Category: Human Trafficking

Human Trafficking is a crime committed against humanity (UNODC 1). It involves the act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring, or receiving a person through the use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them (UNODC 1). A large number of people are reported to fall into the hands of the human traffickers every year, both within their countries and in foreign countries (UNODC 1).

Each and every nation across the world experiences the effects of trafficking (Koettl 3). Basing on the conventional estimates, the human trafficking cost is more than twenty billion dollars (Makisaka 1). Moreover, Makisaka points out that it is probably not possible to quantify the cost to human capital (Makisaka 1).

The human trafficking problem cuts across a range of development issues: from poverty to social inclusion, to justice and rule of law issues ( Makisaka 1). Following this, this problem of human trafficking has drawn the attention of the practitioners all through the development community.

Basing on the U.S Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report 2010, it has been established that the number of children as well as adults who are presently in forced prostitution, as well as in forced labor and bonded labor, is about twelve million in the United States of America (Johnson 7).

Internationally, about two people in every one thousand are victims of human trafficking and this number is even higher in the Pacific and Asia, where three people in every one thousand are victims. It is also reported that, so far, 62 nations across the world have not convicted a human trafficker under the United Nations protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons (Johnson 7), and one hundred and four nations have not come up with laws that deal with human trafficking (Johnson 7).

It is reported that human trafficking is a very profitable business which is associated with relatively lower levels of risks and has abundant supply and increasing demand.

It is found that, even in those regions or countries where trafficking is regarded as a very serious criminal offense, a larger number of investigations do not lead to having the offenders getting convicted. Economic exploitation is possibly the greatest incentive for having an increased number of human trafficking cases (Makisaka 1).

Human Trafficking as a Development Issue

Human trafficking is found to be a development issue. The common development dimensions like lack of employment, poverty, inadequate education, poverty, lack of strong rule of law and lack of good governance are greatly connected to exposure to human trafficking.

Considering poverty, this is found to be among the basic risk factors that facilitate creation of exposure to human trafficking. But on the other hand, it is reported that poverty itself would not compel individuals to engage in human trafficking (Makisaka 11). There exist a large number of other risk factors which cause the potential victims to be exposed to human trafficking (Makisaka 11).

For instance, it is pointed out that children often go through a number of risk factors simultaneously, and one of these risk factors may serve to activate human trafficking to start taking place (Koettl 4). Sometimes, this is referred to as poverty plus. This is a condition in which poverty does not by itself lead to a person being trafficked, but where a plus factor such as illness combines with poverty to increase vulnerability (Makisaka 11).

Among the people living in poverty, children and women are, in particular, susceptible to human trafficking. In most cases, women are discriminated against and do not stand the same chance of getting employment as men. Moreover, women face several forms of gender-based violence (Ahluwalia 23). This is connected to the cultural as well as social structures that lead to womens exposure to trafficking (Ahluwalia 23).

Moreover, children are in danger of being victims of trafficking as well, following their parents poverty. The girl child is mostly susceptible than the boy child and this is for the reason that, in a large number of societies, the parents normally make a decision to force their young girls to look for jobs. This decision is made basing on the belief that education is not important for the girl child because, sooner or later, she would leave home and go to stay elsewhere in marriage (Makisaka 11).

Some of the other human trafficking plus factors are: poor governance, weakened rule of law in transition and post-conflict countries, and economic disruption affected by climate change and natural disasters (Makisaka 11). It is pointed out that the absence of the rule of law serves to facilitate criminal acts and creation of an environment in which there is flourishing of human trafficking.

This is particularly clear within a post-conflict setting in which the absence of law and order compels the people who are already susceptible; like the children, the IDPs, refugees, and women, to get into situations where they are even at more risk of becoming victims of human trafficking (Makisaka 12).

Preventing Human Trafficking

It is pointed out that dealing with the problems associated with human trafficking calls for employing multi-dimensional approaches (Makisaka 12). For one to clearly understand the human trafficking complexity and to identify the entry points, there is a need to have more systematic surveys and mapping.

This will help to acquire knowledge about the organizational mechanisms and trends of recruitment, the routes, and the placement of human trafficking victims (Makisaka 12).

People who are at risk and more likely to be human trafficking victims cannot be easily accessed and this follows their remote location and their marginalized position in society (Makisaka 12). This implies that getting to understand the characteristics of these groups as well as where they are located and the nature of the risk facing them is vital to have efficient anti-trafficking policies (Makisaka 12).

There are several ways through which human trafficking can be prevented and one of them is social protection. This involves developing a safety net system to target those who are vulnerable to trafficking project area (Makisaka 13). Another way is through employment and this involves the need to create more jobs within the community that is at a higher risk of facing human trafficking. This will make people who are vulnerable not move to the urban centers or out of the country with an intention of looking for employment (Makisaka 13).

Labor safeguards is also a way through which human trafficking can be prevented. This involves guaranteeing labor safeguards which include an anti-trafficking element in development projects for the following sectors that are particularly common for labor trafficking  mining, fisheries, agriculture, logging and construction (Makisaka 13).

Another way is providing education; this involves including information regarding human trafficking into the training programs as well as the school curricula in order to help both the young adults and children to learn about the dangers associated with trafficking and also to help them learn about their labor rights as well as their human rights.

The education offered to these people also serves to help them to develop important skills that would enable them to have employment that is sustainable. Moreover, ensuring there is improved access to health care for the vulnerable populations to human trafficking including the illegal migrant laborers and sex workers, and also offering education to these people regarding HIV/AIDS and STDs, can also help in preventing human trafficking.

Conclusion

It has been found out that human trafficking is a very common crime and all the nations across the world have experienced its effects. Some of the main factors that have led to having human trafficking in nations across the world include the lack of employment, poverty, inadequate education, poverty, lack of strong rule of law and lack of good governance.

Human trafficking is a problem that has attracted the attention of all concerned parties within the development community. Dealing with the problems associated with human trafficking involves using multi-dimensional approaches.

There are various ways through which human trafficking can be prevented and these include social protection, creating employment, labor safeguards, offering education and having improved access to health. Each and every nation needs to take appropriate measures to ensure that the problem of human trafficking is dealt with, in the most effective way possible.

Works Cited

Ahluwalia, Sheela . Human Trafficking and Gender in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2009. Print.

Johnson, Susie. Human trafficking; preventing, protecting, prosecuting, 2010. Web.

Koettl, Johannes. Human Trafficking, Modern Day Slavery, and Economic Exploitation. Washington, DC. The World Bank, 2009. Print.

Makisaka, Megumi. Human trafficking: A brief Overview, 2012. Web.

UNODC. Human trafficking, 2012. Web.

Introduction

For many years, Mozambique has been held with high regard especially by the donor community. The country has done well on basic poverty reduction. It seems to be right on course in achieving its Millennium Development Goals in the area of reducing child mortality and improving the health of mothers. It has also made significant progress in eradicating extreme poverty.

All these are not easy wins especially when one considers that Mozambique had been plagued with years of civil conflict. For it to get a sustainable economy, it needs to work a little harder. Mozambican political culture does not put the interests of the people first; instead it protects the few elites.

This has resulted in the erosion of state institutions supposed to provide service delivery and maintain the rule of law. They are therefore, not fit to carry out the functions they were intended to do. As a result many societal ills have emerged. The biggest menace being the nation being used as a highway for human trafficking.

Human trafficking in Mozambique

Human traffickers have taken advantage of the weak laws in Mozambique especially adoption laws to traffic children out of the country. In recent years, adoption cases have increased in Mozambique where people apply to adopt children by going through all the legal procedures only to end up abusing the kids once they are in their custody.

The government was prompted to reconsider giving people adoption rights following the increase in foreigners applying to adopt children especially orphans. Cases have been reported where kids have disappeared after being adopted. Katerere in 2009 argued that this becomes worse especially when the government lacks the capacity to keep an eye on the lives of these kids outside the country (Katerere 1).

Trafficking through adoption

Trafficking of children through adoption is just a tip of the iceberg, human trafficking through local crime syndicates is the most prominent trafficking crime committed in Mozambique. Despite the fact that efforts have been made to curb cross-border trafficking as seen in the media, this has proved to be a menace that will not go away.

The reason for this goes back to the fact the government in place has failed to put the interests of its people as a priority. Poverty and a culture that allows young girls to be married off at tender ages, lack of law provisions that can prosecute human traffickers, are some of the reasons that have led to the thriving of this vice in Mozambique (UNESCO 41).

Many of those who are trafficked come from poor areas. Parents are easily deceived that their children will be given well paying jobs to propel them out of poverty. Mozambique is not only a source of people who are trafficked; it is also serves as an international transit point for human trafficking.

People from African countries, and recently from Asia, are trafficked via Mozambique into South Africa, the hub of human trafficking (Women & Law 1).

Trafficking syndicate exposed

In January this year, media reports indicated that the Mozambican police had arrested members of a gang known for trafficking women from the country to South Africa. The police detained the three members of the gang just after they had handed over a young lady to the supposed buyers who were preparing to take her to South Africa.

This only happened after efforts from the Media24 group that owns City Press, a paper in Johannesburg paid off. The Media24 journalists possed as potential buyers who were interested in buying young girls from Mozambique; these girls are usually lured with promises of jobs especially in the hotel business, but once in South Africa, they get the shock of their lives when they are forced to work as prostitutes (Mozambique 1).

It emerged that the syndicate consisted of about fifteen Mozambicans and some Chinese citizens. The person given the duty of transporting these girls claimed that he had police friends who allowed him to go through the borders without any obstacles (South Africa 1).

The trafficking syndicate had gone as far as China, whereby the gang was trafficking to South Africa girls from China. The girls from China came to Mozambique in cargo ships. The boss of the syndicate was a rich man residing in Maputo. All these happen with a law in existence set up specifically to deal with such cases.

The law set up in 2008 to protect witnesses, guaranteeing them anonymity and also penalizing those engaged in human trafficking has not helped at all (Human Traffickers 1). The question therefore is, why is the authority not using the law?

The answer lies with the fact that human trafficking is a form of organized crime that involves people of influence in almost all the sectors of the Mozambican economy (Focus 1). It is therefore, not a question of a lack of laws, but because there are other interests to be protected (USAID 1).

Also in January this year, a Pakistan international was arrested in Maputo with seventy illegal immigrants. It is reported that on January 18^th, an Ethiopian plane arrived with Bangladeshi nationals who were detained at the airport after it was discovered that they had forged visas.

However, the same day Pakistanis and Bangladeshis were released, they went straight to Pakistan and a man who was arrested in connection to this issue (Focus 1). A tip to the place saw a search at the residence uncover many Asians lumped in rooms. This was a clear indication that the men and women in those rooms were on there way to another country most likely South Africa.

All the immigrants and the owner of the residence were arrested. However, later reports indicated that the main suspect in this syndicate had escaped under unclear circumstances (Pakistani 1). It was not immediately ascertained how he escaped (Human Traffickers 1).

Illegal immigrants come from many parts of the world. Mozambican police has detained people from Somalia, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Bangladeshi, Tanzania, Rwanda, Angola, China, and many other countries (Katerere 1). Most of these people as indicated, flee conflicts or economic hardships in their countries, they are usually dropped by boat, ships, and even by air (Gender Protocol 1).

Those detained are usually taken to detention campus, but again these are so porous that these people eventually end up in the hand of human traffickers. It is said that the high cost of getting passports make people to seek cheap alternative means leading then into the hands of traffickers who exploit them for their own gains (Human trafficking 1).

Conclusion

Although on the outside Mozambique looks promising with its policies, however, these are only attracting donors. The more underlying issues may not be seen, but they are real. Mozambican leaders should work with other governments especially that of South Africa to find a lasting solution to this menace.

It should not only address the simplicity of illegal movement; it should also look for ways of empowering its citizens economically so that they avoid travelling to other countries in search of economic fortunes.

Works Cited

Focus. Focus: Human Rights And The Un: Mozambique fights human trafficking. English Aljazeera, 2008. Web.

Gender Protocol. Porous borders allow human trafficking to flourish. Gender Links, 2010. Web.

Human Traffickers. Mozambique: 7 suspected human traffickers arrested. Zimbio, 2010. Web.

Human trafficking. Mozambique. Human Trafficking, 2009. Web.

Katerere, Fred. Human traffickers thrive in Mozambique. Pound Puplegacy, 2009. Web.

Mozambique. Mozambique: Network of Human Traffickers Exposed. African Crisis, 2010. Web.

Pakistani. Pakistani linked to human trafficking ring escapes in Mozambique. Afriqueavenir, 2011. Web.

South Africa. Open borders for child traffickers. Queen, 2010. Web.

UNESCO. Human Trafficking in Mozambique: Root Causes and Recommendations. UNESCO, 2006. Web.

USAID. Case Study: New Law Targets Trafficking in Mozambique Challenge. US aid 2009. Web.

Women & Law. Trafficking of Women & the 2010 World Cup: the risk of an increase in sexual exploitation connected to trafficking. South Africa, 2009. Web.

Human trafficking has become a significant problem of modern society and a considerable part of the criminal industry that keeps growing. Officially 40.3 million people globally have been victims of this enslavement (Zimmerman & Kriss, 2017). The types of human trafficking that harshly break human rights are sex trafficking, forced labor, and debt bondage.

Sex trafficking is slavery that uses women for prostitution and pornography. Spreading the idea of the ease with which people can buy sex can influence the young generations values. With sex trafficking and prostitution, societys attitude to women and relationships is flawed and demanding. That explains the second-wave feminism in the 1980s when women started fighting for their rights, equality, and freedom. Protecting women from sex trafficking will solve one of the most significant problems of human slavery and will help to build a better society.

In addition, forced labor is also known as the biggest sector of trafficking in the world. It can include domestic work, manufacturing, processing, packaging, market trading, and illegal activities. According to Zimmerman & Kriss (2017), people that suffered from labor exploitation experienced multiple forms of abuse, numerous sector-specific occupational hazards, dangerous living conditions, and suffered a range of poor health consequences (p.2). Most immigrants willing to leave their motherland and family to earn money are trapped in slavery and poorness. Labor trade is an inhuman part of trafficking that damages peoples lives and breaks their rights.

Debt bondage is another way to involve people in trafficking that played a significant role in human history. As payment for a debt, traffickers offer individuals the ability to work to pay off the debt. Bonded labor started in the 1860s following the Civil War, when financially exhausted landowners could rent land to African American farmers, secure their debt and work. However, farmers were forbidden by law to leave the landowners property until they paid their debt, trapping them in a state of slavery to the landowner. Currently, there is no reliable estimate of the number of people enslaved in debt bondage globally.

To conclude, it is essential to say that human trafficking has been the worst type of crime affecting peoples rights. People need to learn the prominent rule to show the same attitude towards another one they want themselves to be treated with.

Reference

Zimmerman, C., & Kriss, L. (2017). Human trafficking and exploitation: A global health concern. PLoS Medicine, 14 (11), 1-11.

Human trafficking is universally recognized as a severe problem for teenagers health and well-being. According to the International Labor Organization statistics, the annual number of victims exceeds 40 million worldwide, and 25% of these victims are children (International Labour Organization, 2017). The duration of unfavorable exposure also aggravates such alarming statistics. On average, victims spend 20 months in forced labor and 23 months in case of their sexual exploitation (Patterson & Zhuo, 2018). The long-lasting pressure of adverse circumstances often leads to significant harm to victims mental and physical health, and teenagers are an especially vulnerable group in this regard. Therefore, the review of known teenage trafficking cases with an assessment of the applied recovery strategies is an issue deserving of profound research.

Background of the Study

The available scientific publications provide a thorough review of the aftermath of human trafficking in teenagers. It includes an assessment of the survivors with an evaluation of their psychological traumas (Hopper, 2017). Then, many researchers examined specific methods and means available for victim treatment. Munsey et al. (2018) presented a comprehensive model for the treatment of sex trafficking survivors. That model was introduced by a San-Diego non-profit organization and contained clinical therapy and social measures for the locals. Another research was dedicated to community support and reintegration for the victims suffering from posttraumatic stress disorders (Okech et al., 2018). Finally, a study was conducted on applying somatic approaches within group intervention strategies (Hopper et al., 2018). This study demonstrated the possible benefits of involvement in creative entertainments to improve interpersonal relationships and self-identity.

The major part of the available research is concentrated on the victims of sex abuse and the applied means of their treatment. Application of the available data to a broader category of victims, along with the review of their particularities depending on the exposure type, would be beneficial for the patients, their families, and care providers. It would contribute to advancing the common recovery strategies and enhance the use of social support mechanisms.

Statement of the Problem

The extensive available research provides means intended to identify human trafficking victims among teenagers, determine relevant consequences, and develop appropriate recovery strategies. However, it is mainly focused on sex abuse victims, and the study participants are primarily females. The issues associated with labor trafficking among American adolescents are less researched and covered by the media (Titchen, 2020). Still, they constitute a significant problem, especially considering the existing systemic gaps in law, policy, data collection, research, and practice (Walts, 2017, p. 59). Therefore, the health consequences for the teenagers subjected to labor trafficking and their treatment options require a specific review.

Purpose of the Study

This study aims to review the particularities of negative impacts and treatments provided to teenagers subjected to forced labor. This will extend the available research mostly concentrated on sexual abuse victims. Unlike the latter, labor trafficking subjects have a more diverse composition, with a larger share of males reaching over 90% in the case of agricultural workers (Farrell et al., 2018). Thus, this paper will be intended to adjust the current recovery strategies based on the demands of a larger group of victims.

Significance of the Study

The proposed study plays a significant role in advancing the treatment methodology for the labor trafficking victims among teenagers. It will be a useful tool for further application by health care providers and specialized community services. It is critically important to review precisely the issues related to forced labor as they are still not reflected in over a quarter of specialized hospital protocols (Stoklosa et al., 2017).

The comprehensive approach towards a relatively insufficiently researched field makes this inquiry an original one. Based on the review of the existing literature and results of own research, the paper will identify particularities of the mental health issues related to forced labor. This will lead to the adjustment of the existing recovery strategies and development of new ones, which pay specific attention to social life modifications and community support.

Research Question

This research is dedicated to the qualitative questions of determining the proper identification and treatment strategies for labor trafficking victims. Based on the comparison with existing approaches to sex abuse recovery, the study reviews the question of what commonalities and differences should the applied methodologies have. The inquiry pays specific attention to identification and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression as the most common unfavorable developments among trafficking victims (Coverdale et al., 2016). It also dwells into the reasonability of a more in-depth application of educational, social support, and community reintegration methods for the given category of subjects.

Definition of Terms

The primary terms requiring explanation are the ones related to the interpretation of labor trafficking. According to the regulatory definition, such activities involve any child providing labor or services through force, fraud, or coercion (Titchen, 2020, p. 71). In this case, force implies physical punishments, while fraud and coercion are forms of mental pressure intended to trick victims or frighten them. It is valuable to understand that adolescents are especially vulnerable to threats involving legal processes due to their limited social knowledge.

Research Design

The research will constitute a comparative study based mainly on direct surveys and secondary data analysis. Specific interviews will be conducted with labor trafficking victims upon their consent and availability. This approach will also include identification of possible hidden victims, which are especially common and hard to detect in the cases of trafficking for criminal activities and illegal labor (Villacampa & Torres, 2017). The interviews will be carried out in strict compliance with the APA Code of Ethics intended to ensure data integrity without inflicting any harm to the participants. Since the opportunities for conducting direct surveys among victims are limited, they will be supplemented by reviewing available scientific publications.

Summary

This paper is dedicated to the research of human trafficking consequences for teenagers and available recovery options appropriate for various cases. It is focused on the victims of forced labor, as they are less covered by public research. The comparison with more profoundly studied sexual abuse cases, along with the interviews of the subjects being reviewed, allows defining the suitability of existing treatment strategies and their necessary adjustments. Such approach will be based on the significant similarities between the symptoms suffered by both groups of trafficking victims, which still differ in some particular aspects (Hopper & Gonzalez, 2018). The obtained results will enhance the social and clinical practices designed for handling patients previously exposed to trafficking.

References

Coverdale, J., Beresin, E. V., Louie, A. K., Balon, R., & Roberts, L. W. (2016). Human trafficking and psychiatric education: A call to action. Academic Psychiatry, 40(1), 119123. Web.

Farrell, A., Pfeffer, R., Dank, M., & Owens, C. (2018). Human trafficking for labor exploitation. In P. L. Reichel & R. Randa (Eds.), Transnational crime and global security [2 volumes] (Vol. 1). (pp. 233251). ABC-CLIO.

Hopper, E. K. (2017). Trauma-informed psychological assessment of human trafficking survivors.Women & Therapy, 40(1-2), 1230. Web.

Hopper, E. K., Azar, N., Bhattacharyya, S., Malebranche, D. A., & Brennan, K. E. (2018). STARS experiential group intervention: A complex trauma treatment approach for survivors of human trafficking.Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 15(2), 215241. Web.

Hopper, E. K., & Gonzalez, L. D. (2018). A comparison of psychological symptoms in survivors of sex and labor trafficking.Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 177188. Web.

International Labour Organization. (2017). Global estimates of modern slavery: Forced labour and forced marriage. Web.

Munsey, S., Miller, H. E., & Rugg, T. (2018). GenerateHope: A comprehensive treatment model for sex-trafficked women.Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 15(4), 420431. Web.

Okech, D., Hansen, N., Howard, W., Anarfi, J. K., & Burns, A. C. (2018). Social support, dysfunctional coping, and community reintegration as predictors of PTSD among human trafficking survivors.Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 209218. Web.

Patterson, O., & Zhuo, X. (2018). Modern trafficking, slavery, and other forms of servitude.Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 407439. Web.

Stoklosa, H., Dawson, M. B., Williams-Oni, F., & Rothman, E. F. (2017). A review of U.S. health care institution protocols for the identification and treatment of victims of human trafficking.Journal of Human Trafficking, 3(2), 116124. Web.

Titchen, K.E. (2020). Medical perspectives on human trafficking in adolescents: A case-based guide. Springer Nature.

Villacampa, C., & Torres, N. (2017). Human trafficking for criminal exploitation: The failure to identify victims.European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 23, 393408. Web.

Walts, K. K. (2017). Child labor trafficking in the United States: A hidden crime.Social Inclusion, 5(2), 5968. Web.

Introduction

One of the essential steps in defining a narrower problem in the selected field is the consideration of previously known information on the matter. For this, it is vital to provide the theoretical orientation for the future study, support it with scholarly sources on teenage trafficking, and critically assess the gap in researchers knowledge. Moreover, these measures should be complemented by the statement of findings on the issue, which adds to the necessity to expand the understanding of the present-day situation.

Theoretical Orientation for the Study

The problem of forced labor among teenagers requires special consideration due to the lack of previous research. For this paper, humanistic orientation is employed since the personal values of victims and their attitude towards the help they need take the central place in the study. The theory applicable to the research topic is the conflict theory since it analyzes oppression and power structures (Crossman, 2019). As for the research method, it is explicitly described by the rational choice theory that reflects ones motivation in receiving help (Crossman, 2019). In the study, the key concepts under consideration are the human trafficking of adolescents and forced labor. This way, a strategy allowing the victims of teenage trafficking will be based on the previous research.

The seminal works of scholars significantly affected the issues formulation and were focused on the treatment and assistance for the survivors. Such global tasks contained the consideration of the most common psychological symptoms accompanying the process. They included depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and its complex version (Hopper & Gonzalez, 2018). Nevertheless, there was no division into the victims of sex and labor trafficking, and this fact explains the necessity of the current study. The results of this research were complemented by the attempts to examine the negative effect of the victims experience after the treatment related to anxiety, disorientation, and other issues (Okech et al., 2018). In this case, the inclusion of the additional factor, the type of human trafficking, will contribute to a better understanding of the problem and develop a solution.

Review of the Literature

The principal theme aimed at considering the issue was presenting the problem of teenage trafficking while emphasizing the lack of evidence-based work. These studies focused on reviewing previously known information on the topic, and this method reflects their research design, which was literature review of scholarly articles (Walts, 2017). The research questions were: What are the types of human trafficking? What are the factors influencing the revival of this practice? (Patterson & Zhuo, 2018) and What efforts can be made to solve the problem? (Walts, 2017). The studies hypothesized and proved that sociologists can solve the issue, and the change in-laws will be efficient as well (Walts, 2017). Therefore, their inclusion in the paper is beneficial for understanding the process and its outcomes from the perspective of victims diversity.

The second theme is how the measures taken by medical specialists address the health problems of teenage trafficking survivors, mostly women. Numerous studies were devoted to this initiative, and their research design was the assessment of their conditions, the proposal of methods, and experimental group interventions (Hopper et al., 2018). The research questions were: What problems are typical for this population group? What methods can deal with them? (Hopper, 2017). The hypothesis was that healthcare specialists could affect the outcome of such interventions (Coverdale et al., 2016). The data were received from the hospitals and interviews with patients and processed by comparing experimental groups (Hopper, 2017). In the end, the researchers proved that the intervention of doctors is invaluable in the case of teenage trafficking and allows for addressing the issues ethically.

Synthesis of the Research Findings

The previous studies on teenage trafficking provided a clear picture of the gap existing in the knowledge about the problem. It is apparent that, in the first theme, the researchers were focused on the problems formulation rather than its solution. This approach allowed for gathering comprehensive information on the matter and using it in this study. As for the second theme, it was oriented more on the practical implementation of the knowledge. However, it lacked clarity regarding a particular type of teenage trafficking, gender, age, and the division of acquired conditions by the type. This way, the scenario for new research is conducting a detailed study based on the mentioned factors, which will allow for coming to a solution.

Critique of the Previous Methods

The previous studies data are beneficial for new research but only in terms of laying the groundwork for it. Their main problem is in the use of methods that are efficient but do not provide precise information on the situation. Thus, for example, experimental interventions based on medical facilities could have been conducted with patients division regarding their experience and other factors. This initiative is opposed to the perspective of scholars emphasizing the importance of clarity (Hopper, 2017). As a result, the attempts to address the health issues while not distinguishing women in sex trafficking and men in forced labor did not lead to a solution.

Summary

To sum up, the employment of experimental groups division by individual factors is a necessity in this study. It is conditional upon the neglect of them in previous studies reflecting in considering all victims as one group. Hence, a more complex approach will be beneficial for the precision of its outcome. In this way, individual differences and diversity will be addressed efficiently. However, the lack of clarity does not make the selected sources less valuable since they provide an excellent basis for new research. They help to identify the gaps in knowledge and consider this aspect.

References

Coverdale, J., Beresin, E. V., Louie, A. K., Balon, R., & Roberts, L. W. (2016). Human trafficking and psychiatric education: A call to action. Academic Psychiatry, 40(1), 119123.

Crossman, A. (2019). Major sociological theories. Though Co. Web.

Hopper, E. K. (2017). Trauma-informed psychological assessment of human trafficking survivors. Women & Therapy, 40(1-2), 1230.

Hopper, E. K., Azar, N., Bhattacharyya, S., Malebranche, D. A., & Brennan, K. E. (2018). STARS experiential group intervention: A complex trauma treatment approach for survivors of human trafficking. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 15(2), 215241.

Hopper, E. K., & Gonzalez, L. D. (2018). A comparison of psychological symptoms in survivors of sex and labor trafficking. Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 177188.

Okech, D., Hansen, N., Howard, W., Anarfi, J. K., & Burns, A. C. (2018). Social support, dysfunctional coping, and community reintegration as predictors of PTSD among human trafficking survivors. Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 209218.

Patterson, O., & Zhuo, X. (2018). Modern trafficking, slavery, and other forms of servitude. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 407439.

Walts, K. K. (2017). Child labor trafficking in the United States: A hidden crime. Social Inclusion, 5(2), 5968.

Summary

In this article, the author seeks to highlight how the practice of temporary marriages by the wealthy in Saudi Arabia, commonly known as misyar, is a form of human trafficking. According to the author, Saudi Arabia is known for its notorious policies that promote widespread discrimination against women in the region. The country has entrenched chauvinistic Islam traditions, which the monarchy has continuously used to exploit women through retrogressive practices such as temporal marriages. Additionally, the author argues that the definition of human trafficking, especially in the context of the Middle East, has many salient factors, some of which are under looked.

Analysis

The main point that the author raises in this article is that the intimate relationship between gender roles and national identity demonstrates that the exploitation of women through misyar marriage stems primarily from the cultural and political emphasis on preserving a unified Islamic nation (Doe 1). The concept of temporary marriage is essentially sex-tourism or simply prostitution whereby wealthy Gulf Arabs are allowed to rent flats furnished with housemaids (Doe 4) for personal pleasure.

The main theoretical issue that arises from this reading is that of gender roles, specifically in patriarchal societies, such as those found in the Middle East. In this region, women continue to be seen as objects whose sole purpose is to take care of their men and families. The main question that arises from this reading is  what is the role of gender stereotypes in shaping peoples perceptions towards women in the Middle East? How do patriarchy and Islam traditions work together to promote the demeaning aspect of temporal marriages in Saudi Arabia?

I agree with the author that while the concept of wealth Gulf Arabs renting flats where they promote prostitution might seem like the normal sex industry in any society, the force behind it within the Saudi Arabian society is misyar. This reading challenges other readings that argue that the sex industry in Saudi Arabia operates the same way as that of other societies where women trade sex for money.

Summary

In this report by Amnesty International, the issue of the security of refugees and asylum seekers in Shagarab refugee camps, which are located in the eastern parts of Sudan, is raised. Specifically, the report indicates that such victims are kidnapped from their camps and trafficked to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt where they are held captive for ransom or human trafficking purposes (Amnesty International 3). While in captivity, the victims of this atrocious act are subjected to untold suffering to force their relatives to pay the ransom. If the demanded ransom is not paid, the victims are trafficked into various parts in the Middle East where they are forced to engage in various inhumane activities, such as prostitution and slavery.

Analysis

The main point raised in this article is that of the lack of security in Shagarab refugee camps, which allows human traffickers to kidnap refugees and asylum seekers and demand ransom. The main questions that arise from this reading include  what is the role of governments where refugees are hosted in providing security to these people? Should such governments be held responsible when refugees are kidnapped and exposed to inhumane conditions? Why does the international community fail to intervene under such circumstances when kidnappings occur?

I agree with this articles argument that the government of Sudan has failed, whether deliberately or due to administrative shortcomings, to protect refugees in Shagarab refugee camps. According to this report, the traffickers have taken advantage of the governments lack of interest to address this social vice of kidnapping people for ransom or human trafficking purposes. This article challenges the conventional thinking held in many readings that once people escape their countries or regions for various reasons and become refugees in other places they are secure. On the contrary, this report shows that without the commitment of the involved authorities, refugees face even greater threats to their lives once in refugee camps as shown in this article.

Human trafficking is a type of crime that involves kidnapping and transporting of women, men, and children out of the country with the purposes of slave labor, prostitution, organ harvesting, and other nefarious purposes (Haynes, 2017). It is considered to be one of the cruel and heinous crimes of the modern world. By statistical estimations, between 20 and 40 million people around the world are subjected to slavery, out of which more than 50% are children (Patterson & Zhuo, 2018). Rescue percentages are extremely low due to extreme secrecy and low survival rates of victims, with only 0.04% of all cases ever coming into light (Burke, 2017).

Often being referred to as modern slavery, this practice has a deep-rooted tradition in the history of humanity, which follows in the pattern of modern trafficking. The capture and exportation of slaves was the early example of human trafficking, one that many nations engaged in (Haynes, 2017). Early nations that fought in wars often took prisoners from the peaceful populations of captured cities, employing them in a variety of ways, ranging from forced labor to sexual slavery and entertainment.

Colonial countries were notorious for slave-trading, creating the trans-Atlantic triangle between Africa, Europe, and the US (Horne, 2018). Colonial heritage also had a great impact on nations in Eastern Asia, including China, India, and others. According to statistics, the majority of trafficked humans come from countries that were, in one way or another associated with colonial trade (Lessard, 2018). Rather than being a modern development, human trafficking in the 21st century is a heritage of slave-trading and colonial practices that have left an imprint on the culture, economy, and social relations between people in affected countries.

References

Burke, M. C. (2017). Human trafficking: Interdisciplinary perspectives. New York, NY: Routledge.

Haynes, D. F. (2017). Human rights in crisis. New York, NY: Routledge.

Horne, G. (2018). The apocalypse of settler colonialism. Monthly Review, 69(11), 1-21.

Lessard, M. (2018). Sex, race mixing, and empire. Journal of Womens History, 30(4), 159-168.

Patterson, O., & Zhuo, X. (2018). Modern trafficking, slavery, and other forms of servitude. Annual Review of Sociology, 44, 407-439.

Human trafficking is one of the most important and complicated human rights concerns that have an impact on the whole community, both locally and worldwide. This is a severe issue that impacts every nations economy and social structure while going unrecognized. A number of institutions are seriously impacted by human trafficking. For evaluating impact and its effects in various contexts, a general education lens might be helpful.

Human trafficking is a crucial issue, and it affects many of the existing social institutions. Governments and key social institutions had to adapt and respond with cohesive policies to lower the threat of sex trafficking, child labor, and forced labor. As nations work to better integrate their political and sociocultural groups, people trafficking is a significant issue (Cockbain & Bowers, 2019). The institutional response to human trafficking across the world must include prevention as a key element. Human trafficking prevention initiatives have mostly addressed the supply side by reducing the vulnerability of communities (Winterdyk, 2020). More recently, efforts have gone beyond raising awareness and concentrated on bolstering labor law enforcement and governmental, law enforcement, and non-governmental organization collaborations.

The ability of governmental institutions to address the issue of human trafficking is gradually increasing. This is not a case that can be resolved unilaterally, similar to previous dangers that various areas have encountered over the past ten years. First and foremost, the numerous initiatives show that the regional governments are prepared to respond to the problem of human trafficking in a coordinated manner. Although each of these projects has contributed in some way to the fight against human trafficking, there is still a need for them to be connected in a framework of strengthening and mutual assistance (Cockbain & Bowers, 2019). There is no evidence why such a strategy cannot be created. Therefore, this component may benefit from modification, given that it is obvious that the number of current projects is insufficient to effectively handle this issue.

Under these circumstances, it is crucial to evaluate the potential drawbacks and advantages of globalization. As globalization gathered steam, more individuals started to cross international borders for various reasons. This dynamic is accelerating within areas as shorter travel distances, cheaper transportation costs, and cultural closeness influence the movement of transnational people. Consolidating the effort to establish a clear framework for combatting human trafficking can benefit from globalization (Kiss & Zimmerman, 2019). However, working in globalization settings may be difficult. For instance, it is challenging to organize regional efforts and eliminate potential corruption issues in remote parts of the world. Furthermore, national governments continue to often decide to address crime issues at the national level (Winterdyk, 2020). Sensitive questions about national jurisdiction and extradition rules are brought up in the battle against human trafficking.

The emergence of human trafficking and prevailing societal norms have both been significantly impacted by globalization. Both supply and demand on the market for human trafficking show the effects of globalization. On the one hand, globalization has made national economic disparities worse, increasing the danger of exploitation for low-income groups (Kiss & Zimmerman, 2019). The cost of movement decreased, increasing the supply capacity of traffickers and enabling them to satisfy the combined demands of the most vulnerable people across numerous nations (Winterdyk, 2020). In particular, the presence and growth of intra-regional travel demonstrate this reality. The integration of global markets has resulted in significant economic growth, which has raised the demand for labor. On the other hand, globalization has also had an impact on demand, as seen by the rise in the number of incidents. Concluding, it can be seen how human trafficking affects institutions and how it is shaped by globalization.

References

Cockbain, E., & Bowers, K. (2019). Human trafficking for sex, labor, and domestic servitude: How do key trafficking types compare and what are their predictors? Crime, Law and Social Change, 72(1), 9-34.

Kiss, L., & Zimmerman, C. (2019). Human trafficking and labor exploitation: Toward identifying, implementing, and evaluating effective responses.PLoS Medicine, 16(1). Web.

Winterdyk, J. (2020). Explaining human trafficking: Modern day slavery. The Palgrave International Handbook of Human Trafficking, 1257-1274.

When researching and critically evaluating the global issue of human trafficking, I managed to enrich my experience as a researcher, a professional, and an individual due to the facts and insights gained through this activity. My individual framework of perceiving the world around me has changed significantly due to the thought-provoking analytical process of the issue investigation. In particular, before approaching this project, I did not focus my attention on the reasons and contributing factors of global problems, such as human trafficking. Although I was aware of the historical precedent of slavery impacting the contemporary rate of this crime, I neglected the social factor. Indeed, my world perception now entails the incorporation of a multitude of opinions, needs, and interests due to the diversity of people representing the same society. According to Heisterkamp (2019), mindful self-reflection is inherently connected with social justice since it allows for the understanding of social justice that may not be readily apparent (p. 538). Thus, my perception of the world is now shaped not by the interest of the majority but by the recognition of a multitude of equally important opinions.

Similarly, when working on human trafficking, I managed to enhance my bias awareness. It is a helpful skill for an individual living in a diverse society. Through my experience of examining my own biases, I learned that the ability to detect, analyze, and address discriminatory attitudes toward people who are different from me opens multiple perspectives on the same issue. For example, my biased view of human trafficking before I started researching this topic was based on my subjective view of the victims of that crime being prone to unlawful activity. More specifically, when addressing sex trafficking, I mistakingly assumed it to be a manifestation of womens agreement to financialize their intercourses, which is a confirmation bias. In such a manner, my bias set responsibility for the crime on the victims due to the lack of my knowledge. However, through the analysis and critical evaluation of the problem in the context of globalization and diversity, I realized that even minor manifestations of discrimination contribute to the larger issues of social injustice. I now try to approach an issue or a population from the perspectives deprived of implicit prejudice.

Understanding the importance of diversity in the context of globalization research is essential for my professional and academic advancement. Indeed, for an academic pursuing a rigorous and non-biased research inquiry, understanding diversity through reflection and objective critical evaluation is essential. In my future academic efforts in the field of social sciences, I intend to investigate the problem of social injustice, which, at its core, emphasizes the importance of celebrating diversity to protect human rights. As stated by Heisterkamp (2019), being mindful is important because when we are unaware, we may unconsciously participate in the reproduction of societal structures (p. 538). In other words, for a researcher to conduct valuable and coherent research, diversity and bias awareness should be cornerstones ensuring study credibility and validity. Understanding diversity issues in the context of globalization that I have gained throughout this project will help me in my future academic and professional life due to their valuable contribution to my worldview. When analyzing the causes and manifestations of social inequality, I will assess the arguments for the presence of bias and ensure the incorporation of multiple perspectives to ensure my objectivity as a researcher.

Reference

Heisterkamp, B. (2019). Self-reflection and communication: Experiences in social justice and compassion.Western Journal of Communication, 83(5), 537-541. Web.