Category: Impact

Impact of the Implementation of the Minimum Wage on Poverty Rate

Minimum wage is defined as the fixed wage controlled by the government, which makes the minimum wage can’t go below it.

Arguments in Favor of the Minimum Wage

1. The standard of living of the lower working class rose, and so did the average social standard of living.
2. Stimulate consumption. More money could be allocated to lower-paid workers who run out of pay, thereby increasing the flow of money.
3. Has a positive impact on SMEs’ income (as customers’ income increases).
4. Eliminate low-paid jobs and force workers to train and move to higher-paying jobs.
5. Promoting the development of science and technology. As labor costs rise, high-tech industries become more attractive. encourage automation and efficiency in industry.

Arguments Against the Minimum Wage

1. The minimum wage, by itself, is not effective in alleviating poverty; in fact, it exacerbates it by leading to unemployment.
2. To reduce the demand for work, to reduce the number of working hours or positions. Lead to more long-term unemployment.
3. Measures to eradicate poverty are less effective than others (such as resistance to earned income tax deductions) and hurt business more.
4. It hurts small and medium-sized enterprises more than it hurts big ones.
5. That leads to higher commodity prices when those goods are made by low-income workers. this could lead to higher prices as businesses try to compensate for labor costs by raising commodity prices.

In the report I will discuss the effect of the minimum wage in different countries of developing country and developed country.

India

The congress party’s vision of a direct transfer of benefits, Nyuntam Aay Yojana (NYAY), is expected to give India’s 50 million poorest families 72,000 rupees a year in direct transfers to female family members. According to the congress party’s own estimates, the total cost of the program will be less than 1% of GDP in the first year and less than 2% in the second, and will fall as India’s nominal GDP grows and the number of households lifted out of poverty grows.

However, in the country like India, the purpose of doing this is to woo its voters. I think it will not only fail to reduce poverty, but also promote the increase of ‘pseudo-poverty’ population and bring about serious corruption problem. If included in the poorest population 50 million maximum critical value of N, the lowest critical value of M, the qi for relief after it is 7200 M + N + 7200, the income within the range of N ~ N + 7200 population would think if their income can decrease to a little less than N, in the case of relief can reduce a lot of labor and income unchanged even increased. As a result, a considerable part of the population in the range of N~N+7200 will actively seek to reduce their income and prefer to get something for nothing, thus increasing the ‘pseudo-poor population’. In this case, the expansion of the government’s relief scale will affect the finance, and the failure to expand the scale will aggravate the dumbbell structure of social wealth distribution. On the other hand, due to the serious corruption in India itself, from ancient times to the present, the process of identifying the poor population and the transfer of funds from a large amount of funds to a large number of people in a short period of time will bring a lot of rent-seeking opportunities to relevant personnel and aggravate the corruption problem. In China, such as Wenchuan disaster relief project corruption is shocking, not to mention other similar projects. So, in the country like India, the only method for them is to increase the employment rate.

America

Higher labor costs reduce employment. That’s why President Clinton’s plan to raise the federal minimum wage should not be accepted, because it would further reduce employment opportunities for low-skilled workers. President Clinton has proposed raising the minimum wage to $5.15 an hour. In fact, hourly wages are often lower than that for teenagers, high school dropouts, immigrants and other low-skilled workers. They find jobs in smaller stores, especially fast-food chains and other retail outlets. If the President raises the minimum wage, as he wants, some people will lose their jobs because employers will think they are less productive and not worth the money. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have confirmed that raising the minimum wage does reduce job opportunities for teenagers and other low-skilled workers. But the minimum wage law has been a hot topic among some unions and politicians. At the same time, some economists occasionally question the possible negative effects of raising the minimum wage.

In July 1988 California’s minimum wage rose from $3.35 to $4.25. In the previous year, 11% of California workers and fully one-half of its teenage workers earned less than the new state minimum. The state-specific nature of the California increase provides a valuable opportunity to study the effects of minimum wage legislation. As in a conventional non-experimental program evaluation, labor market trends in other states can be used to infer what would have happened in California in the absence of the law. Drawing on published labor market statistics and microdata samples from the Current Population Survey, I apply this strategy to estimate the effects of the rise in the minimum wage on various groups and industries in the state. Special attention is paid to teenage workers and employees in retail trade. The results are striking. The increase in the minimum raised wages of teenagers and other low wage workers by 5-1%. Contrary to conventional predictions, however, the employment rate of teenage workers rose, while their school enrollment rate fell.

Canada

Also, in the country like Canada the minimum wage will have relatively the same impact. The impact of a rise in the minimum wage will vary across industries. After controlling for other variables, for industries with low threshold, sufficient labor supply, near-perfect competition in the labor market and relatively low incomes, such as catering industry and day care, the increase of the hourly minimum wage leads to a decline in the real weekly income because the weekly working hours are shortened. For relatively high-income industries and monopolistic sectors, increases in the minimum wage have increased weekly real earnings. The impact of the minimum wage increase on the provinces varies. After controlling for other variables, workers in provinces with abundant labor supply were more affected. For example, when the minimum wage in the catering industry was raised, the weekly earnings of workers in Ontario (where labor is abundant) fell much more sharply than in Alberta (where labor is relatively scarce). In fact, the rise in the minimum wage in the catering industry did not significantly reduce the weekly earnings of workers in Alberta.”

So, in conclusion, the minimum wage will relatively have a positive impact on the developed country.

China

By July 2019, Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing and Shaanxi had adjusted their minimum wage standards for 2019. The minimum wage in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangdong, Tianjin, Jiangsu and Zhejiang exceeded 2,000 yuan, with Shanghai’s monthly minimum wage of 2,480 yuan being the highest in China.

Minimum wage standard generally adopts monthly minimum wage standard, hourly minimum wage standard two forms. Among them, monthly minimum wage standard applies to full-time employment laborer, hour minimum wage standard applies to part-time employment laborer. The salary paid by the employing unit shall not be lower than the prescribed minimum wage standard. As the monthly minimum wage is raised, the salary base of some office workers will be increased.

According to the Ministry of Labor of the People’s Republic of China, Article 59 provides: the worker is sickly or be not because of the job is wounded during treatment, be inside formulary medical treatment period by the enterprise pays its sickly pay or disease relief cost by concerned regulation, sickly pay or disease relief cost can be below local minimum wage standard pay, but cannot be below minimum wage standard 80%.

According to the labor law of the People’s Republic of China, provided for in Article 57, after laborer and unit of choose and employ persons to form or establish labor relations, during the trial, skilled, trainee, inside legal working hours provided normal work, its place unit ought to pay the wages of not less than the minimum wage standard. After minimum wage standard rises, the probation salary that gets by minimum wage standard also will rise.

The payment standard of unemployment benefits is: the unit that unemployed personnel is in before unemployment and oneself accumulative total pay cost is full 1 year is less than 10 years, press minimum wage standard 70% pay, full 10 years and above of, press minimum work standard 80% pay. It can be seen that the rise of the minimum wage directly affects the amount of unemployment insurance.

The four effects on China shows, that China government rises the minimum wage while in the same time does other things to make the market less distorted which shows the advantages of the effect of powerful market control on the whole country. So, we can conclude, the impletion of minimum wages will have the least negative effect on the China.

Conclusion

In the country like China where the government has high control power on the market, the minimum wage will have a better impact on the poverty rate rather than free market country like India and USA. Also, developed country like USA and Canada the minimum wage will have a less negative impact on the people than the developing country like China and India.

How Did The Radio Impact Society: Critical Essay

During the 1920s, one of the biggest impacts was the radio. While Radio technology had already been around for a while, it wasn’t until the 1920s, that people started to buy and keep their radios. The radio had a huge impact on mass culture in the 1920s, however, there are some in particular. The radio impacted mass culture in the 1920s, because people were able to broadcast sports live, how the radio affected the civil rights movement, and politicians were able to reach a wider audience.

One of the biggest impacts radios had in the 1920s, was broadcasting, in particular broadcasting sports. Broadcasting started in the late 1920s, to engage and notify rural and urban Americans. The National Broadcasting Company made in 1926, and the Columbia Broadcasting System, made in 1927, gave programs with a huge range of stations for listeners to choose from. Broadcasting allowed nationwide live entertainment, including sports, comedies, dramas, and music. “Professional sports broadcasting represented another of radio’s most enduring and loved contributions to American culture during the network era” (Vaillant). In the 1920s, through chains, and eventually networks, people were able to listen to a span of things including, live broadcasts, football, horse racing, and basketball. Covering sports was extremely popular because people could hear the game, play-by-play. During the 1920s, boxing was also extremely well-liked because people could hear the game blow by blow.

Radio also played a very important role in the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1920s many African Americans were not interested, or couldn’t afford TVs, so they started listening to the radio. African Americans had to force and beg for stations to play African American programs. Jack L. Cooper started to make the “Negro Hour,”(Vaillant). In which programs were aimed at African Americans. Stations directed towards African Americans also interested white teenagers, who liked their kind of music. African Americans liked rock and roll, and it was broadcast over millions of radio stations. Because of radio, African American musicians like Louis Armstrong, and Duke Ellington, became famous and African-Americans were slowly starting to be a little more accepted. Jim Crow and the commercial music industry urged more entertainment from African Americans. “AM radio became a channel for African Americans just as the civil rights movement got national attention” (Streissguth). African Americans were big customers when it came to buying radio because TVs were too expensive for them. At this time, people also started to protest the style of black and white DJs.

During the 1920’s radio also had a key role with politicians as they were able to reach a wider audience. Politicians no longer had to count on newspaper editors, and could now speak directly through radio. For example, Calvin Coolidge was the first president to broadcast on radio, and when he left office he had 16 popular broadcasts. Also, Evangelists used radio to direct their followers and draw more attention. In 1924, radio introduced the Democratic National Convention to a national audience. “For the Democratic Party, the 1924 convention was a bitter, divisive, and exhausting event, the prelude to failure on a national scale in November” (Streissguth). The Democratic Party Convention, in 1924, was the first electronic mass media event, that was carried by a live network of radio stations across the country and followed by thousands of people on their home radio receivers. While the Democrat’s balloting deadlock continued for many days, and delegates for William Gibbs McAffo and delegates for Alred E. Smith, people were able to listen from the convenience of their own houses rather than Madison Square Garden. People discovered that listening to the radio was even better than being there because of how easy it was. The broadcasting of the convention showed that presidents were able to bring everyone together and see what’s going on without actually being there.

In conclusion, radio had a huge impact on mass culture in the 1920s. People discovered that they were able to listen to things without having to actually have to see them for themselves. Listening to the radio was very convenient and entertained a lot of people. They could listen to music, comedy shows, dramas, sports, and more. The radio helped a lot of people in the 1920’s and it changed so much. Therefore, radio’s impact in the 1920s was that people were able to broadcast sports live, how radio’s impact affected the civil rights movement, and that politicians were able to reach a wider audience.

Steve Jobs Informative Essay

Today, technology is a major part of today’s society. However, few people know who truly revolutionized technology and made it accessible to everyone. Many people have different beliefs about who revolutionized technology. Although it took several people to revolutionize technology, only one is responsible. Steve Jobs is most responsible for revolutionizing several areas of technology.

First, Steve Jobs is most responsible for revolutionizing computers. For example, one computer was the Apple II. The Apple II revolutionized color displays. Fisher, the author of Valley of Genius, stated that Apple made color displays possible on the Apple II; although color displays existed before, it was now cheaper to make and simpler to produce (66-67). Now, anyone could have color displays on their computers, at a much lower cost. Another computer that Apple produced was the Lisa. One thing that Apple revolutionized with the Lisa was the computer mouse. Blumenthal, the author of Steve Jobs: The Man Who Thought Differently, states, “While the Xerox mouse had three buttons, Jobs insisted that the Lisa mouse have only one, so users wouldn’t have to look at it as they worked” (93). With fewer moving parts and fewer buttons to press, Jobs wanted a simpler mouse produced. Fisher continued that under Jobs, Apple’s mouse lasted longer than the mousses made by other companies (91-93). By making his workers create a durable mouse, Steve Jobs made a standard of high-quality computer parts for Apple. A third computer that Apple produced was the iMac. At first, Fisher stated that Jobs wanted Apple’s iMac to have cases with different colors (322). Allowing people to choose what color they wanted for their computer was revolutionary at that time. Fisher continued that Jobs decided that Apple’s iMac should connect to the Internet (322). By now allowing people to connect to the Internet on their computers, Apple made it possible for everyone to have the Internet in their own homes. However, from computers, Apple later started producing laptops. Blumenthal also states, “It was also remaking its Macs with new creations, like the ultra-lightweight and portable MacBook Air” (249). Apple started making its computers lighter than ever before. Steve Jobs revolutionized the computers of the past by introducing the Apple II, the Lisa, the iMac, and the iBook.

Second, Steve Jobs is most responsible for revolutionizing cell phones. For example, the cell phone Apple produced was the iPhone. Fisher states that Steve Jobs wanted the iPhone to use touchscreen technology (373). With touch-screen capabilities, the iPhone would also need a keyboard. Fisher recalls that Jobs said, “I had this idea of being able to get rid of the keyboard and type on a multi-touch glass display” (372). By using a virtual keyboard, Jobs allowed the entire screen to have touch capabilities. Apple also desired to use durable materials. Blumenthal said that for Apple’s first iPhone, Jobs wanted an extremely durable glass called Gorilla Glass (240). However, Apple not only focused on the materials they used but also on what the iPhone did. Fisher recalled, “The killer app for this thing is browsing the web and checking e-mail” (381). Allowing people to have a smaller version of their computers with them made it extremely convenient. In addition, Bellis, the author of “Who Invented the iPhone?,” continued, “The iPhone also introduced the accelerometer, a motion sensor that allowed the user to turn the phone sideways and have the display automatically rotate to suit.” Now the iPhone has different capabilities. Eventually, Apple released the iPhone 4s. Bellis continued, “The iPhone 4s was released with the addition of a voice-activated personal assistant called Siri.” By creating a personal assistant on its phones, Apple created something that would eventually be found on most phones today. By adding touchscreens, virtual keyboards, durable materials, and other advanced parts to the iPhone in the past, Steve Jobs majorly revolutionized cell phones.

Third, Steve Jobs was most responsible for revolutionizing media. For example, one part of the media that Steve Jobs revolutionized was the music industry. Steve Jobs revolutionized purchasing music through the iTunes store. Fisher confirms, “The iTunes Music Store allowed you to buy a track at a time, for ninety-nine cents, and download the music directly in iTunes. So you didn’t have to buy CDs or records or anything else anymore. You could download directly from the store and get the latest music” (332). Through the iTunes store, Apple made purchasing and downloading music easy. Isaacson, the author of Steve Jobs, confirmed that Apple created the iTunes store as a simpler way to purchase music and to put the music on either the iPod or CDs (382-384). Another way Steve Jobs revolutionized the music industry was by revolutionizing portable music players. Lanxon, the author of “The Complete History of the iPod,” said, “Our iPod adventure begins in October 2001, when Apple launched its first portable music player.” Lanxon continues only ten gigabytes were on the original iPod. By allowing more storage, Apple quickly began revolutionizing portable music players. Steve Jobs also wanted to make using the iPod simple. Blumenthal states, “Jobs insisted on getting to a song in less than three clicks” (214). By allowing fewer steps, Jobs made it possible for people to locate songs quickly and easily. However, Lanxon continues, that the fourth generation of Apple’s iPod touch had up to sixty-four gigabytes of storage. After several years, Apple made it possible for people to store huge amounts of music on the iPods. A second part of media that Jobs revolutionized was the movie industry. He revolutionized the movie industry with animation computers. Ott, author of “How Steve Jobs Changed the Course of Animation,” said, “The first was the Pixar Image Computer, which produced stunning high-resolution imagery at an equally stunning price of $135,000.” By allowing excellent quality animation at a low price, Steve Jobs started revolutionizing the computer-animated movie industry early in his time leading Pixar. Ott continued, “The five-minute Tin Toy became the first computer-animated film to claim the Oscar in that category.” Through the invention of the computer, Jobs helped create a record-winning film. However, Pixar would eventually make entire animated movies. Fisher explains, “The world’s first full-length computer-animated film . . . the evitable result: Toy Story” (193). According to Ott, the first extremely successful computer-animated film made by Pixar was, in fact, Toy Story, which made $365 million worldwide. Under Jobs, Pixar was able to create a record-breaking and successful movie. By introducing new forms of technology for movies and creating easier ways to download music, Steve Jobs revolutionized the music and movie industries.

Through the majority influence of Steve Jobs, computers, cell phones, and media are all made possible today. Steve Jobs helped make it possible for anyone to own a computer. Through his efforts, he also revolutionized the cellphone by perfecting the touchscreen. In addition, under Steve Jobs’s leadership, Apple created iTunes and released the iPod. Under Jobs, Pixar created an entirely new way to make movies. Steve Jobs’s efforts in changing the technology of the past truly make him the most responsible for giving us the technology of today.