Category: Hygiene

The Industrial Revolution was the big ‘manufacturing boom’ when Europe and the US transitioned to a new manufactured/ technological age and system. Due to this revolution many citizens of Europe moved into large, cramped cities which had very poor hygiene and living conditions.

Majority of people worked on farms or in small communities. They would grow, harvest and make what they would need, earning money off what they had produced. There was not much organisation in the farms until the ‘Enclosure act law’ was enforced, giving farmers certain sectioned off plots of land. A lot of poor farmers lost their houses and land. Lucky for them, at this time was the big boom in factory production and manufacturing. Many people moved to larger cities to find work, get more money and live a better life. What they received was very different. Streets were haphazardly packed with back to back housing. Sewage was merely just a gutter leading into a drain on the street. Due the high demand of housing, houses were built very quickly and were very poorly made with atrocious ventilation. Due to the poor hygienic conditions during this time disease festered everywhere and killed many people. Disease such as cholera, pneumonia, influenza, typhoid fever etc. wiped out numerous amounts of people in one go as the outbreaks were spreading across the countries.

People often lived in streets called slums. They were very cramped and packed to the rafters with small housing units which typically held up to 10-20 people. Housing was commonly one roomed, two/three story houses with a cellar down below. Cellars were often rented out to families by greedy landlords. They were built hastily, had very poor ventilation and were usually damp. This lead to mould growing and a suitable environment for bacteria to grow and fester.

Water would come from a community well that was often covered in sewage or surrounded by rubbish and rats. Because of the poor conditions of the water supplies waterborne diseases contaminated the water. This lead to huge epidemics and bad disease outbreaks. People didn’t have great knowledge as to how disease spread, so disease continued to spread from town to town wiping out large numbers of people. Privies were small public buildings which contained toilets. Houses didn’t contain bathrooms so people would either do their business in a pot or in the public privies. Sewage systems were poorly developed. People would dump their sewage out the window and it would drain off into a small gutter in the middle of the street. Rats usually lived in amongst the sewage, carried diseases and transferred it to humans through fleas. Living conditions in the industrial revolution were far from sanitary and hygienic, this lead to the quick spread of disease and sickness.

When people moved to larger cities there was a high demand for work. Lucky for these people many factories were being built and needed a lot of employees, which wasn’t hard to find. Working conditions were dreadful and physically and mentally drained workers. The typical shift lasted between 14-16 hours only leaving at the maximum 10 hours for recreation and sleep. This quickly wore down workers. They often were tired and sometimes even fell asleep at work. The machinery was very dangerous, they weren’t guarded off and usually safety training was not learnt to operate machines. The factories usually had poor lighting, making it hard to see what was being done. The combination of tiredness, poor training and dark cramped working spaces often lead to accidents. People broke bones, skin was taken off, people were scalped and worst case scenario people died. Ontop of all of the chaos happening in factories the employees were paid very poorly. Women were paid ⅓-⅕ less than men and children even lower. Children often worked in factories and mines as they were low pay employees. Due to the vulnerability of a small child they were often paid very little and were manipulated by employers.They took on dangerous jobs such as fixing machines, even when they were still operating. Because of their small size they were good help in factories as they could get into small places. Children from the age of 5 typically began working. This is because parents were paid so little that they couldn’t provide for their families so they were left with one option. Sending their children to work to help provide. Working conditions were terrible, workers were not paid enough and they performed dangerous activities, leading to many accidents.

These poor working and living conditions had immense effects on families and society. Parents often didn’t have enough money to provide for their families, meaning that them and their children would starve. This often led to children having to steal or scavenge food. If they were caught in this act they would get punished. Punishments include anything from a whipping to getting sent to a workhouse to becoming a convict. Because of the poor living conditions and cramped housing, if someone were to get sick with a disease whole houses could be wiped out as they were all sleeping in the same bed. Children and their parents either had minimal education or no education. They were taught dangerous jobs, if there was any instructions it was hard for them to work lt finer details (reading, mathematical problems). Typically an adult would last until the age of 35 this often lead to children being orphaned and left homeless or taken advantage of in workhouses. The industrial revolution was a tough time for adults, children and families. It was very dangerous and did not cater for the needs of a family in the way of hygiene or safety.

Society was also affected by the living and working conditions of the Industrial Revolution. During this period the middle working class was forever growing and was rising in numbers and power. Society was advancing at an alarming rate. Goods and services were needed a lot more than ever, making england a rather wealthy country. Due to this boom in factory production and unfair pay. A lot of people would steal and act in violence on the streets. A massive spike hit in crime activity in England. Poor conditions lead to epidemics and disease outbreaks which wiped out large number of people at any one time.

Although, there was some good impacts to come from the industrial revolution society. Education and literacy was more accessible and there was a gradual rise for the more people that were being educated. Living conditions somewhat improved of the course of time. Vaccinations were created, and life expectancy improved. Society did suffer from the industrial revolution with the hardship and turmoil but from it we did receive some beneficial effects.

In conclusion, the industrial revolution was a hard time and many people suffered. The working and living conditions were very poor and difficult. Though it was a time that shaped our world as it is today. There was a dramatic increase in transport and production of goods. People suffered for us and we should be thankful for the hardship they experienced.

Every student is determined to be successfull. They even sacrifice everthing just to be comfortable in the future. They woke up early morning and leave their homes not knowing what will be the challenges they will face onwards. But regardless of the self-confidence they have, problems are just continuous. They’ll attack you physically and even emotionally.

Most of the health issues that students have undergone mostly relate to the factors affecting health. Mainly these factors greatly affect the academic performance and attitude towards school of the students making them incompetent and unfocused. Lack of knowledge with regards to proper hygiene and poor hygienic practices increases the risks of having illnesses and other communicable diseases.

According to Wikipedia, hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health while personal hygiene refers to maintaining the body’s cleanliness. Meanwhile, proper hygiene is defined by the Worlds Health Organization (WHO) as the conditions and practices that help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases. With these, proper hygiene is very important and essential to everyone and it reflects positive aspects towards life.

And one important place proper hygiene must take place is inside the the school. When students goes to school, he or she carries all the practices and learnings he or she inherited way back since he or she was an infant. It covers all the factors inside a person even involving emotional and spritual practices. So when we talk about students proper hygiene, the parental aspects and influences greatly affect a student.

“Awareness of personal hygiene should only start in the family. Personal hygiene is about health and everything”, Ms Mirah Mae Arranzado said, science teacher from San Jacinto National High School (SJNHS).

Also according to Mr. Billy Lique, also a teacher from SJNHS, personal hygiene start with the parents. A proper hygiene must start from homes. Because as the child grows they slowly adapt the practices and behaviours of his or her family.

A students grows in a home with good parental teaching especially with regards to personal hygiene often becomes a great person and great learner. Clean and proper students tends to be more focused, confident and determined. They move accordingly and become competitive. They even interact without hesitations and lear without worries.

“As a student you need to be aware of personal hygiene. That affects a student’s personality and attitude and his or her class”, Mrs. Angelica Lanuza said, a teacher from SJNHS.

“As a student, proper hygiene is really important because you can focus on your class and you are confident to talk because you are no longer being treated as an irog sani and sani”, said by Orlando Estoril , a student from SJNHS.

“Because you are a student, you have to be clean, because if you are not clean without friends, you will be bullied and you will not be able to take care of your schooling”, Aila Marie Alcala, also a student from SJNHS.

But not all students carries a good attitude towards proper hygiene. These students often raised in a household were proper hygiene is not prioritized and simply they just want to find to live. They often lack financially that often becomes the reason for more serious health problems.

“Some families can’t practice proper hygiene because sometimes they don’t have the budget, sometimes they can’t afford to use for example shampoo and soap”, Ms. Arranzado added.

Students with poor personal hygiene come to school wearily and unaware. They are unaware of theirselves and unaware of the surroundings . They often become the bullied ones, the ones been judged and criticized. These students can’t merely focus and become unconfident toward interacting with the teachers and fellow students. They don’t have the guts to share their perceptions and ideas and eventually stays at the corner being shy.

“Once you’re really uncomfortable with your body you can’t focus, you’re comfortable and you’re treated like a lot”, Wenalyn Escorel, student from SJNHS, added.

Nevertheless, it can be prevented. The solution must take place first from the hands of the parents. The parents have the greatest influence on a childs attitude and behaviour towards a certain thing or particular situation. They must influence their children to become a health enthusiasts and eventually become a healthy individual. It can start from simple washing of hands, bathing regulary or simply by brushing their teeth. This simple things becomes the bridge to a more and exclusive way of thingking towards proper hygiene.

“Parents must be educated first and foremost of being clean to themselves and to their surroundings because when we are nano at school it only reflects on when our home is nano. By simply teaching children to wash their hands, many diseases can be prevented”, added by Mr. Lique.

“I try to discipline my child when he or she is young because it is beautiful to be clean in the body and in the environment. A little cleanliness will help my child get sick and go to school”, Mrs. Riza Garamay, a parent, said.

Indeed, good health is the key to a harmonous and successful future alongside with proper education and good behaviour. All the things we act out in the real world must be filtered out inside our homes. From the way we talk to the way we behaves our home is reflected. Our homes are the pillars of our success and eventually it becomes ourselves.

As a first year college student I have noticed that there are many different smells around campus at the University of Kentucky. Some of the smells are based on one’s culture, whether or not they are in activities, or have a personal preference of wearing light or hash perfumes and colognes. In some cases the student is neither of these things but they are smelly. This can cause a problem in the classroom because it distracts the rest of the students, instead of focusing on what the professor is saying other students are focused on the unpleasant smell caused by a student body odor.

When it comes to a female there is a certain time of the month when she will bleed for the normal time period of a week. The female body does this to allow her to possibly have a baby by shedding the before unfertilized egg, blood, and uterine lining tissues, this is called the menstrual cycle. Sometimes a female on their menstrual cycle will smell rotten or fishy, based on an article by Kristen Cherney she explains “You might be able to control such odors by changing pads and tampons frequently, especially during heavy-flow days”. It is important that a female changes her pad at least 6-8 hours and changes a tampon every 4-8 hours or more frequently if she has a heavy flow. Not changing a pad in the recommended time period is overflowing the pad or tampon which will cause a vaginal infection from bacteria build up. As a female it is important to keep yourself clean especially during crucial times such as a menstrual cycle. For freshman not familiar with the school you do not have to run back and forth to your dorm. The University of Kentucky provides pads in all the female specific restrooms across campus for those sudden unprepared moments.

When it comes to males most stinches are caused from their underarms, hair, and scalp. It is commonly known that most men prefer not to shave their face or under their arms because in some of their opinions it makes them look less manly almost like having a baby face. Deodorant serves the purpose of minimizing the odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration. Males at the University of Kentucky perspire when they rush from class to class, exercise in the gym, and live everyday life. Odor from sweat is caused by apocrine glands to keep one’s body cool by getting rid of extra heat inside the body. The apocrine glands are high in protein and easy for the bacteria to break down that is why it is one of the ideal places for the bacteria to be located. If the space has bacteria with hair keeping it trapped the moisture will cause the bacteria to multiply faster. On the other hand if one shaves the armpit hair there is less of a trapping mechanism for the bacteria to spread and if he wears deodorant it can do its job better. Not just any deodorant can better his smell but it has been proven that antiperspirant deodorant is best. The difference between antiperspirant and regular deodorant is that antiperspirant reduces sweat and deodorant increases skin acidity by including alcohol-base which bothers bacteria. More students should invest in antiperspirant deodorant because one of the main ingredients which are aluminum salts reduces the amount of sweat that want to come out of the body. The reduction of apocrine glands which reduces bacteria will result in a better smelling male.

For both male and female poor hygiene when it comes to dental health is crucial because it can lead to other health issues. It is understandable that sometimes a student will over sleep and have to rush to put on clothes run out of the dorm to be on time for class. With this fact some proper hygiene steps will be missed such as poorly kept diet,showering, and brushing teeth. Not brushing your teeth can lead to bad breath, tooth decay, gum disease, and cavities. Just brushing your teeth is not enough, it is crucial to floss and use mouthwash. Applying all these to proper oral hygiene will lower a students chances of developing layers of plaque in between the teeth then harden and form tartar. The tartar and bacteria later on causes inflammation of the gums also medically known as gingivitis. Gum diseases are more risky for girls than boys who have already hit puberty because of the increase in female sex hormones female gums are more snsitive to irritation. Many people might use gum as a temporary solution the issue with that is gum wears out and is mainly gum base, softners, sweeteners, and flavoring and does not improve breath smell or substitute for brushing your teeth. The ingredient in sugar free gum called aspartame that turns into formaldehyde that is bad for you because it is used as embalming fluid that the kidneys can not eliminate. Aspartame in the past has been said to cause cancer, birth defects, weight gain, and brain tumors.

Overall there is a ripple effect when not keeping up with proper hygiene. Bad hygiene not only impacts the student and the rest of their body over time but can impact other students trying to learn around them. Being healthy not only includes doing what you were told as children but taking out time to do extended research as health norms change as we get older.

Work Cited

1. Cherney, Kristeen. Ernst, Holly. June 13,2018. “Why Does My Period Smell?” healthline.com https://www.healthline.com/health/why-does-my-period-smell
2. Hirsch MD, Larissa. July, 2018. “Can I Wear the Same Pad All Day?” kidshealth.org https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/changing-pads.html
3. Weatherspoon, PhD,RN,CRNA, Deborah. Frothingham, Scott. October 4, 2019. “Benefits and Risk of Deodorants vs. Antiperspirants” healthcare.com https://www.healthline.com/health/deodorant-vs-antiperspirant
4. Hope & Healing:The UF Health Blog. March 4,2016 “Poor dental hygiene can lead to serious health problems” ufhealth.org https://ufhealth.org/blog/poor-dental-hygiene-can-lead-serious-health-problems
5. May 13,2014. “ 5 Dangerous Ingredients in Chewing Gum” organics.org https://www.organics.org/5-dangerous-ingredients-in-chewing-gum/

Baths and water supply: Pompeii were supplied with water by the “Serinum aqueduct” as it is commonly known, or the imperial aqueduct at Misenum Water was then transported to the “castellum aquae” near the Vesuvian Gate and then provided to all areas of the city under the footpaths.

“Bathing for Romans was a social occasion. The baths were places everybody went almost every day. Some baths were communal some were private enterprises, some were expensive and some were cheap”. Quoted by Joseph Jay

The Palaestra: the Romans are known to have been very physically sound people, from their strict regimen as soldiers, to their sports and events such as the Olympic Games. Just like Rome itself, Pompeii had a place of exercise, which was called called “The Palaestra”. It was a big open field, it had columns which were probably used as lanes, starting blocks, and coasters for runners and throwers to train in. The Palaestra was equipped with weights on one side, which would have mainly been used for weightlifting-type purposes, there was also a swimming pool dug up in the middle of the grounds which would have been used for swimming related activities. Apart for the people who went at trained at the Palestra individually, there have been some speculations to do with there have been a sort of personal trainer-type position, where wealthier people could, not only afford to use the facilities of the Palaestra, but also pay another person to guide them through exercising. The Palaestra was also conveniently placed immediately besides the colosseum in Pompeii – were there would be exhibition fights between gladiators, animals and a mix of both – where the elite athletes would show their skills, the Palaestra was also the place where the slaves that were condemned to a life of fighting would go to train.

Sewerage system: the city of Pompeii had the same sewerage system as Rome did, with stone brick tunnels, water and waste were transported from wherever it was picked up and was transported to a main sewerage which at the end of was usually a downstream river or stream. The sewers were a very vital role in keeping Pompeii clan and disease free, it made sure that there were no wastes left out and about the streets, homes, or common places, and it also made the city much more upper class, by having sewers Pompeii did not have a hygiene problem like other lower class cities. The role of the sewers was that of disposing of waste, mainly feces and other bodily fluids from the latrines, bath houses and other places like homes and taverns which saw people having to use toilets. There were people just like now, who worked in the sewers and kept them operational and functional, these people would not have been payed much and usually died of infections or diseases from the waste. The engineers and builders who build the sewers would however be payed a fair bit because of the skill you would need. Despite this system people did still dispose of waste by throwing it out the window, which meant that streets were usually filled with waste so stepping stones were adopted for pedestrians.

Bathing in Ancient Rome was as normal as showering is to us now, people, rich or poor, would go to the bath houses daily, – or if they could not afford it most days -. Bath houses were usually communal, although there were private ones for the extremely wealthy who would have wo in their own home. For those who could not afford having their own, there were public bath houses which could be used by everyone in Pompeii, for the slightly more rich the baths would be open just before lunch in the morning, the water would be fresh as they were the first ones to go, it was also warm thanks to the heating that would take place in the morning, fresh soap was ready for them and for when they got out the laundry was ready for them to leave their dirty clothes. For the less rich, the baths would open in the early afternoon after lunch, the water would not be as clean as it was in the morning and it would not be warm anymore, there would also be lots more people and facilities like soap and sponges would have ran out by the time a commoner went in, the laundry would also be very full so most people would have to wait until the next day to go and pick up their clothes, they also prioritised the wealthy. All waste was disposed in the sewers, therefore making it much more hygienic and efficient, people would however exchange germs in the water, but overall it is a better alternative to not washing at all.

Pompeii had its own aqueduct which is called the “Serinum aqueduct”. There are almost no physical remains of the actual aqueduct which fed Pompeii, only the last 112 m before it entered the castellum divisorium are known. There are although remains of the Serinum aqueduct in Naples, which some plans show to have gone as far as Pompeii. The aqueduct comfortably provided the city with all the water it needed on a daily basis, and made sure that the sewage systems were running comfortably and efficiently.

Just like every other Ancient Roman aqueduct this one would gather water from springs, carry the water to the “castellum”, which would distribute the water to: cisterns and water fountains, baths, public homes and latrines, which would then be used and discarded of in the sewers as waste, then picked up by rivers and streams, to then start the cycle again from the springs. Aqueducts were a way for a city to become instantly notorious because of how advanced it was at the time to have running water all over a city, it was also a sign of wealth for a city. All Romans were eligible for free and unlimited water, so it was not unusual for a Roman city to have such an advanced way to deliver water.

Introduction

Despite that the 21^st century has realized numerous developments in technology, civilization and administration of human safety, calamities are still cropping up. This has called upon the focus on industrial hygiene in the endeavors of ensuring safety of all human kind. Basically, industrial hygiene entails all process of recognizing, anticipation, controlling and evaluation of the workplace conditions.

This is aimed at identifying and preventing conditions which may cause injury or illness to the workers serving in the station. Various strategies are adopted by industrial hygienists so as to detect the level of worker exposure. Some of the approaches include analytical and environmental monitoring methods.

In response to the case of New Orleans Hospital which has been affected by the Katrina disaster, the concept of industrial hygiene should be adopted in the recovery process. This is aimed at ensuring optimum safety of all personnel serving at the site. Analysis of the current situation has demonstrated a very devastating condition.

This is evident in the state of the buildings, equipments, power supply, surgical suites and clinical laboratory among other elements of the hospital. With this in mind, optimum care and expertise should be adopted in addressing the situation and bringing the hospital back to its state. The main guidelines and industrial hygiene concerns in the clean-up process will be adequately addressed in this paper.

Worksite analysis

An extensive worksite analysis should be undertaken so as to offer an insight on the real situation. This is a very crucial step that should be executed in determining the potential problems. The rescue team should at first be well versed with the real ground situation.

By undertaking a worksite analysis, the rescue personnel will be able to identify the problem tasks, exposures and risks. It should be noted that the worksite analysis should be undertaken in a very elaborate and intensive manner.

This should entail all work activities, operations and jobs to be undertaken. In this particular scenario, the clinical laboratory, surgical suites, and pharmacy are filled with debris and trash. This situation demonstrates the massive amount of work that needs to be carried out in the rescue process. An evaluation of cases of public intrusion after the event should also be conducted.

As evident in the case, muddy footprints and open cabinets signify intrusion by the public thus calling for concern. Based on the current situation, the industrial hygienists and the rescue personnel will carry out research, inspection and analysis on how the physical, pharmaceutical, chemical and biological hazards affect worker health.

Information gathered from the analysis of the situation will lead to provision of guidelines and recommendations on the appropriate course of action (Nims 27).

Exposure limits

With regards to the messy and tempered state of the clinical laboratory, surgical suites, pharmacy and power terminals in the hospital, optimum consciousness should be held so as to prevent toxic exposure of the recovery workers. It should be observed that all operations within the recovery site should be carried in a responsible, safe and compliant manner. All employees working in the recovery site should be maintained at acceptable exposure limits.

This is in avoidance of the toxic nature of the physical, biological, chemical and pharmaceutical agents at the site. Some of the main approaches in minimizing the exposures include engineering controls, hazard elimination, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment.

All personnel should be brought to task in executing this policy on acceptable exposure limits. The organization should be responsible for offering all material resources for protecting the workers at the site (Talty 48).

Recognition and control of hazards

In light with the ideas of Talty (48), safety of workers in the recovery site should be administered through reduction of employee exposure. Employee exposure can in this case be reduced through appropriate work practice, engineering and administrative controls. In the case of engineering, the rescue team should remove or reduce hazard at the source.

The workers can also be isolated from the hazard. At the hospital site, a lot of debris, mud and trash have been identified to be scattered in the ground floors. This should be safely removed so as to avoid any toxic exposures or risks to the workers. The surgical suites, pharmacy and clinical laboratory have also been noted to be overwhelmed by debris, trash and public intrusion.

This might have significant impacts on the wellbeing of the workers due to possible toxic exposures. In response to this situation, these places should be handled with great care. The rescue personnel should remove all toxic chemicals at the site and replace them with less hazardous ones.

On the other hand, work operations in the recovery site should be confined or enclosed in safe sites. Additionally, local and ventilation systems should be installed. This would ensure comfort and safety of the workers following the tempering of the original state of the offices (Talty 48).

Work practice controls

Work practice controls should also be administered during the recovery process. Some of the key work controls include inspection and maintaining control equipments and processes in regular basis. Workers should also be guided to follow proper procedures which have minimal exposures in executing the recovery process.

Implementation of good house-keeping procedures should also be undertaken which ensures that all activities are accounted for. The concept of good supervision should also embraced, which in this case ensures that good conduct of all personnel is maintained.

From another perspective, work practices concerning the issues of drinking, smoking, eating, application of cosmetics, and chewing gum or tobacco should be prohibited in the regulated areas (Nims 27).

Administrative controls

In order to ensure optimum safety of the workers, administrative controls should also be undertaken. This can include controlling of employees from direct exposures through the adoption of scheduling procedures.

For instance, operations with the highest exposures can be scheduled when fewest employees are present. This will ensure highest safety of the employees. The administration should also be steadfast in ensuring appropriate respiratory equipments among other protective equipments (Talty 48).

Training and Education

In execution of the rescue process, adequate training and education to the workers should be administered. This should not only be conducted to the workers but also the general public which may be in the vicinity of the rescue process. Some of the information services can be administered through technical advice, audiovisual, and speakers for special engagement.

Through the provision of education, essential tips on health and safety will offered. The public as well as the workers should be adequately enlightened on how to safeguard themselves from the toxic exposures as well as future incidences (Nims 27).

Conclusion

By adopting the above highlighted recommendations and industrial hygiene concerns, the workers will be able to ensure safety in the recovery process.

The health of the workers is a priority in the recovery process and should thereby be considered. The basic and most crucial issues of concern are the worksite analysis, exposure limits, training, education and recognition and control of hazards. With adherence to these aspects, efficiency in the recovery process will be realized.

Works Cited

Nims, Debra. Basics of Industrial Hygiene. New York: Prentice Hall, 2009.

Talty, John. Industrial Hygiene Engineering: Recognition, Measurement, Evaluation, and Control. London: Routldge, 2008.

Industrial hygiene can be described as the “science and art” (Office of training and education, n.d., p. 1) dedicated to detecting, assessing, and managing those factors and stressors present in the workplace that can affect workers’ health or well-being negatively or cause them discomfort; the definition often involves, along with the effects on workers, the effects on the members of a community in which an industry participant operates or which it is capable of affecting.

Five pillars, i.e., main principles of industrial hygiene, can be identified as work practice controls. First, it is necessary to modify existing work conditions and operation procedures to minimize workers’ exposures in their operation of equipment. Second, it is necessary to inspect and technically maintain all the existing equipment according to a properly composed schedule. Third, appropriate housekeeping procedures need to be implemented.

Fourth, there is a need to supervise all the processes according to best practices in supervision. Fifth, regulated areas need to be established in which eating, drinking, smoking, or applying cosmetics are restricted or prohibited, and the restrictions and prohibitions need to be properly enforced. It is evident that all five controls are among the responsibilities of the management; it shows that industrial hygiene is largely an area of managerial work, and it is, to a lesser extent, a concept that addresses workers’ behaviors or practices in the workplace.

In the air traffic control industry, industrial hygiene can encompass such issues as noise, confined space, hazardous materials, ionizing radiation, and thermal stress. From the perspective of the five pillars, it can be assessed that the primary managerial task is to create a working environment that minimizes workers’ exposure to any hazards, including certain regulated or potentially harmful substances, loud noises, and radiation.

To implement this successfully, it is necessary to evaluate the risks present in the workplace; and for this purpose, monitoring or regular screenings should be conducted. For instance, if there is a risk of being exposed to harmful substances, workers should go through a medical examination on a regular basis to identify negative effects on their health. Neitzel, Crollard, Dominguez, Stover, and Seixas (2013) collected data on blood lead levels of the workers of a scrap metal recycling facility; this examination is part of the industrial hygiene measurements that are required to support the implementation of the five pillars.

Apart from the managerial objectives summarized in the five pillars, there are other types of controls. Primarily, these include engineering controls. For example, in the case of noise exposure, engineering controls include reducing the noise at the source or protecting workers by providing and encouraging the use of hearing protection devices (Suter, 2012). However, alternative solutions should be considered, too, because many workers may be unwilling to wear such devices due to discomfort or concern that they miss important sound signals. This example shows that engineering controls can be divided into two groups: minimizing the hazard at the source and providing additional protection to workers.

Another type of control is administrative; administrative controls imply that, if exposure cannot be avoided, the work should be organized and scheduled in a way that the minimal possible number of people is exposed to minimized hazards (Kirchner et al., 2012). Vadali, Ramachandran, Mulhausen, and Banerjee (2012) stress that an important type of controls is providing appropriate safety and industrial hygiene training to workers so that they are aware of hazards and methods of minimizing the negative effects of exposures.

References

Kirchner, D. B., Evenson, E., Dobie, R. A., Rabinowitz, P., Crawford, J., Kopke, R., & Hudson, T. W. (2012). Occupational noise-induced hearing loss: ACOEM task force on occupational hearing loss. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(1), 106-108.

Neitzel, R. L., Crollard, A., Dominguez, C., Stover, B., & Seixas, N. S. (2013). A mixed-methods evaluation of health and safety hazards at a scrap metal recycling facility. Safety Science, 51(1), 432-440.

Office of training and education. (n.d.). Industrial hygiene. Web.

Suter, A. H. (2012). Engineering controls for occupational noise exposure. Sound and Vibration, 46(1), 24-31.

Vadali, M., Ramachandran, G., Mulhausen, J. R., & Banerjee, S. (2012). Effect of training on exposure judgment accuracy of industrial hygienists. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 9(4), 242-256.

Recommendations and Guidance to the Incident Commander

Environmental hazards require comprehensive and critical strategies for incident management. The Incident Commander must be aware of specific steps to ensure that the emergency or risk is contained in an effective manner. The commander must identify and initiate proper communication and feedback channels.

This ensures that all persons within the scene obtain adequate information about the existence of the risk. The coherent communication mechanisms also provide a reliable platform for the establishment of response initiatives (Friend & Kohn, 2010).

As a commander, one must acquire full information regarding the risk. The commander must access full information about the test results obtained from site and hazard assessment procedures. Moreover, the commander ensures the management and operation of all systems and duties by relevant personnel. This prevents confusion of roles (Fulekar, 2006).

The Incident Commander must also communicate precise description of the type, extent, danger, and management of the hazard. This occurs whilst qualified experts are undertaking empirical assessments. The Incident Commander must ensure that all roles are explicitly attained and information is exchanged in an explicit manner.

The Main Industrial Hygiene Concerns for the Team and the Clean-Up Recovery Workers

There are several industrial hygiene considerations for the team and the clean-up-recovery workers in this process (Plog & Quinlan, 2002). To begin with, they must consider personal and environmental hygiene practices. This relates to the prevention of contamination, both at personal and extended levels during the whole operation.

The whole team must also be keen to apply environmentally sustainable practices during their cleaning operations. Apart from this, it is mandatory to follow critical and standardized steps in the hygiene operations. Quality assurance measures are appropriate for all procedures in the hygiene intervention. Machining operations must not affect the users and the general environment in a detrimental way.

All hazardous materials must be handled according to their classification and management processes. This ensures limited cases of contamination and risk incurred from such hazardous materials (Karmis, 2001). Identification processes must comply with relevant best practices and systems. In addition, these must be internationally acknowledged by the appropriate agencies dealing in industrial hygiene.

Another critical consideration is the disposal of waste material derived from the clean up processes. Principally, the materials, irrespective of their nature, must be handled and disposed in a safe manner.

The observation limits the cases of cross-contamination and pollution that may be notable within other virgin and new environments. These include some of the important concerns that must be considered by the two teams involved in the mitigation and management process.

Team Organization

The situation requires a well-organized and operational safety team. This limits the likelihood of occurrence and emergence of other serious and complicated hazards. Ideally, I will strive to establish the communication team at first. The team will be charged with the obligation to convey coherent information to all relevant personnel (Friend & Kohn, 2010).

The next team will constitute of those experts involved in undertaking various assessment processes within the affected or suspected area. The next team will comprise of those involved in the mitigation of notable hazards. This is conducted through different ways. However, the type of hazard involved in the area dictates the type of intervention to be employed by the mitigating team.

Nonetheless, it should be observed that there are other fundamental and universal procedures that are common in all types of hazards. Therefore, the rest of the team shall be involved in cleaning, issuing of early warning signs and further expert mitigation processes.

Tasks to Be Assigned To the Team

The tasks to be assigned to the team are highly variable. They depend on the nature and extent of the risk or hazard observed. The foremost task is the empirical identification and classification of the type of hazard involved in the incident. Secondly, communication and issuing of vital hazard warning signs and messages is also very crucial.

All team members must strive to protect their health and bodies from the dangerous effects of the relevant hazards (Plog & Quinlan, 2002). Other than this, maximum environmental protection is another critical role that must be conducted by all members of the response team.

Some of the team members must also be involved in the active cleaning and elimination of all notified dangerous material within the scenery. In fact, this includes one of the most basic tasks to be assigned to the team members.

The Required PPE for the Team Members and the Recovery Workers

There are different personal protective equipment, (PPE) required by the team members and the recovery workers within the site. The two groups require overalls meant for full body protection (Fulekar, 2006). These must be heavy and opaque to ensure maximum protection of the physical body.

They also require radiation safety wears to limit the detrimental impacts that might originate from the radiation sources within the area. Observably, both the recovery workers and team members must also have gas masks. These must be used during all times when individuals are within the operation site. This is because the suspect hazard might be a gas capable of destroying the respiratory system.

It is also appropriate that the group have their face covers and mouth masks on at all times. These protective gadgets help to protect the skin and the facial parts from intrusion by the dangerous chemicals within the site of operation (Plog & Quinlan, 2002).

Heavy foot wears such as gumboots will be necessary for all persons working within the site. They help to protect them from physical and chemical injuries on the foot of persons walking within the site. Lastly, the eye goggles and the heavy-duty gloves must be provided to all personnel within the area.

The Required Testing Equipment for the Team Member

The suspect hazard within the site is a leaking gas. Therefore, most of the testing materials needed by the team members will be derived from laboratories. Because the gas depicts the characteristics of halogen group, it is crucial to outline some of the important gadgets (Karmis, 2001). These include the inhaler gas sampler, individual sampling pump and direct reading particulate matter gadget.

Information Needed From the Different Members of the Team and Delegation of Certain Duties

As the team leader, I would require information regarding the historical health complications of each of my team members. Apart from this, I would also request to know if any of them is allergic to halogen gases and other hazards notable within the area.

Delegation of certain duties must be done according to the historical medical report received from each member (Fulekar, 2006). However, I will also consider individual capacity and competency during such processes.

References

Friend, M. A. & Kohn, J. P. (2010). Fundamentals of occupational safety and health. Lanham, Md: Government Institutes.

Fulekar, M. H. (2006). Industrial hygiene and chemical safety. New Delhi: I.K. International.

Karmis, M. (2001). Mine health and safety management. Littleton, Colo., USA: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration.

Plog, A. & Quinlan, P. (2002). Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. New York, NY: NSC Press.

The industrial use of fans is needed today, especially on the enterprises of large size and global destinations at large. The current situation with the lack of energy inputs and resources for making the industrial approach more sufficient and competitive in the developed countries presupposes the need for saving energy resources with the rationality in current devices. In other words, it is vital in the industrial domain to make renovation in the use of machinery for their more performance gains.

The paper is devoted to the question of fan performance in terms of occupational hygiene. In this respect, several points touch upon the factors which affect the “positive” work of the device. Moreover, such research will help make improvements in the use f fans in the UK. Their performance facilitation is at the core of the discussion. Hence, there is a direct approach of contemporary industrial development in inventing more rational proposals for making the concepts of effectiveness and efficiency dominant in the workplace. Population health is another constituent part of the wok process. Though, the life of people should be predetermined with awareness of effects and effects considered with their workspace and straightforward requirements of the senior staff.

The technological approach for the use of industrial equipment today is intended to make more efforts in power saving and useful work of the appliances. Here the terms of input and output pressure, air and shaft power are vital to be discussed. The thing is that these factors are the most significant when talking about fan performance in modern industrial and technical know-how. According to Popendorf (2006), such element of the fan performance as the recommended operating range gives an expert good estimate of the fan performance. Thus, such features as pressure and power should be taken into account for the research of the effects which are apparent in the use of fans for the industrial need.

A fan is simple in its arrangement: rotating impeller fixed on a shaft and supposedly there can be used glowing filament. Everything enumerated is placed in the cylindrical casing. However, the physical laws do not give many possibilities for the fans to work effectively or for all it is worth. The presupposed effects are pressure, power, and types of fans. Concerning Gardiner & Harrington (2005) fans include the notion of its total pressure, velocity pressure and static pressure. In this respect, it is necessary to admit that the dynamics of fan input and output pressure can be affected by such physical factors as obstacles for air on the way of the input duct. According to this, the users should check that the space around the fan is free from any obstacle which interferes with the operations of a fan.

Power efficiency is another factor that can affect fan performance if not used correctly. In this respect, it is useful to measure power emerging in the fan into airpower and shaft power. Gardiner & Harrington (2005, p. 454) admit that fan efficiency depends on the mutual correlation of airpower and shaft power expressed in the percentage view:

Fan efficiency = airpower / shaft power × 100%

Thus, if air power is less than shaft power or shaft power is more than air power in their relevant readings of work, then it will affect the fan efficiency and its performance as well. Popendorfd (2006) relates this feature to real fan efficiency and power consumption.

Reference List

Gardiner, K & Harrington, JM 2005, Occupational Hygiene, Ed. 3, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.

Popendorf, W 2006, Industrial hygiene control of airborne chemical hazards CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Kinds of radiation

There are four common kinds of ionizing radiations these are, alpha, beta, gamma / x-rays, and neutron when expelled from atomic nuclei. Alpha elements are characterized by a group of two protons and neutrons. They are identical to particles of helium. Alpha is the heaviest among the four kinds of radiation. It is approximately 7,300 times the size of an electron. However, as they travel and interact with other atoms, they tend to lose their energy.

Based on the experiments carried out, it was observed that alpha particles could not penetrate a piece of paper or the dead cells on the skin. However, when emanated from inside the body, it can cause malfunction of living cells since they ionize atoms. Beta particles travel faster than alpha with energies. Beta rays can penetrate the skin. Gamma and x rays are made up of packets of energy known as photons.

The photons are characterized by a lack of charge, and they move in a straight line. Further, gamma and x rays are light. X rays and gamma energies can be controlled. Therefore, the magnitude of their penetration is also controllable. Finally, neutrons have a large mass with no electric charge. They can travel deep inside the body and cause ionization (Plog & Quinlan, 2010).

Human health hazards associated with microwaves

Exposure to very high microwave radiations leads to the absorption of high energy in the body. This energy transforms into heat, and it affects delicate organs such as the brain and the eye. These parts of the body are not able to emit the extra energy they emit. Thus, persons exposed to high microwave radiations experience a rise in body temperature, fatigue, eyesight problems, and insomnia.

Ionizing and nonionizing radiation

Ionizing radiations are characterized by a lot of energy. They can alter the composition of a molecule. Nonionizing radiation is a kind of electromagnetic radiation that carries less energy per quantum, which can ionize molecules or atoms. That is, they cannot extract an electron from a molecule.

Gamma rays and x rays

Gamma rays emanate from activities within atomic nuclei. The rate of production and the energy of gamma rays depend on the radioactive process. On the other hand, x rays emanate from transitions of the energy of the electrons of an atom.

Sources used to develop radiation exposure guidelines

The four sources are radio frequency nonionized radiations, electric power transmission, mobile phones, and carcinogens.

ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

It is a rule of maintaining doses and emissions of radioactive substances. The emissions which be kept within environmentally friendly limits while taking into account economic constraints. This term can be used in reducing hazards that arise from radiation.

Protection against ionizing radiation

The three basic items that are used to protect ionizing radiations are time, distance, and shielding.

Distance – increase the distance from the source.

Time – reduce the time of exposure with the rays

Shielding – use clothing made of materials thick enough to reduce the penetration of the rays.

Half-life

Half-life is the time it takes for a quantity to reduce its value to half. The whole quantity is measured by the start of the time period.

Example

1. – radioactive decay
2. – the chemical reaction of the first order

Electromagnetic radiation

This kind of radiation is made up of magnetic and electric elements. It is the energy that is released and taken in by charged atoms. The radiation behaves like waves when traveling through space.

Overhead power transmission lines

Examples of hazards caused by the lines are disruption of radio frequencies, shedding ice, which creates harm to the surrounding communities, disruption of the airline, and environmental hazards.

Types of Laser

The table below summarizes various types, examples and hazards lasers.

Range of electromagnetic spectrum

An electromagnetic spectrum is an array of light that can be recognized. The spectrum have emissions of dissimilar wavelengths. The spectrum can handle unlimited and unbroken wavelengths. These radiations are used in various ways such as radiotherapy and in the field of science. The numerous wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are divided into a several regions these are, gamma radiations, radio waves, microwave emission, terahertz emission, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x – ray and emissions. Visible light is located above infrared in the spectrum. They have a wavelength between 400 and 800 terahertz. Besides, they can be detected by the human eye.

Reference

Plog, A., & Quinlan, P. (2012). Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. USA National safety council.

The proper management of e-government by present-day facilities is a complicated task, which can be addressed through the analysis of initiatives with the help of the Layne and Lee Model. For the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, growth can also be defined by the four stages presented by the scholars (Layne & Lee, 2001). First, the cataloging of this organization is one of the aspects initially addressed by the entity, as can be seen from its online presence and availability of essential information (“Department of health and mental hygiene,” n.d.). The provision of digital content related to its divisions, directions of work, and conditions for partnership as per this stage correspond to the need to inform potential stakeholders, which allows avoiding their disappointment (Layne & Lee, 2001). However, there are specific limitations in this regard, as concrete measures for promoting the health of New Yorkers are not specified in detail.

Second, at the stage of the transaction, the organization under consideration expands on the data in accordance with the needs of individual clients. As follows from the website, they are primarily interested in receiving birth and death certificates, health insurance, vaccines, and documents establishing the quality of food realized by various restaurants (“Department of health and mental hygiene,” n.d.). The provision of these data on the website correlates with the intention of customers to avoid visiting the facilities for paperwork and improves the efficiency of operations by ensuring the opportunity for electronic transactions (Layne & Lee, 2001). Meanwhile, the efforts of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to ensure the availability of advanced procedures were complicated by the quality of the used online systems. They decided to use the official website of New York City for this purpose, but searching for information on this platform is a challenging process. This fact is explained by the variety of data from different companies gathered in one place, which seems confusing for users.

Third, the transformation of government services as per the stage of vertical integration implied more risks than cataloging and transaction. They were conditional on the fragmented information presented by the website, which made the search for necessary data applicable to the needs of business owners or individual customers more difficult (“Department of health and mental hygiene,” n.d.). This outcome can be explained by the increase in customers’ expectations and the natural progression from simple to complex patterns of relationships between the organization and third parties (Layne & Lee, 2001). As a result, people’s discontent in terms of their inability to find the forms or conditions for the partnership they needed led to the attempts to reconsider the mechanism of delivering these documents.

The fourth and final stage, horizontal integration, allowed the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to arrange the documents in such a way that clients did not need much time to find them. This decision was made in compliance with government assistance principles, which should be rendered in full scope and in a timely manner (Layne & Lee, 2001). In other words, public administrators focused on the needs of customers to receive access to several services at once and solve a variety of problems while using the same online platform. They were addressed by including the most popular services and useful information on the main page (“Department of health and mental hygiene,” n.d.). Thus, adopting the practices corresponding to the theoretical model led to the elimination of risks regarding the inefficiency of the e-government system.

References

Department of health and mental hygiene. (n.d.). New York City. Web.

Layne, K., & Lee, J. (2001). Developing fully functional E-government: A four stage model.Government Information Quarterly, 18(2), 122-136. Web.