Design thinking has been changed during the history. The notion of design was connected only with artists and architects since the early Industrial Revolution of 1730-1840. The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the standardized mass production. The design of the things of mass production was not the most important for the manufactures (History of Design Styles, 2003). They were much interested in the function of the thing. Usefulness was more important than the esthetic beauty.
Despite the most important benefit of the Industrial Revolution, namely the possibility to produce large amounts of products more quickly and cheaper, people feel the problem of the industrial design. Charles Cockerel, the architect, highlights that problem in the following words: the attempt to supersede the work of the mind and the hand by mechanical process for the sake of economy will always have the effect of degrading and ultimately ruining art (History of Design Styles, 2003). The Arts and Crafts Movement, founded in 1850 after the Prince Consorts Great Exhibition, made manufactures think over the industrial design. The Prince Consorts aim was to impel manufactures to use design in their works (History of Design Styles, 2003). The Arts and Crafts Movement was the first step to the new design thinking. This movement failed because of their past vestiges. Their designed productions were not mass and only rich people could afford them such a luxury.
The attitude to design has changed considerably with the technological development. George Hazelrigg points out that design is no longer just multidisciplinary, it is omnidisciplinary in that any and all disciplines may be involved in the solution to a particular design problem (Maier, 2008, p. 34). The scope of design thinking and design research has been expanded from the early Industrial Revolution. Design was associated with art in past decades. Today it is the inseparable notion of the mass production. People have been accustomed to have the so-called designed things, the things that are unique and inimitable. Design was interpreted much deeper than nowadays. The notion of design has become a buzzword nowadays and it refers to any area of an everyday life. There is the design of a room, the design of a car, the design of a watch and even the design of computer programs. These are different kinds of design and different rules are used in these areas.
The appearance of the engineering design has attracted much attention to a pure function. Taking into account three basic elements of design according to Richard Buchanana, namely logos, ethos and pathos, they play an important role for production of any artifact nowadays (Buchanan, p. 96). Technological reasoning is the most important in the engineering design. The customer is much interested in the design making the thing more useful and convenient to exploit.
Design has been researched mathematically. Newton and Descartes pointed out deterministic behavior of machines using mathematics. As far as the main role of machine has been reduced to its function, the design of such machine has been restricted to a math problem (Maier, 2008, p. 34). Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that function is not so influential in the industrial design and architectural one as in engineering design. Although the function of the bridge has been the same for decades, but there are so many different bridges in the world. The design of bridges, houses and automobiles has been changed considerably although their functions remain the same. There are many static things that are not connected with functions at all as far as they do not do anything. People hang pictures in their houses understanding that these pictures are not functional for their household. They do it due to aesthetic delight.
The notion of design has been rethought nowadays. It has been connected with user interaction. Peter Wegner stresses that user interaction is not deterministic and therefore not algorithmic and not functional (Maier, 2008, p. 35). A new concept has been introduced to the area of design that is known as affordance or Artifact-User Affordance (Maier, 2008, p. 35). The notion of affordance differs from the notion of function. Affordance depends on the physical characteristics of the artifact while function remains the same. For example, a human being may use a log or a chair for sitting. Their function is the same but their affordance differs due to the level of their quality and comfort. The thinking about design has changed since the early Industrial Revolution. Although the function of many things surrounding us has remained, their affordance has been changed considerably. The early Industrial Revolution was oriented at the mass production and function while modern industry aims at the higher affordance of artifacts.
From the above said, we may conclude that modern design thinking has been broadened and absorbed different areas of a human life. Any kind of design consists of three elements, namely technological reasoning, character and emotion. Technological reasoning was connected with the mass production during the early Industrial Revolution while character and emotion were associated with architecture and art. Nowadays, these three basic principles are connected with every object of modern industry. Technological reasoning has been broadened to a new notion of affordance playing an important role in the design thinking in the present time.
Reference
Buchanan, R. (n.d.). Declaration by Design: Rhetoric, Argument, and Demonstration in Design Practice. Web.
Design thinking has been changed during the history. The notion of design was connected only with artists and architects since the early Industrial Revolution of 1730-1840. The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the standardized mass production. The design of the things of mass production was not the most important for the manufactures (History of Design Styles, 2003). They were much interested in the function of the thing. Usefulness was more important than the esthetic beauty.
Despite the most important benefit of the Industrial Revolution, namely the possibility to produce large amounts of products more quickly and cheaper, people feel the problem of the industrial design. Charles Cockerel, the architect, highlights that problem in the following words: the attempt to supersede the work of the mind and the hand by mechanical process for the sake of economy will always have the effect of degrading and ultimately ruining art (History of Design Styles, 2003). The Arts and Crafts Movement, founded in 1850 after the Prince Consorts Great Exhibition, made manufactures think over the industrial design. The Prince Consorts aim was to impel manufactures to use design in their works (History of Design Styles, 2003). The Arts and Crafts Movement was the first step to the new design thinking. This movement failed because of their past vestiges. Their designed productions were not mass and only rich people could afford them such a luxury.
The attitude to design has changed considerably with the technological development. George Hazelrigg points out that design is no longer just multidisciplinary, it is omnidisciplinary in that any and all disciplines may be involved in the solution to a particular design problem (Maier, 2008, p. 34). The scope of design thinking and design research has been expanded from the early Industrial Revolution. Design was associated with art in past decades. Today it is the inseparable notion of the mass production. People have been accustomed to have the so-called designed things, the things that are unique and inimitable. Design was interpreted much deeper than nowadays. The notion of design has become a buzzword nowadays and it refers to any area of an everyday life. There is the design of a room, the design of a car, the design of a watch and even the design of computer programs. These are different kinds of design and different rules are used in these areas.
The appearance of the engineering design has attracted much attention to a pure function. Taking into account three basic elements of design according to Richard Buchanana, namely logos, ethos and pathos, they play an important role for production of any artifact nowadays (Buchanan, p. 96). Technological reasoning is the most important in the engineering design. The customer is much interested in the design making the thing more useful and convenient to exploit.
Design has been researched mathematically. Newton and Descartes pointed out deterministic behavior of machines using mathematics. As far as the main role of machine has been reduced to its function, the design of such machine has been restricted to a math problem (Maier, 2008, p. 34). Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that function is not so influential in the industrial design and architectural one as in engineering design. Although the function of the bridge has been the same for decades, but there are so many different bridges in the world. The design of bridges, houses and automobiles has been changed considerably although their functions remain the same. There are many static things that are not connected with functions at all as far as they do not do anything. People hang pictures in their houses understanding that these pictures are not functional for their household. They do it due to aesthetic delight.
The notion of design has been rethought nowadays. It has been connected with user interaction. Peter Wegner stresses that user interaction is not deterministic and therefore not algorithmic and not functional (Maier, 2008, p. 35). A new concept has been introduced to the area of design that is known as affordance or Artifact-User Affordance (Maier, 2008, p. 35). The notion of affordance differs from the notion of function. Affordance depends on the physical characteristics of the artifact while function remains the same. For example, a human being may use a log or a chair for sitting. Their function is the same but their affordance differs due to the level of their quality and comfort. The thinking about design has changed since the early Industrial Revolution. Although the function of many things surrounding us has remained, their affordance has been changed considerably. The early Industrial Revolution was oriented at the mass production and function while modern industry aims at the higher affordance of artifacts.
From the above said, we may conclude that modern design thinking has been broadened and absorbed different areas of a human life. Any kind of design consists of three elements, namely technological reasoning, character and emotion. Technological reasoning was connected with the mass production during the early Industrial Revolution while character and emotion were associated with architecture and art. Nowadays, these three basic principles are connected with every object of modern industry. Technological reasoning has been broadened to a new notion of affordance playing an important role in the design thinking in the present time.
Reference
Buchanan, R. (n.d.). Declaration by Design: Rhetoric, Argument, and Demonstration in Design Practice. Web.
Karl Marx was a German thinker who wrote about economics, history, political science, the social world, and socialism. Based on this, Marxs thoughts are the basis of communism and revolutionary sciences. According to him, entrepreneurship like the preceding socioeconomic systems; would unavoidably produce interior strains which would lead to its devastation. In his views, Marx thought that as entrepreneurship replaced feudalism; socialism would in turn substitute capitalism hence leading to a stateless and egalitarian society referred to as one under pure communism.
From this, he further argued that the structural inconsistencies within entrepreneurship called for its end resulting in the emergence of communism. It should further be noted that from Marxs point of view; the expansion of contemporary industries cuts from its roots the very base; on which the rich manufactures and appropriates goods. In this case, what the rich produce is what will result in its destruction thus giving way to the success of the proletariat. It can further be argued that capitalism according to Karl Marx would stop through the planned procedures of a worldwide working-class (Marx et al. 6-80).
It is of importance to note that, Karl Marx in his communist manifesto offered a systematic advance to the class opposition and the social ills of entrepreneurship rather than a forecast of socialisms upcoming forms. It can also be argued that from Marxs point of view capitalism which has been brought about by contemporary industrialization has led to several social ills. In this case, Marx outlined the problems caused by classes and ranks in society. Based on this in the ancient societies, there were cases of a complex arrangement of the social order into different ranks.
According to Marx, during the industrial revolution, the bourgeois society established new social ranks, new forms of fightbacks, and new situations of dominations. As a result of the industrial revolution which gave way to capitalism, two different classes emerged which included the bourgeois and the proletariat. It should also be noted that the industrial revolution brought about the division of labor where the laborers received fewer benefits as compared to the landowners. It can also be argued that the contemporary industry has developed the world market which in turn has given a vast advancement to business, transportation, and communication by land. As a result of these expansions, the bourgeois has developed in raising its assets; hence driving into the ground every class (Burkett 154-176).
It can further be argued that contemporary bourgeois society has its transactions of manufacturing, trade, and assets; but is no longer capable of managing the powers of production. It should further be noted that the industrial revolution according to Karl Marx had led to the widespread exploitation of laborers by the owners of means of production. In this case, the laborers produce but did not benefit from the production which results in them buying the products they have produced from the owners of means of production. Based on this, the contemporary cost of living is rising whereas the workers wages remain low hence making them strain in the modern economic conditions.
From Karl Marxs views, the owners of means of production have agglomerated manufacturing and have streamlined possessions in the hands of a few people. Further, capitalization has resulted in political centralization where political benefits, rules, and administrations processes of taxation become concentrated to the interests of the rich leaving the poor to be discriminated against (Marx et al. 6-80).
It is further of importance to note that, the industrial revolution has resulted in environmental pollution through the enormous productions which pollute the environment. In this case, industrial pollutants cause the instance diseases and increased dryness which affects the well being of contemporary society members. Based on this it can be argued that the industrial revolution has led to social ills in contemporary societies.
It is of importance to note that according to Karl Marx, the industrial revolution instead of leading to the prosperity of the working class; led to their poverty. It should also be noted that with the increase of the use of the equipment and splitting up of work; the cost of production of a laborer is limited roughly to the means of survival that he needs for his continuation. Further, the extensive use of machinery in industries has enslaved workers where they are made as slaves by the owners of the means of production and also machines (Marx et al 6-80).
On the other hand, Karl Marx gave some remedies for the social ills caused by the ongoing industrial revolution. In this case, he stated that the means of production should be owned communally where there would be no boss to avoid enslaving others. Based on this, Karl Marx stated that the products produced by the communally owned means of production should be divided equally to avoid classes and ranks in societies.
On the other hand, Marx stated that there should be no competition in terms of skills since this makes some disadvantaged society members left behind in social orders. Based on this, there would be no competition for labor and hence no labor division in terms of qualifications. Additionally, the other remedy given by Karl Marx is the unity of the proletariats to fight their enemy; which is the bourgeois society. According to him, when the unending use of equipment makes the source of revenue more unstable and hence the crash between the two classes. As a result of this, laborers come together to form trade unions against the owners of means of production; to increase the rate of salaries.
According to Marx, the workers unions would expand and become a political party that will take advantage of the divisions of the bourgeois caused by completion in production; which would overcome the bourgeois society. As a result of this, the owners of means of production would start fighting among themselves and one group would ask for help from the workers by supplying them with means to suppress the other bourgeois group. By doing this, Karl Marx said that the bourgeois will be supplying the workers with weapons like political powers and general education to eliminate them; and as result capitalism gives way to socialism.
In this case, when the workers will be provided with education and political powers; a group of the bourgeois will join them in their revolutionary struggles to fight the other bourgeoisie. It can be argued from Karl Marxs views that, the workers will acquire the means of production after fighting the bourgeois. Based on this, these means of production will be owned communally hence eliminating the chances of competition for properties and skills in the society. From this, it can be argued that the bourgeois in the industrial revolution will dig their graves through capitalism and the advancement of industries (Burkett 154-176).
From Karl Marxs viewpoint, it can be argued that most of his remedies are ideal but not practical. In this case, the communal ownership of properties would not be possible as it would lead to laziness among the workers which in long run would lead to a decreasing level of produced products.
Based on this, workers will be looking forward to each other to accomplish a job which would lead to no product produced. On the other hand, the lack of competition in terms of labor skills would lead to workers being not able to run the machinery which in turn would slow down production. In this case, most of the production would be made manually without the use of machines as no one has the skills of operating machines. From this, production would be efficient since any worker can perform any job even though he/she has not been trained (Desai 123-145).
Additionally, laborers could not come together and fight the bourgeois because they would be having different needs. In this case, it can be argued that each worker has some money needs and hence would work even though the income is low. On the other hand competition among the owners of the means of production, helps in increasing the quality of production and also competing for laborers which result in the raising of their wages. According to Karl Marx, the owners of the means of production would start fighting as a result of competition. This would be impractical since each bourgeois would be striving to increase the quality of production and at the same time increase production to gain much profit (Desai 123-145).
To wind up, the Marxist views on the ongoing contemporary industrial revolution; are in terms of social ills caused by capitalism and the advancement in industries. It can further be argued that, contrary to Karl Marxs viewpoints; the advancement in industries raises standards of livings since many people are employed in these industries. On the other hand, this advancement would encourage education and the gaining of skills among workers.
Works cited
Burkett, Paul. Marx and Nature: A Red and Green Perspective , 1st edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Publishers. (1999): P. 154-176.
Desai, Meghnad. Marxs Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism . New York: Versco Publishers. (2004): P. 123-145.
Marx, Karl & Engels, Friedrich. The Communist Manifesto . London: Signet Classics Publishers. (1998): P. 6-80.
The economic situation in the country can be impacted by various factors. The life of the Medieval Europeans was highly influential by the Church and every step taken by authorities and monarchs was talked over with the secular clergy. In this respect, the society was under two powers: the official one (the power of the monarch and the Parliament, if any) and the power of the Church. Regarding this, the Church established rules and laws using influencing politics, law-makers, and their decisions. The population had to work hard to pay taxes to the state and various fees required by the Church that assured them of the importance of that. Additionally, the financial situation was not stable and the government could not change anything because of the Church that encouraged people to live a poor life now to live in Heaven after their death. Industrial Revolution was not profitable for the Church as it could enhance the peoples opportunities to live better and deprive them of a stable income and a peoples belief in the poor life full of hardships on earth and a good life in harmony in Heaven.
Discussion
Church and persuasive arguments
The Church is influencing peoples decisions and dreams. Instead of dreaming about a happy life on earth Tom, the main character of William Blakes poem The Chimney Sweeper , wants to live with God in Heaven and is ready to go through various hardships of life and overcome all difficulties. Hed have God for his father, and never want joy (Blake line 20) can be interpreted as the main evidence of the religious impact on peoples minds. People are not expected to want something different than Gods favor. Besides, wealth is claimed to be inappropriate for those who truly believe in the best motives of the Church that wishes all people only the finest life.
The other points in this poem are the brainwashing of the poor people by the Church and other higher classes who say the poor ones only need to perform their duty sincerely and never look for joy in this life. Then only they will get a wonderful afterlife cared for by the angels and fathered by God himself. These words are always taken seriously with no question. The agonies of the poor ones remain in their life and still they work hard for the dream of the afterlife. The working class or any other person is never allowed to rebel or question any action of the Church or the higher class. In this respect, class discrimination has closely intertwined with economic problems and religious ones.
The innocent child takes the words of an angel in his dream seriously and dreams of another angel coming with a bright key and freeing all the previous dead chimney sweepers from their coffins and leading them to a world of purity. Tom becomes happy after this dream as he sees the angel assuring him in a good afterlife; the Church benefits from making people believe that the present does not matter and wealth is not necessary. Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm: So, if all do their duty, they need not fear harm (Blake lines 23-24). Blake demonstrates his attitude to the way the Church tries to set an authority over the ordinary people. Light and genuinely optimistic images pervade the poem with some implicitly evil meaning that renders the authors idea of the Churchs true intentions concerning child labor.
Labor force and religion
Labor force should not mean child labor. It is nice when a little child wants to help his/her parents though the child should not be forced to work. The level of industrialization can demonstrate the working conditions in the country. The Church and mechanisms are incompatible regarding the aims of each party in this case. The church is aimed at using peoples labor to its advantage and the clergy realize the consequences of better work conditions. The fewer people experience different hardships, the less they need some support, the less they go to church, the less the Church profits from the sufferings of poor people. Al the actions of the Church are well-grounded and targeted at gaining profit.
Toms father is one of those who can sell his son to the Church for the dangerous job of sweeping the chimneys. At the time of industrialization, there was always a need for small boys who could clean the chimneys by getting inside due to their small size. These little boys did not care at all; the poet comments, So your chimneys I sweep, and in soot, I sleep (Blake line 4); they had to live in utter unhealthy conditions as they were devoid of any home. Sometimes they died of ill health due to prolonged exposure to soot or by accidents. Tom is just a symbol or representative of these unfortunate poor children.
Tom, a little boy as a chimney sweeper
Tom, a little boy, is characterized as representative of all suffering children in the hand of the Church. He tastes the intense hard blow of poverty and sorrow right in childhood when his mother dies. The poet states, When my mother died I was very young (Blake line 1) and could not say a word. His father sells him for money. It is important to state that the Church is the buyer of a little boy. Toms life then begins in the dark gloomy world of labor doing a dangerous job of cleaning the chimney. He has to sleep in the soot that he has cleaned out of the chimney. His head is shaved and it makes him feel further sad. When he weeps for that along with the other grievances he is just given meager words of consolation saying now that soot will not dirt his hair. Hush, Tom! never mind it, for, when your heads bare,/ You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair (Blake lines 7-8). It is the perfect truth to the child. However, the child does not have to work at such a young age. He should play with his friend and enjoy the period of carefree existence. If his mother was alive, she would bake sweet cakes for him and comb his fair hair. Though he cannot live a normal life of a carefree child, Tom manages to find some light and happy dreams to comfort him on the hardest days.
Blake manages to reveal the hardships of Toms life through vivid pictures of the poem depicting the suffering of the little boy Tom and the nature in which that has given way to the industries by receding itself while getting limitations outside the boundaries of the cities. The first picture represents a little helpless boy with his head shaven. Theres little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head,/ That curled like a lambs back, was shaved (Blake lines 5-6). We find Tom sleeping in the dirty unhealthy bed of soot and weeping in agony and it is so real that it will make anybody feel for Tom and thousands like Tom. He speaks of sleeping in the soot which reveals the living conditions of these children.
Conclusion
The church should not encourage the use of child labor. However, the poem by William Blake dwells on the quite opposite facts. Child labor is not only the prime subject of the poem but it is created in a way to point out the unfair practices carried out in society. This is supported by the Church. The dominion of the Church over the poor people through brainwashing is successfully criticized. The poet is successful in his effort to make people think about these unfortunate issues.
Works Cited
Blake, William. The Chimney Sweeper . Anthology: The Norton Anthology of British Literature. Martin Greenblatt. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2005. 486.
The economic situation in the country can be impacted by various factors. The life of the Medieval Europeans was highly influential by the Church and every step taken by authorities and monarchs was talked over with the secular clergy. In this respect, the society was under two powers: the official one (the power of the monarch and the Parliament, if any) and the power of the Church. Regarding this, the Church established rules and laws using influencing politics, law-makers, and their decisions. The population had to work hard to pay taxes to the state and various fees required by the Church that assured them of the importance of that. Additionally, the financial situation was not stable and the government could not change anything because of the Church that encouraged people to live a poor life now to live in Heaven after their death. Industrial Revolution was not profitable for the Church as it could enhance the peoples opportunities to live better and deprive them of a stable income and a peoples belief in the poor life full of hardships on earth and a good life in harmony in Heaven.
Discussion
Church and persuasive arguments
The Church is influencing peoples decisions and dreams. Instead of dreaming about a happy life on earth Tom, the main character of William Blakes poem The Chimney Sweeper , wants to live with God in Heaven and is ready to go through various hardships of life and overcome all difficulties. Hed have God for his father, and never want joy (Blake line 20) can be interpreted as the main evidence of the religious impact on peoples minds. People are not expected to want something different than Gods favor. Besides, wealth is claimed to be inappropriate for those who truly believe in the best motives of the Church that wishes all people only the finest life.
The other points in this poem are the brainwashing of the poor people by the Church and other higher classes who say the poor ones only need to perform their duty sincerely and never look for joy in this life. Then only they will get a wonderful afterlife cared for by the angels and fathered by God himself. These words are always taken seriously with no question. The agonies of the poor ones remain in their life and still they work hard for the dream of the afterlife. The working class or any other person is never allowed to rebel or question any action of the Church or the higher class. In this respect, class discrimination has closely intertwined with economic problems and religious ones.
The innocent child takes the words of an angel in his dream seriously and dreams of another angel coming with a bright key and freeing all the previous dead chimney sweepers from their coffins and leading them to a world of purity. Tom becomes happy after this dream as he sees the angel assuring him in a good afterlife; the Church benefits from making people believe that the present does not matter and wealth is not necessary. Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy and warm: So, if all do their duty, they need not fear harm (Blake lines 23-24). Blake demonstrates his attitude to the way the Church tries to set an authority over the ordinary people. Light and genuinely optimistic images pervade the poem with some implicitly evil meaning that renders the authors idea of the Churchs true intentions concerning child labor.
Labor force and religion
Labor force should not mean child labor. It is nice when a little child wants to help his/her parents though the child should not be forced to work. The level of industrialization can demonstrate the working conditions in the country. The Church and mechanisms are incompatible regarding the aims of each party in this case. The church is aimed at using peoples labor to its advantage and the clergy realize the consequences of better work conditions. The fewer people experience different hardships, the less they need some support, the less they go to church, the less the Church profits from the sufferings of poor people. Al the actions of the Church are well-grounded and targeted at gaining profit.
Toms father is one of those who can sell his son to the Church for the dangerous job of sweeping the chimneys. At the time of industrialization, there was always a need for small boys who could clean the chimneys by getting inside due to their small size. These little boys did not care at all; the poet comments, So your chimneys I sweep, and in soot, I sleep (Blake line 4); they had to live in utter unhealthy conditions as they were devoid of any home. Sometimes they died of ill health due to prolonged exposure to soot or by accidents. Tom is just a symbol or representative of these unfortunate poor children.
Tom, a little boy as a chimney sweeper
Tom, a little boy, is characterized as representative of all suffering children in the hand of the Church. He tastes the intense hard blow of poverty and sorrow right in childhood when his mother dies. The poet states, When my mother died I was very young (Blake line 1) and could not say a word. His father sells him for money. It is important to state that the Church is the buyer of a little boy. Toms life then begins in the dark gloomy world of labor doing a dangerous job of cleaning the chimney. He has to sleep in the soot that he has cleaned out of the chimney. His head is shaved and it makes him feel further sad. When he weeps for that along with the other grievances he is just given meager words of consolation saying now that soot will not dirt his hair. Hush, Tom! never mind it, for, when your heads bare,/ You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair (Blake lines 7-8). It is the perfect truth to the child. However, the child does not have to work at such a young age. He should play with his friend and enjoy the period of carefree existence. If his mother was alive, she would bake sweet cakes for him and comb his fair hair. Though he cannot live a normal life of a carefree child, Tom manages to find some light and happy dreams to comfort him on the hardest days.
Blake manages to reveal the hardships of Toms life through vivid pictures of the poem depicting the suffering of the little boy Tom and the nature in which that has given way to the industries by receding itself while getting limitations outside the boundaries of the cities. The first picture represents a little helpless boy with his head shaven. Theres little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head,/ That curled like a lambs back, was shaved (Blake lines 5-6). We find Tom sleeping in the dirty unhealthy bed of soot and weeping in agony and it is so real that it will make anybody feel for Tom and thousands like Tom. He speaks of sleeping in the soot which reveals the living conditions of these children.
Conclusion
The church should not encourage the use of child labor. However, the poem by William Blake dwells on the quite opposite facts. Child labor is not only the prime subject of the poem but it is created in a way to point out the unfair practices carried out in society. This is supported by the Church. The dominion of the Church over the poor people through brainwashing is successfully criticized. The poet is successful in his effort to make people think about these unfortunate issues.
Works Cited
Blake, William. The Chimney Sweeper . Anthology: The Norton Anthology of British Literature. Martin Greenblatt. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2005. 486.
The discovery of natural rubber changed the dynamics of western economies in the late eighth century and early ninth century. To get a better perspective on how the rubber boom redefined the second industrialization, a brief history of the discovery of rubber will shed more light.
Rubber was discovered in the Amazon region of Peru and Brazil by the indigenous Indians who had used it to make an elastic ball that they used in a game called Tlachtlic, at around 1600BC. The rubber was extracted from a tree called rubber tree (Havea brasiliensis)1.
Rubber got to Europe through early expeditionary trips by the likes of Christopher Columbus2. It was used as an as an eraser by Joseph priestly. The practical use of rubber was not well developed until 1800s when the first rubber factory was built in the United Kingdom, France and the United States increasing the demand of the product in the world market.
Use of rubber gained momentum through clever discoveries like vulcanization, which led to different applications of rubber like Michelin 1895 was able to adapt the bicycle tire to automobile tires3. Prior to this, in 1815 Hancock had discovered the first rubber mattress and together with a Macintosh, they developed a waterproof coat and the list is endless of how new rubber applications developed.
The impact of the boom in rubber in Europe, America and Asia led to emergence of new economies especially in Brazil where small towns like Belem, Manaus and Porto Velho grew rapidly to become major towns in Brazil4. The effect of this sporadic growth and massive demand called for increased supply of the product to meet the demand which further meant that a larger workforce needed to be put in place.
The negative aspect that reared its head in economic growth was that most indigenous Indians were forced to work for the rubber barons and although the venture was very profitable those who collected the rubber in the fields were grossly paid and the native Indians of the Amazon were made slaves to work for the plantation owners5.
In one of the plantations, it is quoted to have started with around 50,000 workers of Indian decent. When the plantation was put on the limelight, it was revealed it had only about 8,000 Indians. The rest had died either under unorthodox means or just brutally murdered6.
However, on the other side, Brazil emerged as a well-developed economy. The rubber boom never lasted for long in Brazil as by 1873 the Britons had migrated their interest to Malaysia and had stated their own plantation7.
The rubber boom had led to an industrial revolution in Brazils economy through an advanced infrastructural system in railroad, construction of roads and an improved communication that allowed and facilitated other facets of the economy to grow tremendously like mining and agriculture. It is also important to mention that the boom brought both political and economic redefinition of the economic prospects in Brazil8.
Other economies that emerged from the rubber boom were countries like Malaysia. Although rubber trees grew spontaneously in the wild in Malaysia rubber plantation were introduced by the British in 18709. The Havea Brasiliensis specimens were transported notably to Singapore and Ceylon where they performed better than expected.
The boom and increased rubber prices that had reached an all-time high in 1910, which boosted the economy drastically through its exports that also included tin10. By 1921 Malaysia was exporting 50% of the worlds demand for rubber with an estimated 1.34 million acres under plantation. The projected economic growth had surpassed the 4.5% mark, making Malaysia to be one of the rapidly growing economies in the world11.
This was aided by the cheap labor that was acquired from Indian migrants brought in under the government auspices, the Chinese who had invested heavily in Malaysias rubber industry and who operated as private companies sought for the coolie trade as a means to getting an alternative workforce12.
In addition, Malaysia was strategically placed and its deep harbors proved essential in trade compared to other islands which were slightly away from the main route13.
Besides, the steady growth of exports in Malaysia was due to better governance and policies made to ensure a competitive growth and a well-developed and elaborate infrastructural system in road, railway, ports in Penang and Singapore together with good communication networks allowed for the rapid economic growth. 14
Lastly other economies that benefitted in a way to the rubber boom were the Belgium that controlled the Congo under King Leopold II. After successful acquiring the Congo through the Berlin conference, king Leopold set out to make the venture profitable to be able to run its administration15.
Unlike Brazil and Malaysia where rubber was grown under plantation, in Congo, rubber was extracted from wild vines that grew in the jungle16.
The extraction also took unorthodox means. Instead of tapping the rubber the Congolese took to slashing the tress and lathering their bodies with the sap and when the sap had hardened they would curve it off their bodies this was an extremely painful procedure as the hardened latex would come out with human hair. The practice also led to massive destruction of the tress.
By 1890, rubber had surpassed the ivory exports in Congo17. King Leopold was able to make massive profits by the end of 1903 at the expense of the Congolese people who had suffered from massive atrocities like being raped, murdered and their hands being severed18.
Belgium had come out as a powerful economic block in Europe, but just like Brazil the boom never lasted long and eventually due to massive western pressure king Leopold had to yield to pressure and hand over the Congo leaving the worst record on human rights violation19.
The rubber boom helped to propel the then developing economies to become developed economies and giving rise to new economies from the renowned dominant ones like America, United Kingdom, Russia and Europe20.
Its critical to understand that the emergence of these new economies was boosted by the high demand of raw materials after the Second World War which left Europe in a crisis in form of labor and provision for its industries, the second world war provided a ready market for processed goods especially agricultural products which were essential for the revival of the western economies21.
The second industrial revolution was characterized also by other booms, not only in rubber, but also in other cash crops22. For instance Brazil had the sugar boom, Malaysia before the rubber boom had the tin boom which was its largest export.
In the worlds fronts there were great innovations in the communication sector like the telegraph, in textile there were still major strides in synthetic fiber23. All these aspects played quite a crucial role in boosting markets and products for these new developing economies that characterized the second industrial revolution.
Bibliography
Akers, C. The rubber industry in Brazil and the Orient / with twenty-six illustrations. Upper Saddle River: Cengage Learning. 1914.
American Bibliographical Center: Twentieth century abstracts. American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1980.
Andrew, D. Lonely Planet Brazil, Regis St. Louis. Lonely Planet, 2005
Cohen, S. B. Geopolitics of the world system: Regional geographies for a new era. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003
Frank, S. and Stuart, B. S. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999
Greenfield, G. M. The realities of images: imperial Brazil and the Great Drought. American Philosophical Society, 2001
Hemming, J. Change in the Amazon Basin: Mans impact on forests and rivers. Manchester: University Press (1995)
Huff, W. G. The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth. Cambridge University Press. 1997.
Kenneth, P Steven, T. World that trade created, the: Society, Culture, And the World Economy. New York: Sharpe, 2005
Levin, M. R. Forgan, S. and Hessler, M. Urban modernity: cultural innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution. New York: MIT Press, 2010
Meade T. A. A history of modern Latin America: 1800 to the present Concise history of the modern world. Chicago: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009
Ming, T. Ipoh: when tin was king. Upper Saddle River, Cengage 2009
Newmark, R. Grand Opera in the Jungle: A Brazilian Myth or Reality? Oxford Publishers: New York, 2006.
Russell, L. A. The second industrial revolution. New York: Forward Movement Publications. 2001
Tsing, L, A. Friction: An Ethnography Of Global Connection. Upper Saddle River. 2005
Tully, J. The Devils Milk: A Social History of Rubber. New York: NYU Press, 2011
Valerie, H and Kenneth: Voyages in World History. Upper Saddle River: Cengage Learning, 2008
Warren, D. Brazil and the struggle for rubber: a study in environmental history. Cambridge University Press: New York. 1914.
Weinstein, B. The Amazon rubber boom. California, Stanford University Press: 1850- 1920, 1983.
Ziegler-Otero, L. Resistance in an Amazonian community: Huaorani organizing against the global economy. Berghahn Series. Berghahn Books, 2007.
Footnotes
1 Huff, W. G. The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth. Cambridge University Press. 1997.
2 Andrew, D. Lonely Planet Brazil, Regis St. Louis. Lonely Planet, 2005
3 Valerie, H and Kenneth: Voyages in World History. Upper Saddle River: Cengage Learning, 2008
4 Cohen, S. B. Geopolitics of the world system: Regional geographies for a new era. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003
5 Hemming, J. Change in the Amazon Basin: Mans impact on forests and rivers. Manchester: University Press (1995)
6 Akers, C. The rubber industry in Brazil and the Orient / with twenty-six illustrations. Upper Saddle River: Cengage Learning. 1914.
7 Kenneth, P Steven, T. World that trade created, the: Society, Culture, And the World Economy. New York: Sharpe, 2005
8 Valerie, H and Kenneth: Voyages in World History. Upper Saddle River: Cengage Learning, 2008
9 Warren, D. Brazil and the struggle for rubber: a study in environmental history. Cambridge University Press: New York. 1914.
10 Greenfield, G. M. The realities of images: imperial Brazil and the Great Drought. American Philosophical Society, 2001
11 Meade T. A. A history of modern Latin America: 1800 to the present Concise history of the modern world. Chicago: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009
12 Weinstein, B. The Amazon rubber boom. California, Stanford University Press: 1850- 1920, 1983.
13 Frank, S. and Stuart, B. S. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999
14 Tsing, L, A. Friction: An Ethnography Of Global Connection. Upper Saddle River. 2005
15 Newmark, R. Grand Opera in the Jungle: A Brazilian Myth or Reality? Oxford Publishers: New York, 2006
16 Russell, L. A. The second industrial revolution. New York: Forward Movement Publications. 2001
17 American Bibliographical Center: Twentieth century abstracts. American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1980.
18 Ming, T. Ipoh: when tin was king. Upper Saddle River, Cengage 2009
19 Huff, W. G. The Economic Growth of Singapore: Trade and Development in the Twentieth. Cambridge University Press. 1997
20 Andrew, D. Lonely Planet Brazil, Regis St. Louis. Lonely Planet, 2005
21 Tully, J. The Devils Milk: A Social History of Rubber. New York: NYU Press, 2011
22 Levin, M. R. Forgan, S. and Hessler, M. Urban modernity: cultural innovation in the Second Industrial Revolution. New York: MIT Press, 2010
23 Ziegler-Otero, L. Resistance in an Amazonian community: Huaorani organizing against the global economy. Berghahn Series. Berghahn Books, 2007
According to Alessandro Nuvolari (348), collective invention refers to a situation where a firm shares its technological know-how with its competitors. Firms share information on concept and functioning of new technologies freely with one another. It was first noted in iron industry of Cleveland in the United Kingdom. Iron producers had new innovations in the industry and they freely disclosed information on performance and construction of new blast furnaces they had installed (Alessandro 348).
In addition, the information was not protected to allow the competing firms to utilize it wholly. Alessandro (349) noted that sharing these insights resulted to increased blast temperature and height of the furnaces. As a result, production costs and consumption of fuel decreased.
The major similarity between collective invention and heroic individual invention is that both provided important source of innovations during the early stages of industrialization. Historians emphasize that early stages of industrialization were characterized by individual contributions, commonly referred to as heroic age (Alessandro 347).
The main feature of heroic age was individual contribution towards technological development. However, during the early stages of industrialization competing firms shared information freely, for example, the iron producers case. Therefore, both collective and heroic individual inventions contributed to technological advances in early phases of industrialization.
Use of patent system to protect individual inventors in heroic individual inventions differentiates it from collective inventions (Alessandro 349). For example, in Britain, inventive activities are rewarded, therefore a legal system has been set up to protect the rights of inventors.
Use of patent system is associated with economical gain, which has resulted to increased individual inventors. In addition, Alessandro (350) stated that patents protect information and it is sold to firms by individual inventors, for instance, the case of American glass industry (351).
On contrary, in collective invention, the information is freely shared and it is not protected by patents. An example of collective invention is the case study of Cornish mining district. After discovery of steam power, publications were made on features, operating processes and performance of each engine. As a result, competing companies adopted practice and created a competitive environment (Alessandro, 354).
According to Alessandro, incremental invention is subjecting new technology to a process of improvements to acquire its full economic and technical potential (347). Collective and incremental inventions are related and interdependent processes. For example, mining activities at Cornish district were affected by flooding.
Steam power was utilized to mine drainage effectively. After numerous technical experiments, the steam pumping engine was developed to address the problem. In addition, the full potential of the steam power was realized (Alessandro 352). The above process is an illustration of the incremental improvements during industrial revolution.
The final results were freely shared to other competing companies: a characteristic of collective invention. Alessandro (359) notes that the practice of steam power was adopted by other competitors and the process of incremental improvement continued. Additional invention favors collective invention and supports technology sharing (Alessandro 360).
Alessandro argues that collective and incremental inventions contributed more in early stages of industrial revolution compared to own inventions (361). The incremental improvement originates from users and producers of a technological idea.
Works Cited
Alessandro, Nuvolari. Collective invention during the British Industrial Revolution: the case of the Cornish pumping engine. Cambridge Journal of Economics 28.3 (2004): 347-363. Print.
When talking of change in the modern society, one pictures the role played by the industrial revolution. The history of industrial revolution has its roots in England. This is where the entire project began. It is worth noting, however, that when talking of industrial revolution, one should be pretty sure of what is meant by the phrase.
The term revolution normally refers to some changes in our society. It is a transition that marked a shift from the native and the old agricultural and commercial styles, in the social economy that heavily relied on inefficient and less productive tools, to a new form of an economic system that now invests on modern and complex machines that are faster, effective, and more efficient. These changes have completely changed the behavior of mankind not only in England but also in the entire world.
It has made the agricultural system quite easy, more productive, less expensive and fully exploited. It has really changed the life of mankind. Historically, the term industrial revolution has been used to explain a period in the Britain roughly cutting across the 18th century and the 19th century. It comes with the technical inventions that took place in this dispensation.
The inventions changed the agricultural way of life which by a large extent determined the nature of the industries which relies on it for the raw materials. This in turn changed the commercial aspect and gave it a new, simpler, bearable, and more productive look. The entire economic line and all sectors changed for the better. These new changes did not only affect the industries but they changed families, lifestyles as well as mankind behaviors.
The industrial revolution beginning in England is a pure fact in history. This fact according to historians is beyond reasonable doubt. This initiative was accelerated by a number of factors that favored England to be the pioneers of this big history. England enjoyed a variety of resources that favored and facilitated the development of industries.
These resources were very essential and important to jumpstart the process. There were the raw materials required for the industries. The raw materials included coal and iron among others. Wool was also available. Iron was used to create machines which were basically powered using coal and hence the machines would make threads using the available wool, which later was used to produce very quality textiles.
The availability of workers also gave an upper hand to the industrialization (Hartwell 67). This was simply because the workers availed themselves because of the fact that they were well paid by the factories. As a result, many people were lured and motivated to leave their original works to go for the factory work.
This was so because the factories were in great need of a large number of laborers with flexible mobility. Due to specialization, the laborers in the factories were very effective and productive. This is due to the reason that they performed only a limited number of operations. By this, the factories were able to reduce the time they required to complete various tasks.
Geography also paid an upper hand in the industries in England. This was due to the fact that the essential raw materials; the coal deposits, the iron and the wool, were not far off from each other. This eased the location of industries as the materials were strategically available, close to each other.
On the other hand, the transportation of these raw materials to the industries was not tasking as they were easily shipped across waterways. Basically, waterways reduced the time and cost of transporting the materials. Better still there were very many entrances where these materials could be transported to the industries. The very memorable innovations that took place in England in this period also boosted the industrial revolution.
The inventors were able to exchange ideas very fast and in a very effective way on any new farming, factory, mining or any important technique. The workforce also appreciated these new inventions that eased their work and increased their productivity, a factor that helped the inventors to make positive improvements on their colleagues innovative works. Hence the cohesive invention work accelerated the realization of more complex machineries. The workforce had also a take in this as they did not dilute the inventions.
The various inventions also had a very positive drive to propel industrialization. The flying shuttle for example raised the weaving speed, a factor that led to production of more clothes.
The spinning jenny on the other hand made it possible to have a large number of threads produced, a factor that increased the weaving speed bearing in mind that the machine was usable at home and in cottage industries too. As a result, contract work was beeped up.
Water flames were also to be attributed as a reason why the industrial revolution has its roots in England. The machine was also very important in powering the spinning machine. It reduced the amount of time needed to manually spin the threads. The power loom was also very significant. It by far reduced the manpower and at the long run the cost needed so as to weave the threads into clothes.
The work could also now be done under minimal human supervision. The speed was also improved having in mind that water power was far off better than the human force. Cotton harvesting in America also received a boost with the invention of the cotton gin. The invention reduced on the amount of time required to harvest cotton and sieve it, a factor that made cotton then a cheaper commodity.
England enjoyed a very comfortable political stability (Inikori 156). The latter saw the industrial revolution being a success in the country and also led England into being the first country to grow industrially, a very good environment for industrial survival. This was also added value by the reason that there was zero political interference in business. In other words, the free economy and politics in the country compared to other countries even in Europe created a very healthy environment for industrial survival.
The government policy was just something else of benefit to the industrial revolution in England that cannot just be ignored. It is worth noting that by then, the governance of England was just another wonder to enjoy. There was good will from all aspects of life that propelled the industrial revolution. The government did not impose any internal tariff.
The industries were not strictly regulated, and to make the story sweeter and worth listening to, the transportation costs were not frustrating the industrial development. There was also a change in stock breeding in England. The revived stock breeding was a smiling reason for the industrial revolution. As a result, the agricultural products were just an encouraging improvement. The quality of meat, milk and that of wool became something to look at and proudly talk of. Their quantities of production were increased significantly.
Consequently, feeding and clothing this industrial growing nation by then became just an easy thing for England. There was also an improvement of the planting methodology. Following the invention of the horse-drawn seed drill , the planting of seeds in the farms became more professional and effective rather than the manual and primitive practice. The drill could plant seeds in straight rows and because it was horse-drawn, a reduced amount of manpower was required to do the planting.
As a result of the inventions of the mechanical reapers used to harvest crops, the process itself eased. The two latter inventions were very positive to the industrial revolution. One is that feeding the swelling number of urban dwellers was now not a big issue to the government. And since few people were then needed to work in the farms, the rest of the people were now available to work in the industries.
The new agricultural system was another very important advantage to the industrial revolution. The introduction of the land enclosure system was a big tick especially to the large scale farmers. They could now operate smoothly in their farms without the peasants interference. The four year crop rotation was also very timely. It ensured that each part of the available land was wisely utilized in a unique way every year.
Therefore, the rotation did another good that cannot just be assumed. The new crops introduced in England were another value added to the industrial revolution. They provided cheap food that kept the animals and humankind going throughout the entire industrial revolution.
The division of land into large farms made it possible for the land to be used in a more effective and efficient way. As a result the cost of food production was reduced and its production was driven up. Thus, the policy of the individual land consolidation was heavenly sent.
England was also enjoying its richness in both local and international merchants. The availability of these merchants, the profit made by the large farm holders as well as the income the country got from its colonies provided just enough capital to set up these industries. There was also ready market for these products both in Europe, Africa, America, and basically in the entire world. As the industries emerged, the number of the working class also increased and therefore the demand and ability to buy these products was also rising in the country.
However, every activity has a result attached to it. Industrial revolution in England also did not go unnoticed. The impacts were as sound as the revolution itself. As a result of the revolution, the population in the country also increased. As a matter of fact, the population almost doubled in this dispensation.
This was as a result of the good humanitarian conditions caused by the industrial revolution. The industries increased employment opportunities in the country, a factor that raised the number of the working class in the country. As a result of the now new income, the populations standards of living improved. The social structure also changed in the country. Earlier, people used to live in small villages.
They worked in agricultural sectors or better still work as craftsmen. Most of them lived in the upcountry. Here, farming was the major economic activity. However, things changed all over a sudden. The enclosed system left many people landless. The poor farmers who were forced to fence their land were left struggling financially. The enclosure system also compelled many people to look for employment opportunities in the upcoming factories. Many people therefore moved from rural areas to urban centers.
Many factories were opened in the country. The road networks in the country also improved as a result of the revolution. The railway transport was also improved. It was necessary to have good railway network so as to ease the mails and news delivery across the factories and the business associates. This wiped away the old and primitive wagons.
With every good that comes, an evil one is just at hand. Nothing will happen with all positive results. Industrial revolution in England was not an exemption. It is a fact that it did very well. But on the other hand, its harm cannot be assumed. One is that there were a lot of exodus; people leaving the rural to the urban.
This was a factor that reduced the workforce in the farms. Following the large numbers of the population going to the urban centers, the houses here were not enough to accommodate this sudden huge number. As a result, these people were compelled to live in slums. Here, the conditions were not human-friendly. Water in the slums was a challenge. The sanitation was very wanting. People had to use very poor latrines. The hygiene in these slums was very challenging. In fact, it left the slums dwellers in a threat of many diseases.
As people moved to urban centers life changed and social evils got to their peak. Prostitution was in its highest in this dispensation. Those who were lazy and dissatisfied with what they got engaged in crimes. The workers in the factories were also on the receiving end. They were exposed to long working hours. Child labor and other forms of abuse were also another challenge.
Other than the long working duration, another danger that was glaring at these factory workers were the brutal working conditions. The environment was also not spared either. In fact the impacts on the environment were so sound that they are felt even today. Talk of air pollution by the smoke from the industries. The waste from industries was also a challenge to the soil and in most cases when directed to the water sources posed a great danger to marine life as well as humans who relied on the same water.
The impacts of the industrial revolution were not only felt in England alone; however, the entire world shared on the same pros and cons. The products from the British factories got their way into the global market and in this way the world had a share.
After making big profits from these industries, the investors had surplus capital and the rest of the world more so Africa became their destination of investment. Many people also learnt from the English invention and carried on the same to their countries and thereby, industrial revolution became a global affair rather than an English affair.
When the water masses were polluted by the Englishman, the impact was felt worldwide. The same case happened to the global climatic change as a result of this industrial revolution. The USA also benefited from this revolution as investors went to the USA to invest. Researchers from USA found a good ground to study in Britain on the inventions. These researchers in turn replicated the same in the US. The English industrial revolution was important to all nations in the world.
Works Cited
Hartwell, Ronald Max. The causes of the industrial revolution in England. London: Taylor & Francis, 1967. Print.
Inikori, Joseph E. Africans and the industrial revolution in England: a study in international trade and international development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.
The industrial revolution was an important part of the economic development of the United States. It was from this period that new inventions were experienced both technologically and in the field of business management. This paper will therefore identify the technological inventions that were experienced in America during this period, identify the business innovations and finally point out the benefits and demerits of the inventions.
The 19th Century industrial revolution was divided into two parts. The first part was experienced in Europe and the UK in the first half of the Century before the second part of the revolution swept the regions of the United States of America and Germany. During this period, these regions experienced a change in production where most goods production moved from home and hand production to machine productions in factories. During the first revolution, the United States of America witnessed a small improvement. At this point, the society witnessed the invention of machines for weaving and spinning that were operated by water which later transformed into using steam power. This was a very important invention that increased the quantity of production in the textile industry (Kelly, 4).
During the second revolution which took place during the second half of the 19th Century, three fundamental issues resulted into the acceleration of the revolution. Among the three issues were improvement of the transport system, the improvement in the harnessing of electricity and finally technological improvement that changed the process of production. In addition, the government came up with policies that were meant to protect the manufacturers in America. This was a very fundamental step in the improvement of the economy of the United States of America (Kelly, 12).
The inventions were important in the increasing of production. For example, the invention of the cotton qin by Eli Whitney increased the volume of raw cotton being sent to the North from the South. This also increased the production of cloth. The cotton qin was a machine that separated cotton fiber and the seeds at a faster rate as compared to hands. Spinning and weaving were also brought together in a single factory after the invention by Francis Lowell. This increased the production of cloth in New England. In addition, the invention of interchangeable machine parts allowed for a quicker assembly of machines. This was an invention by Eli Whitney (Kelly, 14).
Considering the size of the United States, there was need for communication. This formed the most essential part of development. As a result, Samuel Morse came up with the idea of a telegraph which became part and parcel of the communication network in the whole of the United States. The network ranged from Mississippi to the East Coast. Communication was further given an impetus by the invention of a steam boat by Robert Fulton. The idea was based on James Watts steam engine innovation. The whole of the late 19th Century witnessed more inventions that persisted until the early 20th Century. Among the inventions included the light bulb by Thomas Edison, the Automobile by Karl Benz and the invention of the telephone by Alexander Bell.
Massive production of wrought iron and steel was also witnessed during this period when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a furnace that increased its speed of production. The field of management experienced a new turn during this period after the invention of new intellectual paradigms. These included the invention of capitalism. This was the period referred to as the age of enlightenment. It was from here that scientific knowledge was practically applied in almost every aspect of human life including management. Business strategies practically witnessed a new turn when scientific facts and discoveries were applied in the process of managing people and identification of motivation factors of employees. This scientific approach resulted into more productivity and job satisfaction of the employees and also increased profits to companies through improved methods of production and also good workplace practices. Finally, the world witnessed improvements in the field of medicine. This was important because it helped to cure diseases that were causing deaths and reduced productivity. To be precise, the technological and strategy improvements witnessed in the 19th Century positively implicated on the increase or the quantity and speed of production, effective communication through information transfer and transportation, increased productivity of companies through scientific approach to management, quick and more reliable source of power through electricity invention and reduction of working hours. With these increases in efficiency came better living standards both in economic and health terms (Hanbidge, 5).
However, these inventions had with them negative implications which have contributed to diverse problems in the lives of humans. The technological inventions resulted into the formation weaponry that has been a great contribution in the number of deaths all over the globe. This includes guns used by criminals, by terrorists or those used during civil wars. The invention of automobiles and factories has contributed to environmental degradation and air, water, soil and noise pollutions. These pollutions have brought with them diseases that lead to deaths. In addition, these developments led to rural-urban migrations that have resulted into poverty and poor living conditions for the urban poor. It has also led to increased crime and several other social ills. Ideological changes brought in capitalism that has led to over exploitation of people causing increasing gaps between the rich and the poor and destruction of environment to attain person ambitions (Hanbidge, 8).
In conclusion, industrial revolution was very essential in the improvement of lives of Americans and the world as a whole. However, the phenomenon brought with it several negative impacts that have haunted the human existence for a long period. Considering the important aspects of industrial revolution inventions, it is normal to believe that humans cannot do without them. However, it is important that best ways of employing these inventions be invented so that the negative implications are checked adequately. Without this, the human existence will be haunted by these factors.
Works Cited
Hanbidge. The Industrial Revolution. SchoolHistory.CO.UK. 2003. Web.
Our modern era has influenced the beginning of the so-called Fourth Industrial Revolution which has particular unique characteristics that can only be applied currently. Advanced production and smart digital technology are two main factors of the present industrial process that directly affects all levels of management and social interactions. The innovative approach to technology can be described not only as autonomous and interconnected but also as able to increase technological and digital intelligence and put it back into the physical world. Thus, the most striking innovative feature of todays technological revolution is the unification and connection of the real and digital space to boost human understanding of information and knowledge in general. Further, organizations are also being transformed using technologies with operational excellence that change the approach to customer service and digital validation. Speaking of new technological spheres that are highly interactive and promising for future generations, scholars distinguish robotics, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, neural networks, quantum computing, and so on (Coteleer et al., 2020). Moreover, such types of modernization can question peoples perception of design, social advertising, and the way society views visual information as a whole.
Technology that is Changing User Interactions
Undoubtedly, modern everchanging technological advances greatly affect any user interactions, especially the ones that are connected with digital aspects of social communication and management. Hence, user interactions are altered because of the aforementioned peculiarities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, where the implementation of artificial knowledge and intelligence in the physical world becomes quite significant from everyones point of view. Therefore, ushering in a digital reality cannot be unnoticed by the organizational systems everywhere because it puts the consumer/partner experience in a more essential position than it was before (Coteleer et al., 2020). What is more, the advancement is happening at an exponential pace, which is unprecedented this fact is affecting user interactions greatly. To keep up with this modernization process, specialists have to be rather perceptive and susceptible to new information because it has never become outdated so quickly (Schwab, 2016). Thus, scholars predict that the way of interaction between consumers, users, and creators will be greatly altered through autonomous logistics and distribution.
Changing Principles of UI/UX Design
To take into consideration everything that has been mentioned before, nowadays, the UI/UX design community is obliged to follow multiple principles to stand the test of time and stay relevant. First, UI/UX designers number one goal should always be to meet the users needs completely. That is because, in the realm of the Internet and limitless global online opportunities, it is highly important to choose an individual approach when working with customers who seek original designs among common patterns and prints. Second, designers have to be aware of user control and freedom, meaning the right of the customer and the maker to be creative and unique in the digital sphere of influence. Third, accessibility in the modern age is highly relevant and important for high-quality design so digitalization helps the process of creation and construction of new features and products. Moreover, customers and other users look for consistency in the creations of the design community as well as following high standards. Indeed, in a world of constant change, designers have to prepare to find trustworthy communities to prepare themselves for the repercussions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
References
Cotteleer, M., Sneiderman, B. (2020). Forces of change: Industry 4.0.
Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth industrial revolution, Davos 2016. Web.