The desire to change accommodations and occupations is one of the main characteristics of a modern person. Migration has existed at all times and has supplemented the development of humankind. In the contemporary world, along with the advent of aeroplanes and innovative information technologies, population migration has acquired an unprecedented scale. People have got the opportunity in a matter of hours to get any place in the world, and the ongoing internationalisation of production caused large-scale movements.
However, in the past, migration was principally associated with a change of residence, now millions of people cross borders in search of temporary work. Specialists define labour migration as an advantageous process that positively affects the development of the economy in countries of employment and the improvement of the quality of life of families of labour migrants in their countries of origin (Brook and Buettel, 2016). Developed countries are actively using free labour to maintain stable economic growth, and these countries are competing among themselves to attract foreign workers. Even though there are several negative characteristics of immigration for the host country, the total number of positive aspects of the phenomenon presented is generally higher, which defines migration as an economically and socially beneficial process. The paper considers the advantages of multiculturalism and immigration for the social and economic spheres of the host country.
Economic Advantages
The exploitation of immigrant labour generates considerable advantages to host states. First of all, because of the arrival of foreign workers characterised by high flexibility, structural alterations in the countrys economy, including regional and sectoral ones, are facilitated. Furthermore, host states can save a notable amount of money on immigrant employees training (McLaren, Boomgaarden and Vliegenthart, 2017). For example, as a result of the migration of many scientists at the end of the 20th century, several developed countries only saved considerable funds in the educational sector. Secondly, skilled foreign labour is paid below national personnel, as a result of which companies spare money and increase the level of competitiveness for organisations and their services and products.
Moreover, the position of foreign workers in rejuvenating the labour structure of industrialised states with a tendency to ageing is excellent since fertility decreases with increasing living standards. The majority of countries that excel in development currently are at a point of recession in the overall statistic of people at a working age due to declining birth rates (Joppke, 1996). The problem represented can be solved exclusively with two approaches, which are a significant growth of labour productivity and stimulation of labour movement The former choice is the most favourable in the present circumstances. However, it requires technological progress and much time for implementation. The latter approach suggests an immediate resolution of the shortage, specifically for small and medium-sized enterprises. Immigrants are expanding the capacity of national merchandise markets and encourage production advancement along with increased employment rates in the host state since they use local companies and services.
However, significant amounts of money accumulated on immigrants accounts in saving banks may be applied as a supplementary approach to gaining growth in the host state. Immigrant labourers frequently assist as a conflict reducing power within hiring organisations and workers during critical periods since they are typically the ones to be dismissed first. In addition, many countries benefit from immigrant labour in that such workers frequently apply for the positions that native populations avoid. For instance, entire niches in the labour market are occupied almost exclusively by labour migrants (Blinder and Allen, 2016). This kind of situation occurs because such work is unattractive to the local population, or it is paid too low. Meanwhile, the engagement of immigrant employees in household labour allows commissioning females. The labour openings of nurses, housemaids, and babysitters in developed countries turned into migrant ones in a short time. Still, the possibility to exploit low-cost hired immigrant labour is a factor stimulating an opportunity for employment for many females.
Moreover, there is a growing tendency in enrolment in small enterprises and companies. Such a change can be noticed when employing both low-skilled and profoundly proficient labourers. Typically, small enterprises are excessively contingent on the extent of costs, principally at the point of formation and establishment. Immigrant labour supply allows starting companies to get the required workforce in the situations when they have to make cost reductions or shortages (Manacorda and Wadsworth, 2011). Such a tendency may be noticed in the exploitation of illegal migrant labour, particularly in states with high social security prevailing in the labour market. It is crucial to emphasise that unlawful migration results in several adverse political and socio-economic issues, as well as it leads to numerous risks. To minimise such instances, the countrys administration of immigrant labour should perform an in-depth evaluation of all the likely outcomes in order to develop an approach concerning the possibilities of involving cheap immigrant labour.
Furthermore, the reduction of the tax burden on the state budget may occur in some instances. Migrant workers not only do not require social benefits but also by paying high taxes and other mandatory contributions, which decrease the relevant tax burden on the indigenous population (Dustmann and Preston, 2016). In the end, the enrolment of immigrants in the so-called non-esteemed economic spheres strengthens local labourers vertical flexibility, prompting the latter to enhance their competences and search for more reputable and highly-paid positions. In a position when local people cannot or do not wish to improve their professional expertise and look for positions in higher-paid niches, the likelihood of high unemployment rates in the locality increases considerably.
A growth in the scope of external labour immigration brings about a rise in the immigrants input in the gross domestic product of the host states. Immigrants raise the overall working-age population, arrive with a specific educational degree, competencies, and skills, and they strengthen the promotion of the human capital of their host countries (Griswold, 2018). Furthermore, if immigrant labourers have a high level of skills, they can prompt the growth of innovation, which results in labour productivitys increase. For instance, the movement of highly-skilled employees advances a variety of studies and innovations, along with technological progress improvements. The growth of labour immigration results in an elevated demand for transport services, such as the expansion of public and private transport. There is a supplementary incentive for the launching of new transport courses, an incremented number of flights, and a growing need in new vehicles. Each of the presented circumstances leads to the increased profitability of transport companies.
Social Advantages
The principal consequence of immigration for the social sector is multiculturalism, the development of which has positive aspects. Multiculturalism is a philosophy incorporating cultural pluralism and supporting its evolvement. The phenomenon presented seeks appreciation of each persons rights in any state, no matter what their racial, ethnic, or religious backgrounds are (Ashcroft and Bevir, 2017). The theoretical ground for multiculturalism is based on liberalism, specifically its values of equality, freedom, and fraternity. It is essential to note that any multicultural society is a liberal community where all kinds of injustice can be dealt with: not only social but also racial.
Multiculturalism is a constructive social concept generating exceptional opportunities for societys development. To a great extent, multiculturalism averts the growth of ethnic conflicts and establishes trust among people. No less challenging is the problem of political correctness, which has received considerable attention from multiculturalism. The term meant the attitude of intolerance towards other positions and values, restriction of freedom of speech, rejection of inconsistency, and variance in views and behaviour. Later, political correctness began to be perceived as the embodiment of conformism, lack of will and passive consent with the official point of view, and political incorrectness, on the contrary, as an expression of a personal and original position, a readiness to upset or even offend others for the sake of it. Multiculturalism seeks to fill political correctness with positive meanings (Ashcroft and Bevir, 2017). For this purpose, it suggests avoiding the use of words and expressions that could offend the self-esteem of ethnic minorities or social groups, strengthen the feeling of marginality, lure or belittle their opinions, views, and behaviours.
Immigrants are also a source of knowledge, such as innovation, creativity, and new skills that can benefit the countrys cultural and social development. New tastes and styles that are the ethnic business (such as restaurants and shops) add shades to communities. At the same time, it attracts tourists to their cultural holidays and festivals, which helps to unite citizens. Multiculturalism helps to learn and understand different cultures, to find the type of interaction in which citizens better understand each other and get along with each other and make it possible to learn different languages, religions, and traditions (Vora et al., 2018). However, the central and foremost advantage of multiculturalism for society is the elimination of different types of discrimination in the first place of racial and national inequality.
In the context of globalisation, an increase in migration flows is an inevitable process in the world, and the movement of considerable masses of the population from region to region and from country to country has not only beneficial but also disadvantageous outcomes. The main economic advantages of immigration are the equalisation of the labour market, that is, the ability to transfer labour to where it is lacking, rejuvenation of the host country, that is, improvement of the demographic situation, since the bulk of migrants are young mobile people, as well as the interaction of peoples in the field of culture, improving mutual understanding between them. Nevertheless, the negative consequences of migration exist, and the host government should develop a valid policy of monitoring and dstrengthening the economic and social sphere in the circumstances of multiculturalism.
Reference List
Ashcroft, R. and Bevir, M. (2017). Multiculturalism in contemporary Britain: Policy, law and theory, Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 21(1), pp. 1-21.
Brook, B. and Buettel, J. (2016). Emigration is costly, but immigration has benefits in humanaltered landscapes, Functional Ecology, 30(9), pp. 14781479.
Dustmann, C. and Preston, I. (2016). Is immigration good or bad for the economy? Analysis of attitudinal responses, Research in Labor Economics, 24, pp. 3-34.
Joppke, C. (1996). Multiculturalism and immigration: A comparison of the United States, Germany, and Great Britain, Theory and Society, 25(4), pp. 449-500.
Manacorda, M., Manning, A. and Wadsworth, J. (2011). The impact of immigration on the structure of wages: Theory and evidence from Britain, Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(1), pp. 120-151.
McLaren, L., Boomgaarden, H. and Vliegenthart, R. (2017). News coverage and public concern about immigration in Britain. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, p. edw033.
Vora, D., Martin, L., Fitzsimmons, S., Pekerti, A., Lakshman, C. and Raheem, S. (2018). Multiculturalism within individuals: A review, critique, and agenda for future research, Journal of International Business Studies, 50(4), pp. 499-524.
I Illegal immigration has been a serious problem for the United States for many years. Nowadays, there are approximately ten to twelve million immigrants who reside in the country illegally (Nowrasteh & Bier, 2019). There are two main strategies to solve the problem of illegal immigration. The first one is enforcing the measures preventing it, and the second one is changing immigration policy in order to make legalization easier.
Illegal immigration is a serious problem due to a number of factors. First of all, it is harmful to the budget of the country. Second, it negatively affects the wages of U.S. legal workers. Third, immigrants have fewer opportunities to live a full life in the country. Fourth, many immigrants do not assimilate successfully and do not share the countrys values.
The first solution is to enforce the punishment for illegal immigration. Physical measures like building a wall across the border can also be a radical solution. Fines and sanctions for illegal immigration and immediate deportation can also make the immigrants think first before crossing the border.
The second solution is changing the immigration policy, which can include increasing the efficiency of immigration courts, expanding the number of ICE officers, and pushing back on sanctuary sites.
Thus, there are two different paths that can decrease the number of illegal immigrants in the country. The first one is strict and seems to be difficult to implement on a full scale. Harsh measures can lead to an increase in bribery and nepotism. The legal solution seems to be more democratic and humane, as long as it gives people more opportunities. Thus, the second solution would be more reasonable since it corresponds to the U.S. values of freedom and pursuit of happiness.
Reference
Nowrasteh A., Bier D.J. (2019). Three new ways for congress to legalize illegal immigrants. Immigration Research and Policy Brief, 12. Web.
This is a critical analysis essay on a speech touching on immigration reforms which was delivered by President Barack Obama in Las Vegas, Nevada. In his speech, he called for bold changes to the nations immigrations policies. This article examines the lengthy speech and critically analyses it.
Brief Summary of the Speech
This speech specifically seeks to drum support for reforms of the immigration policies. The President basically argued that reforming the policies is necessary for the US to gain from immigrants. By reforming the policies, he believes that the US stands a better chance of gaining. He argued that the undocumented workers within the country can be gradually integrated into the nation and their contribution will greatly boost the economy.
The main argument of the speech was that leaving the immigrants in the dark is negatively affecting genuine American business people and therefore the economy. The President noted that the undocumented workers are employed by companies which do not adhere to the set business laws as regards to employee welfare. As a result, these companies have an edge over those that follow the law of the land. He also noted that immigrants have already proved their worth in assisting to set up great businesses like Google and Yahoo.
Critical Analysis
The topic of the speech is a hot button issue. This is addressed in the speech as the speaker acknowledged that there are differences in the immigration debate but was quick to add that the differences are fading. He noted that key figures in the democrat and republican parties have once made similar proposals to the immigration policies. This is a very significant part of the speech as it helps to show that tension is easing on the issue and this is what will make the proposals to go ahead.
Another significant part of the speech is illustration offered that integrating the undocumented workers will actually boost the economy. This is done in a very convincing manner. It is shown that the undocumented workers are used by scrupulous business. Such businesses gain an advantage over other businesses which adhere to the laws of the land. As already noted above, it was shown how immigrants have already made their contribution to creating more jobs through business start ups such as Google and Yahoo.
This speech was delivered in a very logical manner. The language used was simple and arguments made were plain and simple to understand for the immediate audience (which included high school students), and the rest of the public. The President argued that after students earning their degrees in the US, it should be the US to benefit from such skilled people. He logically argued that there is more to gain by retaining skilled personnel in IT and Engineering instead of sending them away to competing nations this makes a lot of sense.
The speaker made it clear that the undocumented workers will have to follow the due process including paying penalties and being scrutinized, to the green card, and lastly into being citizens. This process will not take place overnight but rather it will be a long process. He pointed out that the US is a nation built by immigrants and therefore, it was only logical that the undocumented workers be given a chance to make their contribution to the US and live the American dream.
Conclusion
The speech on reformation of the immigration policies is delivered in a simple manner that helps an audience with all people of different calibers to understand it. The arguments are logical and practical and this makes the speech highly convincing.
Immigration bias against the Hispanics has been witnessed in the State of North Carolina based on implementation of Section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). Section 287 (g)s implementation in North Carolina has been controversial since it has infringed on the rights and freedoms of the minority Hispanics in the State. Section 287(g) allows the Immigration and Customs Enforcement to create accords with state and regional police agencies in the process of enactment of immigration laws.
State officials have been conducting random traffic stops and searches in the guise of napping or targeting the Hispanic community. The implementation of the INA act and in particular section 287(g) in regard to memorandums signed between the State agencies and INA has been criticised. These MOAs have given powers to state agencies who in turn have been conducting immigration searches in a discriminate manner.
Moreover, state officials in the State have undertaken the implementation of these MOAs with lack of transparency and in defiance of the law. Hispanics have complained of prejudiced abuses and lack of protection from the police. In one instance, a Hispanic mother of four US citizens was detained under the INA act due to her racial status. Although, the law gives powers to state officials to undertake immigration searches, it only applies to undocumented immigrants.
The ICE usually focuses on immigrants charged with heinous acts but in the state of North Carolina, law enforcement agencies use section 287 (g) to target suspected illegal immigrants charged with small offences. For instance, in 2008 around 84% of immigrants had been detained and charged with minor traffic offences in Gaston County. This clearly proves that state officials in North Carolina are not implementing section 287(g) as envisaged in the act.
Since, section 287(g) is misused as an immigration artillery and instrument for bullying and segregation of foreigners of Hispanic extract. The actions of the state officials contribute to discrimination and racial profiling of the minority Hispanic group in the society. As a result, the Hispanic community have encountered a profound sense of discrimination which has breed mistrust and scepticism towards State and regional institutions.
Most of the Hispanic people believe that State officials are looking for justifications under the INA act to repatriate them. As a result, the co-operation of the minority groups in State activities is greatly diminished due to mistrust. According to section 287 (g), state officials are only allowed to screen for immigrants once they are in custody over other offences.
Therefore, the actions of the officials in North Carolina are breaches against the law and thus these officials have to rectify their actions. The US constitution has provisions that allow for community participation in making of law and thus the MOAs signed between States and the ICE should include community input. Community based groups should be involved in the process of drafting the MOAs under section 287 (g) so as to cater for welfare of all interest groups on immigration.
Making use of the input of the community in the process of enactment of laws will assist greatly in ensuring a balanced view on any issue is achieved. Moreover, the community will feel co-operative since its input has been considered in the process of making decisions that impact directly on the lives of community members. State officials in North Carolina should respect the US and State constitution while at the same time involving the community in the process of implementing section 287(g) of the INA act.
There exists various and varied reasons for a person to traverse a border illegally into a foreign territory or overstay their visa. Such a person goes by various titles including illegal immigrant or illegal alien, undocumented immigrant, and unauthorized immigrant (US Immigration Support, 2012).
Commonly, the reasons given for such illegalities include the need to re unite with their families, running away from war or prospects of war, job seeking, seeking political asylum, and seeking for medical attention (Phil for Humanity, 2013). This essay seeks to prove that it is proper for such people to acquire citizenship in the United States of America through the passing of the pending immigration bill.
Positive Role of Immigrants
Immigrants have had a positive bearing on the economy of the United States of America. In other words, immigration leads to increase in wealth. This arises from the fact that the US has an economy that generates more than enough job opportunities for the Native Americans (Abraham & Hamilton, 2006).
America has been able to maintain a competitive edge courtesy of immigrants. Immigrants play very significant roles in crucial fields related to science and engineering (Abraham & Hamilton, 2006). It is on record that half of those who sought admission for engineering graduate studies in the US were immigrants in 2004 (Abraham & Hamilton, 2006).
The US has no option but to keep attracting and assisting immigrants to enrich the economy as they are always among the best and brightest in the face of tight competition by China and India (Abraham & Hamilton, 2006).
Immigration enhances entrepreneurship because the probability of immigrants engaging in self-employment is quite high. For instance, the number of enterprises owned by people from Hispania has grown at three times the national average (Abraham & Hamilton, 2006).
It is common knowledge that such establishments are bound to create employment to the population in America and this contributes to economic growth. In addition, one quarter of Silicon Valley start-ups were established at least in part by immigrants, including Intel, Sun Microsystems, and Google (Abraham & Hamilton, 2006).
Dynamism is a prerequisite for any state that seeks to entrench itself in the global system. Immigration is one of the driving forces of this dynamism. This dynamism manifests in the types of food taken in America, forms and places of worship, entertainment as well as sports (Abraham & Hamilton, 2006). Immigrants have excelled in areas like estate management, theatre and military service to name but a few (Abraham & Hamilton, 2006).
Conclusion
The pending immigration bill is very significant. Having seen how useful the immigrants are and can be to the welfare of the US, it is up to the government to push the bill into law so that their contributions to the economy becomes formal and enhanced (Moffet, 2013).
The immigrants will pay taxes once they become legal citizens and will thus contribute to government revenue. As long as they remain illegal, they continue evading taxes for fear of arrest and prosecution yet they continue enjoying the government resources. Most of them are knowledgeable and have skills that can assist in the economical growth of America.
It would be very costly to deport such a huge number of illegal immigrants currently estimated at 11 million people. Integrating them would be more beneficial to the United States of America.
References
Abraham, S., and Hamilton, L. (2006). Immigration and Americas Future: A New Chapter. Migration Policy Institute. pp.3-12. Web.
Moffet, D. (2013). New Immigrants Assimilating Into U.S. Society. Web.
Phil for Humanity. (2013). Illegal Immigration. Web.
US Immigration Support. (2012). Illegal Immigration. Web.
The idea behind this research paper is to draw public attention concerning a current and rising phenomenon especially in the State of North Carolina, viz. the regional enactment of immigration laws.
The aforementioned immigration laws are contained in the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) part 287(g). This research paper seeks to generate substantive concerns and encourage further discussion concerning the varying demographics in the State North Carolina, the unsuccessful immigration restructuring at the national stage,ss and the manner in which the State has reacted.
In addition, this research paper centers on the execution of the section 287(g) plan according to the INA, and the effect on the society when local law enactment agencies carry out immigration enactment tasks. Immigration represents an intricate section of law essentially in the field of the federal government in the constitution of the United States.
Of late, federal immigration officials have conventionally enacted laws on immigration (ICE 2). The section 287 (g) of the INA was passed in 1996 and was amended by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to strengthen the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) of the United States to build accords with the state and regional police enactment agencies to implement immigration examining and enactment tasks.
The formed accords are referred to as Memoranda of Understanding. In addition, the accords are termed as Memoranda of Agreement (MOA) and they act on behalf of the State and local law enactment officials to enact particular laws on immigration. Currently, it is approximated that more than 65 law enactment agencies all through the country have formed such accords and have started enacting laws on immigration at an exceptional pace (Weissman 16).
Having about nine agencies presently signaled on, the State of North Carolina turns out to be number two in the ranking according the present number of section 287 (g) schemes in the State. Nevertheless, to date, these agencies have operated under the Memoranda of Agreement with insignificant transparency or supervision and there has been inconsequential, if any, responsibility as to the execution of the plan.
Moreover, from the time of the execution of section 287(g), Hispanic-looking individuals in particular have complained of prejudiced abuses associated with the execution of the program. The reported abuses encompass molestation of legal inhabitants and citizens and consequent isolation of ethnic societies from police power and defense.
Marginalized groups
Section 287 (g) acts on behalf of regional law enactment officials when it comes to carrying out of immigration tasks in their normal functions. These duties comprise assessing the condition of believed undocumented inhabitants that are kept in custody or stopped for explanations different from their condition.
Therefore, section 287 (g) is appropriate merely to undocumented inhabitants legally kept in custody or stopped. Nevertheless, as studies and proof from researches indicate, the application and execution of the program deviate from the lawful obligations.
Section 287 (g) is no longer applied as an instrument to assist law enactment, but rather like regionalized immigration artillery and instrument for bullying and segregation of foreign individuals and Hispanic inhabitants and citizens (ICE 3). The involvement of single states and nations in section 287 (g) frequently goes by a well-published society awful occasion that the media and community connect with negligent immigration enactment.
In adopting the MOAs, a signing on a municipality or a department of law habitually supplies a statement asserting that section 287 (g) is just applicable to the fierce repeat lawbreaker. For instance, before finalizing an accord with ICE, regional law enactment officers normally affirm that the MOAs will not influence general associations with the Hispanic and immigrant society, thus affirming that nothing could take place unless the people involved were detained for committing the offenses.
Unluckily, undocumented habitation is progressively recognized as a predicate offense deserving police interest and capital. Section 287 (g) is accordingly applied to rid the town of an undesirable immigrant existence. In the initial half a year after the execution of its Memoranda of Agreement, Mecklenburg County set more than 1000 undocumented residents for expatriation (Weissman 23).
Even if Alamance County was functioning with a lesser inhabitants and lesser enactment capital, it is proud of managing more than 400 people in the first year of involvement in the plan. Rather than concentrating on those individuals that are charged with heinous offenses as indicated by ICE, regional law enactment officials appear to be aiming at propellers of a given race or country of origin and harassing them for defiance of traffic rules.
For instance, in early 2008, around 84 per cent of immigrants in Gaston County kept in custody through Immigration and Customs Enforcement officials acting as per the section 287 (g) were faced with charges of defiance of traffic rules. This model has persisted as the plan has been executed everywhere in the state. The statistics of the people arrested show that both Alamance and Mecklenburg Counties are characteristic in aiming at Hispanics violation of traffic rules for the basis of expatriation strategy.
The violent distribution of police capital has severe insinuations for the bigger society. In fact, section 287 (g) has to be comprehended to effect a global force on the societies. Initially, like outlined, section 287 (g) promotes or in the least tolerate racial profiling and unjustified typecasting, thus leading to the harassment of the inhabitants in the regions in addition to the segregation of a progressively marginalized group.
Shockingly, a recent research suggested that in Mexico, it was not found strange to indulge in sex with girls between the ages of 12 and 15, as they as well engage in excessive drinking of beer.
An individual from North Carolina stated that the excessive drinking demonstrated by the Mexicans owes to the fact that their growing up was in regions that water was not good (Weissman 31). Of late, a researcher pointed out his hostility toward migrants by affirming that they give birth like rabbits coupled with practicing rape, theft, and killing of the residents of the US.
Mexicans were categorized as shoddy and it was said that what they are best in is carrying out their duties on top of having sex. In Johnston County, the ambition is to eradicate all the immigrant individuals. Via section 287 (g) accords, assistants and officials in North Carolina possess the capital and nearly unshackled command to function on the prejudiced response, which they have adopted.
The aforementioned operations boost the illegitimate operation of racial profiling. This racial profiling fails to be just lawfully inadmissible, but since it is anchored on typecasts and illegal suppositions regarding the inclination of a given group to engage in criminal activities, is as well morally wrong and inefficient.
As the courts are now aware, presumptions anchored on racial discrimination lead to unconstructive racial typecasts, which are harmful to the affluent and varied social equality, and significantly damage the endeavors to sustain a just community (Weissman 34). The communal and human costs brought about by such profiling are vast. Racial profiling lessens trust and trims down chances of establishing social resources and personal links that contribute powerfully to societies.
Racial minorities, which have been put under harassment and law enactment, encounter a profound sense of discrimination, thus frequently bringing about mistrust and skepticism toward State and regional institutions. For instance, a woman residing in Johnston County and is a lawful permanent inhabitant who has four citizen kids affirms that many Hispanics have a feeling that law officials are seeking justifications to expatriate them.
This mistrust could breed unwillingness to participate in the construction of social and monetary associations that create lively and strong neighborhoods. Even as the Hispanic society is most directly implicated, the execution of section 287 (g) creates unconstructive results for the safety and honor of the society in general (Redmon 3).
The hostile application of local police to enact immigration law frequently means that susceptible populations are less ready to interrelate with the police, be it in reporting criminal activities or in providing information, both unfavorable to the security of every member of the society. The section 287 (g) thus has to be comprehended as having a global influence.
Racial Profiling of Hispanic-looking group
The equal defense clause of the 14th Amendment broadens its protection to everyone in command of the US and hinders law enactment from stopping, jailing, or hunting people anchored on racial attributes (Davis 20).
The expression racial profiling denotes the undertaking by law enactment officers depending on race, ethnicity, religion, or country of origin in choosing which people to put through habitual or unstructured investigatory actions, or in choosing upon the scale and essence of law enactment action subsequent to investigatory practice.
The greater part of section 287 (g) plans in the State of North Carolina include detention pattern plans, by stating that 287 (g)-skilled officials are not permitted to assess the immigration of people unless they have been kept in custody on other accusations and are confined in jails. In this regard, the general rule is relevant concerning the prevention against law enactment stopping, arresting, or getting hold of people due to their ethnic attributes.
However, inhabitants in local societies where section 287 (g) schemes are in place have articulated concerns that a number of section 287 (g) officials are defying lawful standards and participating in racial profiling through stopping of automobilists that seem to be Hispanic. Local inhabitants and support groups have heaved alarms that under the disguise of pretextual automobile stops and authorization checkpoints, law enactment officials seem to be aiming at Hispanic-seeming people for minor traffic misdeeds.
Violation of the constitution
The racial profiling that is a product of section 287 (g) accords not only infringes the clause on equal protection in the US constitution, but also impinges on the constitution of North Carolina. In article 1 (19) of the constitution of North Carolina, there is a provision that there is no individual that shall be left without equal defense of the law, and no one shall be discriminated by the State on account of ethnicity, color, religious beliefs, or country of origin (Alexander 175-208).
Breach of Case Law
Like the Supreme Court of the US, the Supreme Court of North Carolina submits government actions that show favoritism toward a class of individuals on account of race or country of origin to an utmost degree of inspection that can only be legitimated following the realization that there exists no other ways to achieve a coercing government concern.
In accordance with section 287 (g), the police who seize Hispanics via racial profiling are leaving those people without equal defense of the law. The racially discriminatory affirmations concerning Hispanic immigrants uttered by different law enactment agencies as noted in this research paper are not justifiable nor do they prove a forcing governmental concern for provocative declarations like the aforementioned (Armenta 210).
The racially discriminative remarks link with unpredictable routine traffic checkpoints of Hispanics for no explanation or for pretextual explanations. There exists no obliging government concern for such racially stimulated checkpoints, especially given the underlying principle for the scheme by Immigration and Customs Enforcement that was developed to seize rebels and hostility criminals.
This conduct goes against the clause on Equal Protection in the US constitution as well as against the constitution of North Carolina. In a certain court case, the court disregarded accusations against a Hispanic suspect who showed that his detention was stimulated partly by his ethnicity or country of origin in breach of the article 1 (19) of the North Carolina Constitution.
The judgment of the aforementioned court is inconsistent with the conditions in different counties where section 287 (g) accords have been signed on, and the detaining state trooper uttered different prejudiced comments. The court deemed the discriminatory declarations of the state trooper justifiable by affirming that everybody is aware that a Hispanic man purchasing liquor during the nighttime is possibly already under the influence of alcohol in addition to the confession of patrolling a given region in search of Hispanic men (Lewis et al. 25).
The remarks clearly demonstrated racial profiling: the illustration account of the trooper indicated that 71 per cent of his accounts were done in opposition to Hispanics in a region where Hispanics constituted just 32 per cent of the entire population. The Supreme Court of North Carolina (SCNC) supported the judgment by the trial court to disregard the accusations against the suspect.
Suggestions for perfection
Excellent Governance, intelligibility and compliance with the Law
The network of stops and balances is among the most essential features of the US system of government. The outliners of the constitution of the United States proposed the stops and balances not just to be the strength of the United States federal and national government framework, but as well the basic foundation of community. The strategy of provision by conflicting and rival concerns and the defect of better intentions could be outlined through the entire network of human affairs, public, and non-public (Varsanyi 896).
The basic interest with the section 287 (g) schemes is specifically this deficient of opposite and rival concern within the network. Nevertheless, section 287 (g) has been illustrated to be deficient in intelligibility, with no offering for society input in the making or execution of the Memoranda of Agreement. Additionally, almost no defense methods are entrenched within the scheme to offset the authority it places on contracted enactment establishments.
The Memoranda of Agreement on section 287 (g) are frequently made devoid of society notice or chance for public remarks. Involved essential groups hardly ever have the chance to converse or deliberate on the scheme with their elected representatives prior to its execution. Moreover, with respect to the wide-ranging authority accorded to county sheriffs consistent with the law of North Carolina, there emerges the sheriff division.
The sheriff division permits conciliations based on Memoranda of Agreement practically on their own devoid of the endorsement of the County Board of Commissioners (CBC) save for concerns associated with the MOA financial plan.
In this regard, contracts for the schemes have been conferred devoid of the protections intrinsic in and essential to the democratic progression. Agencies executing section 287 (g) seem to take slight or no attempt to establish or publicize the complaint method, the basic checks accessible to the public that is necessitated by federal directive (Weissman 52).
Moreover, even if the Memoranda of Agreement requires a steering team, such a team will just be successful if it offers a depiction of people from an extensive scope of settings and concerns in the society. The recommendations outlined below can offer more defense mechanisms for the rights in the execution of section 287 (g).
Amendment of all present 287 (g) schemes and execution in all new section 287 (g) schemes to allow dispensation just for those found guilty of crimes.
MOAs must contract Local Law Enforcement Agencies to participate in society outreach to offer knowledge on the operation and process of the scheme (Weissman 53). Currently, such outreach is just voluntary and hardly developed.
Agencies willing to sign on section 287 (g) accords must be required to call a public gathering open to every willing members of the society prior to signing.
Contracting authorities should enact an operational complaint system as necessitated by federal directives and sufficiently publicize this system in both Spanish and English
Conclusion
The initiative behind this research paper has drawn public attention regarding a current and rising experience particularly in the State of North Carolina. The immigration laws under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) section 287(g) have as well played a key role in the development of this research paper.
Having approximately nine agencies presently signaled on, the State of North Carolina ranks position two in the standing according the present number of section 287 (g) schemes. However, to date, the agencies have functioned under the Memoranda of Agreement with trivial transparency or control and there has been negligible, if any, liability as to the execution of the scheme.
Section 287 (g) is no longer employed as an instrument to back law enactment, but rather like regionalized immigration armament and instrument for singling out and segregating the foreign individuals and Hispanic inhabitants and citizens. The violent allocation of police capital has severe allusions for the public. In essence, section 287 (g) has to be comprehended to achieve global strength on the societies.
The aforementioned operations enhance the unlawful function of racial profiling. This racial profiling fails to be just lawfully prohibited, but given that it is anchored on typecasts and illegal suppositions concerning the preference of a given group to engage in criminal behavior, is as well morally wrong and inefficient. There are recommendations that can offer better defense mechanisms for the rights in the execution of section 287 (g) if they are adhered to in the process of law enforcement.
Works Cited
Alexander, Michelle. The new Jim crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, New York: The New Press, 2010. Print.
Armenta, Amada. From Sheriffs Deputies to Immigration Officers: Screening Immigrant Status in a Tennessee Jail. Law & Policy 34.2 (2012): 191-210. Print.
Davis, Angela. Are prisons obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press, 2011. Print.
ICE. Fact Sheet: Delegation of Immigration Authority Section 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act, n.d Web.
Lewis, Paul, Doris Provine, Monica Varsanyi, and Scott Decker. Why do (some) city police departments enforce federal immigration law? Political, demographic, and organizational influences on local choices. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 23.1 (2013): 1-25. Print.
Redmon, Jeremy. Feds scrap state immigration enforcement program. The Atlanta Journal of Constitution, 2012. Web.
Varsanyi, Monica. Rescaling the alien, rescaling personhood: Neoliberalism, immigration, and the state. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98.4 (2008): 877-896. Print.
Weissman, Deborah. The policies and politics of local immigration enforcement laws: 287 (g) program in North Carolina, North Carolina: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. Print.
Annotated bibliography
Alexander, Michelle. The new Jim crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, New York: The New Press, 2010. Print.
Alexander, a lawyer, wrote this book. In her book, she declared that her fight against drugs reinstated the fight against poverty and established a lawful manner to single out African-Americans following the end of the slave trade. This discrimination happened by seizing the communities of blacks for use of drugs, even though an equal number of whites were also taking the drugs.
African-Americans were unjustifiably arrested and imprisoned for the rest of their lives. This erected insuperable hindrances. The research paper takes its arguments of the troubles of its victims (Hispanic-appearing residents) and demand for amendments in the constitution from this book.
Armenta, Amada. From Sheriffs Deputies to Immigration Officers: Screening Immigrant Status in a Tennessee Jail. Law & Policy 34.2 (2012): 191-210. Print.
This article concentrates on the execution of section 287 (g) schemes in the counties of Tennessee and Davidson. Immigration officials take themselves as intended supervisors with the fundamental accountabilities of recognizing and determining immigrants for deportation.
These decisions vary from pride at recognizing unlawful foreigners to guilt for making immigrants be arrested for minor mistakes. Finally, this article demonstrates that immigration officials perform as if they are connected to the federal government instead of acting like autonomous agents. The arguments on the research paper on arrests and deportation are obtained from this article.
Coutin, Susan. The rights of noncitizens in the United States. Annual Review of Law and Social Science 7.1 (2011): 289-308. Print.
Studies on the rights of non-residents in the US seek to discuss the rights and omissions with the integration of new theories concerning racialization and the situations of exclusion. This article differentiated between lawful and unlawful immigration, with a concentration on incorporation, racialism, and new racial territories.
Moreover, intellectuals have developed expressions like crimmigration to discuss the unparalleled union with unlawful acts and laws on immigration. Other expressions used include rescaling to denote swings from countrywide to regional enactment attempts.
Davis, Angela. Are prisons obsolete? New York: Seven Stories Press, 2011. Print.
Using her characteristic vividness, elegance and thorough boldness, the author has presented the instance for the recent abolishment movement in the US: the abolishment of the prison. For a long time, the abolishment of the slave trade was a difficult endeavor. Likewise, the unshakable network of racial discrimination appeared to last for a long duration and cohorts existed amid the occurrence.
The hostile convict-lease establishment that followed formal slaveholding reaped countless individuals to southern authorities. In this book, the author demonstrates that time for the prison is nearing the end and fights for the conversion of the community in general. The research paper obtains its argument of arrests and end to the racial discrimination of Hispanic residents from this book.
ICE. Fact Sheet: Delegation of Immigration Authority Section 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act, n.d. Web.
The Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) stands as the biggest exploratory group in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in the United States and is accountable for enacting federal laws on immigration as a section of its assignment on homeland safekeeping.
ICE operates closely with federal and regional law enactment officials in this task. The section 287 (g) schemes, among the best joint venture plans of the ICE, are contained in the shared Memoranda of Agreement (MOA). This is necessary to permit reception of delegated power for immigration enactment in their authority. The research paper uses judgments concerning ICE and MOA from this source.
Lewis, Paul, Doris Provine, Monica Varsanyi, and Scott Decker. Why do (some) city police departments enforce federal immigration law? Political, demographic, and organizational influences on local choices. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 23.1 (2013): 1-25. Print.
From this article, congress established a new means of enacting immigration laws by permitting state and regional law enactment officials to take part. This article examines these concerns through analysis of statistics from a study of police departments. The existence of Hispanic police chief is related to less exhaustive immigration enactment by regional police. The research paper pushes for immigrant-supportive strategy dedications with respect to affirmations from this article.
Prescott, Peter. The Norton Book of American Short Stories, New York: Norton, 1988. Print.
Having over fifty short stories, comprising writings by Ellen Gilchrist and Raymond, this book provides an assortment of style and collection of emotion that reveals the abundant culture of the American encounter. This book covers the majority of the most prominent instances of the field. The story in this book that could be the most striking in relation to the research paper is The ones who walk away from Omelas . Another short narrative includes Young Goodman Brown .
Redmon, Jeremy. Feds scrap state immigration enforcement program. The Atlanta Journal of Constitution, 2012. Web.
The section 287 (g) schemes acts on behalf of regional and state law enactment officials to enact federal laws on immigration. With respect to the county stage, the schemes frequently function through detentions, offering the command of sheriff assistants to inquire individuals concerning their lawful position, imprison and convey them for immigrations infringements.
Nevertheless, Georgia Department of Public Safety as well manages operational schemes that bring about expatriations. Recently, the government of Obama made it public that it was bringing the schemes of states to a close. The research paper basis its decisions on expatriation from this source.
Varsanyi, Monica. Rescaling the alien, rescaling personhood: Neoliberalism, immigration, and the state. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98.4 (2008): 877-896. Print.
This article basis its argument on the modern constitution of neoliberal residents through the application of immigrations powers by the federal government of the US from a study of applicable laws and court cases.
The federal government has had the command over immigration that has allowed it to take some of its residents as immigrant but demanding that states take immigrants as residents. The arguments of immigrants and mistreatment of the Hispanic-appearing residents as underscored in the research pap eave been obtained from this article.
Weissman, Deborah. The policies and politics of local immigration enforcement laws: 287 (g) program in North Carolina, North Carolina: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. Print.
The idea behind the publication by Weissman Deborah is to draw public attention concerning a current and rising phenomenon especially in the State of North Carolina because of immigration laws are under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) section 287(g).
The work by Weissman seeks to generate substantive concerns and encourage further discussion concerning the varying demographics in the State North Carolina, the unsuccessful immigration restructuring at the national stage, and the manner in which the State has reacted. The research paper bases most of its arguments on section 287(g) and the effect on society as local law enactment agencies carry out immigration enactment tasks from this publication.
The United States government should make it a priority to secure the border because of national security and defense. Illegal immigration has done more harm than good to the country.
Many measures have been put to place to prevent the violation of immigration laws as well as to protect the sovereignty of the nation. One method that has been adopted as a strategy to combat illegal immigration is border security. This report will focus on the issue of body security, its pros, and compare it with other strategies meant to deal with illegal immigration.
Border Security
Border security is a major measure that has been put in place to stop illegal immigration. This is due to the fact that tens of thousands of immigrants are getting in the country each year illegally. This is why the government has put its focus on border control. The government has in turn put a lot of resources and money so as to combat this issue and ensure the implementation of its policies.
These resources have been used to fund and come up with innovations that are meant to stop the large influx of immigrants into the country. Technological systems have also been developed that screen passengers at the entry points so as to prevent people from entering the country illegally.
A lot of effort has been used in trying to prevent illegal border crossing. Different approaches have been used together so as to ensure this. Some of these methods include the construction of fences.
The set-up of high tech radar systems, ground sensors, an increase of agents who are meant to guard the border day and night, and also an aerial vehicle. The attempt to create a virtual fence at the border failed due to the problem it was facing. It was very expensive and would be able to experience technical failures.
The other reason for the need to stop illegal immigration is that the Illegal aliens are weighing down many systems in the country. These systems range from education, healthcare, law enforcement, insurance etc. The massive influx is also costing the citizens jobs as the illegal aliens provide cheap labor to some companies. This is why the companies opt to hire them because they cut costs (Kowalski, 2011).
Pros of border security
Border security is more effective as it deals with the problem at the root. It is a preventive measure as it aims at ensuring that the illegal aliens do not get in the country. This strategy is easier and more efficient than the other methods which are used to deal with them after they have entered the country.
Policies like ending birth right citizenship will not be an issue as the illegal aliens would not even be in a position to have an offspring in the country, because they will not get the opportunity to enter the country. The same applies to the other control measure of not giving amnesty to the illegal aliens. If this problem is solved at the root there would be no need for these other control measures.
It will also allow the control of access to the country. The fence put in place will control the number of entry points to be used in entering the country. This limitation of access will go a long way in making sure that only those people who are supposed to get in the country are allowed in.
Through the different border crossing preventive measures that have been put in place many people will not want to risk as it is now harder to get in the country. Before this strategy many people would risk getting in the country as it only entailed walking right through, but now it is not that easy.
A border fence will make it harder for immigrants to get into the country illegally. This will in turn slow down the number of illegal aliens in the country. This will also aid in the prevention of other problems associated with illegal immigration. These problems include the prevention of illegal drugs from entering the country and job security .The measures that have been put in place to counter border crossing have shown success.
The physical barriers and technological innovations have increased the apprehension of the people attempting to cross the border. From the implementation of this strategy thousands of immigrants trying to cross the border have been apprehended.
Although it has led to the apprehension of thousands, the number of arrests due to border crossing has gone down meaning that less people are able to penetrate the systems that have been put in place.
Border security strategies have adopted various means to provide enough personnel to aid in patrolling the border. Some of these strategies are border militarization and civilian border patrols. This is a major boost to border security because there is need for more people to aid in border patrol.
This will make the strain on border patrol less. The military aids in performing its purpose of protecting the public by doing this. The deployment of troops will aid in protecting the country from the illegal aliens who could cause harm to the country. The citizens who volunteer at the borders also show their patriotism by helping the country in dealing with the threat of illegal immigration.
This is also evident in the fact that after border security was made stricter, criminal activity in the US has been eliminated in some fields while it has been decreased tremendously in others. The border before this measure was porous and that is why it was used by many drug traffickers and terrorists. They exploited this gap by using it to smuggle things to the country as they could easily get in and out undetected.
Nowadays it is effective in the prevention of drug smuggling into the country. Border fences have proven to be effective in other countries. This is evident in Israel as terrorist attacks reduced by 95% after the set up of a border fence. This proves that less people could enter the country illegally.
A majority of illegal aliens in the country enter the country through the border. The other immigrants who enter the country legally and have expired visas make up a small fraction of the statistics.
Close to half a million illegal aliens enter the country every year. This is after one million are apprehended at the border. The border control measures serve a great deal in trying to prevent this problem from getting worse than it already is (Kowalski, 2010).
Border security vs. other control measures
Border crossing aims at preventing other problems that are as a result of illegal immigration. Most of the other measures to stop illegal immigration serve to control the problem not to prevent it. Some of these control measures are;
Ending birthright citizenship
Ending birth right citizenship is not very effective when it comes to stopping immigration. There are many countries that do not have birth right citizenship but the number of illegal immigration is very high. Illegal immigration cannot be prioritized as a strategy for combating this issue. The country has in fact benefited significantly from birth right citizenship.
This has been through the taxes they pay, the children granted citizenship, have grown up to join the army and they have been elected to offices of power and even participated in sports. The country will lose these benefits if they are to remove this law.
The changing of this law will not be easy and will result in the loss of a lot of money in trying to implement it. It is also going to affect a number of processes in the country. Some processes such as getting a passport, social security number etc. will also be made more complicated due to this .
No amnesty with harsher penalties for illegal immigrants
This measure prevents the giving of amnesty in the form of citizenship and aims at instead issuing more severe penalties, with an aim of curbing and stopping illegal immigration . This measure is formed on the basis that one should not be awarded for committing a crime. The immigrants have already broken the law by getting in the country illegally.
This policy is also fair to those who have legally entered the country, and followed and passed all the legal and administrative procedures.
This is why strict policies should be put in place so as to discourage them from entering the country and this can greatly be achieved through imposing penalties for the law breakers and removing all incentives to promote them (Roarty, 2011).This method is more effective than ending birth right citizenship but less effective as compared to stopping border crossing.
Conclusion
Illegal immigration is a very big problem to the country. Out of all the measures that are being put in place to combat this, border security measures should be prioritized as it accounts for the most number of illegal aliens who are in the country.
Recent findings have shown that the implementation of border security prevention measures, have resulted in the prevention and decrease of thousands of immigration cases. It is more effective than strategies such as ending birthright citizenship and not giving out amnesty to illegal aliens, and offering harsher penalties to those who violate this law.
Border security should however be supported by this strategies as they aid in making border crossing less due to the discouraging of illegal immigration. The cost to be incurred in ensuring the prevention of border crossing is minimal compared to the thousands the government loses as a result of illegal immigration. The country loses more money from illegal immigration.
Stopping illegal immigration will result in increased security in the country, less strain on the social amenities and a decrease in the crime rate. This is why border security which is the most effective strategy of stopping illegal immigration should be prioritized .
References
Huisenga, S. (2011). Gingrich Voices Support for S.C. Immigration Law. Web.
Johnson, F. (2010). Norquist Says Ending Birthright Citizenship Is a Tax. Web.
Kowalski, D. M. (2011). Border Security After 9/11: Ten Years of Waste, Immigrant Crackdowns and New Drug Wars. Web.
Kowalski, D. M. (2010). Border Security: Immigration Enforcement Between Ports of Entry. Web.
Kowalski, D. M. (2010). Border Security: The Role of the U.S. Border Patrol. Web.
Roarty, A. S. Q. (2011). Numerous Punches Thrown in Spirited Iowa Debate. Web.
Sternstein, A. (2012). DHS Requests Bids for Second Try at Virtual Fence. Web.
Strohm, C. (2011). McCain, Kyl Girding for Border Security Fight. Web.
The immigration debate is explained well in the Arizona law. The debate emerged because of massive-scale illegal immigration, which has been happening in the United States of America for more than past 15 years ago. This debate has faced several challenges due to increased support for border security.
Another challenge was the introduction of a costly visa and legalization process (Sterba, 2004). This was followed by a very bitter reaction from the immigrants and their supporters. According to this law, it is stated that it is a crime for any foreigner to exist in Arizona without carrying legal documents required by the government.
The laws concerning the people who shelter, employ, and encourage foreigners in the country. The legal follow-ups should be taken on the individuals who contribute towards encouraging strangers in the country. This law concerning the immigration debate has faced both critics and support on the other hand (Isbister, 2008).
Those people who criticized the Arizona law of immigration claim that the law encourages racial profiling, while the other party that supports the law says that, it is only enforcement to the already existing government law. Major protests of the Arizona law has been experienced in over 70 U.S cities, whereby citizens have gone to an extent of calling for a boycott of Arizona. Through several polling done, the law has managed a majority vote, and hence a strong support countrywide and in Arizona.
In 2008 campaign, the issue of immigration was very common. There was a great attempt of solving the problems of all the foreigners without legal documents to permit them in the country.
This act was done in favor of the presidential candidate to take advantage of acquiring many votes from the anti-immigrant attitudes. Currently, the immigration issue is in the point of allowing the aliens to pay fine as well as the taxes, to learn the formal language that is English, and have an initiative of utilizing the available opportunity of acquiring full citizenship.
The two theories of justice that would be discussed in relation to the status of immigration in US are utilitarianism and libertarianism. The theory of utilitarianism is meant to encourage and promote the freedom and happiness of the people involved. The utilitarians approach issue is indirectly to fulfill this promise of making its members happy (Miller, 2007).
The major challenge with this theory is that there is no point when people can meet and decide the type of life that can be termed as happy. Different people have different perceptions on what a happy life is. What is a happy life to someone may not be the same case with another person.
It is always hard for anyone to decide what is good for his people and what they would require to remain happy. For any human being to fulfill his or her happiness, the basic needs should be provided, failure to which the person may suffer both mentally and physically.
Anyone has the right to have the basic needs such as food, shelter, healthy medical services, and security to ensure there is protection (Barry, 2006). To some extent, the current American Immigration System is against provision of some of the basic needs to the aliens, which is a violation of utilitarianism theory of justice that claims the provision of all the basic needs to ensure happiness of the members.
The utilitarian theory works widely to provide the overall happiness of its members through an increased employment rate, increased income, well distributed wealth and equal opportunities for expansion, freedom to enjoy their leisure time, and good education among others.
The current American immigration system does not provide the aliens with such opportunities especially in income and distribution of wealth. Several aspects that constitute to the aliens happiness in US are provided in limitation such as the freedom to enjoying their leisure time in entertainment bays (Barry, 2006).
The freedom to express their needs and requirements in some of the United States cities is limited, as they are not treated as equal human beings like other citizens. It is the wish of utilitarianism for the just society to be organized in all its bodies such as the government, the laws governing people, and even the economy part of the society. Through a just society, the members would have all the available means and opportunities to enjoy their happy and a desirable life.
There are some things that the utilitarian theory have given the priority for many years to ensure that people are happy and satisfied with the type of life they lead. Some of the things that have given the first priority by this justice theory are the public education for all people supported by public funds from the peoples taxes (McDonald, 2009). Another aspect is the provision of a competitive free market economy, and later the provision of a socialist economy was proposed, which is quite different from a mixed economy.
For the current American immigration system, such important aspects are not open freely for aliens, as they are not considered as part of the nation due to lack of legal documentations to prove that they are real citizens in the United States. This justice theory as well claims for protection, which is contained in the bill of right in the American constitution.
Democracy in the government is also considered as a very important move towards making the people happy within a given society. However, the way foreigners are treated in the current American immigration system does not show any democracy practiced to these people.
The second justice theory is libertarianism, which concentrates mainly on individual liberty as the most important concern of social justice. According to this justice theory, a just society should offer liberty and freedom to the people in the society.
This freedom is meant to assist people reach to the desired destination (McDonald, 2009). The libertarian views are to make people in the society to be rational end choosers, without interference from any other party. Other non-party members should not decide the peoples destination as the future should be left in their own hands.
Any person should be given freedom to guide his or her destiny. People may misinterpret the idea of libertarianism by thinking that, this theory support people to do whatever they would like, but this is not the view of this theory. The major view of this theory is to allow freedom for each individual to pursue his or her destiny, and on the other hand, to restrict people from interfering with the efforts of others to achieve whatever they deserve.
According to this theory, every individual is associated with a certain type of freedom and liberty. Everyone is the sole owner of his or her life. No one should be a master to the other, and on the other hand, nobody should act as a slave to anyone. The idea of people disposing other peoples lives is not permitted by this theory; the respect of one anothers lives should be a daily exercise for all people in the society.
This theory criticizes the current American immigration system, as there are much practice of masters and slaves (Sterba, 2004). The people without a full citizenship in the United States are limited as far as liberty and freedom are concerned. At times, the liberty for the aliens to choose and pursue their destination is very limited, as they are supposed to be guided by the decisions of other people.
The real citizens must preconceive the destination of the alien, and their efforts to reach that destinations depends on other peoples views. To some extent, this justice theory does not fully apply to the current American immigration system as liberty and freedom is not provided to all especially the foreigners. The kind of jobs that the foreigners engage with for survival, does not guarantee them the full liberty and freedom that they may deserve.
Another right that is recognized by libertarian is regard to property. This theory introduces a scheme whereby every individual is given a chance that is unrestricted to acquire a property, through full capitalism.
As far as an individual has a liberty to choose his or her destiny, he or she should have a right to own a property such as real estate, car, personal clothing etc. The right of property does not imply someone just taking properties from others, but rather having the right to work for that property, to be in a position to offer money or services in exchange of a particular property (Isbister, 2008).
The idea of just taking a property from any person, might violates their rights of ownership to their properties. There are great limitations to the foreigners in acquiring the ownership of the properties in their alien countries. For instance, in the current system of immigration in the United States, the aliens are not entitled fully to that right of full ownership of some properties. For an alien to own some valuable properties some legal processes are followed for them to own that property fully.
However, the issue of denying people the right to own a property is another way of depriving them their freedom way of life. Without this freedom, a citizen is confused on the right path through which he or she can follow to pursue his future dreams.
Property rights are a go ahead of every individual in planning what to do in future. If a person cannot own a property, it would be hard for him to plan for the life ahead. Before the aliens acquire a full citizenship in the United States, they lead a life full of challenges, whereby they do not enjoy freedom like other citizens in the country. Almost all justice theories are violated by the American immigration system.
The immigration debate of America has been facilitated by several key people like Roy Beck, who is the executive director of a certain non-partisan organization that fought for reduced immigration.
At one point, Beck said that their main theme in that organization was the immigration policy to assist the United States get back to its normal position (Sterba, 2004). This nonpartisan group made use of internet to spread their views. Another key contributor to this immigration debate is Lou Dobbs, who is a former CNN new anchor. Lou was known to be very harsh about the Mexican immigrants, to an extent that it was claimed that his critics was challenging the integrity news networks.
Lou insisted on the border security saying that it would be hard to reform immigration law before controlling immigration through guarding the borders and the ports. William Gheen is another key person in immigration debate; he is the president for legal immigration in America since the year 2004.
The group led by William concentrates on the comprehensive enforcement of immigration laws. The areas that this group insisted on included strict border security, penalties to those people who employ illegal aliens, eradication of tax benefits for illegal foreigners, and the most important of all the police force to be involved in enforcing the immigration laws (Sterba, 2004). According to Luis Gutierrez, the introduction of legislation in 2009 was a great step of opening a path to legal status for dealing with the undocumented immigrants.
Luis, who is a democratic lawmaker, claimed that the immigration is a form of crisis to both human and civil rights, to the countrys economy especially the workforce hence imposing a threat to the national security. Luis insisted that for the aliens to acquire legal status, they were supposed to produce an employment history, be ready to pay a fine of $500, and be conversant with English language. Another test for Luis proposed the aliens were to undergo a criminal thorough check.
The executive director of the center for immigration, Mr. Mark conducts research based on the impacts of immigration. According to his research, it is a prove that the increased levels of immigration in united states, hardens the efforts of achieving goals in public sectors like education, and the environmental effects.
The history of United States immigration dates back to over four centuries ago, whereby millions of immigrants settled in the United States to start up new lives. To some extent, it is through the hard work of immigrants that made US what it is today. Their work has benefitted greatly this country, as well as themselves (McDonald, 2009).
Globally, there are many people of all ages, who have decided to settle and start new lives in the United States. Before United States acquired independence, it relied heavily on the immigrants to come from other countries to come and occupy the unsettled lands.
Through the work of the immigrants on these virgin lands, the country started benefitting economically. During those early days, America had enough land and capital, but the limitation was lack of enough people to work on their lands. There was need to do farming, mining, and other economic activities, but the human labor was the problem (Isbister, 2008).
Through this act, many people were encouraged to move from their countries to come and settle in the United States, until now when they realized the threat of these immigrants. Moreover, as the numbers of the immigrants continue increasing, the more the key actors on this issue come up with ideas of reforming.
In conclusion, the process of acquiring full citizenship by the immigrants in the United States should be made cheap and easy to achieve (McDonald, 2009). Despite the fact that, someone may not have acquired the legal documentation, he or she should not be denied the necessary human rights, and should be treated in a just manner like other citizens.
The above-discussed theory of justice should be applied to ensure there is no discrimination acts done to the immigrants, as they are equal human beings. However, it is the responsibility of the immigrants to put extra efforts to achieve the full citizenship of the United States. This step would be an added advantage to them as the government would treat them as other citizens, and enjoy other benefits offered to the citizens.
Reference List
Barry, B. (2006). Theories of Justice. California: University of California.
Isbister, J. (2008). The immigration debate: remarking. Michigan: Kumarian Press.
McDonald, W. (2009). Immigration, crime and justice. New York: Emerald Group Publishing.
Miller, C. (2007). Debating immigration. New York: Cengage Learning.
Sterba, J. (2004). Justice: Alternative political perspective. New York: Wadsworth Pub.
The presentation of Alfonso Gonzaless book Reform without Justice: Latino Migrant Politics and the Homeland Security State can be discussed as a kind of the political activity because the meeting is organized as the panel discussion of the United States current policies related to immigration issues.
According to Gonzaless statements and ideas presented in the book, today the United States refer to the strategy of the anti-migrant hegemony in relation to Latino migrants. Gonzales claims that it is necessary to develop the comprehensive immigration reform which can contribute to the rights of Latino immigrants who are often criminalized within the society because of the US inappropriate immigration policy (Gonzales, 2013, p. 24; Reform without justice, 2013).
The attendance of the meeting is important to become more informed about the political issues because the leaders of the Mexican communities presenting at the meeting discuss the problematic issues with references to the real situations and evidences.
From this point, the event adds to the active discussion of the Latino migrant politics with references to the actual examples. It is rather difficult to correlate the issue of the global capitalism with the idea of the immigrant civil right movement without participating in the discussions during the meeting.
Focusing on the emotions associated with the discussed ideas about the necessity of the comprehensive immigration reform, it is necessary to pay attention to the desire to support the claims of the Latino migrant activists because the issue is closely connected with the problems of ideological focus, immigrant rights movement, and social prejudice which should not be observed and developed in the democratic society.
Moreover, the detailed discussion of the immigrant rights movement in relation to the racial prejudice issues is effective to receive the more clear vision of the reforms idea and effectiveness.
The problems analyzed during the panel discussion are closely connected with the concepts studied during the course. Thus, the focus on the Latino immigrant rights can be considered as significant in the context of discussing the principles of the 21st century democracy in the United States.
The problem is in the fact that the challenges experienced by Latino immigrants in the United States because of the weaknesses of the immigrant policy allow speaking about the inappropriateness of definite political approaches and strategies (Reform without justice, 2013).
Thus, following the concepts studied during the course, it is important to note that the effective democratic society is free from racial and ethnic prejudice. The issues discussed at the meeting respond to creating the picture of the diversified political background in the United States. Furthermore, the discussion is important to pay more attention to the issue of the Latino civil rights movements with references to the stories of the certain persons participating in the meeting.
The meeting can affect the persons life and viewpoint with references to rethinking the role of politically active groups in the reforming processes.
The attendance of the meeting was necessary to learn more information about the activities of such groups as the Hispanic Congressional Caucus and the National Council of La Raza which work is rather controversial and provocative in relation to contributing to the comprehensive immigration reform (Reform without justice, 2013). It is possible to notice the effects of the discussed anti-migrant hegemony more clearly with references to discussing the concrete evidences and the activities of the politically active groups.
Heather Mac Donald on the Issue of Immigration
Heather Mac Donald is the Fellow at the Manhattan Institute who works at the problem of immigration in the United States. In her works, Mac Donald argues that the effective development of policies in the United States is closely associated with proposing the liberal immigration policy which can address the needs of thousands of migrants from the Central and South America (Heather Mac Donald, 2013).
According to Mac Donald, any additions to the current approach in relation to the immigrant politics can improve the situation and respond to the needs of the communities because adequate liberalization is the necessary aspect to provide the positive atmosphere within the society.
Mac Donald states that many numbers associated with the rates of immigrants who develop businesses in the United States are inappropriate and cannot reflect the real situation in the social and economic spheres of the American society. It is impossible to state that illegal immigration caused the rates associated with the unemployment of the Americans. According to Mac Donald, these immigrant groups cannot be discussed as risky for the development of the US economy (Mac Donald, 2006).
However, Mac Donald also claims that the struggle with the illegal immigration cannot be effective enough, and it is necessary to pay more attention to avoid the immigration of persons who cannot add to the welfare of the society in the United States.
From this point, the national wealth can be improved with references to accepting educated immigrants from the Central and South Americas. That is why, the immigration policy can be changed and improved with references to the idea that well-educated immigrants can contribute to the national wealth significantly (Mac Donald, 2006).
In her articles, books, and interviews, Mac Donald provides arguments to support the idea that the current approach of the US government to regulating the immigrant policy is rather ineffective because the government is concentrated on limiting all the types of immigration from the Central and South Americas (Heather Mac Donald, 2013).
As a result, following such immigration politics, the Americans fail to gain more benefits from immigration. Moreover, the shift of the focus from the possible illegal immigration to the legal immigration is also important for the Latinos who discuss immigration as the only way to improve their living conditions.
The refusals to provide the status of legal immigrants for the majority of the well-educated Mexicans and representatives of the South American countries can lead to weakening definite industries in the United States. From this point, the carefully developed immigration policy oriented both to the progress of the national economy and to the attraction of the legal immigrants can be discussed as the effective strategy for the US government to improve the immigrant politics and economic sector in the country (Mac Donald, 2006).
Heather Mac Donalds ideas on the immigration politics issues are rather logical and credible. These points of view and arguments are supported with the significant research on the problem and a lot of provided evidences. Thus, the authors discussion of the immigration questions and possible solutions related to the problem can be considered as necessary to address the issue of the ineffective immigrant policy and reforms in the United States in order to overcome the social and economic challenges.
References
Gonzales, A. (2013). Reform without justice: Latino migrant politics and the homeland security state. USA: Oxford University Press.
Illegal immigration costs Arizona Taxpayers almost 1.5 billion every year, an enormous sum that mirrors our states budget deficit. This is not a coincidence. As we struggle to meet the needs of our citizens, the ever-growing costs of medication, incarceration, and education for our illegal population is a threat to our state government and the taxpayers. That is why fighting illegal immigration is a major emphasis in my work. We must enforce our laws and protect our sovereignty. Sheriff Joe Arpaio, Arizona.
Definition of terms
Illegal immigrants/ illegal aliens: these are used interchangeably in this study, and refer to people in the country without the proper legal requirements. Under the US Laws, an illegal immigrant/ alien is any US non-citizen who enters the country without government permission or anyone who stays beyond the duration stated in his visa.
Introduction
The above statement seems to be the drive behind Sheriff Joes fight against illegal immigrants. Often dubbed as the toughest sheriff in the United States , the sheriff has the numbers to back his fight against illegal immigrants in his county.
A statistic released in 2010, reveals that there are an estimated 475,000 illegal immigrants in Arizona alone. In this population, at least 55,000 are school going students, who attend the public schools in Arizona. As a result, at least $820 million worth of taxpayer money is spent in the state for purposes of educating the illegal immigrant students (Verschoor 1).
The effects of illegal immigration on hospitals are also substantial. According to Verschoor, hospitals in Arizona spend approximately $400 million, which is lost in uncompensated medical costs (1). As a result, a sizeable number of hospitals unable to bear the cost of operations end up closing their respective emergency wards. The closures explain why Arizona is rated among states that have the longest emergency room waiting lists in the country.
The jails come in third in Arizonas expenditure on illegal immigrants. According to Verschoor, the state spends almost $100 million annually on illegal immigrants held in the state jail (1). In addition to the cost factor, the rising crime amongst the illegal immigrant community results in overcrowding in the state jails.
Traditionally, the mandate to handle illegal immigrants lay with the federal government (Connett 1). However, with the rising number of illegal immigrants entering the country, states have given individual counties and departments to handle some of the problems associated with illegal immigrants.
In Arizona for example, The Sheriffs department, department of corrections and department of public safety entered into a 287(g) agreement under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) with the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) for purposes of allowing local law enforcement officers to receive the necessary training needed to empower them with skills necessary in handling the illegal immigrant problem.
On his personal capacity as the sheriff of Maricopa County, Sheriff Joe has an interdiction strike force that handles illegal immigration issues. In 2007, the sheriffs interdiction forces prevented 523 persons from entering Arizona and applied federal laws to make 176 illegal immigrant arrests (Connett 2).
Background
In the United States, there are relatively small populations of people who do not have high school diplomas (Gans 1). This in turns means that the demand for low-skilled workers cannot be met by the US population alone.
In the same light, the countrys lacks the necessary number of highly qualified researches in science and mathematics necessary to drive the respective sectors that need such researchers (Gans 1). In the two categories (low-skilled workers and high-skilled workers), the US immigration system creates a balance by providing temporary immigration status to low-skilled workers from other countries and granting permanent migration status to the high-skilled workers (Newberger & Gryn 1).
Labor statistics indicate that 28 percent of people in the US labor force in 2007, who held doctoral degrees were foreign-born, a further 17 percent held professional degrees, while 16 percent held Masters degrees. The low-skilled labor force was made of 36 percent of foreign-born workers (Newburger & Gryn 4).
Of notable interest however is the fact that Mexico contributes 62 percent of the 6.8 million low-skilled workers in the US, while other regions like Europe contributed 11 percent of highly-skilled labor (24 percent of these were doctorate holders), and Asian-immigrant workers made up 26 percent of highly skilled workers (more than 55 percent were doctorate holders). This is of course where Sheriff Joe comes in because Arizona being a border state is serves as the entry point, where the majority of these workers first enter the US.
The legality of Sheriff Joes actions
Under section 287(g) of INA, it is legal for local law enforcement agencies to draft and sign a memorandum of understanding with the United States Department of Homeland Security for purposes of enabling the local officer to carry out enforcement functions related to the immigration law. The provisions in 287(g) however require that all officers intended to take up such duties undergo the necessary training under ICE.
According to the ICE, the 287(g) agreement is a platform that allows detectives, local patrol officers, and correctional officers to work with the ICE for purposes of 1) gaining the necessary latitude and resources needed to carry out investigations related to human smuggling, violent crimes, sex-related offences, money laundering, narcotics smuggling, gangs and organized criminal activities, and 2) increase the support and provision of resources to officers in geographically remote locations. The Arizona sheriffs office has partnered with ICE to recruit both the Task Force officers and Jail Enforcement Officers.
According to Kris Kobach (cited by Starr 1), there is a federal provision that authorizes local police within respective states to arrest immigrants who were previously deported on grounds of committing felonies in the United States and they (police) have the mandate to arrest people who are in the country illegally. According to Kobach (Cited by Starr 1), the federal statute at 8 U.s.c.1252c states that local police officers have an inherent authority to make arrests on illegal aliens, detain them briefly and later relocate them to federal custody.
The effects of the law
In 2008, and in the height of Sheriff Joes anti-illegal immigrants occupation of Arizona, the New York Times reported that immigrants were fleeing Arizona in large numbers. The effect of the flight was felt in schools as enrolment dropped, a business registered fewer clients, and the real estate sector registered dropped occupancy rates (Archibold 1).
Being a border state, Arizonas economy has historically developed a mixed-fortunes scenario, where on one hand the illegal immigrants drive the economy through their cheap labor, but on the other hand, uses the states resources without adequately compensating the same through taxes.
If indeed the law succeeds to drastically the number of illegal immigrants in the county and state, then there would be less spending by the county on infrastructural development. Also, it will bring a sense of fairness to the taxpayers by providing services to the taxpaying population only.
Objections that have faced Sheriff Joe
Local government does not have the authority to put into effect federal immigration laws: The response offered for this objection lies in the United States v. Vasquez-Alvarez court case filed in the court of appeal. During the case, it was ruled that the existed a general authority that granted states and local police officers the mandate to investigate, and arrest people who violate the federal law, immigration laws included.
In a different case; United States v. Santana-Garcia, the court ruled that local agencies had received a clear invitation by Congress to participate in processes of federal immigration law enforcement. Sheriff Joes actions were further supported by the argument that allowing state-level enforcement of immigration laws would act as a viable tool in combating illegal immigration.
The Sheriffs position is further supported by a memo from the assistant general dated April 2002, which stated that nothing in the current law precludes states and local law enforcers from enforcing immigration laws if federal nature (Bybee 3). The memo further stated that the federal stator law did not obstruct state authorities from arresting aliens who would then be deported back to their countries of origin.
Implementing REAL ID ACT was impractical
The Real ID Act was a federal law enacted in 2005. The law stipulated several procedures for the issuance of driving licenses as well as ID cards for use locally in the states. Although a national wide law, the Sheriff supported the same for its promise to end the immigration woes in his county (Newburger & Gryn 3). If enacted, the Real ID Act would have required a persons details regarding immigration requirements, verification of documents as well as previous criminal records.
Although the Real ID Act has faced opposition from many quotas, it is clear that the enactment of the same would give states an increased platform to fight illegal immigration. Of concern to the illegal immigrants would be evidence of lawful status requirement that states that if not a citizen of the US, the person applying for the Real ID must produce valid documentary evidence to that:
s/he is in the country lawfully through temporary or permanent residence status;
has conditional, but permanent residential-status in the country;
his/her application for asylum has been approved;
has a non-immigrant visa;
his/her application for asylum is pending;
has an approved or pending application that would grant them protected residential status in the US;
his/her action status had been approved or deferred;
his/her application for residential status adjustment was pending (National Conference of State Legislatures 1).
In 2009, Conyers et al, wrote to the attorney general complaining about Sheriff Joes authorization of officers under him to search Latino Neighborhoods for illegal immigrants. Terming the Sheriffs act as a blatant disregard of the residents of Phoenix area , the letter stated that Sheriff Joe was overreaching his mandate under 287 (g) agreements and therefore needed to be stopped (1).
The letter alleged that Joes officers did not have a probable cause to believe that all the homes searched for illegal immigrants indeed housed illegal immigrants and that the officers simply searched the homes based on the residents skin colors and accents (Conyers et al. 1).
Evaluating Sheriff Joes approach
While Sheriff Joe seems to be deeply convicted of the legitimacy of his deeds towards illegal immigrants in Arizona, serious issues raised about him regarding racial profiling and arresting and mistreating illegal immigrants in the county jails raise serious concerns. His concerns regarding illegal aliens using the countys resources without compensating for the same through taxes may be true, but his allegation concerning increased crimes being a direct result of increased illegal immigrants in the county is debatable.
Previous research has shown no direct correlation between illegal immigrants and an increase in crime (Newsburger & Gryn 4). Further, his allegation that illegal immigrants take up jobs that genuinely belong to legal Americans is misplaced. According to Gans (2), most illegal immigrants take up casual jobs that legal Americans most of whom have considerable better education, cannot take for various reasons.
As noted by Archibold, the sheriffs tough rules on illegal immigrants are driving them away from Arizona altogether, and the negative effect is felt by business both in reduced workers and reduced clients(1). With the exception of federal spending on social services, this means that illegal immigrants play a significant role in Arizonas economy.
Personal opinion /reflection
Arguing from a human rights perspective, this paper holds that the allegation that illegal immigrants were held without trial, made to wear pink flip-flops, pink underwear, and pink handcuffs , my opinion that he should be charged for human rights violation if he is indeed found guilty.
Further, it is clear that children born in American soil are legally Americans regardless of whether their parents are illegal Americans or not. This then means that for every illegal immigrant parent that is held by Sheriff Joe ready for trial and possible deportation, a home is broken. Eventually, the children suffer for their parents attempt to make a living albeit illegally in the United States.
Considering that a substantial number of illegal immigrants have been living and working peacefully for many years, while abiding by the US laws, it is also uncompassionate to deport them to Mexico, where they would have to start their lives all over again, while faced with the same challenges they run away from when they initially entered the US.
Comparison with Canada
Just like Arizona and the larger United States, illegal aliens in Canada are perceived as a group of people who benefit from social services, without duly paying for the same through taxes. Further, in a country with at least 2 million unemployed people, the illegal immigrants are perceived as takers of jobs, which the otherwise unemployed population would take (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 1).
Unlike Arizona, however, there are no documented illegal immigrant hunts such as those conducted by Sheriff Joe. Most illegal aliens in Canada are thought to have overstayed their Visas (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 1). Since the government does not have the records on the number of people who overstay their visas while in Canada, no official statics are available regarding the numbers.
The Canada Immigration Services is responsible for enforcing the Canadian Immigration law. Interestingly, Canada has a naturally protected border, which is surrounded by great distances on major migrant routes. Just like Arizona, Canada has experimented with immigrants to fill up its population deficits.
However, Canada is more tolerant of illegal immigrants owing to its liberal laws on refugees and asylum seekers (The Canadian Encyclopedia, 1). This then means that the illegal immigrants in Canada mainly enter the country legally only to overstay their visas.
Unlike Arizona, whose greatest challenge remains dealing with the influx of refugees from the Mexican border, Canada has to contend with closing loopholes in its migratory laws that give people who do not qualify for asylum or refugee status an easy way to the country.
The Canadian Encyclopedia further illegal aliens in Canada can only be detected when they attempt acquiring public services, something that could draw the attention of relevant authorities. The chances of this happening are, however minimal, especially considering that there is a lack of coordination regarding the need to flush the country of illegal immigrants.
Learning outcome, findings & solutions
This study has found out that Sheriff Joes approach to handling the illegal immigrant problem is succeeding in scaring illegal aliens away from his county. Whether this will provide a long-term solution to the countys illegal immigration woes is something that will require further observation and investigation.
This study has also observed that the approach by the sheriff has brought mixed fortunes to the county. While it may cut on its spending on public infrastructure, the countys businessmen may have to contend with the leaner workforce at relatively higher costs. This is because most illegal immigrants work for lesser pay than most legal US citizens would work for.
Conclusion
Sheriff Joes actions have attracted both accolades and criticism in equal measures. Those in support of his actions argue that the Sheriff has been elected four times in a row for his efficiency in serving the people in his county. In their opinion, the Sheriff has the interest of the residents of Arizona at heart when carrying out the tough anti-illegal alien practices.
In open support for laws that applied sanctions to employers who knowingly employed illegal aliens, the Sheriff was quoted as saying, its sad with the high unemployment rate in this country that employers hire illegal aliens, who take jobs away from US citizens (Thomas 2). His opponents, however, think otherwise. Most human right groups opposed to his tactics state that violates the law by depriving people the rights, immunities, and privileges as granted in the US constitution.
Further, the conditions of confinement of the arrested illegal immigrants are perceived by his opponents as suspect, and they also accuse him of acting based on the color and accent of the suspects (Conyers et al. 2). Whether these accusations are true or not will become apparent once the investigations of the Sheriff by the Federal Bureau of investigations are completed. For now, the Sheriff continues acting under the mandate granted to him and his officers under the 287(g).
If found guilty of the accusations leveled against him, his accusers argue that the agreement between the Sheriff and the Department of Homeland Security should be terminated or remedied. Whether this will happen or not depends entirely on the outcome of the FBI investigations and the recommendations therein.
Works Cited
Archibold, Randal. Immigrants fleeing from Arizona: Arizona seeing signs of flight by Immigrants. The New York Times. 2008. Web.
Bybee, Jay. Assistant attorney General, Memorandum for the Attorney general, US Department of Justice, Office of legal Counsel . 2002: 1-7. Print.
Connett, Brent. State Enforcement of Federal Immigration Laws. State Approached to Illegal Immigration law enforcement. 2007. Web.
Conyers, John, Lofgren, Zoe, Nadler, Jerrold and Scott, Robert. Letter to the Attorney General Holder and Secretary Napolitano. US House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. 2009. Web.
Gans, Judith. Illegal Immigration to The United States: Causes And Policy Solutions. 2007. Web.
National Conference of state legislature. The Real ID Act of 2005 (Contained in P.L 109-13). 2010. Web.
Newburger, Eric and Thomas Gryn. The Foreign-Born Labor Force in the United States: 2007, American Community Survey Reports, ACS-10, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC. Nov.2009: 1-10. Print.
Starr, Penny. Arizona Sheriff Vows to Enforce Immigration Law Whether Feds Like it or Not. CCS News. 2009. Web.
The Canadian Encyclopedia. Immigration Policy. 2010. Web.
Thomas, Andrew. First Employer S Actions Case Filed; Scottsdale Arty Factory Accused Of Hiring Illegal Workers After January 2009 Raid. News release. 2009. Web.
United States v. Santa-Garcia, United States Court of Appeals, tenth Circuit. 264 F.3d 1138, 1193 (10th Circ. 2001).
United States V. Vasquez-Alvarez, United states court of appeals, tenth circuit. 176 F.3d 1294, 1295 (10th cir. 2001).
Verschoor, Thayer. The Problem Is Bigger Than You Think. 2008. Web.