Category: Inequality

Abstract

Systemic and deep-rooted racism has considerably contributed to the durability of race-based gaps that can be explicitly demonstrated in various socioeconomic indicators, including employment, family income, poverty, criminal involvement and justice, and healthcare delivery. Moreover, recent incidents of police brutality against the Black, especially George Floyds and Breonna Taylors tragic deaths, have repeatedly come under the national spotlight. This paper aims to research racial inequality and hostile police attitudes towards the black population in the United States.

Inequalities

In the US, the Black still experience the highest pressure caused by racial disparities in all fields of human activity. In particular, due to the colossal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social wellbeing, this issue has become the most noticeable and actual in the healthcare sector. According to APM Research Lab Staff (2020), while mortality among White Americans comprises around 61.7 deaths per 100,000, Black Americans mortality achieves 114.3 per 100,000, the highest factual COVID-19 mortality. Such an alarming situation primarily stems from restricted healthcare access, inferior quality medical service, and widespread physician biases towards the black population. Besides, Garcia et al. (2020) indicate that considering the Blacks unemployment and overrepresentation in low-income jobs, this minority is less likely than Whites to have employer-delivered health insurance. For example, as of April 2020, 1 in 2.5 Black adults were temporally furloughed or unemployed (Lee et al., 2020). As a result, many black Americans remain uninsured, sometimes, during their whole life, which creates significant barriers to accessing medical care.

Police Brutality

The situation related to police brutality and the justice system is also highly complicated. According to the National Academy of Sciences, it has been revealed that 1 in 1,000 Black men and children may be murdered by the police during their lives (Lee et al., 2020). Furthermore, the likelihood for Black males to be killed by police is 2.5 times more than white males (Lee et al., 2020). Regarding criminal justice, one research revealed that people with the most distinguishing Afrocentric traits obtained more severe sentences than their counterparts with less notable Afrocentric features (Understanding implicit bias, n.d.). Therefore, these statistics exhibit acute problems stipulated by racial disparity that still exists at the national level.

References

APM Research Lab Staff. (2020). The color of Coronavirus: Covid-19 deaths by race and ethnicity in the US. APM Research Lab. Web.

Garcia, M. A., Homan, P. A., García, C., & Brown, T. H. (2020). The color of COVID-19: Structural racism and the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on older Black and Latinx adults. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 20(20), 16. Web.

Lee, H., Esposito, M., Edwards, F., Chun, Y., & Grinstein-Weiss, M. (2020). The demographics of racial inequality in the United States. The Brookings Institution. Web.

Understanding implicit bias. (n.d.). The Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity. Web.

Introduction

Racism is one of the contemporary trends being experienced in journalism and news. Media has been found to play a major role in the production of ethnic as well as racial inequality in the various structures of the contemporary societies. North America and Western Europe are among the contemporary societies where this effect of inequality has been felt. This leads to the development of an analytical approach known as new racism, where media is major contributor. The effect of media in this particular issue is portrayed through the various activities involved in journalism among them being news making and readers interpretations as well as their relation to North America and Western Europe societies. Cervantes (2002 p.13)

The Media Structures Involved

Ethnic and racial inequality form part of the issues involved in new racism practiced by media in North America as well as Western Europe. Media in these contemporary societies mainly hits on minority groups where it presents stereotypical images as well as words when referring to them. The texts and programs produced by contemporary media have political, economical as well as social implication on the way racism is carried out.

For example, overall topics are normally focused on local meanings showing logic and suggestions that are analyzed in such a way that they cause inequalities in the society as they stress on peoples differential factors. The ways in which sentences are formed and presented as well as how news reports are organized contribute to racial inequality production in North America and Western Europe societies. Rhetorical devices where metaphors and speech acts are used in form of threats or promises also form the various ways in which media deliver messages that cause racial inequality in contemporary societies. Goldberg (2002 pp.45-48)

Racial inequality production

Media contributes to racial inequality production by giving differential information concerning the various classes in existence. There are two major areas that are mainly affected by media and in turn cause racial inequality in North America and Western Europe. One and the most important of the two is social component where media causes racial inequality through discriminatory practices, organizations, analysis of a micro and macro level as well as various legal arrangements in social institutions.

The second component that is used by media in the production of racial inequality is cognitive dimension which is comprised of beliefs held by North America and Western Europe societies including attitudes, values, ideologies, knowledge and norms. Media makes use of cognitive dimension by delivering influential information where some races are considered inferior than others in terms of competency, modernity as well as intelligence.

In North America and Western Europe, media has been found to influence whites who are also refereed to as in-group society, to discriminate minority ethnic groups who are mainly immigrants on racial grounds. Therefore, media serves as means by which the two dimensions that is social and cognitive are connected in the production of racial inequality. This is because; it controls peoples access to various forms of information from all social structures.

However, media does not cause this influence alone but with the support of elite groups that are very powerful in the contemporary societies as well as institutions among them being, cooperate managers and politicians. Ethnic affairs is the area that is mostly influenced by the media in North America and Western Europe societies which is caused by a number of reasons including the fact that most whites who depend on mass media have very few encounters with minority groups and do not have a chance to conduct their own research in order to test whether what comes from the media is correct or not.

Another reason is that most whites do not have a variety of alternative sources from which they can get information concerning minority groups and therefore they have to believe what come from media without objection. More so, it happens that most of the information that contain negative attitudes concerning minorities tend to favor whites and they find themselves with a minimal chance of objecting them. On the other hand, ethnic issues presented by media provide the members of the society with positive information about the whites which is accompanied by polarized identification of minorities as Them while whites refer to themselves as Us.

This is primarily because most of the media staff is normally dominated by the whites who disregard immigrants since they are of a different race from theirs as well as ethnicity. Media in these contemporary societies put more emphasis on racial inequality by providing whites with information concerning threats that result from associations with immigrants. Since the minority groups do not have power to publicly defend themselves from those accusations due to their low representation in the media, they settle on the negative information which makes them to remain marginalized as the inferior race. Mosher (1998 p.63)

Racial inequality is a rare discussion topic in North America as well as Western Europe media and the few representatives of inferior races do not have media access through which they are supposed to air contrary information objecting what had been previously provided by the media dominated by whites. Therefore, when media which is a very influential source of public information combines its discriminatory operations with its influence in the lives of whites, it makes minority groups to become very weak. This gives media a good opportunity to exercise its power in the wrong direction where it favors powerful races while disregarding the minority ones. Mosher (1998 pp.64-66)

Production of Racial Inequality through News making

Medias role in the production of racial inequality among North American and Western European societies begins with news making that takes place as a daily routine. In this case, media bases its news making operations on press releases, information brochures, press conferences, briefings and documentation of which minority groups have limited accessibility. More so, minority groups are rarely asked for their opinions concerning various issues that affect them and when they happen to give their views, they are normally discarded.

This is because according to media staff in North America and Western Europe, the views of minority groups are less newsworthy since they contain information where they defend themselves from the extensive prejudices from the domineering white society. Therefore, the situation where minority racial and ethnic groups are denied the right to air their opinions results to unequal provision of services to them as the whites are normally favored in almost all areas. Gabriel (1994 p.51)

News Structure

News structure is also part of news making where different forms are used in the delivery of information by media. News on issues regarding ethnicity has scarce sources which leaves media as the major source from which initial facts are received. At the same time, first definitions of ethnic issues come from top authorities who are usually comprised of white elites. Therefore, it is this powerful group that controls news structure in North America as well as Western Europe. Topics are among the news structure elements and topics on ethnic minorities including immigrants are usually restricted to unattractive events.

Examples of these unattractive events include the arrival of illegal immigrants and formulation of policies that are supposed to give political responses concerning their immigration. Other topics are social and reception problems like unemployment that show the incapability of ethnic minorities whereas areas where they have excelled are never featured. Cultural characterization showing the manner in which racial minorities are different from the powerful whites is also given much extensive publicity which increases the gap between the two groups. Another is negative characterization, associating deviant minority groups with deviant behavior which implies that all members of this group are criminals and are supposed to be eliminated from the society. Gabriel (1994 p.52)

Some of these events that are usually associated with ethnic minorities contain positive and neutral topics like cultural immigration and housing but media tends to manipulate them in such a way that they give a negative implication to the public which is mostly comprised of whites. For instance, immigration is normally expressed as a form of threat to the well being of North America and Western European societies.

Also, news concerning crimes especially the violent ones as well as those involving drugs are normally associated with ethnic minorities even in cases where they have no connection to the said criminal activities. Although media receives positive information from which they can develop positive topics, they do not emphasize on them since their main intention is to create a completely negative picture of ethnic minorities. Therefore, all topics on situations where immigrants leave and their contributions to these countries economies are given minimal consideration. This is not fair to ethnic and racial minorities as the public is denied positive information which would have been an appropriate way of changing the negative attitude held against them.

Since topics form a very essential part of texts as well as news, they tend to have a great influence to receivers. Negative topics cause negative first impressions to receivers which is the situation that occurs to whites who are normally provided with negative topics on issues regarding ethnic minorities. On the other hand topics that contain the positive actions of whites are made to dominate news which results to a great gap between ethnic minorities who are taken to be comprised of criminals and whites who are considered to be comprised of good people. Gabriel (1994 pp.53-54)

Quotes are another element of news structure and they are used to put emphasis on particular issues that editors feel should be noted by readers and/or listeners. The construction of news reports is based on topics provided by influential sources and it therefore follows that most quotes are normally cited from them. The authors of news reports are also given more consideration in the entire citation of quotes.

The determination of the individuals and groups to be quoted is also dependent on accessibility to journalist as well as their control. Since ethnic and racial minorities are not able to access the journalists because they are less powerful to control them, they end up getting quoted in criminal related issues other than good actions. Whites are normally quoted more in news reports where they are featured in their good actions which at times are directed to show how powerful they are over ethnic and racial minorities.

During the quotation of sources, the media selects those that contain information where negative general attitudes concerning ethnic minorities are confirmed. In most cases, minority ethnic groups are not given chances to air their views alone but in the presence of whites who are then supposed to confirm what has been conveyed and most probably in a negative manner. This changes the direction and intention of the messages conveyed by ethnic and racial minorities which results negative quotes which was not the case when they were first delivered by minority spokespersons. Ore (2007 p.84)

Another news structure element that influences the production of racial inequality in North America and Western Europe is local meanings of news from the media. Local meanings are different from overall meanings provided by news topics as they focus more on the actual content in individual sentences and words. Therefore, when analysis of news concerning ethnic minorities is being conducted, the negative comments about them are emphasized which is mainly aimed at showing how bad they are.

Special words are used in news reports for example where welfare mothers are supposed to be representative of ethnic minorities problems having in mind that whites make up the largest percentage of news reports readers. Local meanings also influence racial inequality production by the effect it has on peoples attitudes which in turn influences their choice of words they want to believe.

For instance, in North America, terrorists are normally used on Arabs even when their current actions are not related with terrorism. Instances where Arabs are mentioned, white readers pick on the negative words since their intention is to link the ethnic and racial minority with terrorism as the media has already made them believe that Arabs cannot be anything better than terrorists. Another example is that of Latin men who are always linked with drug trafficking and news reports contain words that refer to all drug trafficking activities to be associated with them resulting to negative local meanings concerning Latin men. Local meanings are also derived from individual sentence analysis where ethnic minorities actions are presented.

Most sentences show representations of minorities in passive roles where whites decide on what they should do which is aimed at implying that ethnic minorities cannot decide things for themselves but are always dependent on whites. A large percent of information concerning ethnic minorities are presupposed or merely implied in order to present negative local meanings which in turn brings racial inequality between the groups that are made to conflict indirectly by media messages.

Formulation is yet another element of news structure where news is expressed in various layouts and letter types in order to pass the intended information. Criminal activities performed by ethnic minorities are made to appear in unique headlines which are prominently placed on front pages for every reader to notice them. Editors manipulate verbs to become nouns in order to give a different meaning from the real one, for instance, discrimination is used in instances where a full description of the one who is being discriminated is needed. Media usually does this in order to hide negative actions carried out by whites or their organizations including police forces. Ore (2007 p.85)

A Practical Example of Media Production of Racial and ethnic Inequality

A newspaper known as Sun from Western European media was found to present special news on the dangers of illegal immigrants. The heading was presented in capital letters reading that the number of illegal immigrants in Western Europe had increased tremendously. This was followed by another prominent heading stating that Western Europe had been invaded by a group of illegal immigrants.

Since analysis of information provided by the media is based on the manner in which various events and main participants are presented in topics as well as content texts, the headline of this particular example tends to attract the attention of most readers specifically the whites. It also happens that this particular newspaper has a wide range of readers who are mainly British and it is most probable that they saw the article.

The capitalization and emphasis that comes with it suggests to the readers that the newspaper had carried out extensive investigations on the matter and it therefore contains concrete information that should be believed. The heading is followed by a description of how police forces carried out raids during which they managed to arrest some of them. In order to in increase on the emphasis of the illegal immigrants article, Suns editors made sure that this information covered an entire page. Three unique pictures displaying the raided restaurant were explicitly placed on the page with each picture labeled RAIDED. The pictures were accompanied by statistics where the rising number of total illegal immigrants is outlined. Ore (2007 p.86-87)

Readers are mostly attracted by articles that are presented as special news like the illegal immigration article which is the main reason as to why it was given this title by Sun newspaper. This newspapers editors made use of metaphors in the headline which influenced readers to view the situation where ethnic and racial minorities entered Western Europe as an illegal act of invasion. In this case, immigration was represented by the negative metaphor invasion while immigrants were also defined using the negative metaphor illegal group. This was aimed to imply that the immigrants are a threat to Western Europe and caution should be taken in order to have them eliminated.

The targeted area was also prominently highlighted to emphasize that the invaders were set to specifically destroy it and not any other area. It is found that the same presentation of issues concerning ethnic minorities is adopted in North America where they describe illegal actions carried out by undocumented immigrants. Apart carrying put negative activities in North America and Western Europe, immigrants are referred to as law breakers since they are accused of entering the countries illegally which is a major crime.

This makes whites to categorize all immigrants in the same group, including those with proper legal documentation which contributes to widening of the already existing gap between the two ethnicities as whites would not want to relate with a group that is characterized by criminals. Everett (2007 p.39-40)

Strengths and Weaknesses of Medias New Racism Approach

New racism approach as used by media to cause and influence racial and ethnic inequality in North America and Western Europe has portrayed several weaknesses as well as strengths. However, most the new racisms strengths are mostly negative since it has been able to influence racial inequality in North America as well as Western Europe. New racism manages to present the negative actions carried out by ethnic minorities in such a way that the superior group comprised of whites is made to view every member of ethnic minorities as a dangerous criminal. The main tactic of this approach is the manipulation of words and sentences to come up with general topics that attract the attention of the targeted group.

On the other hand, new racism weaknesses are found in the manner in which ethnic minorities are affected by information passed through it. This approach gets the attention of political authorities in North America and Western Europe who mobilize campaigns aimed at sending ethnic minorities away as they pose danger to their countries economic, political as well as social well being. The fact that it is impossible for media to cultivate peace and harmony in North America and Western Europe during the application of this approach makes it inappropriate. Everett (2007 p.41-42)

Conclusion

Evidence shows that, media plays a very major role in the production of racial as well as ethnic inequality since it is found to present negative issues concerning ethnic minorities who are particularly of a different race from that of majority citizens in these countries. Media makes use of its various aspects like news making and structure to cause racial inequality where it makes manipulations to news items in order to favor the whites and portray a negative picture of ethnic minorities. This influences the whites to develop a stereotypical dislike of ethnic and racial minorities since there are mostly associated with criminal activities which lead to their discrimination and unequal treatment in North America and Western Europe. Cervantes (2002 14-16)

References

Cervantes, M 2002, the modern/colonial/capitalist/ world-system in the twentieth century, Greenwood Publishing group, pp 13-16.

Everett, A 2007, Learning Race and Ethnicity, MIT Press, pp 39-42.

Gabriel, J 1994, Racism, culture and markets, Routledge, pp 51-54.

Goldberg, D 2002, A companion to racial and ethnic studies, Wiley-Blackwell, pp 45-48.

Mosher, C 1998, Discrimination and denial: University of Toronto Press, pp 63-66.

Ore, T 2007, the social construction of difference and inequality, University of Michigan, pp 84-87.

The growing income inequality in America can no longer be neglected because it affects millions of people of different races and classes. According to Smiley and West, American poverty is not a community or color-coded challenge but a societal crisis when about 150 million people are in or near poverty (Free Speech TV, 2012). Due to their generosity and beliefs in globalization benefits, Americans help other nations and miss the point when they get into the economic trend of widening the gap between rich and poor. In addition, employment ratings and wages continue declining, stagnation is growing, and the prospects of middle-class children are limited. This growing poverty problem changes my life because now the environment matters more than family background or personal skills. Instead of meeting my needs and interests, I have to examine a place and decide if it could promote my growth with time.

The marketization of society is a well-known concept in modern America, and some people are eager to pay additionally to get better services or new opportunities. In his discussion, Sandel (2013) underlines that the more things money can buy, the more negative influences become evident in such spheres as entertainment, education, and business. However, the number of values challenged by marketization is impressive, and one of the examples is in the healthcare sector. In many countries, including the United States, people have to sign agreements with insurance companies to get critical care and medical help. Some individuals do not think about health coverage until they get sick and need treatment. They pay for services without thinking that this step reduces others opportunities to obtain urgent counseling. People stop believing in equal health care, unbiased doctors, and free services, challenging their personal and social values.

References

Free Speech TV. (2012). The rich and the rest of us [Video]. YouTube. Web.

Sandel, M. (2013). Why we shouldnt trust markets with our civic life [Video]. TED. Web.

Introduction

When institutions provide equal chances to persons of all races, this is referred to as racial equality. This means that institutions must provide individuals with legal, moral, as well as economic equality irrespective of such characteristics as skin color. Furthermore, racial fairness is the existence of ideas and structures that assure truth and justice, as well as the absence of prejudice. As a result, this should be a process of eradicating racial inequities and enhancing results for everyone. There should be adequate and clear methods for altering regulations, strategies, structures, and frameworks, with quantifiable improvement in the lives of people from all walks of life prioritized. Thus, this essay will expound while offering some critics and counter-arguments on why the justice offered by the justice system highly depends on the race of the convict.

Racial Inequality Versus Equality in the Judicial System

The inequality in the judicial system originated in the era of slavery, whereby black people were considered to be second-class citizens. Even after the abolition of slavery, black people continue to be stereotyped and are greatly biased in the American judicial system. There is enough evidence to illustrate that black people continue to be biased in the justice institutions. There exists some progress since the civil rights movement of 1960, which brought racial segregation into the limelight (Fredrickson and Camarillo 97). It is, however, evident that peoples behavior has experienced change while their attitudes remain unchanged. Black Americans go through unfair treatment in every stage of the justice system, from policing, legislation, and sentencing. This evidence is yet to change the unfair justice system.

Racial Inequality and Equality

Racial inequality is an unfair difference between groups of people in society. In this case, people of Caucasian origin have more wealth and opportunities than their black counterparts in the same country. Racial equality is the provision of equal opportunities to all individuals of all races despite their physical traits, such as their skin color (Mills, 44). This allows all individuals to have equal access to resources and services. Racial inequality is the opposite of racial equality, whereby they explain the fair access of resources by people of different races. People of color have experienced unfair trials for crimes committed compared to their white counterparts for the longest time. The justice system should accord every suspect a fair trial regardless of their race. However, this is not followed, and black people get harsh treatment during the trial compared to their white counterparts who have committed the same crime.

Arguments that Support the Presence of Inequality in The Judicial System

Black people have always been treated as not equal to their white counterparts. This has led to discrimination where they cannot access opportunities and services in society. These prospects include jobs, education, and other government services such as justice. Access to these chances is filled with many hurdles set by the existing system, which is focused on eliminating them. This, however, does not apply to white people as they get access to all opportunities without hurdles. This discrimination is transferred to the justice system, where white persons are treated differently during trial and judgment. The justice system tends to favor white people compared to black individuals who receive unfair treatment. This has been witnessed in various cases in the US where different sentences and trials are given for similar crimes depending on the racial background of the convicts. Several reasons lead to unequal access to justice for convicted black people.

Law enforcement agencies such as the police have developed stereotypes that treat black people with the utmost violence and white people with great care. The arrest of black crime suspects sometimes leads to the suspects death, whereby police officers use extreme force during the arrest (Hetey and Eberhardt 186). Law enforcement officers use excessive force to neutralize their targets who are not armed and blame the suspect for resisting arrest. However, excessive force is not applied to white individuals who are suspects of crime. The police officer executes their arrest using minimal force, as is stated in their code of conduct. The white suspects are accorded the utmost respect to book in the police cell during their arrest. This illustrates the level of inequality that black suspects go through in the justice system, which has an influence on the outcome of the process.

The police force is conditioned to use force in the black neighborhoods when doing searches and patrols. They present themselves as enemies of black people as they do not show concern over their lives. This is the opposite in white neighborhoods, whereby they undertake their inspections with utmost care while being friendly to the people (Kim and Kiesel 425). In the case of George Floyd (2020), the arresting officer Derek Chauvin killed Floyd by kneeling on his neck in Minneapolis (Rahman). The scene occurred in broad daylight, and Derek used force despite Floyd being unarmed and surrendering. This expressed the racial profiling of black people by law enforcement agencies in America who are conditioned to use brutal force when making arrests.

Communication barriers are one of the reasons for the different treatment of convicts in the justice system. People of color have their native language, which is different from the English language used in courts. The language used in the court is different from the common English used outside in day-to-day conversations. Thus, this makes it more complex and difficult for convicted individuals to understand. The convict can also not express themselves to the jury as their language comprehension is poor. The jury cannot understand their pleas, making it hard to deliver justice. The court jargon confuses the convicts into giving wrong information and affects their confidence in giving in to the prosecutions demands. This is, however, different for people of Caucasian origin as a majority have English as their first language. Having English as their mother tongue makes it easier for them to comprehend the court conversations and express themselves. They can express themselves excellently to the jury and precisely answer their questions.

Having English as a common language also enables one to understand court conversations better and not be intimidated by complex words and phrases. This inequality in language affects the delivery of justice by allowing the convicts to express themselves in a language they lack enough understanding (Mills 44). They, therefore, receive unfair trials, which eventually lead to more severe sentences that could be avoided. Law enforcement agencies do not recognize that their suspects may not have a proper understanding of English and thus end up resulting in violence. Provision of education to people of color is necessary to enable them to express themselves in the courts during the trial and for them to fully understand the court conversations.

There are disparities in accessing the necessary aids for proper participation in the justice system. The constitution states that every person must have legal personnel representing them in the courts for a fair trial. Although the government provides the representatives, they are always occupied with many cases. These public defenders have many cases to attend to, making them ineffective as they take less time investigating and making presentations to the court for a fair trial (Rahman). Due to few public defenders, people of color have difficulties finding well-qualified lawyers to represent them during their trials and are therefore forced to attend the court sessions by themselves. Lack of advisors causes improper conduct in the court, which causes unfair trials. The majority of available public defenders are mainly of Caucasian origin, which influences the cases to pick and represent.

The public defenders represent fellow white people, leaving the people of color convicts unattended. Lack of equal representation in the courts causes imbalance whereby the prosecution side can overpower the defendant (Rahman). The defendant is forced to give in to the pressure exerted on them by the prosecution. Lack of presentation leads to the defendant getting mistreated during the trial and eventually receiving a harsher judgment than their white counterpart. A lack of finances further influences this to acquire private representation. Lack of opportunities for people of color hinders the accumulation of wealth, which can get private representation in the courts. Private Representatives require a huge amount of money before working on a case that the convicts cannot raise. This is contrary to people of Caucasian origin whose ancestors owned all the resources in the society; thus, they have access to resources to afford the best lawyers in the country who will ensure they get the best judgment out of the trial.

People of color are not well represented in the judicial system. The majority of the jury members consist of people of Caucasian descent. The lack of enough people in the judicial system affects how people of color experience the judicial system (Alapo and Rockefeller). They cannot access fair trials as the decisions are made without representation from people of their race. The judgment may be flawed as the jury members will be leaning on one side. This is not the case for white persons as they are well represented in the judicial system. A majority of the jury members are of Caucasian descent and will be lean while judging their fellow man. Their experience through the justice system is smoother compared to their black counterparts. This clearly illustrates the inequality that is found in the judicial system. Yusef et al. found that the black population in the US prisons is approximating to about five times compared to their white counterparts (35). This indicates how far racial inequality has affected the black community.

This imprisonment has had major effects on the black community, leading to increased poverty as convicted people have no access to available job opportunities and housing after their release. Imprisonment affects an individuals lifetime earnings whereby they spend their prime years in prison, which reduces their total income. The children of the incarcerated persons lead difficult lives as they lack support from both parents, and they may end up on the wrong side of the law and go to prison. Imprisonment of black people leads to increased poverty in society, increasing crime levels. An increase in crime due to incarceration causes a repeat cycle that leads to the black communitys deterioration.

Counter-Arguments from the Critics

From the above arguments, it is clear that inequality in the justice system exists and mainly affects people of color. The inequality is widely spread across all states in the United States. However, critics may have a different argument concerning inequality in this sector. The critics may argue that racial inequality does not exist in society. Black people are naturally bound to commit crimes and thus end up going through the justice system. They argue that black people are violent and can attack law enforcement officers. This was in the case of George Floyd, whereby some people agreed with Chauvins actions as of handling him violently. Critics find his actions justified as Floyd looked like he could attack him, as in the case of other situations where suspects attack the officers. The critics see this as a situation where Chauvin was on his duty to protect society from crimes, and Floyd was a criminal disrupting societys peace. Therefore, he deserved to be eliminated before things could worsen.

The critics could also argue that black people have been playing the victim card for the longest time, whereas they are the ones who put themselves in these situations that lead them to jail. They argue that black people have continued to portray themselves as an inferior race that deserves bad treatment. The black race should be controlling their situations to avoid getting into the bad side of the law. They should follow the law and keep their societies drug and crime-free, which will reduce police altercations and reduce the number of people in prisons. Critics argue that black people should create law-abiding societies just like the white people whose societies are peaceful and have no crimes. Playing the victim card hinders equality as black people are racist to their white counterparts. They argue that equality will be achieved when black people stop playing the victim card and strive to better their societies.

The third argument presented is that black people are ignorant of how the justice system works. They argue that black people do not take their time to learn their rights and freedoms during trials. Lack of knowledge leads to unfair arrests, trials, and eventually unfair judgments. Most black people do not follow up on how the system works and do not know who to consult when in those situations. They argue that the information is readily available, but black people choose to ignore it, and that causes them to have bad experiences. This ignorance also causes them to commit avoidable crimes that lead to imprisonment, adversely affecting society (Krohn and Fox 762). This can be witnessed in cases where black people commit minor traffic offenses, which lead to incarceration and loss of livelihood. In contrast, they were taught about it during their driving lessons. Ignorance could be blamed for many crimes that have landed people in jails.

Response to Critics Counter-Arguments

These critical arguments of inequality not existing in the judicial system are flawed. All races are bound to commit a crime in their lifetime. However, black people are bound to commit more crimes due to unavailable opportunities that would enable them to live decent crime-free lives. This leads them to participate in illegal activities to support themselves. Black people are not violent, as depicted in every arrest video shown in the media. Although some suspects may resist arrest and try to attack the law enforcement officers, it does not happen every day, and a majority are arrested calmly. Law enforcement agencies have continued to instill fear in the black members of society by being violent every time there is an interaction. This makes the law enforcement agencies be treated as enemies of black people who are always trying to end their lives. The notion of black people being more violent than white people should be diverted to the lack of equality in providing opportunities for both races, whereby white people have vast opportunities at their disposal while black counterparts have few opportunities.

Black people are not playing the victim card as portrayed by the critics. The white man should be blamed for treating them as second-class citizens during slavery. Black people do not have access to the justice system and their white counterparts. They are treated differently in every stage of the judicial process, from arrest, trial, and prison. White convicts receive more presidential pardons as compared to their black counterparts. Black people are not playing the victim; they are the victims of the system designed to make their lives difficult in society. Although there are some altercations in black neighborhoods, black societies are generally peaceful and coexist. The violence is caused by high poverty rates among the communities, which can be avoided by providing more opportunities. The creation of opportunities can be achieved by white people who own the majority of the large businesses, not black people who mainly run small businesses.

Ignorance among the black people on how the justice system works should not be blamed. The state should be blamed for not providing the necessary resources for civic education to the black communities. They are ready to learn how to navigate through the rigorous process of the American justice system. The available information is not accessible to all people in society. It is available to people who have access to the internet and have gone through school to understand the information easily. This is not the case with black people who do not have access to education due to lack of facilities and poverty. Access to information is a right of every citizen, and the government should provide all its citizens with all information on how their systems operate. Seeking information may be hard for black people as they are mistreated in government offices. Inequality is also witnessed in sharing information, whereby the medium used only favors white people. The justice department should invest more in spreading information on how the system works. This will be important in reducing misinformation on the justice system.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the justice system is not fair to people of color. Black individuals are treated like second-class residents during their trials, whereby racial bias in the process leads to harsh sentences. Lack of representation in the departments makes it harder for black people to navigate the system due to a lack of information and advice. The public defender department is understaffed, which reduces access to a proper representation in the courts of law. Black people are not well represented in the offices such as the jury, making it hard for them to receive fair trials. Critics argument of the inexistence of inequality is flawed as it is evident in the justice systems inability to provide equal treatment when dispensing justice. Black people are not playing the victim card; their issues have never been addressed to date. Lack of information among people of color is not due to ignorance. The available information is not accessible to all people.

Works Cited

Alapo, Remi, and David Rockefeller. Racial Disparities in The United States Criminal Justice System: With Liberty and Justice for All?. Philosophy Study, vol. 9, no. 7, 2019. David Publishing Company.

Fredrickson, George M, and Albert Camarillo. Racism. Princeton University Press, 2015. vol. 10. pp. 97- 139

Hetey, Rebecca, and Jennifer Eberhardt. The Numbers Dont Speak for Themselves: Racial Disparities and the Persistence of Inequality in the Criminal Justice System. Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 27, no. 3, 2018, pp.183-187

Kim, Jaeok, and André Kiesel. The Long Shadow of Police Racial Treatment: Racial Disparity in Criminal Justice Processing. Public Administration Review, vol. 78, no. 3, 2017, pp. 422-431. Wiley.

Krohn, Marv, and Bryanna Fox. Causes and Effects of Racial Disparity in The Criminal Justice System. Justice Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 5, 2020, pp. 761-762. Informa UK Limited.

Mills, Charles W. The Racial Contract. Cornell University Press, 1977 vol 1 pp 41- 65

Rahman, Mohammad Habibur. Racial Disparity and The Criminal Justice System. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. Elsevier BV.

Yusef, Kideste et al. FloridaS Historically Black Colleges and Universities Address Racial Disparities Within the Criminal Justice System Using Results-Based Accountability. Race and Justice, vol. 9, no. 1, 2018, pp. 22-45. SAGE Publications.

With each year, technology is becoming more integrated into peoples lives. In education, teachers try to blend it with other tasks to prepare students for using devices in the future. Moreover, COVID-19 forced educators to transition to online teaching, which cannot be facilitated without the technology that allows them to access study materials and do assignments. Approximately fourteen percent of students have only one device in their household, which is problematic if they have siblings or other family members who need to use this device for work or education purposes. This paper will examine the issue of inequality and the digital divide in education.

Social inequality manifests in many ways, but policymakers should pay attention to issues that affect childrens learning in particular. Moore, Vitale, and Stawinoga (2018) define the digital divide as a gap between some peoples knowledge and technology access. For example, some groups are educated about information security and digital literacy from an early age. They can use devices with the latest software and hardware, benefiting from all the advantages this technology offers. However, others lack these opportunities and cannot access devices at all or can only use outdated technology. Ramsetty and Adams (2020) state that technology may be contributing to a gap between different social groups becoming bigger. This issue is linked to the fact that more services are now transitioned into the digital equivalents, including education. Although this is a positive thing that should contribute to peoples learning and ability to access different services, some individuals simply do not have a digital device, which leaves them without an opportunity to use these services.

The digital divide in education results in a students inability to leverage all learning opportunities. McLaughlin (2020) states that 230,000 pre-K-12 students in New Jersey do not have access to sufficient resources, including digital technology, that would allow them to learn properly. Moore, Vitale, and Stawinoga (2018) report that 14% of students only have one digital device at home. Potential issues with this limited access may include the inability to do homework or review study materials because this device is shared by all family members. This issue is sometimes referred to as a homework divide, since some students face challenges when they try to complete assignments that require them to use laptops (Moore, Vitale & Stawinoga, 2018). Students ability to learn is hindered by their impaired access to technology devices because they cannot keep up with integrating technology into teaching.

The digital divide manifests not only in the ability to use a personal technology device. McLaughlin (2020) cites other potential barriers, such as slow internet, obstructing student learning. Understanding of information security and digital literacy are also factors that contribute to the divide since students may be unable to use the devices properly. The students who can access up to date devices have an advantage over those who have to use outdated technologies since modern websites work better on laptops with updated software and hardware. Hence, without the opportunity to have high-speed internet to access classes and participate in online learning and having no opportunity to purchase new hardware, the digital divide seriously impairs the learning of these students.

The digital divide in education is an extension of problems that underserved populations face. Having low income, being the first one to attend college, or being a minority are all factors that are associated with the homework gap (Moore, Vitale & Stawinoga, 2018, p. 2). These factors lead to a person or a familys inability to purchase a sufficient number of digital devices, hindering access. Although access to technology involves factors such as having a personal device, other issues, such as lack of digital divide classes, are important as well. Therefore, it is impossible to resolve the problem of the digital divide without addressing systemic issues within this society.

During the pandemic, the digital divide deepens the inequality between students. Lockdown measures require people to study from home, and those who only have one laptop are unable to study properly. Typically, a school can work on reducing the number of assignments that require a digital device, communicate with parents to informant them about low-cost options, collaborate with the community, and work on expanding access opportunities from school. However, most of these strategies cannot be followed during a pandemic. Ramsetty and Adams (2020) argue that COVID-19 will change the way services are delivered, and the digital divide may become a pressing issue for educators and policymakers who want to provide equal opportunity to all students.

To conclude, this paper addresses the issue of the digital divide in education. The global pandemic prompted educators to rethink the way they interact with students. Considering the fact that many children have access to a limited number of devices at home, the digital divide may be adversely affecting their educational opportunities. Moreover, slow internet or limited technological literacy are contributing to the digital divide as well.

References

McLaughlin, T. (2020). Digital divide? Inequality issue runs much deeper, says researcher. 

Moore, R., Vitale, D., & Stawinoga, N. (2018). The digital divide and educational equity. 

Ramsetty, A. & Adams, C. (2020). Impact of the digital divide in the age of COVID-19, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 27(7), 11471148.

Despite the intentions to create an equal and unbiased society, many modern Americans still experience serious challenges based on racial or gender inequalities. These themes are frequently discussed in current studies and analyzed by journalists and scientists. In sociological investigation, people not only share their observations and results but explain the importance and relevance of their work. For example, Johnsons (2019) article discusses a new study developed by Georgetown University in 2019. The period between 1991 and 2016 was examined to prove that many White Americans continue holding better jobs compared to their Latino and African peers. Racial disparities turn out to be the main independent variable, making race the main cause of human interactions. Employment and educational opportunities are the dependent variables that represent the effects or the outcomes of the chosen problem.

Reliability and validity are critical concepts of any research problem: the former focuses on consistency, and the latter proves accuracy. In the study introduced by Johnson (2019), its reliability or validity may be checked by the results of other projects where similar problems and concerns are discussed. Additional questions about the role of the government or the same concerns in other countries may be raised to improve reliability or validity.

Spurious correlation is another method to find out the connection between the chosen variables and think about new explanations of the existing problem. For example, the study promotes the expansion of academic opportunities for Black and Latino Americans. However, nothing is mentioned about the intentions of the chosen population to change the situation. Whites use and enjoy their positions in the education or labor sectors, while other communities report low wage ratings or lack of working places. Instead of relying on employment from Whites, it is necessary to investigate the steps taken by Blacks.

Reference

Johnson, E. (2019). Racial inequality, at college and in the workplace. Inside Higher Ed. Web.

The ideals of contemporary democratic society are marked by a marked contradiction, characterized by the coexistence of diametrically opposed ideas. More specifically, the public recognizes and promotes a philosophy of diversity expressed, among other things, through peoples racial differences. On the other hand, an emphasis on an individuals ethnicity can be seen as racist, and therefore the new ethics recommends careful attention to words. While recognizing the critical importance of discussing racial differences, special attention should be paid to the shortcomings associated with a strict categorization.

To concretize the study, a current journalistic article in The New York Times was chosen to highlight racial inequalities in the context of pandemic vaccination. Expressly, the authors acknowledge that communities of color have a double negative social effect, expressed both through the low availability of medicine at critical times and the unequal distribution of vaccines (Walker et al., 2021). On average, they say, the number of vaccines available to blacks is half that of whites, with an even more significant gap for Hispanics. Nevertheless, serious problems are noticeable with the strict identification of individuals as members of certain racial groups.

In particular, jurisdictions in each state have slightly different definitions of ethnic families, which in turn creates problems with accurate statistics. On the other hand, the apparent problem in this context can be seen in the purpose of such identification. The cultural segregation of the Black population is a source of the low availability of medicine, which means that the initial division of society into Blacks and Whites has negative consequences for the absorbed culture. Most likely, if American societys model were represented by an idealized form of melting pot assimilation, then every individual would have an equal chance of receiving the vaccine. However, in the current state of the health care system and the socio-economic policies of the government, as well as the cultural subconscious of the nation, communities of color cannot claim the level of comfort that Whites have traditionally enjoyed. Herein lies the answer to why the ethnic categorization of individuals may be the wrong strategy for societal development.

Reference

Walker, A. S., Singhvi, A., Holder, J., Gebeloff, R., & Avila, Y. (2021). Pandemic racial disparities persist in vaccine rollout. The New York Times. Web.

Aboriginal people are the first nation of Canadian population researched by many (Steckley, 1997) and today they suffer greatly from prepossession against them. But it seems to us that the continuing existence of aboriginal nations is a political and legal reality as well as a historical fact (Erasmus, 2002). Moreover, more and more people all over the world start to recognize the real meaning of the harmony with nature that aboriginal people have created and talk about trying to create their own world on the model of Aboriginals. Aboriginal people across Canada and around the world speak about their relationship with the natural world and the responsibility of human beings to maintain balance in the natural order (Erasmus, 2002). And their great feeling of responsibility for our Earth brings them some benefits like peace in their society and long harmonious life of its members that people all over the world cannot get.

However, in spite of peace among them and long life, they cannot feel themselves as happy citizens of Canadian state due to preconceived attitude to them of white Canadians. They fight for their rights, self-determination and land, but their competing as well as legitimate rights, are effaced (Turpel, 1999) by long historical background. These are the problems the whole aboriginal community was faced and these are the problems that break the harmony of their natural harmonious life.

It is a real fact that all aboriginals have the same problems but, at the same time, not all of them are equal to one another. There are two types of unequal groups. The first group divides all aboriginals into registered  who are under the responsibility of the government  and non-registered, without Indian status  who are under the provincial hand. The second group of inequality divides them into men and women. And if the first appeared decades ago, the second has ever existed. Aboriginal women have never had the same rights like Aboriginal men, who have respect to pass on Indian status to their children. Such discrimination of all Aboriginal female at law affects enjoyment of them  of their rights to their lands, the profits of land claims, culture, and many other economic and social benefits that are provided to Indians.

Furthermore, aboriginal women are considered to be the poorest women of Canada. They are marginalized into the labor force, working mainly in lower paid as well as unstable jobs, with lower incomes and higher unemployment rates. The level of their educational attainment is not the same, as that of Canadian non-Aboriginal women. These social reasons, coupled with spreading diseases between aboriginals, lead to their life expectancy becoming lower.

As a result of all, mentioned above, aboriginal women are recognized as people of inferior quality that brings to violence and abuse against them that has already reached epidemic proportions. And this violence has some number of forms involving physical assaults between males. More often it can involve the victimization of children and women as the least strong members of the society. So, more than 500 women of aboriginal community in Canada have been murdered or gone missing during the last 15 years (Statistics Canada, 2005). The lack of Aboriginal womens human rights protection and their social and economic marginalization let the cycle of sexualized and racial violence to go on.

It must be mentioned that earlier women played the same part as men did in aboriginal family as well as in aboriginal government and spiritual ceremonies. Male along with female were able to enjoy personal autonomy, performing vital functions for the survival of Aboriginals. Male provided family with food, clothes and other important things. Women equipped the domestic sphere with necessary facilities taking care about life. Being husband and wife meant to respect, being kind and honest. Then, women were not considered to be inferior in Aboriginal community.

But after Europeans arrival at the beginning of the 17 century, relationship between men and women changed greatly. In European society this period is characterized as period of a man like social, political as well as legal master of a woman. Any womans right was derived via her husband. Such discrimination against women in Canadian state went on till relatively recently. These new standards in cultural sphere brought terrible historical and social changes those became destructive to Aboriginal society.

As Dr. Longstaffe writes: The razing of Indian societies and their traditions is & evident in high rates of unemployment, suicide, alcoholism, domestic violence, and other social problems. This loss of tradition has seriously damaged the oral means of preserving cultural norms& Native peoples often appear reluctant to adopt white solutions to problems that stem from the latters apparent destruction of their societies (Longstaffe, 1987).

Aboriginals were gradually removed from their lands. Such changes to their lifestyle distorted their traditional male-female roles. So, as a result of various economic factors, cultural changes had a great influence on the Aboriginal womans role.

Culture is life. It alters every day& Stasis is not possible (Bissoondath, 1994). Inequality between men and women in society of Aboriginals was a result of European colonists influence. And today the only way to stop this kind of racism is to start recognizing Aboriginals as a part of Canadian nation but not as a separate group of poorly educated Aboriginals.

Reference

Bissoondath, N. (1994). Selling Illusions: the Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada, Penguin, 78-97.

Erasmus, G. (2002). Why cant we talk, Globe and Mail, 121-125

Longstaffe, S., Hamilton, B. (1987). Childrens Hospital Child Protection Centre, A New Justice for Indian Children. Final Report of the Child Advocacy Project, Winnipeg: Department of the Solicitor General of Canada.

Statistics Canada. (2005) Women in Canada 2005: A Gender-Based Statistical Report at 190-199. Web.

Steckley, J. (1997). Aboriginal Peoples. Angeleni, P.: Our Society: Human Diversity in Canada. Toronto: Nelson, 131-158.

Turpel, M.E. (1999). Does the road to Quebec sovereignty run through aboriginal territory? Brym, R. Society in Question: sociological reading for 21st century. Toronto: Harcourt Brace & Company, 208-11.

Introduction

The abolition of the apartheid policy took place in harsh conditions, sometimes bordering on a civil war. This event was preceded by the radicalization of the black population (permission to carry personal firearms, separatist sentiments in Bantustans). After the 1994 elections and the victory of the ANC, led by Nelson Mandela, the apartheid policy was repealed. The same year, Nelson Mandela and de Klerk received the Nobel Peace Prize. Nevertheless, trying to compensate moral damage to the black population, the government led people to the unspoken civil war.

Post-Apartheid Policy

In 1995, the ANC held a constitutional conference declaring the need for legislative measures that would provide the democratic majority with access to all institutions of state power. It was also redistributing property in oppressed peoples favor in order to restore their rights to lands lost during the apartheid years, as well as carry out the policy of affirmative action.

From the beginning of 1996, accusations began to sound in the speeches of the ANC leadership against whites that they seek to preserve their privileges, to reverse history and destroy the democratic gains of the ANC. The new constitution reaffirmed the provisions and principles that were fundamental for the political forces of the country, making them liberal-democratic. It confirmed, for example, the equality of everyone before the law and the right to private property. At the same time, the Bill of Rights provided for the adoption of legislative and other measures aimed at protecting or promoting (advancing) citizens or categories of citizens affected by unfair discrimination. The constitution lacked guarantees of the rights for national minorities: at that moment, such warranties seemed redundant against the backdrop of personal freedoms. Practice proved, however, that with a vast majority in parliament, the ANC could hold any legislation.

In October 1996, the government passed a law providing sufficient pension conditions for employees who agreed to retire prematurely, stipulated by their contracts. The brain drain from public service began with predominantly skilled and experienced white employees. Therefore, vacant positions were often left empty or filled with people with insufficient qualifications, as there were not enough qualified black personnel, which soon began to affect the quality of public services. In mid-1997, amendments to the civil service law included requirements for hiring. The criteria for the need to correct imbalances of the past was introduced. Among the criteria for employment, there was only necessary training  but no longer a specific level of qualification, experience, and candidates knowledge.

In the field of higher education, there were similar processes. In some universities, the retirement age was reduced from 65 to 60 years, and favorable conditions for an even earlier retirement were offered. Since 1996, it has become almost impossible for universities to recruit white youth, especially in humanitarian institutions even in the absence of black candidates with the relevant qualifications. In the lack of local black candidates, black foreign candidates were often appointed at higher positions to the detriment of local white candidates having equal or higher skill. This practice is not backed by laws or regulations, but it still exists. Discriminatory practices sometimes affect not only white candidates but also Indians and metises. Racial transformation is carried out vigorously in all areas of the countrys life, including culture and sports. The government and the ANC put a lot of pressure on sports organizations so that teams are composed based on the principle of demographic representativeness.

In 2003, the government passed the Allocation Act enhancing black economic power, aimed at developing black business and black employment. The law proposed the introduction of codes of good practices- racial quotas  for each type of activity of all management sectors and economics. Each kind of good practice, such as the proportion of black managers among the full staff and board members, and the cost of developing black employees skills are assessed by a certain number of points. Further, based on the scored points, the activity of each industry is evaluated. This assessment depends not only on abstract approval or disapproval of the government but also affects the government orders.

The Consequences of the ANC Policy

With the racial categorization of the population, the ANC government potentiates the same problems, which its predecessors had during the apartheid. In labor legislation, racial terminology is replaced by all kinds of euphemisms; for example, populations discriminated against are called marked. Nevertheless, in the laws giving blacks economic power, the apartheid racial terminology is used directly, and even the clarification is given: a black is an African, metis, or Indian. According to South African laws, the citizens are free to classify themselves at their sole discretion, but that does not help. There were times when white called themselves black or Africans, sometimes even changing their surnames to more African, but they still were not hired because of their skin color. Actually, a number of such cases have been appealed in court. Like during the apartheid, the most vulnerable group are the descendants of mixed marriages. In appearance, they are often difficult to be attributed to a certain category. The Commissioner of Police leaves determining who exactly is colored, and who is not, at the discretion of relevant managers.

Finally, the accusations of the white population in racism began to grow exponentially after 1997. Any criticism of the government or the ANC policies seemed racist, including on specific occasions such as the governments attitude to the AIDS epidemic or impunity for corruption among prominent party members. Accusations of racism became an indispensable element in conflicts of all levels in any organization. At the same time, there was a radicalization of South African society, and the number of murders, thefts, and other criminal offenses increased quantitatively.

Vice Versa-Apartheid

Thus, the abolition of the apartheid regime in South Africa had consequences lying in two planes: positive and negative. A positive trend can be attributed to the fact that the white and black populations of the republic began to receive the same rights and opportunities in their implementation. Further, it is the formation of the government that selects the predominant population. The number of disadvantages is striking: there was a deterioration in the social situation in exacerbation of African nationalism. As a result, now the white population was actually forced to emigrate from the country.

On June 1, 1994, after a series of consultations, the countrys membership in the UN was restored. Perhaps this positive change in foreign policy is the most important in South Africa with the abolition of apartheid because, in government structures, the dictatorship of the National Party has been replaced by the tyranny of the ANC. During the time of President Mandela, South Africa had a chance to make the transition from apartheid to non-racial democracy without a civil war. Now, the political heirs of the late Mandela destroy the rainbow nation, where representatives of all colors and shades of skin should have peacefully coexisted. An ill-conceived revenge policy deprives the country of not only a secured but also a peaceful future.

I agree with the arguments made in the film because inequality needs to be present but in a limited amount. Abolishing inequality is impossible in capitalism, and forcing such a system is strict socialism. However, having extreme levels of inequality is also dysfunctional because only the middle class can catalyze consumer spending. A high concentration of wealth shrinks the middle class, which slows down the economy (Kornbluth, 2013). I think that taxing the richest individuals will be useful to fuel the economy and expand the middle class by providing basic support systems. However, I believe that increasing minimum wages is a double-edged sword, which benefits valuable workers, but makes it difficult to get low-level jobs. If ones work and skills are valued lower than the set minimum wage, then he or she will not have an opportunity to be paid, because an employer is not willing to pay a minimum wage and cannot pay lower than the amount. Progressive taxation on the top 1% will be highly useful in order to finance common welfare. Such taxation should also extend to large corporations, whereas small and medium-sized businesses should be less affected by taxes.

These changes would allow many citizens to have access to affordable or even free healthcare, better infrastructure, cheaper education, and a more stable middle class. Heavy taxation on the richest would let people like me join the ranks of the middle class and contribute to the economic development of the nation. If these sums from taxes will be distributed to fund healthcare, education, and infrastructure, other people with student loans, including me, will be able to set up a business or buy a house, which will create more jobs and reduce homelessness.

Reference

Kornbluth, J. (2013). Inequality for all [Film]. 72 Productions.