we have come to the understanding that without effective teamwork it is hard for both the person part of a team and the person in charge of that team to get the best out of any given situation. There needs to be a clear understanding in what the person needs to get out of the team as well as what is required from that team as without those two aspects the teamwork is ineffective. Generally, when you are part of a team where you have unity, clear structure, personal growth and you can feel vulnerable allowing you to take risks your team will be provided with the most effective work. Overall, we can infer that effective teamwork is important in information technology and the computing industry.

References

1. Google, “Rework with Google,” 13 September 2016. [Online]. Available: https://rework.withgoogle.com/print/guides/5721312655835136/. [Accessed 10 November 2020].
2. S. Wehbe, “Potential,” 31 March 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.potential.com/articles/5-important-reasons-why-teamwork-matters/. [Accessed 09 November 2020].
3. “rework with google,” [Online]. Available: https://rework.withgoogle.com/guides/understanding-team-effectiveness/steps/introduction/. [Accessed 08 November 2020].
4. C. Duhigg, “What Google learned from its quest to build the perfect team,” The New York Times Magazine, 25 February 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/magazine/what-google-learned-from-its-quest-to-build-the-perfect-team.html. [Accessed 08 November 2020].

The explosion in the implementation of technology into every single aspect of healthcare has created a whole new specialty of nursing called ‘nursing informatics’. Nursing informatics can be defined as the integration of technology and information in all aspects of nursing practice that promote (​Hebda, Hunter, & Czar, 2019​). The overall objective of nursing informatics is to improve the quality of patient care and patient outcomes. The persistent growth in healthcare has resulted in nursing informatics basically becoming a necessity, and all nurses have to have a general understanding of it to be effective in the clinical setting. Informatics allows for more control and better decision-making in the clinical setting. It also helps with the management of the healthcare environment on all levels. Nursing informatics has had profound effects on patient care and nursing practice.

Nursing informatics is having a massive impact on today’s clinical practice. Informatics extends beyond just the nurse specialist to the point that nurses use it without realizing it. “In clinical practice, for example, nursing informatics can be used to track patient outcomes, find data trends, and assess workload and interventions” (McGonigle, Hunter, Sipes, & Hebda, 2014, p.324). In high acuity areas, they have telemetry monitors that allow nurses to remotely view the vital signs of critically ill patients. This significantly reduces the workload of the nurse and helps track real-time outcomes. Nurses can interpret and intervene when and if it is needed depending on these remotely viewed vital signs. There is a big push for electronic documentation and most hospitals have transitioned to an electronic documentation system. Some of the electronic documentation systems have alerts that notify the nurse of missed documentation or documentation that needs additional data. Future development of various technologies and career opportunities will further improve and impact nurses in a clinical and informatics capacity.

Nursing informatics is going to carry on saving time, reducing ineffective communication, limiting continuity of care problems, and helping address any potential problems in healthcare. An important way this growth will happen is through the increase in informatics nurse specialists due to the increasing demand seen in today’s market. These career opportunities for nurses make sure that the needs of the healthcare team are present in the innovation of new technologies. These specialists can also help users troubleshoot problems in real-time. The new technologies being developed have the personnel that will be using them as the main focus and should reduce workload and increase productivity. This style of technology development that informatics has helped bring about will have massive effects on patient care for years to come.

Patient care has been one of the major areas that have been affected by nursing informatics. Nursing informatics has implemented a wide degree of technology that aids in the improvement of the quality of care that patients receive. A major way that informatics has improved patient care is through updates to include technology in the safety measures we take. Medication scanners have become mandatory to have attached to the workstation and the nurse has to scan the medication and document that they told their patient their rights. This method of documentation can alert the nurse to allergies that the patient had forgotten or that the nurse was not already aware of. This has reduced medication errors tremendously. The mobile workstation and electronic charting have reduced the time that the nurse spends documenting and has increased the time the nurse has available to teach the patient interventions, educate them, and help them with any of their needs. Documentation from procedural reports to lab results automatically populates into the patient’s chart as soon as they are completed and reviewed by the appropriate personnel. Nursing informatics will always put patient safety and care at the forefront of change.

As technology grows and becomes an even larger presence in healthcare, so will the relationship between the nurse informatics specialist and patient care. Nursing informatics will always maintain a primary goal of patient care and safety. A huge area that this can help is medical errors. They cause a significant amount of deaths every year. Programs that catch many overlooked data points in a patient’s chart can reduce these incidences. “The next step is for information to become knowledge, which is information that the user can relate to other information and can apply to a task or use to reach an informed decision” (McGonigle, Hunter, Sipes, & Hebda, 2014, p.325). The establishment of superior methods of communication between facilities and providers will aid in the continuity of patient care between different facility visits. The implementation of these kinds of programs would revolutionize the care we provide, particularly in nursing. Nursing informatics affects everyone differently depending on how far they are into their career. The more seasoned nurse was taught a vastly different way to complete tasks within their scope of practice while in school. Heather Crowe states: “The second major change noted in my practice is when my employing hospital adopted a computerized charting and order entry system. Gone was the paper charting of my schooling. I was introduced to a world of computers where all information was placed in data fields. I became a data entry professional in addition to being a nurse. With this change, some major benefits were realized immediately. The most memorable to me was. No longer having to interpret handwritten doctor orders and progress notes from all disciplines. I certainly do not miss trying to figure out illegible doctor orders. Gone are the days of having to call the doctor who was insulted that you could not read their order” (2016).

The learning curve between a seasoned nurse and a new graduate nurse is a massive difference, as well as a disadvantage/advantage depending on the side. The seasoned nurse will probably require more training time and help than a new graduate nurse that most likely was already exposed to this in their schooling. Seasoned nurses, as well as other seasoned medical professionals, historically do not do well with change. Some are still trying to adapt to computers becoming an irreplaceable part of healthcare. This is a massive barrier to the implementation of informatics effectively across the board.

The barriers to nursing informatics are not just about the technological side. There is a multitude of barriers that we have to attack and break down. Learning curves of the nurses, computer illiteracy, funding for facilities, and integration of multiple programs to work cohesively. To get these nurses to learn, the hospital needs these up-to-date systems to train them which requires a ton of money. This comes from funding. Along with the funding, the facilities will need a person in charge of coordination for the operation of the technology. The informatics nurse specialist. This person is most often an in-house employee that has experience in informatics. There is an act that is trying to incorporate more technology and informatics into healthcare.

An initiative was formed to help combat the lack of integration of technology into the healthcare system. The Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER) was born. According to Hebda, Hunter, and Czar, “The TIGER initiative brought together nursing stakeholders to develop a shared vision, strategies, and specific actions for improving nursing education, practice, and the delivery of patient care through the use of health-informatics technology” (Hebda, Hunter, & Czar, 2019, p.36). This group is still very much active today, trying to promote growth in healthcare, which incorporates advancements being made in technologies. The group is also a big advocate for the need to change nursing education to include these changes in technology since it has real-world effects on nurses in the workforce today. This initiative raised awareness of the many obstacles that may slow or undermine the growth of nursing informatics.

In conclusion, the overall goal of nursing informatics is to improve the patient’s care and reduce the workload on the nurse so that more time can be spent at the patient’s bedside providing relevant interventions. It directly affects nursing practice and is changing at an explosive rate. The rate is so fast that it is changing on an almost daily basis. There are a lot of barriers to change, as there are to any change in healthcare. Early exposure to students and persistent education to the seasoned clinical staff is of the utmost importance. These are the main factors that we can change now to reduce these barriers. This plan is reinforced by the TIGER initiative’s plan as we discussed earlier. They are a major player in keeping nursing practice up to date and changing to keep up with the best, and making us an example of how nurses can positively affect patient care from an informatics standpoint.

References

1. Crowe, H. (2016). How Has Nursing Informatics Changed My Nursing Practice Since Graduating from Nursing School in 1993? ​Online Journal of Nursing Informatics​, ​20​(2), 5.
2. Hebda, T., Hunter, K., & Czar, P. (2019). ​Handbook of Informatics for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals​. NY, NY: Pearson.
3. McGonigle, D., Hunter, K., Sipes, C., & Hebda, T. (2014). Why Nurses Need to Understand Nursing Informatics. ​AORN Journal, 100​(3), 324-327. doi:10.1016/j.aorn.2014.06.012.

Reducing Wait for Time in Windsor-Essex Regional Hospitals

Executive Summary

This report outlines the profound study of major key factors causing increasing wait time in Windsor Essex region hospitals. Moreover, it provides a unique solution to address problem statements and other related problems. It also explains in what way solutions can improve the current management system of hospitals. At the outset, every individual in Canada is fed up with long wait times for basic healthcare services. An analysis from the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) proclaims wait times for cancer, cataract operations, and knee replacements have increased across the Canadian population since 2015 [1]. The critical instigating factors that affect the wait time of patients differ from hospital to hospital. Furthermore, Deficient employee and available resources management. i.e. few number of specialists available in the hospital compared to the intake of patients on a daily basis. The patient administration system used in individual hospitals also plays a vital role i.e. without having a thorough knowledge of the patient medical conditions it becomes difficult and time-consuming for the doctor to identify diseases and sometimes this can have catastrophic effects on patients’ health. In addition to this, modern health care is expensive and it charges more than many people are happy to pay for, whether through taxation, insurance premiums, or out-of-pocket payments [2]. Moreover, the budget of the individual hospital is also vital to the wait time of patients. Based on the above diagnosis, some solutions and recommendations are suggested to reduce the overall wait time of patients.

The demand for some specific surgery is also variable. Eliminating people who are not in dreadful need of surgery from waiting lists improves access for other individuals. It also avoids the overtreatment of healthy individuals which is widespread in many areas of medical streams. For example, 32 percent of patients waiting for cataract surgery in British Colombia had nearly perfect vision [2]. The low budget of individual hospitals can be resolved by “activity-based funding” i.e. an individual hospital has a considerable number of patients for some particular surgery thus institute funding should emphasize centrally that particular treatment. The budget and timeline for implementing all recommendations in a new solution to improve wait time for patients are also discussed with logical reasoning. Moreover, we have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of this new solution. Introduction North America is suffering from numerous social and environmental problems, such as starvation, healthcare services, protection of human rights, carbon emission, insanitation and illiteracy, enormous resources running to waste, etc. Professor Charles Weiss of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, Washington, said before the meeting of the AAAS (American Association of the Advancement of Science) Consortium for International Programs that science is the solution to all issues mentioned above, and indeed, nobody can now afford to ignore it [3].

Health informatics (HI) is the discipline/tool/method/procedure, which emphasizes on collecting information from multiple sources and analyzing it to generate reliable predictions/patterns/knowledge to support clinical care, medical research, health services administration, and medical institutions [4]. In addition to this, adequate medical records are always needed, when there is an immediate therapeutic action needs to be taken. Considering a scenario, when an ambulance arrives at a scene of an accident after the critical minutes have passed and doctors do not have any medical history about the person. They will only have the option to follow their necessary procedure regardless of the person’s pre-existing medical conditions. This can lead to a dangerous or sometimes life-threatening situation. That is when Health Informatics plays a vital role. Health informatics places between two of the sub-branches The fact that the bionic world is growing rapidly and transforming health care to whole new standards should come as no surprise to anyone. From robotic arms that perform surgery to Nanorobots that deliver drugs through the bloodstream, the days of being tended to by the human country doctor seem to have entirely given way to machines and software more in keeping with the tools [6]. Public health surveillance is one of the sub-branches of health informatics which is the systematic, ongoing collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of data [7]. In the future, for the betterment of public health care, different experts from different disciplines should come together to create an inclusive database of patient illness which includes: The physician, the engineer, the nurse, and probably the essential member the statistician [8]. Which in terms of attempts to offer thoughtful knowledge about a patient’s medical condition and can be used to analyze for the future prediction of a patient’s medical conditions.

Background and Literature Review

At the outset, Every individual from Canada faces a waitlist in all the possible areas of medical healthcare. Physiotherapy specialists measured a median waiting time of 21.2 weeks between an appointment with a general physician and the first time of treatment from the doctor. which is more extensive than the wait of 20.0 weeks stated in 2016. Moreover, in the year of 2017, Researchers’ study for wait time in hospitals reported the longest of all time in medical history; 128 Percent longer compared to the year of 1993 when it was just 9.3 weeks. In addition, the total number of populations waiting for treatment in the year of 2017 was 1,040,791 which is 2.9 percent of the Canadian population on the waitlist of health care [9]. Between General Practitioner and Specialist Consultation to the point of fist time treatment Wait time 6.7 Weeks 8.6 Weeks Nation’s average 10.2 Weeks 10.9 Weeks Specific situation, anticipating serious medical treatment can have a catastrophic effect on patients such as those suffering from serious pain and mental trauma. In certain examples, this can turn physically and mentally well patients into inferior mental conditions for instance transforming potentially reversible illnesses or injuries into chronic, irreversible conditions, or even permanent disabilities. One clear example is patients may also have to forgo their wages while they wait for treatment, resulting in an economic cost to the individuals themselves and the economy in general. The average amount of time expended in the emergency department escalated by 10.9% over the previous years for patients admitted to the hospital. a considerable amount of cancer operations were not completed within the determined recommended wait time. Furthermore, the average time patients waited in an emergency to see a doctor rose slightly over the past year, to 1.5 hours from 1.4 hours.[10]

Canadians reported some of the longest wait times for doctors, specialists, and emergency department visits in compared to citizens in neighboring countries. The majority of Canadian patients experienced difficulty to get primary care doctors for getting their specialized diagnostic tests. Canada continues to accomplish below the international average on 7 out of 8 procedures of appropriate access to health care. Access to emergency hours is also difficult in Canadian hospitals compared with most of the other countries, such as only 1 out of 3 patients being able to receive medical care on weekends or on holidays. More than half of the patients who visit hospitals wait longer than 4 weeks to see a specialist, compared with the international average of 36 percent.[11] Waiting Time Ratio with respect to years Figure 2- Wait Time Ratio with respect to years [12] A sum of $41.3 billion spent by the Canadian federal government over 10 years, which includes $5.5 billion to specifically address wait times in five key areas: Cancer, cardiac, sight restoration, medical imaging (CT and MRIs) and joint replacement [13]. The researchers suggest to implement a National Seniors Strategy which implies seniors need separate support and solutions. This allows hospitals to perform the required actions they needed to look after acutely ill people and perform procedures and surgeries [14].

Statement of Problem

In this era of globalization and modernization, collecting information from various sources and analyzing it to generate reliable predictions is playing an important role these days. however, there is an unfolding healthcare crisis in Ontario that requires serious attention. Specifically, in Windsor-Essex regional hospitals, where even a regular check-up, which is done 3-4 times a month takes a similar amount of waiting time. Moreover, the statistical data of the survey showed that it took almost 60-120 minutes for an appointment. In addition to that, even after waiting for this much time, almost 64% of patients were unsatisfied [15]. Furthermore, without having the patient’s medical background, almost all the time doctors proceed with their training, which could sometimes lead to devastating results [16]. Other problems which can be addressed by the solution, are

• Deficient management of the Workforce
• Inadequate history of medical data
• Lack of knowledge of the medical background of the patients
• Maltreatment of patients
• Better exposure for local specialists
• Improved relations between doctors, patients, and government
• Centralized and transparent system
• Overcome paper-based outdated health care system (i.e. fax)
• Avoiding backlogging of patients
• Digital data available to access 24/7

Requirements and Criteria Requirements

1. Digitalize existing systems of hospitals with highly advanced computers and high-speed broadband internet
2. All clinics, hospitals, and local specialists must be convinced to register in the system and provide the necessary data.
3. powerful Software environment which can handle an abundance amount of data from multiple sources.
4. All new doctors and each individual from the nation have to register their self with the new system
5. The manufacturing cost of the health card should be minimal.
6. the artificially intelligent adaptive algorithm which gets trained by itself with the trends in medical science.
7. Referrals to other clinics or specialists must be feasible enough in accordance with the disease, the patient is carrying.
8. organize seminars and other ways to reach with people of the nation to educate them to understand the new system
9. project needs approval from the ruling government of the nation
10. project requires a large amount of money and a powerful backend workforce

Criteria for success

The offered solution ought to be assessed by the criteria expressed underneath.

1. The downtime of the system must be as minimum as possible.
2. No one should be able to hack or the system should not be vulnerable to inferior individual
3. Each individual should have a thorough understanding of the system
4. Information provided by the customer should be as much as accurate possible
5. The healthcare and healthcare hospital computer software proposed in the solution must be easily acquirable as well as accessible.
6. Both the healthcare card and Software should have to be user friendly

Proposed Solution

Developing a self-assisting powerful backend system with medical health card which has the following key points:

• Efficient backend smart system with the ability to process large numbers of patient’s medical data to assist patients in their bright medical future. In general, the healthcare system will analyze a patient’s medical history to assist patients with the future diseases he/she might face.
• The system will also store data of all the clinics, hospitals, and local specialists, containing available beds, available services, and the number of people waiting for the service. It will allocate the best place that reduces the wait time for the patient.
• The system will conduct a general survey of the individual while he/she is facing some medical difficulties (i.e. Cold fever) to assist patients and help doctors and others by avoiding being on the waitlist.
• The system will prioritize individual patients with their medical difficulties and available specialist to decrease wait time and increase the efficiency of the system.
• The system would be transparent to everyone and each individual such doctor, patient, and government official will be able to access the system at any point in time.
• Patients will be able to book their appointment with the doctor and they can monitor it from anywhere and at any time.
• Patients will get a profound analysis of their medical conditions every month.
• For the front end, a smart medical card, which will store all the data; will have an electronic microprocessor that can be read by a machine to access the backend data.
• The system will conduct feedback from the patient after a certain number of days from the visit date.

Cost and Timeline Cost

This section discusses the cost and timeline of making a new website for reducing waiting time. Although there might be some systems for handling all the medical data and for handling appointments, this chapter focuses on making a new flawless website with the latest platform. The expense of making a new website can be as little as $4000 USD or as large as $2 million USD that depend on requirements as well as platform. It is quite hard to precisely decide the estimation of a new website, particularly just with an ambiguous gauge on what number of clients will be available. Firstly, a set of features should be categorized to reduce the start-up cost. Next, a reasonable business should be established by using this minimalistic set. Lately, additional features should be added while maintaining business growth. An estimate to maintain the moderate website is $25,000 USD in setup and $30,000 USD in annual maintenance. The most expensive feature will be the electronic microprocessor. The cost to implement a chronological sorting feature is around $30 USD [17]. Factors Cost (US$) Setup 160 Design and building 4000 Content creation 500 Website operation training 400 Maintenance 500 Advertisements 50 Personal domain 70 Unlimited bandwidth 80 Thus, the rough estimation cost of creating the new website is $25000 USD to $30000 USD. Moreover, the cost can vary with the change in platform for building the website. Once, the website is properly maintained more features can be added to it which may be expensive.

References

1. http://theconversation.com/how-to-solve-canadas-wait-time-problem-96170
2. https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2018/05/22/how-to-shorten-hospital-wait-times-in canada.html
3. “Linking Science to Economic Development” American Association for the Advancement of Science. [Online]. Available: https://www.aaas.org/archives/linking-science-economic-development. [Accessed: 11-Nov-2018].
4. C. J. Gibson, K. J. Abrams, and T. Pletcher, “Chapter 2 – Health Information Exchange as a Profession,” in Health Information Exchange, B. E. Dixon, Ed. Academic Press, 2016, pp. 21–38.
5. E. H. Shortliffe, “Biomedical Informatics: The Science and the Pragmatics,” in Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine, E. H. Shortliffe and J. J. Cimino, Eds. London: Springer London, 2014, pp. 3–37.
6. “6 Ways Health Informatics Is Transforming Health Care – HIT Consultant,” 02-Mar-2016.
7. “Public Health Surveillance Workforce of the Future.” [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6103a6.htm. [Accessed: 04-Feb-2019].
8. “The Untilled Fields of Public Health on JSTOR.”
9. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/waiting-your-turn-wait-times-for-health-care-in-canada-2017”
10. https://www.hqontario.ca/System-Performance/Yearly-Reports/Past-Yearly-Reports Under Measuring Up 2017 – Full Report (PDF) (https://www.hqontario.ca/portals/0/Documents/pr/measuring-up-2017-en.pdf) page 53”
11. https://www.cihi.ca/en/land/in-focus/perspectives-on-wait-times-in-canada”
12. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/a-retrospective-on-the-fix-for-a-generation/article4096807/
13. http://theconversation.com/how-to-solve-canadas-wait-time-problem-96170
14. “Outpatient clinic waiting times and non-attendance as indicators of quality: Psychology, Health & Medicine: Vol 5, No 3.” [Online]. Available: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713690194?casa_token=LDssW5fghtEAAAAA:5w_KRjzLM_6vo5a7Z70W2CJ9DKb5X5iqFsoGkL1YkrzdPhxexdJXoXFSlfTYBcM2y8F9mI1Vyniz. [Accessed: 05-Feb-2019].
15. “Advance Health Informatics – YouTube.” [Online]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQeJBHpjNqw&list=LLN_K5jMumKZqtpoX3GNwk9A&t=159s&index=2. [Accessed: 05-Feb-2019].
16. WebFX, “How Much Should a Website Cost in 2018?” WebFX. [Online]. Available:https://www.webpagefx.com/How-much-should-web-site-cost.html. [Accessed: 02-Dec-2018].

Labor can be defined as “the amount of physical, mental and social effort used to produce goods and services in our economy” (Amadeo, 2019). According to Warner (2005), the idea of physical and mental labor being separate is untrue and that there is often an overlap of characteristics. With modern day advancements in information technology, the mental process of labor can be transformed into machine process which has proven to have major consequences on the way we live and work today. Mental labor can be distinguished further into two subgroups: ‘universal labor’ and ‘communal labor’ (Warner, 2005). Universal labor is concerned more with the process of mechanizing mental labor by creating the machinery to do so, whilst communal mental labor is to do with the operation of such machinery.

In relation to the theories proposed by Warner (2010), we see that human mental labor can be categorized as ‘semantic labor’ and ‘syntactic labor’. Semantic labor covers the idea of human perception and interpretation of their knowledge, for example, the writing of an essay would be described as a semantically driven piece of mental labor in comparison with syntactic labor, which is aligned more with the processing of patterns, facts and figures for example a mathematical equation. These ideas are paramount to the understanding of the mechanization of the human mental capacity. Hern and Milmo (2015) argue that machines are much better at acting syntactically as opposed to semantically and use the nursing profession as an analogy, saying, “A career like nursing … is the perfect mixture of almost everything a machine finds hard: fine motor skills, specialist knowledge, a wide variety of potential complications”. This analogy suggests that machines do no react well to ever changing environments and is further supported by Searle (1980), who suggested that computer programs “do not provide sufficient conditions of understanding” unless there is a direct correlation or pattern with the data it is given. An example of where syntactic process is useful would be in a large warehouse, e.g., an Amazon store, where all items are given an exact code and this information is stored on an RFID tag, which can easily be scanned in and out of the warehouse. In this case, lots of information including price, location and stock can be determined from the product code which helps staff in the warehouse to process orders. Each member of staff is given a handheld device which prompts them with the orders they must prepare, and the device instructs them on where to find each item. Notifications are tailored to the area of the warehouse the staff are working in and therefore this majorly boosts productivity in comparison to the task being completed humanly (Baraniuk, 2015).

In today’s society it is nigh-on-impossible to get through the day without encountering an example of a process which has changed from being a human clerical role to an automated equivalent. Perhaps one of the most common and well-established examples of this would be the automated teller machine (ATM), which was first introduced in the 1960s (Batiz-Lazo, 2015). Prior to the diffusion of the ATM machine, patrons would have had little other option than to go into a bank to collect or deposit cash, a request would have been made to the bank clerk by giving their bank account number and a form of ID. The bank clerk would then have made a syntactic decision based on the amount of money in the person’s account on whether or not to give out the money. With the ATM machine a person could go to any machine, at any time of the day to collect their money, the machine would make a syntactic decision based on the amount of money in the account which was accessed using a card with a magnetic strip or chip holding account details and required a 4-digit pin to be entered to open it. Despite their relative infancy, it is already becoming clear that this process too is becoming the subject of further mechanization in relation to the roll out of contactless payments, in 2019 alone there was an increase of 88 million contactless payments in the UK between June 2018 and June 2019 (Cherowbrier, 2019), which would indicate a move toward less cash being collected in our society. The rise in contactless payments demonstrates a real increase in productivity in terms of the time taken for transactions to take place. Warner (2010) argues that the replacement of the direct human labor element will in turn speed up the process and therefore be more attractive to consumers.

Through the process of diffusion there has been a significant change in working practices throughout the 21st century. These changes are most noticeable in terms of a switch from manual semantic processes, which require human clerical labor, to machine syntactic processes, which enable the mechanization of industry. As a result of the switch to mechanization the costs associated with maintaining an expensive human workforce have been decreased, Wiener (1954) describes the impact of machine process of being “the direct equivalent of slave labor” and it therefore accepts the same economic conditions of a slave making it a more attractive option to business owners. Carr (2015) further emphasizes this point by stating that “if a robot could work faster, cheaper, or better than its human counterpart, the robot would get the job”, evidence of the cost benefits of a robot are shown in the automobile industry where, on average, a German car worker will earn €34 per hour in comparison with a robot with an operating cost of around €8 per hour (Bowcott, 2017).

Human attitudes towards the mechanization of labor have changed through time to a point where humans now fear that they may lose their jobs to a robot. Bowcott (2017) reported that due to the rise in artificial intelligence and robotics we could soon see a need for “governments to legislate for quotas of human workers” to stop the complete overhaul of the human workforce. Ellingrud (2018) disputes this viewpoint however and claims that despite a perceived replacement of humans, jobs in practices prone to automation such as manufacturing, have actually grown at their quickest rate since 1995. Mahdawi (2017) describes this idea as ‘luddite fallacy’, in reference to a 19th century group of textile workers who destroyed the machinery which rendered their skills redundant. Warner (2010) argues that the increase in machines in the labor force is a positive factor and that they can “speed up processes and enable previously impossible activities”, evidence of this has been found in the medical field with the development of the ‘Da Vinci robot’ in 2000 which is capable of carrying out procedures which to this day are unable to be performed by human hands due to their complexity. Between 2000 and 2014 over two million medical operations had been carried out by these machines citing a revolutionary change in how medicine was and still is practiced (Piesing, 2014).

As discussed, there are only certain forms of labor which are suitable to be transformed into and information technology process. Semantic forms of labor are, as described by Macpherson & Kontos (1979), ‘distinctively human’ and therefore require direct human engagement with their respective processes and are therefore more difficult to compute, in comparison to this, syntactic processes are much better suited to machine computation due to their reliance on data and patterns (Warner, 2010). According to Wasen (2015), it is ‘repetitive work’, which is much more likely to be replaced computationally, which would suggest that roles within manufacturing and agriculture are the most likely to become automated. In terms of my own experiences in the working world I have seen a change in the baking industry where packaging is now completed using a robotic machine as opposed to being packaged by hand as was the case at the start of my tenure there. I was fortunate enough to be placed in a different area of the bakery, however some were not and lost their jobs as a result. This is a clear example of creative destruction within the business and indeed our economy. The robotic machine is able to create the tasks more quickly and at less cost, however people have lost their jobs as a result which holds an ethical implication over its use.

Syntactic processes are often transferred to become machine processes in order to compete in larger and ever-changing marketplace. According to Samii & Karush (2004) information technology has become a ‘strategic tool’ within any large business, and therefore through its use companies can make significant gains on their competitors by utilizing it effectively, i.e., speeding up processes, reducing costs and reducing the impact of human error. It is generally the roles of middle management roles which are under threat to information technology processes in this respect and according to Elliot (2019) there has been a perceived hollowing out of the middle classes. There are however occupations which have so far resisted the transformation to automation due to the demands of their role. Roles which are most likely to resist automation are those which require “genuine creativity, such as being an artist, being a scientist, developing a new business strategy” (Ford, 2017) due to the computer’s inability at this moment in time to be creative, to think on the spot and react to ever changing situations, all of which are important in the aforementioned types of occupations. Marr (2018) writes that jobs requiring ‘soft skills’ such as communication, empathy, creativity, strategic thinking, questioning, and dreaming are those which are at least risk, but stresses that they will become ‘hard currency’ within the job market with the advancements in automated intelligence. When I undergone my placement at Fujitsu UK, I was deployed within the service management department and was able to see the benefit of both automation and of the personal human touch too. In particular, jobs which required face to face interaction with the customer would have been very difficult to automate and had they been so would have caused disruption and affected customer satisfaction. For example, the customer wanted to place an order for new hardware and were pricing several different suppliers and therefore bargaining techniques had to be used on each side to thrash out a deal, this process would have been very difficult to automate and therefore resistant to transfer to information technology.

Management of resources is key to the success of any business and this is no different in terms of how labor is distributed between human semantic work and information technology machine process. The distribution of tasks depends on the type of labor required for the task in hand, for example a role in an office which requires an employee to think and interpret data and respond to customer requests will require intellectual labor, whereas another employee may only be tasked with a more clerical task such as updating a payment spreadsheet. Warner (2010) describes intellectual labor as being “deeply rooted in human understanding” and therefore this type of work demands a higher renumeration package as opposed to an employee carrying out the clerical tsk which requires much less understanding and experience. Due to the differentiation between these roles in terms of salaries and depending on the needs of the business there are normally less employees carrying out intellectual labor tasks in comparison with those carrying out clerical tasks. In terms of the distribution of labor at my placement in Fujitsu there was a clear hierarchy of positions and the number of people within each reflected this. At the bottom of the ‘food chain’ there was the Service Desk, whom provided first line support to users within our infrastructure, these members of staff were paid the least and there was a large turnover of staff members. The work carried out by the team was often automated by the service desk system that was being used to suggest solutions based on what the user was describing on the phone. If the system did no automatically suggest a solution, they could type the symptoms into a large knowledge base and a solution would normally be returned.

In contrast to the Service Desk, there were only two solutions architects, both with over 20 years of experience within the company, their knowledge and experience is more difficult to come by given the skill level and training required to do it and therefore they were entitled to a greater salary. Due to the bespoke nature of the requests that are made by the customer to them there is very little in terms of automation within this role hence the reliance on knowledge and experience. As acknowledged earlier computers are not as useful when it comes to adapting to changing environments, and therefore their automated input is much more useful for the service desk who dealt with similar requests every day such as resetting a user’s password. It is vital that managers utilize information technology efficiently throughout a business to give a ‘competitive advantage’ with their ‘value chain’ (Porter & Miller, 1985) over competitors, however, it is not viable to transfer all work to information technology.

Conclusion

It is clear to see that throughout the last 20 years there has been a shift towards the mechanization of mental labor to the extent that there are jobs which have become extinct and also jobs and industries have been created by it. Through the fast-paced evolution of working processes industries are now able to perform tasks much more efficiently and effectively than in comparison with their previous clerical processes.

There are certain jobs which have been fortunate enough (in the worker’s sense) to avoid automation at this point but there is evidence to suggest that computers are evolving much faster than humans (Sahota, 2018) and this may not be the case for some jobs in the future. The jobs most likely to avoid this though are those jobs which require human intuition and creativity to be successful such as the role of an architect designing bespoke housing (Davis, 2015).

Jobs such as the role of the cashier have not been so fortunate in terms of their likelihood to be automated. Every day we walk into a major supermarket such as Tesco or ASDA we come across self-service checkouts which in some stores can eliminate up to six jobs. We see further evidence of this at airports now with the rise in self-service checking in for flights, although this is much more convenient for consumers.

The changes that have been witnessed as a result of the mechanization of mental labor in terms of working practices can be seen as having had a positive impact overall. Organizations such as Fujitsu, where I worked at, must understand that these innovations will never stop and the only way to keep up with the world around us is to move forward with it. Organizations must not see the evolution of automation as a threat to its personnel, but rather as an opportunity for growth and to champion the idea of creative destruction within the labor market. With the help of computers, we can expect “greater GDP, higher productivity and increased customization of the consumer experience” (Pettinger, 2019), this does not sound like ‘doom and gloom’ to me.

Abstract

When plants and crops are affected by pests it affects the agricultural production of the country. Usually farmers or experts observe the plants with naked eye for detection and identification of disease. But this method can be time processing, expensive and inaccurate. Automatic detection using image processing techniques provide fast and accurate results. This project is concerned with a new approach to the development of plant disease recognition model, based on leaf image classification, by the use of deep convolutional networks. Advances in computer vision present an opportunity to expand and enhance the practice of precise plant protection and extend the market of computer vision applications in the field of precision agriculture. Novel way of training and the methodology used facilitate a quick and easy system implementation in practice. This method paper is a new approach in detecting plant diseases using the deep convolutional neural network trained and fine -tuned to fit accurately to the database of a plant’s leaves that was gathered independently for diverse plant diseases. The advance and novelty of the developed model lie in its simplicity; healthy leaves and background images are in line with other classes, enabling the model to distinguish between diseased leaves and healthy ones or from the environment by using deep CNN.

INTRODUCTION

One of the important sectors of Indian Economy is Agriculture. Employment to almost 60% of the countries workforce is provided by Indian agriculture sector. India is known to be the world’s largest producer of pulses, rice, wheat, spices and spice products. Farmer’s economic growth depends on the quality of the products that they produce, which relies on the plant’s plays an instrumental role. Plants are highly prone to diseases that affect the growth of the plant which in turn affects the ecology of the farmer. In order to detect a plant disease at very initial stage, use of automatic disease detection technique is advantageous. The symptoms of plant diseases are conspicuous in different parts of a plant such as leaves, etc. Manual detection of plant disease using leaf images is a tedious job. Hence, it is required to develop computational methods which will make the process of disease detection and classification using leaf images automatic.

RELATED WORK

Paper [1] : presents classification and detection techniques that can be used for plant leaf disease classification. Here preprocess is done before feature extraction. RGB images are converted into white and then converted into grey level image to extract the image of vein from each leaf. Then basic Morphological functions are applied on the image. The image is converted into binary image. After that if binary pixel value is 0 its converted to corresponding RGB image value. Finally by using pearson correlation and Dominating feature set and Naïve Bayesian classifier disease is detected.

Paper [2]: there are four steps. Out of them the first one is gathering image from several part of the country for training and testing. Second part is applying Gaussian filter is used to remove all the noise and thresholding is done to get the all green color component. K-means clustering is used for segmentation. All RGB images are converted into HSV for extracting feature.

Paper [3]: presents the technique of detecting jute plant disease using image processing. Image is captured and then it is realized to match the size of the image to be stored in the database. Then the image is enhanced in quality and noises are removed. Hue based segmentation is applied on the image with customized thresholding formula. Then the image is converted into HSV from RGB as it helps extracting region of interest. This approach proposed can significantly support detecting stem oriented diseases for jute plant.

Paper [4]: The problem of efficient plant disease protection is closely related to the problems of sustainable agriculture Inexperienced pesticide usage can cause the development of long-term resistance of the pathogens, severely reducing the ability to fight back. Timely and accurate diagnosis of plant diseases is one of the pillars of precision agriculture. It is crucial to prevent unnecessary waste of financial and other resources, thus achieving healthier production in this changing environment, appropriate and timely disease identification including early prevention has never been more important.

Paper[5]: Modern technologies have given human society the ability to produce enough food to meet the demand of more than 7 billion people. However, food security remains threatened by a number of factors including climate change, the decline in pollinators, plant diseases, and others. Plant diseases are not only a threat to food security at the global scale, but can also have disastrous consequences for small-holder farmers whose livelihoods depend on healthy crops.

Paper [6]: Agriculture has become much more than simply a means to feed ever growing populations. However, plant diseases are threatening the livelihood of this important source. Plant diseases cause major production and economic losses in agriculture and forestry. For example, soybean rust (a fungal disease in soybeans) has caused a significant economic loss and just by removing 20% of the infection, the farmers may benefit with an approximately 11 million-dollar profit.

Paper [7]: The methodology includes image acquisition, image preprocessing, feature extraction with Gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and finally classified with two types: Unsupervised classification and supervised classification.

Paper [8]: RGB images are converted into gray scale image using color conversion. Various enhancement techniques like histogram equalization and contrast adjustment are used for image quality enhancement. Different types of classification features like SVM, ANN, FUZZY classification are used here. Feature extract6ion uses different types of feature values like texture feature, structure feature and geometric feature. By using ANN and FUZZY classification, it can identify the disease of the paddy plant.

Paper [9]: The proposed work involves four modules: Image collection, Feature extraction, diseased plant leaves classification and Performance evaluation.

Paper [10]: image processing technique are used to detect the citrus leaf disease. This system includes: Image preprocessing, segmentation of the leaf using K-means clustering to determine the diseased areas, feature extraction and classification of disease. Uses Gray-Level Co-Occurrence matrix (GLCM) for feature extraction and classification is done using support vector machine (SVM).

CONCLUSION

This paper gives the survey on different disease classification methods that can be used for leaf disease detection and techniques used for automatic detection as well as classification of plant leaf diseases has been described later. Jute, Grape, Paddy, okra are some of those species on which the algorithms and methods were tested. Therefore, related diseases for these plants were taken for identification. With very less computational efforts the optimum results were obtained which also shows the efficiency of algorithm in recognition and classification of the leaf diseases. Another advantage of using these methods is that the plant diseases can be identified at early stage or the initial stage. To improve recognition rate in classification process Artificial Neural Network, Bayes Classifier, Fuzzy Logic and hybrid algorithms can also be used.

REFERENCES

1. Dhiman Mondal, Dipak Kumar Kole, Aruna Chakraborty, D. Dutta Majumder’ Detection and Classification Technique of Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus Disease in Okra Leaf Imagesusing Leaf Vein Extraction and Naive Bayesian Classifier., 2015, International Conference on Soft Computing Techniques and Implementations- (ICSCTI) Department of ECE, FET, MRIU, Faridabad, India, Oct 8-10, 2015.
2. Pranjali B. Padol, Prof. AnjilA.Yadav, ‘SVM Classifier Based Grape Leaf Disease Detection’ 2016 Conference on Advances in Signal Processing(CAPS) Cummins college of Engineering for Women, Pune. June 9-11, 2016.
3. Detecting jute plant disease using image processing and machine learning 2016 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT)
4. Aakanksha Rastogi, Ritika Arora, Shanu Sharma, “Leaf Disease Detection and Grading using Computer Vision Technology &Fuzzy Logic,” presented at the 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), IEEE, 2015, pp. 500–505.
5. Garima Tripathi, Jagruti Save, “AN IMAGE PROCESSING AND NEURAL NETWORK BASED APPROACH FOR DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT LEAF DISEASES,” Int. J. Comput. Eng. Technol. IJCET, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 14–20, Apr. 2015.
6. S. Arivazhagan, R. Newlin Shebiah, S. Ananthi, S. Vishnu Varthini, “Detection of unhealthy region of plant leaves and classification of plant leaf diseases using texture features,” Agric Eng Int CIGR J., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 211–217, Mar. 2013.
7. Ms.Poojapawer ,Dr.varshaTukar, prof.parvinpatil ‘Cucumber Disease detection using artificial neural network’
8. Detection and measurement of paddy leaf disease symptoms using image processing
9. K. Muthukannan, P. Latha, R. PonSelvi and P. Nisha, “CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASED PLANT LEAVES USING NEURAL NETW ORK ALGORITHMS,” ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1913–1918, Mar. 2015.
10. Detection of leaf diseases and classification using digital image processing2017 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS)

Information technology for business. Company name – Nestle

This assignment illustrates information security breaches with the help of recent articles and news. However, in this report we will study about business or company uses IT, the importance of information technology in business survival, requirements of information technology for applying in business-like, planning, designing, equipment, etc., business uses information technology for internal or externally, the benefits of information technology in the business, type of risks by the information technology in the business and maintaining and monitoring of international technology in the business.

Introduction:-

Nestle is a multinational company that deals in the food and beverage industry. Nestle was funded in 1866, by Henri Nestlé in the Vevey, Switzerland. The first product of the company was a combination of sugar, milk, and flour with a good formulation which was named Farine Lactee. However, this product was first used on a baby who could not tolerate his mother’s milk. Nestle came to Australia in 1906 and the first factory was made in South East Queensland. The purpose of the company is to improve the quality of life and to make the healthier world. Furthermore, for customers’ health, the company provides quality, safe, and perfectly nutritious foods to meet the physiological needs of the consumers and provides different types of tests. For the proper running of the business, the company needs information technology for some factors like planning, designing, manufacturing, cost, etc., So information technology plays an important role in the Nestle company. It is the process of storing information and data, retrieving, transmitting, and manipulating data in computers, frequently in the circumstance of a business or enterprise. Approximately in this era all businesses and companies use information technology to store previous data and information for more profits and for better running of the business.

Need of IT in business:-

In this advanced world, every company needs information technology and Nestle also uses the information technology. However, there are many tasks that are done by the use of IT. To use long-term business opportunities Nestle focused on using present information technology in the Australian market. To get smooth operations and increase the sales by civilizing its efficiency of packaging company take help of the information technology. Through the use of information technology, the company got various new technological capabilities. The company uses the information and ideas of other companies which can be found on the internet for making new products more innovative and to add new features to products. Nestle takes the help of its website for calling attention to customer-related information, the company used advanced information from IT means to make its strategy grow around the world. One privacy policy was made by Nestle in Australia which kept the personal information of the customer secure. The information system is used to create value, create trust among customers, ensure that the highest standards are met throughout the organization, recruit of right people and ongoing training and development, and continue to maintain its commitment.

Importance of IT for business survival:-

Information technology is the main part of all companies. However, IT systems lead companies to better profit and help to save important information which can be important in the present and future, also helps to make a good relationship between the company and consumers. Nestle has an extensive portfolio, in this digital era, a company depends on the information system and technologies as we do supply chain networks. Implementing and maintaining is not only the responsibility of the specialists of the company, they also have to develop new solutions to connect consumers with the company. Any business can get several types of benefits from the use of technology for protecting financial data, intimate executive decisions, and other exclusive information that leads to many advantages. However, it also helps to keep the important information and ideas of the company away from other companies or competitors. Nestle’s system gives the vital edge to critical or most complex functions of business covering all things to manufacturing, human resources, finance, and sales. The use of information technology makes the company more flexible, which provides business with fast action ability for speedy variation in the market environment, at the same time maintaining high standards of execution and internal obedience. Nestle information technology teams carry out the unnecessary cost and complexity and hard problem solutions.

Use of IT in business (internally, externally):-

Every company needs a good information system Nestle also uses information technology for effective working. However, Nestle uses internal as well as external information, internally is like, employees, and externally is like suppliers & consumers. Some organizations are more externally-oriented drawing on publications, universities, consultants, customers, etc. Others are more internally-oriented, like making exclusive experiences and understanding which competitors can’t match. However, information which is collected by the research was done with the help of employees at Nestle Middle East and also from other resources like the internet, case studies, and articles. The company also consults with the concerned employees from time to time, who share their comments and feedback. Nestle work with its employees to assemble detailed social plans to alleviate the impact of the reform for the people concerned.

To minimize the problems and increase efficiency Nestle uses the following information technology systems:-

1. Enterprise resource planning(ERP)
2. Manufacturing executive system (MES)
3. Product lifecycle management (PLM)
4. Supply chain management (SCM)

Enterprise resource planning: It regulates and organize information system, combine all departments and functions into one computer system, and put together and automate lots of business practices.

Functions of Manufacturing executive system (MES):- Resource scheduling, Product quality, Management for overall equipment effectiveness, Order execution and dispatch, and Production analysis.

Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the course of managing the whole lifecycle of a product from the beginning, through engineering design and manufacture, to the service and disposal of manufactured products.

Product lifecycle of Nestle: Sustainability by design, Identifying and addressing environmental hotspots, Mandatory rating system, Environmental life cycle of products, managing environmental sustainability, Promoting access to data.

Nestle is also dedicated to adding $80 million to be spent on consulting, maintenance, and upgrades like, Reducing overstocking, Data sharing, Keeping track of customer orders, Enables group buying of materials.

Benefits and advantages of IT in business:-

Ans. Any business can get several types of benefits from the use of technology for protecting financial data, intimate executive decisions, and other exclusive information that leads to many advantages. However, it also helps to keep the important information and ideas of the company away from other companies or competitors. Nestle’s system gives the vital edge to critical or most complex functions of business covering all things to manufacturing, human resources, finance, and sales. The use of information technology makes the company more flexible, which provides businesses with fast action ability for speedy variation in the market environment, at the same time maintaining high standards of execution and internal obedience. Nestle focuses on rearranging parts of its IT to get more benefits from existing technology hubs in Spain and other locations. However, this speed up its digital transformation and there is more quick response to technology change. The company aims to access wider digital skills and to benefit from IT innovation. These actions would also improve Nestlé’s operational success. Over the next 18 months, this reform could decrease of up to 500 IT positions in Switzerland.

Risks in business by the use of IT:-

Management of Nestle faces many problems before having a sound management information system like, Avoid serious customization, the contribution of the right persons from the start, low understanding of workers to the new system, Failure to integrate various modules, Training employees throughout the project, At first project decide not to use SAP’s supply chain software because that module was brand new and appeared to be risky. For using personal information there are privacy policy strict rules which users have to follow to use the information, however, this was the main issue for the company and this issue also happens when the company operates through its social networking sites. To get customer information from third parties company has to follow the customer credit applications. In Australia Nestle have more than 5 laces of suppliers in the distribution process, it’s become too hard to manage the information database of suppliers and it becomes messy and complicated. To overcome this issue company started upgrading the quality of data. Furthermore, the company started maintaining its IT system with new software like SAP, which provided many changes in the company’s processing. The taste of LC-1 was liked by the consumers in France but research shows that consumers didn’t repurchase yogurt because DONONE product tests better. There is massive competition faced by the company from organized and unorganized fields. Rising prices of raw materials and fuels increased the cost of packaging and manufacturing. Training or user education is another problem the IT function faces when maintaining and upgrading this current infrastructure.

Maintaining and monitoring of information technology:-

Maintaining IT:-

Maintaining is to take care of the present technology, and to update and modify the past technology with more efficient technology. However, an impact analysis is performed, code and other parts of the IT system are modified, testing is performed, and a new version of the IT product is released for better and more efficient working of the system. Training and other daily actions which are used to provide support also come under maintenance. Some main IT maintenance activities are Process implementation, Problem and modification analysis, Modification implementation, and Maintenance review. Three main techniques are used in software maintenance:

1. Program Comprehension: is used to develop tools and training.
2. Re-engineering: is the adjustment of a software system, generally to add new functionality, or to correct errors.
3. Reverse Engineering: is used to make a new system with improved functioning and adapt to the hardware and software quality limitations.

Monitoring of IT:-

Monitoring is the regular observation and recording of activities taking place in a project or program. It is a process of normally collecting information on all features of the project. Business activity monitoring is the use of technology to analyze critical prospects and hazards in an enterprise to maximize profitability and optimize efficiency. Nestle was the first international food company to organize a satellite-based monitoring system in 2018. However, the 100% palm oil supply chain was monitored all around the world from the sky. With the help of satellite monitoring company can act rapidly and effectively, the company can see if there is something erroneous situation, and the company is more translucent. The company considers that there is strong internet monitoring of our ethics through corporate auditor’s methods. Furthermore, there is a more developed quality assurance system for areas like food safety and the environment.

Conclusion:-

1. https://www.slideshare.net/openinnovation/visions-missions-of-fortune-global-100/53-NestleVisionTo_bring_consumers_foods_that
2. https://www.nestle.in/aboutus
3. https://australianassignmenthelp.com/nestle-case-study
4. https://www.nestle.com.au/careers/our-business/technology
5. https://www.nestle-esar.com/careers/experience_professional/information-technology
6. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/develop-a-knowledge-management-strategy-for-nestle-information-technology
7. https://www.nestle.com/media/pressreleases/allpressreleases/nestle-reorganization-global-information-technology-activities
8. https://www.slideshare.net/abrsimple/nestle-62543881
9. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/strategic-business-management-and-planning-of-nestle-marketing-essay.php

Information technology for business. Company name – Nestle

This assignment illustrates information security breaches with the help of recent articles and news. However, in this report we will study about business or company uses IT, the importance of information technology in business survival, requirements of information technology for applying in business-like, planning, designing, equipment, etc., business uses information technology for internal or externally, the benefits of information technology in the business, type of risks by the information technology in the business and maintaining and monitoring of international technology in the business.

Introduction:-

Nestle is a multinational company that deals in the food and beverage industry. Nestle was funded in 1866, by Henri Nestlé in the Vevey, Switzerland. The first product of the company was a combination of sugar, milk, and flour with a good formulation which was named Farine Lactee. However, this product was first used on a baby who could not tolerate his mother’s milk. Nestle came to Australia in 1906 and the first factory was made in South East Queensland. The purpose of the company is to improve the quality of life and to make the healthier world. Furthermore, for customers’ health, the company provides quality, safe, and perfectly nutritious foods to meet the physiological needs of the consumers and provides different types of tests. For the proper running of the business, the company needs information technology for some factors like planning, designing, manufacturing, cost, etc., So information technology plays an important role in the Nestle company. It is the process of storing information and data, retrieving, transmitting, and manipulating data in computers, frequently in the circumstance of a business or enterprise. Approximately in this era all businesses and companies use information technology to store previous data and information for more profits and for better running of the business.

Need of IT in business:-

In this advanced world, every company needs information technology and Nestle also uses the information technology. However, there are many tasks that are done by the use of IT. To use long-term business opportunities Nestle focused on using present information technology in the Australian market. To get smooth operations and increase the sales by civilizing its efficiency of packaging company take help of the information technology. Through the use of information technology, the company got various new technological capabilities. The company uses the information and ideas of other companies which can be found on the internet for making new products more innovative and to add new features to products. Nestle takes the help of its website for calling attention to customer-related information, the company used advanced information from IT means to make its strategy grow around the world. One privacy policy was made by Nestle in Australia which kept the personal information of the customer secure. The information system is used to create value, create trust among customers, ensure that the highest standards are met throughout the organization, recruit of right people and ongoing training and development, and continue to maintain its commitment.

Importance of IT for business survival:-

Information technology is the main part of all companies. However, IT systems lead companies to better profit and help to save important information which can be important in the present and future, also helps to make a good relationship between the company and consumers. Nestle has an extensive portfolio, in this digital era, a company depends on the information system and technologies as we do supply chain networks. Implementing and maintaining is not only the responsibility of the specialists of the company, they also have to develop new solutions to connect consumers with the company. Any business can get several types of benefits from the use of technology for protecting financial data, intimate executive decisions, and other exclusive information that leads to many advantages. However, it also helps to keep the important information and ideas of the company away from other companies or competitors. Nestle’s system gives the vital edge to critical or most complex functions of business covering all things to manufacturing, human resources, finance, and sales. The use of information technology makes the company more flexible, which provides business with fast action ability for speedy variation in the market environment, at the same time maintaining high standards of execution and internal obedience. Nestle information technology teams carry out the unnecessary cost and complexity and hard problem solutions.

Use of IT in business (internally, externally):-

Every company needs a good information system Nestle also uses information technology for effective working. However, Nestle uses internal as well as external information, internally is like, employees, and externally is like suppliers & consumers. Some organizations are more externally-oriented drawing on publications, universities, consultants, customers, etc. Others are more internally-oriented, like making exclusive experiences and understanding which competitors can’t match. However, information which is collected by the research was done with the help of employees at Nestle Middle East and also from other resources like the internet, case studies, and articles. The company also consults with the concerned employees from time to time, who share their comments and feedback. Nestle work with its employees to assemble detailed social plans to alleviate the impact of the reform for the people concerned.

To minimize the problems and increase efficiency Nestle uses the following information technology systems:-

1. Enterprise resource planning(ERP)
2. Manufacturing executive system (MES)
3. Product lifecycle management (PLM)
4. Supply chain management (SCM)

Enterprise resource planning: It regulates and organize information system, combine all departments and functions into one computer system, and put together and automate lots of business practices.

Functions of Manufacturing executive system (MES):- Resource scheduling, Product quality, Management for overall equipment effectiveness, Order execution and dispatch, and Production analysis.

Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the course of managing the whole lifecycle of a product from the beginning, through engineering design and manufacture, to the service and disposal of manufactured products.

Product lifecycle of Nestle: Sustainability by design, Identifying and addressing environmental hotspots, Mandatory rating system, Environmental life cycle of products, managing environmental sustainability, Promoting access to data.

Nestle is also dedicated to adding $80 million to be spent on consulting, maintenance, and upgrades like, Reducing overstocking, Data sharing, Keeping track of customer orders, Enables group buying of materials.

Benefits and advantages of IT in business:-

Ans. Any business can get several types of benefits from the use of technology for protecting financial data, intimate executive decisions, and other exclusive information that leads to many advantages. However, it also helps to keep the important information and ideas of the company away from other companies or competitors. Nestle’s system gives the vital edge to critical or most complex functions of business covering all things to manufacturing, human resources, finance, and sales. The use of information technology makes the company more flexible, which provides businesses with fast action ability for speedy variation in the market environment, at the same time maintaining high standards of execution and internal obedience. Nestle focuses on rearranging parts of its IT to get more benefits from existing technology hubs in Spain and other locations. However, this speed up its digital transformation and there is more quick response to technology change. The company aims to access wider digital skills and to benefit from IT innovation. These actions would also improve Nestlé’s operational success. Over the next 18 months, this reform could decrease of up to 500 IT positions in Switzerland.

Risks in business by the use of IT:-

Management of Nestle faces many problems before having a sound management information system like, Avoid serious customization, the contribution of the right persons from the start, low understanding of workers to the new system, Failure to integrate various modules, Training employees throughout the project, At first project decide not to use SAP’s supply chain software because that module was brand new and appeared to be risky. For using personal information there are privacy policy strict rules which users have to follow to use the information, however, this was the main issue for the company and this issue also happens when the company operates through its social networking sites. To get customer information from third parties company has to follow the customer credit applications. In Australia Nestle have more than 5 laces of suppliers in the distribution process, it’s become too hard to manage the information database of suppliers and it becomes messy and complicated. To overcome this issue company started upgrading the quality of data. Furthermore, the company started maintaining its IT system with new software like SAP, which provided many changes in the company’s processing. The taste of LC-1 was liked by the consumers in France but research shows that consumers didn’t repurchase yogurt because DONONE product tests better. There is massive competition faced by the company from organized and unorganized fields. Rising prices of raw materials and fuels increased the cost of packaging and manufacturing. Training or user education is another problem the IT function faces when maintaining and upgrading this current infrastructure.

Maintaining and monitoring of information technology:-

Maintaining IT:-

Maintaining is to take care of the present technology, and to update and modify the past technology with more efficient technology. However, an impact analysis is performed, code and other parts of the IT system are modified, testing is performed, and a new version of the IT product is released for better and more efficient working of the system. Training and other daily actions which are used to provide support also come under maintenance. Some main IT maintenance activities are Process implementation, Problem and modification analysis, Modification implementation, and Maintenance review. Three main techniques are used in software maintenance:

1. Program Comprehension: is used to develop tools and training.
2. Re-engineering: is the adjustment of a software system, generally to add new functionality, or to correct errors.
3. Reverse Engineering: is used to make a new system with improved functioning and adapt to the hardware and software quality limitations.

Monitoring of IT:-

Monitoring is the regular observation and recording of activities taking place in a project or program. It is a process of normally collecting information on all features of the project. Business activity monitoring is the use of technology to analyze critical prospects and hazards in an enterprise to maximize profitability and optimize efficiency. Nestle was the first international food company to organize a satellite-based monitoring system in 2018. However, the 100% palm oil supply chain was monitored all around the world from the sky. With the help of satellite monitoring company can act rapidly and effectively, the company can see if there is something erroneous situation, and the company is more translucent. The company considers that there is strong internet monitoring of our ethics through corporate auditor’s methods. Furthermore, there is a more developed quality assurance system for areas like food safety and the environment.

Conclusion:-

1. https://www.slideshare.net/openinnovation/visions-missions-of-fortune-global-100/53-NestleVisionTo_bring_consumers_foods_that
2. https://www.nestle.in/aboutus
3. https://australianassignmenthelp.com/nestle-case-study
4. https://www.nestle.com.au/careers/our-business/technology
5. https://www.nestle-esar.com/careers/experience_professional/information-technology
6. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/information-technology/develop-a-knowledge-management-strategy-for-nestle-information-technology
7. https://www.nestle.com/media/pressreleases/allpressreleases/nestle-reorganization-global-information-technology-activities
8. https://www.slideshare.net/abrsimple/nestle-62543881
9. https://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/strategic-business-management-and-planning-of-nestle-marketing-essay.php

The various shared resource materials have presented a detailed insight into the birth, development, and changes in multimedia and how it continues to refine and influence today’s communication landscape and human interaction activities.

Multimedia is defined as media content that is made by combining two or more forms of media such as text, audio, images, animations, and videos, which are delivered electronically and can be consumed and enjoyed using electronic information processing devices. Audiences may view multimedia presentations on-site, using projection devices and media players. Moreover, we also have multimedia games and simulations that can happen in the physical environment or online network.

Multimedia is broadly divided into two categories. Linear multimedia content, such as cinema, often progresses without needing any navigational control from viewers while non-linear content, such as video games, uses interactivity from users.

Since its introduction, multimedia content has continued to be widely used in various areas and industries. Creative industries heavily use multimedia for a variety of purposes. Multimedia is widely used as a tool in commercial marketing and advertising strategies while entertainment media relies on multimedia content in keeping relevant to audiences and discovering and introducing new and exciting techniques and ways of bringing media content to viewers.

Multimedia contents are now also becoming an innovative and effective tool in education. Because of multimedia, computer-based training courses are now becoming a trend, academic references are now accessible online, and learning is now easy because interactive content that aims to educate can be now easily found such as edutainment and video tutorials.

Multimedia is also now a big part of journalism. Broadsheets and news outlets are now utilizing multimedia for fast and wider reach. And with mobile phones with many features at hand, journalists, and even the so-called mobile journalist, can now cover and report the news. This, along with its applications to other fields such as engineering, mathematical and scientific research, and medicine, shows the role and importance of multimedia in the society that we know today.

Concepts and terms related to multimedia include hypertext, a text that links the users to the pool of interconnected information. Hypermedia, on the other hand, works in the same principle but employs multiple forms of media such as graphics, images, sounds, and videos and can be presented together. The best example of hypermedia is the World Wide Web. Both hypertext and hypermedia allow users to interactively navigate the multimedia product.

Multimedia materials also allow interactivity, or the two-way interaction with either in-between multimedia contents, multimedia devices, or multimedia users, as opposed to non-responsive, one-way communication media such as TV and videos. Input pertains to any activities or actions that come from the users. Interactivity outputs include displayed images and texts, printouts, motion video sequences, and sounds. Interactivity is necessary for a multimedia product to be usable because control is given to the user to navigate and find the way around.

This interactivity feature of multimedia is heavily featured in the World Wide Web. Evolution in the World Wide Web has also changed the interactivity dynamics and characteristics of this platform. The worldwide web that we have access to right now has undergone major changes and development across the years. New features and functionalities are being introduced and the existing ones are either removed or refined every time the web evolves.

Web 1.0 allows computers to form networks with each other. The main highlights of the web during this phase are search engines such as Yahoo, which are still static and read-only back then. Interaction among internet users was introduced during the Web 2.0 era when “read-write” websites such as blogs and social media were developed. Web 2.0 facilitated content creation, sharing, and collaboration among users. The most prominent websites introduced during this phase are Facebook and Wikipedia and websites that allow inquiry-seeking and answering and discussion forums.

Web 3.0 is known as the semantic web and where the mobile web emerged. Information is enriched and standardized systems, languages, publications, and tools are developed. Various data items are combined together to create context and give meaning to the information set. Various 3D virtual and interspatial applications also emerged. The experience becomes more audience-center and offers a wide range of functionalities and features. On the other hand, there has been discussion on what Web 4.0 could be with some experts comparing it to the human brain because of the much smarter, user-centered, and rich information it may offer to audiences.

One of the offshoots of the emergence and recent development of the web is the proliferation of social networking sites and their users. Social media facilitates the creation and sharing of information, and ideas from one person to many and is done through virtual communities and networks. Social media is filled with content generated by users such as text messages, digital photos, and videos. Social media is designed and maintained by social media organizations and these websites or applications allow users to be creative and specific in making their profiles and identities as much as they want to appear on the platform. Moreover, social networks are forms within the online space where individuals, with their user profile, can connect with other individuals or groups.

Unlike paper-based media and traditional electronic media which operate in a mono-logic transmission model or one source to many receivers, social media operates in the dialogic transmission system or many sources to many receivers. Social media has 13 types, these are blogs, business networks, collaborative projects, enterprise social networks, forums, microblogs, photo sharing, products/service reviews, social bookmarking, social gaming, social networks, video sharing, and virtual networks. And with the advent of smartphones and tablet computers, accessing social media now becomes easier.

Since its introduction to internet users, the number of social media users around the world continues to escalate every year. As of 2019, there are about 3 billion social media users. Most popular networks include Facebook, Youtube, messaging apps such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, WeChat, and the photo-video sharing platform Instagram.

Introduction

Information Technology is the way forward for any organization that is trying to stay ahead in the market. This applies to all the departments within a given company. This may range from production, human resource, and even accounts. It gives a platform for organization, efficiency, and easy accessibility. The above advantages and many others will be explained in the later sections of the essay. (Zvi, 1994).

Advantages in the Human Resource Department

Information technology through the internet facilitates communication between two parties who may be separated by miles and miles. This means that even if the head of the Human resource department is away, he or she can be able to convey information without leaving the confines of their location. People in the department can also be able to access ideas that are not available in the company. This means that the company can become more unified as there will be coordination through these various departments.

IT will enable the HR department to save on time because it will be able to focus more of its energy on the generation of ideas rather than input, processing, and storage of data. This will all be done by IT. The advantage of this is that it will help boost the productivity of the department because members of the team will see that they do not have to spend too much of their time manually and yet have very little to show for it. This increases their morale and will therefore increase profits for the company.

Before this system will be put in place, individuals think that it will improve their working hours and they would not have to spend most of their time commuting from home to work. On the contrary, people will now spend more of their time working especially where pay is directly related to the input. This is because it will be possible to work at home and employees who have their work with them at home can hardly avoid the temptation to work for long hours.

The human resource department looks into the development of new ideas that motivate workers in the whole company. This means that the department must examine the product of the various departments that exist in a company. This means that it is possible to monitor progress within various categories through IT and hence come up with better strategies to boost sales in the Company. (Chris, 2006)

The company could also experience some problems in its running especially when private information that is highly sensitive is accessed. This implies that some information or company secrets can be accessed. This will bring about a drug in the profits gained by a given company because this will eliminate any competitive edge which a particular industry had over others; their trade secrets have been discovered.

Conclusion

IT will enable the Human resource department to improve its efficiency as a result of many reasons. Some of these include; coordination of interdepartmental activities which is a crucial role for any human resource department. IT will also increase the productivity of individuals because they can save on time and resources that they would have spent when trying to store or access data. It will also cause an increase in the generation of ideas because communication will be enabled through the internet. Lastly, it will facilitate information transmission between management in the department and other members of the team.

Reference

Chris, F. (2006): Diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies to Business; Handbook of Information Systems, Economics and Information Systems.

Zvi, G. (1994): Productivity, R&D, and the Data Constraint; journal of American Economic Review.