The human papillomavirus belongs to the group of the most widespread type of sexually transmitted infections. It is a viral infection that targets specific sections of the body, which include the mucosal regions and the entire skin. Primarily, these regions are covered by epithelial cells, and they include the sex organs; the vagina and penis, mouth, vulva, anus, tonsils, and the throat. In some cases, the tongue is also inclusive; the fact that medics attribute to its role during sucking.
In nature, there exist more than hundred known species of this type of virus, which have many associated medical complications, whereby forty species have many associated cervical health complications and fifteen species have a close correlation to cancer; more so the genitals. The primary mode of transmission of this viral infection is through any skin contact; specifically genital area contacts, which include any form of sex, whether anal or oral.
It is important, to note that, in rare cases do condoms prevent the transmission of this viral infection; a fact that many types of research attribute on its inability to coat the entire genital region. In some cases, the transmission mode can be a mother to child; something that mostly occurs during childbirth hence, resulting in a health complication in children called Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORPP).
On the other hand, it is also crucial to note that, chances of contracting this infection multiplies with the number of sexual associates hence, the need for multi-partnered individuals to take precaution (Center for Diseases Control and Prevention: CDC p.1, Castle Para. 6-9).
Screening, Signs, and Symptoms
The infection has no exact form of manifestation, a fact that medics attribute to the ability of the bodys immune system to eliminate the virus from the body in a period of two years. Also, in case of signs appear, their physical manifestation takes a long time to be visible, whereby such manifestations are in the form of warts; some form of bumps on the skin that are itchy and painful.
Other manifestations of the infection occur in the form of other infections, which include some certain types of cancer primarily cervical, and throat infections (Health Center Network Para. 9-11).
Such opportunistic infections are detectable through screening, a practice that occurs mostly in cancer detection. There exist two kinds of such screening test, namely the Pap smear and HPV tests. The former plays a central role in determining the occurrence of pre-cancers and other cell alterations, which may, in the long run, develop into cancer. The latter is crucial in ascertaining the presence of cervical cell changing viruses. Combination of the two is fundamental when it comes to avoiding the occurrence of cervical cancer (CDC p.1).
Treatment and Prevention
Medically, this infection has no curative medication, but rather the only available remedies to this infection are drugs that cure its resultant infections, which include all forms of cancer and genital warts. It is important to note here that, in some cases, genital or throat warts can diminish without any medical remedy, a case that is a little bit different from cancer.
This is because; treatment of cancer depends on its severity in individuals. Common adopted wart treatment measures include the application of laser energy, cold cautery, loop electrosurgical excision procedure, or the use of podophyllin when it comes to external cases (Mouth Cancer Foundation Para. 6).
Because this infection lacks a curative remedy, it is important for all individuals to adopt preventive measures rather than risk contracting the infection. Primary preventive measures are many ranging from the use of medication to sexual responsibility. Vaccines form the first preventive remedy, which any individual can use. Medically, individuals are supposed to take three doses of the vaccines in a period of half a year, whereby, it is advisable for individuals to do so before any sexual intimacy.
For women, the most recommended vaccines include Cervarix and Gardasil, a case that is different when it comes to men because only one type is recommended; Gardasil. The recommended age span for the use of such vaccines ranges from nine to twenty-six, depending on whether one had received such vaccines in early life years (CDC p.1).
Condom usage forms the second recommended preventive measure, although not a sure strategy, because sometimes they may not wrap all the exposed genital areas. If in case one opts to use them, then there is a need for consistency and proper use to ensure continuous protection.
The third and one of the best remedy that is most essential in the war against HPV is the faithfulness concept that is, sticking to one sex-mate. It is important to note that, married couples are never exempted from contracting this viral infection, due to chances of unfaithfulness. The final and most appropriate remedy is abstinence primarily because; the infections detection is hard because most individuals are sexually active.
HPV Vaccines and their Safety
As a prevention measure, it is advisable for sexually active individuals to use vaccines as an early precautionary measure. Recommended vaccines include Gardasil and Cervarix. Although some medical researches indicate that the vaccines have a close correlation to other health complications, for example, the Guillain-Barre syndrome, the World Health Organization: WHO (p.1) has disputed such allegations for they are false.
The only side effects that can result as a result of the use of the e vaccines include giddiness, some form of mild allergic reactions, and fainting. It is important to note that, as argued by the National Network for Immunization Information: NNII (p.1), such vaccines must undergo a critical laboratory analysis and testing to prove their effectiveness and potentialities in terms of achieving the desired results.
HPV and Cancer
HPV has many associated opportunistic infections, the most complex being cancer. The most common type of cancer in most patients suffering from this infection is cervical cancer, although researches have shown that, few cases of oral cavity and oropharynx cancer occurs. The Common types of this infection causing viruses; HPV, are HPV-species 16, 31, 18 and 45. Theses for types cause dysplasia tissue anomalies, something, which unless treated result s to tissue malignancy.
Because of the structural correlation between the mouth and the vagina, such infections also occur in the mouth causing oral related cancers, a fact that medical researchers attribute to the destruction of the epithelial cells. It is important to note that, for oral cancer to occur there, has to be a combination of other triggering factors, which include nicotine and alcohol consumption (Mouth Cancer Foundation Para. 4-5).
Conclusion
In conclusion, considering the severity of infections associated with HPV, it is important for all individuals to be cautious in their sexual activity. This is because the determination of sufferers of this infection is hard; a factor that makes it spreading easy.
Pleasant, A. & Sandfort, J. R. (2009). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Informational Behaviors of College Students regarding the Human Papillomavirus. Journal of American College Health, 58(2), 141-149.
Read the Entire Article. What Are Your First Impressions of the Article? Do You Believe That It Is Complete? Does It Answer Your Questions or Are You Left With Unanswered Questions?
My first impression is that the article will bring a positive contribution among the readers concerning reproductive health care education and awareness particularly information about Human papillomavirus, HPV, and other sexually transmitted infections. The article is not complete since we are told from this article that the information about HPV is confusing to some extent. It is also noted again that more research is still being undertaken that may give new details about HPV and therefore what is given in this article is not comprehensive (Pleasant & Sandfort, 2009).
The article answers most of my questions. However, there are some questions, which remain debatable and partially answered, for instance, the question of various modes of transmission is not answered fully (Pleasant & Sandfort, 2009).
Who Are the Researchers? What Do They Do? Why Did They Write This Article?
The researchers are known as Jessica R. Sandfort and Andrew Pleasant. Jessica Sandfort is an MPH student at the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. While Pleasant, a Ph.D. holder is the director of Health Literacy and Communication at the Canyon Ranch Institute in Tucson, Arizona (Pleasant & Sandroft, 2009).
Objective
The main aim of writing the study was to evaluate the level of awareness among the student population concerning HPV and other sexually transmitted diseases and thereafter provide education on facts about these illnesses.
Does the Title of the Article Reflect the Research Conducted? if You Were to Write a Better Title, What Would It Be?
The title reflects the research conducted. Nevertheless, if I were to write a better title for the research then it would read, The Scientific Study of the Level of awareness, Feelings, and Approach among College Students Concerning Human Papillomavirus and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases .
Summarize the Article, Labeling & Answering the Following Questions
The research addresses the problem of low levels of literacy concerning HPV and other related sexually transmitted diseases and the stigma associated with the diseases (Pleasant & Sandroft 142). This research aims to determine the level of literacy among college students concerning HPV and other related STIs. Their attitude and approach about gender and age.
The literature review is sufficient and thorough as it creates a strong background for the study by providing information on the current knowledge of HPV regarding its means of transmission and prevention.
The sample is not adequate since the study was only done in one college and this does not adequately represent the whole population segment, i.e. it is not representative (Pleasant & Sandroft 145).
The authors used both qualitative and quantitative research methods including questionnaires and statistical methods of data analysis to derive their conclusion.
Ethical Considerations
The authors mention informed content when talking about the limitations of this study. He says since the study relied on self-reporting, the participant may have attempted to respond based on what they believe were the expectations of the researcher and thus prejudice the results (Pleasant & Sandroft, 2009).
Research Findings
The authors conclude that this is the right time to initiate public awareness health campaign to raise literacy levels about HPV among the youth. The authors also conclude that there has been an improvement in levels of understanding about HPV as compared to the time of the previous research.
No. the authors did not overstate the conclusion. They gave it the strong tone it deserves since this research concerns a serious disease that poses a great threat to peoples lives.
I trust the research findings. This is because the study used a scientifically sound research methodology beginning from background research to the conclusion. Besides, the authors are both experts in the field of human health and hence the article is written from an expert point of view (Caron, Kispert & McGrath, 2009, p. 1-5).
References
Caron, R.M., Kispert, E. & McGrath, R.J. (2009). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs of At-Risk Women. The Internet Journal of Health, 9(2), 1-5.
Pleasant, A. & Sandfort, J. R. (2009). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Informational Behaviors of College Students in Regard to the Human Papillomavirus. Journal of American College Health, 58(2), 141-149.
Demographic studies indicate that the Vietnamese immigrant population in America is wide spread and not centralized in one place. Indeed, the claim that there are distinct Vietnamese neighborhoods may not be correct. Vietnamese immigrant people are found in most states of the United States (Zhou, 2011).
There is a growing ideology that people migrate and live in the United States they are expected to become westernized. However, this has not been the case since the Asian religious practices have proven to be dominant. By choosing to study the Americanization of Vietnamese women immigrants, this paper attempts to bring out the diversity of their culture. In addition, the paper has given a keen attention to the religious doctrine as well as the study of the impacts of their values on HPV vaccination.
Griffiths (2005) notes that the strict principle towards the value of virginity in a typical Vietnamese woman is quite outstanding among the Vietnamese community. Notably, they have a negative influence on their attitude towards HPV vaccination. A review of their sexual perceptions gives a holistic picture of the reaction their women have towards HPV vaccinations.
The behaviors of young Vietnamese women in the society give a good foundation for the study of this topic. I seek to account for Zhou’s (2011) findings that Vietnamese immigrant women have a continued risk of primary and secondary infection of HPV due to their culture.
The case of Muslim Women
Research has revealed that HPV is a very common malady in the United States. This sexually transmitted infection exists with or without the knowledge of the victims (Frederick, 2005). The three doses of vaccination prescribed for young women are all important and should be received (Frederick, 2005).
Vietnamese ladies are not easily allowed by their culture to participate in premarital sexual activity. There are ceaseless worries among these communities that the vaccine encourages girls to become sexually active. Many parents have stood firm against the use of this vaccination. It is believed that the vaccine is meant to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. The parents are not aware of the secret sexual activities of their children.
It is important to note that their religion has more restrictive effects on their women compared to men. The abstinence of the women is more evident than that of men. Flynn, Foster and Brost (2011) observe that misconceptions on the use of HPV virus have compromised the efforts of controlling it.
The vaccine is not sufficiently administered to the women since it is taken as an escape of evading the consequences of sexual desires. The high standard given to the Vietnamese women suppress the woman’s sexuality. This has led to the prevalence of unprotected sexual activities among them.
Literature Review
The vaccine has not been able to fully reach areas where pure Vietnamese immigrant population lives (Frederick, 2005). This is because of the religious beliefs a midst other factors such as poor education and ignorance. The teaching of these societies needs to be more focused on the social aspects of life.
On top of this, the women in this community do not like participating in the fore front representation of the society. Results from past surveys indicate that many victims of the disease are not aware of the protection they can get by receiving the vaccine. Women are more encouraged to take the vaccine since their HPV infection is usually associated with dangerous symptoms. It has been proven that many females have cervical cancer as a secondary effect of HPV infection.
On the same note, it should be noted that the immigrant women who do not receive this vaccine are denied a life-saving opportunity. Given the tough economic status of most of their families, it is essential to allow the women to have absolute freedom to decide on what they should do with their lives.
They should be allowed to embrace religious activities out of personal will. It is not worth to practice the binding religious activities which do not allow the women to enjoy their sexual liberty. Flynn, Foster and Brost (2011) give a very reliable explanation of the process of assimilating the several immigrants into the United States of America.
It is true that women are characterized with a unique aspect of cultural rigidity. They tend to retain their lifestyles even when there are dynamic forces of change. The Vietnamese women immigrants have displayed a significance rebellion to the modern American culture (Frederick, 2005).
Conclusion
The review of the Vietnamese patterns of adjustment to life in the United States in relation to HPV vaccination helps in highlighting the big picture of the issue. It is clear that the complex way of life lived by the Asian natives in the US has a significant social-cultural effect.
The expectation of the society has made it cumbersome for the naïve immigrant women to have a balanced development. It is recommended that the women should be taught to appreciate the importance of taking an initiative to protect their value. In addition, the curiosity of young woman should be dealt with accordingly. Notably, every young woman should be taught the dangers of premarital sexual activities.
References
Flynn, P., Foster, E., & Brost, B. (2011). Indicators of Acculturation Related to Somali Refugee Women’s Birth Outcomes in Minnesota. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 13(2), 224-231.
Frederick, W. (2005). “Few Things More Womanly Or More Noble”: Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and the Advent of the Woman Doctor in America. Legacy, 22(1), 1-18.
Griffiths, J. (2005). Between Women: Trauma, Witnessing, and the Legacy of Interracial Rape in Robbie McCauley’s Sally’s Rape. Frontiers, 26(3), 1-23.
Zhou, M. (2011). Color Lines, Country Lines: Race, Immigration, and Wealth Stratification in America. Journal of Asian American Studies, 14(2), 317-319.
The human papillomavirus belongs to the group of the most widespread type of sexually transmitted infections. It is a viral infection that targets specific sections of the body, which include the mucosal regions and the entire skin. Primarily, these regions are covered by epithelial cells, and they include the sex organs; the vagina and penis, mouth, vulva, anus, tonsils, and the throat. In some cases, the tongue is also inclusive; the fact that medics attribute to its role during “sucking.”
In nature, there exist more than hundred known species of this type of virus, which have many associated medical complications, whereby forty species have many associated cervical health complications and fifteen species have a close correlation to cancer; more so the genitals. The primary mode of transmission of this viral infection is through any skin contact; specifically genital area contacts, which include any form of sex, whether anal or oral.
It is important, to note that, in rare cases do condoms prevent the transmission of this viral infection; a fact that many types of research attribute on its inability to coat the entire genital region. In some cases, the transmission mode can be a mother to child; something that mostly occurs during childbirth hence, resulting in a health complication in children called Juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORPP).
On the other hand, it is also crucial to note that, chances of contracting this infection multiplies with the number of sexual associates hence, the need for multi-partnered individuals to take precaution (Center for Diseases Control and Prevention: CDC p.1, Castle Para. 6-9).
Screening, Signs, and Symptoms
The infection has no exact form of manifestation, a fact that medics attribute to the ability of the body’s immune system to eliminate the virus from the body in a period of two years. Also, in case of signs appear, their physical manifestation takes a long time to be visible, whereby such manifestations are in the form of warts; some form of bumps on the skin that are itchy and painful.
Other manifestations of the infection occur in the form of other infections, which include some certain types of cancer primarily cervical, and throat infections (Health Center Network Para. 9-11).
Such opportunistic infections are detectable through screening, a practice that occurs mostly in cancer detection. There exist two kinds of such screening test, namely the Pap smear and HPV tests. The former plays a central role in determining the occurrence of pre-cancers and other cell alterations, which may, in the long run, develop into cancer. The latter is crucial in ascertaining the presence of cervical cell changing viruses. Combination of the two is fundamental when it comes to avoiding the occurrence of cervical cancer (CDC p.1).
Treatment and Prevention
Medically, this infection has no curative medication, but rather the only available remedies to this infection are drugs that cure its resultant infections, which include all forms of cancer and genital warts. It is important to note here that, in some cases, genital or throat warts can diminish without any medical remedy, a case that is a little bit different from cancer.
This is because; treatment of cancer depends on its severity in individuals. Common adopted wart treatment measures include the application of laser energy, cold cautery, loop electrosurgical excision procedure, or the use of podophyllin when it comes to external cases (Mouth Cancer Foundation Para. 6).
Because this infection lacks a curative remedy, it is important for all individuals to adopt preventive measures rather than risk contracting the infection. Primary preventive measures are many ranging from the use of medication to sexual responsibility. Vaccines form the first preventive remedy, which any individual can use. Medically, individuals are supposed to take three doses of the vaccines in a period of half a year, whereby, it is advisable for individuals to do so before any sexual intimacy.
For women, the most recommended vaccines include Cervarix and Gardasil, a case that is different when it comes to men because only one type is recommended; Gardasil. The recommended age span for the use of such vaccines ranges from nine to twenty-six, depending on whether one had received such vaccines in early life years (CDC p.1).
Condom usage forms the second recommended preventive measure, although not a sure strategy, because sometimes they may not wrap all the exposed genital areas. If in case one opts to use them, then there is a need for consistency and proper use to ensure continuous protection.
The third and one of the best remedy that is most essential in the war against HPV is the faithfulness concept that is, sticking to one sex-mate. It is important to note that, married couples are never exempted from contracting this viral infection, due to chances of unfaithfulness. The final and most appropriate remedy is abstinence primarily because; the infection’s detection is hard because most individuals are sexually active.
HPV Vaccines and their Safety
As a prevention measure, it is advisable for sexually active individuals to use vaccines as an early precautionary measure. Recommended vaccines include Gardasil and Cervarix. Although some medical researches indicate that the vaccines have a close correlation to other health complications, for example, the Guillain-Barre syndrome, the World Health Organization: WHO (p.1) has disputed such allegations for they are false.
The only side effects that can result as a result of the use of the e vaccines include giddiness, some form of mild allergic reactions, and fainting. It is important to note that, as argued by the National Network for Immunization Information: NNII (p.1), such vaccines must undergo a critical laboratory analysis and testing to prove their effectiveness and potentialities in terms of achieving the desired results.
HPV and Cancer
HPV has many associated opportunistic infections, the most complex being cancer. The most common type of cancer in most patients suffering from this infection is cervical cancer, although researches have shown that, few cases of oral cavity and oropharynx cancer occurs. The Common types of this infection causing viruses; HPV, are HPV-species 16, 31, 18 and 45. Theses for types cause dysplasia tissue anomalies, something, which unless treated result s to tissue malignancy.
Because of the structural correlation between the mouth and the vagina, such infections also occur in the mouth causing oral related cancers, a fact that medical researchers attribute to the destruction of the epithelial cells. It is important to note that, for oral cancer to occur there, has to be a combination of other triggering factors, which include nicotine and alcohol consumption (Mouth Cancer Foundation Para. 4-5).
Conclusion
In conclusion, considering the severity of infections associated with HPV, it is important for all individuals to be cautious in their sexual activity. This is because the determination of sufferers of this infection is hard; a factor that makes it spreading easy.
This paper is a precise review of a quantitative research study. It contains five major sections, viz. the background of the study, methods used, results from data analysis, discussion of the findings, and summary of the article. The background of the study presents the statement of the research problem and the justification of the study. The methods section discusses the research design used, while under “results” the findings are indicated. The discussion part explores the findings of the study and how they could be applied in practice. The final section is a summary of the overall presentation of the study.
Introduction
The research problem is not stated clearly in the paper. However, it could be deduced from the introduction to be – what are the proportions and the trends of adolescent girls in the United States (US) receiving human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine? HPV comes in different strains, which cause about 99.7 percent of cervical cancer cases and a myriad of other health complications, such as anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. Taking the HPV vaccine plays a major role in the prevention of these cancers among women. Therefore, this problem is significant to nursing because by knowing the number of teenagers taking this preventive measure and the associated trends, nurses could predict the level of risk of teenagers developing such cancers in the future. As such, nurses could plan on mitigation measures such as educating the public on the need to have the vaccine or lobbying for policymakers to make policies that promote prevention strategies.
This study is justified because, at the time of its publication, the proportion and trends of teenage girls in the US taking the HPV vaccine were unknown. Therefore, it was important for the study to be carried out because the findings would indicate the vaccination status around the country and allow nurses and other healthcare providers to plan effectively on ways of combating cervical and other related cancers caused by the virus. The study’s objective is clearly stated – “To examine the trend of provider-verified HPV vaccine initiation (≥1 dose) and completion (≥3 doses) among adolescent girls at the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended age (11-12 years)” (Rahman, McGrath, Hirth, & Berenson, 2014, p. 585).
The authors did not indicate any theoretical or conceptual framework for the study. However, it could be implied that by understanding the trends and the number of vaccinated teenage girls, healthcare providers and policymakers would plan better as a way of dealing with the cervical cancer epidemic. This understanding links the framework directly to the research purpose. This study was published in 2015, and the literature review section is missing. Some of the reference materials used in the paper are old, while others are current. The oldest one was published in 1999 and the recent one in 2014. As mentioned earlier, the literature review section is missing. However, the information given in the introduction adequately supports the need for the study.
Methods
The authors used a descriptive study design, which involved the analysis of routinely collected data on the number and the age of initiation when teenage girls in the US were vaccinated against HPV between 2008 and 2012. The design fitted the purpose of the study as it involved analyzing collected data from the National Immunization Survey–Teen (NIS–Teen) from 2008 to 2012. Besides, this study design is non-interventional, and thus it only interprets data as presented from other studies. The design is linked to the sampling method, which involved the number of teenagers in the US vaccinated against HPV, and the statistical analysis, viz. descriptive statistics.
The sample size was 40,438 teenage girls vaccinated against HPV in the US between 2008 and 2012. Out of the 40,438 participants, 24,466 had their vaccination data verified by their providers at the time of initiating the vaccination, and 15,972 completed the 3 or more doses. Therefore, the sample is adequately and clearly described in the article. Additionally, the sampling procedure was discussed in detail. The final sample that was used for statistical analysis was obtained from participants whose vaccination details had been verified by their providers. For instance, the available data from the NIS–Teen showed that 77,062 and 51,285 girls had started and completed the vaccination program respectively. However, only 24,466 and 15,972 girls started and completed the HPV vaccination respectively and their details were verified by their providers. Therefore, the latter (with provider-verified information) data was used for the final statistical analysis. Given the nature of the data used in this study, the study protocols were not needed because the information was obtained from the NIS-Teen database. However, the authors explained how such data was collected. Before 2011, data were collected using landline interviews. However, between 2011 and 2012, both cellphone and landline interviews were used for data collection.
The instruments mentioned in the paper are the interviews used to collect the data entered in the NIS–Teen, which was used for the current study. The instrument does not measure the concept it is intended to measure, and the authors did not indicate information on its reliability and validity. To reduce threats to internal and validity that are inherent in the study design, the authors estimated standard errors using Taylor series linearization. Besides, the unequal probabilities of sample selection were adjusted using STATA 12 svy commands. There is no evidence provided regarding the human subject’s review and approval. Similarly, the authors did not indicate any ethical concerns. However, based on the nature of the study and the source of data, such requirements may not be applicable. Finally, the study is described with enough detail for replication.
Results
The characteristic of the sample is described by the number of participants who started and those that completed the vaccination dosage. The participants are described by their age and the year when they started and finished the HPV vaccination. For instance, the number of girls, aged less than 13 years, who started the vaccination in 2008, was 14.1 percent. 24.1 percent, 35.9 percent, 47.7 percent, and 55.9 percent started the vaccination in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 respectively. A similar trend was also observed in the number of those that completed the vaccination protocol between 2008 and 2012. Therefore, the types of data collection involved the age of the girls selected girls and the year when they started and completed the vaccination.
The research questions were not answered separately. The authors used multiple linear and logistic regression analyses to determine the trends of vaccination initiation and completion together with the number of girls receiving the HPV vaccination. The data were presented using bar graphs to indicate the percentage of girls aged less than 13 years that initiated the vaccine plotted against the year of vaccination. The bar graphs also captured data on three different races – Hispanics, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Black. In summary, the text supplements and repeats the data in the bar graph. The findings indicated that the percentage of girls aged less than 13 years that received the HPV vaccine rose from 14.1 percent in 2008 to 55.9 percent in 2012. The same trend was observed in the number of girls who completed the vaccination program by taking three or more doses. The trend did not differ based on the participants’’ race or ethnicity.
Discussion/Implications for Practice
The author relates the findings to the study purpose. The main objective was to establish the proportion of girls in the US who received HPV vaccination before the recommended age of 13 years. Besides, the authors sought to establish the trend of these vaccinations from 2008 to 2012. The findings of this study are consistent with other research works indicating that most girls did not start the vaccination at the recommended age of fewer than 13 years. The authors also discussed the findings that conflict with previous works. For instance, one study had indicated that most girls started the HPV vaccination between the ages of 11 and 12 years. However, this study relied on data collected from 7 states in the US, and thus the results were not representative of all other states in the country. As such, the data could not be generalized or extrapolated in other set-ups across the country.
The study had one major limitation – the potential bias that remained especially after NIS–Teen started collecting data using both cellphones and landlines in 2012. From this study, new research emerged on ways through which parents and providers could be encouraged to start administering the HPV vaccine before the age of 13, which is recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). The findings of this research are highly useful in nursing practice. It was established that over 50 percent of teenage girls start taking the HPV vaccine between the ages of 13 and 17 years. This trend is worrying because initiating the vaccination after the age of 13 years increases the probability of developing cervical cancer. Therefore, nurses should come up with strategies to educate parents and providers on the need to start the vaccination at the right time for positive health outcomes. Consequently, the mortality and morbidity rates caused by cervical cancer and other related health conditions would be reduced significantly.
Overall Presentation and Final Summary
The title accurately describes the type of study, major variables, and the target population. For example, from the title, a reader could tell that the study investigated the age at which teenage girls in the US started and completed HPV vaccination between 2008 and 2012. The abstract also represents the study accurately. For example, the abstract states the objective, methods, results, and conclusions drawn from the study. By looking at the abstract alone, a reader gets a complete picture of what the study investigated and how the paper is structured. Similarly, the report is logically consistent as the author’s transition from one section to another with clearly labeled sub-topics such as introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Finally, the writing is clear and concise. The information is presented in a simple and intelligible style. The results are shown clearly with the aid of bar graphs. Overall, the paper meets the basic requirements of a scientific study.
Reference
Rahman, M., McGrath, C. J., Hirth, J. M., & Berenson, A. B. (2015). Age at HPV vaccine initiation and completion among US adolescent girls: Trend from 2008 to 2012. Vaccine, 33(5), 585-587.
Pleasant, A. & Sandfort, J. R. (2009). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Informational Behaviors of College Students regarding the Human Papillomavirus. Journal of American College Health, 58(2), 141-149.
Read the Entire Article. What Are Your First Impressions of the Article? Do You Believe That It Is Complete? Does It Answer Your Questions or Are You Left With Unanswered Questions?
My first impression is that the article will bring a positive contribution among the readers concerning reproductive health care education and awareness particularly information about Human papillomavirus, HPV, and other sexually transmitted infections. The article is not complete since we are told from this article that the information about HPV is confusing to some extent. It is also noted again that more research is still being undertaken that may give new details about HPV and therefore what is given in this article is not comprehensive (Pleasant & Sandfort, 2009).
The article answers most of my questions. However, there are some questions, which remain debatable and partially answered, for instance, the question of various modes of transmission is not answered fully (Pleasant & Sandfort, 2009).
Who Are the Researchers? What Do They Do? Why Did They Write This Article?
The researchers are known as Jessica R. Sandfort and Andrew Pleasant. Jessica Sandfort is an MPH student at the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York. While Pleasant, a Ph.D. holder is the director of Health Literacy and Communication at the Canyon Ranch Institute in Tucson, Arizona (Pleasant & Sandroft, 2009).
Objective
The main aim of writing the study was to evaluate the level of awareness among the student population concerning HPV and other sexually transmitted diseases and thereafter provide education on facts about these illnesses.
Does the Title of the Article Reflect the Research Conducted? if You Were to Write a Better Title, What Would It Be?
The title reflects the research conducted. Nevertheless, if I were to write a better title for the research then it would read, “The Scientific Study of the Level of awareness, Feelings, and Approach among College Students Concerning Human Papillomavirus and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases”.
Summarize the Article, Labeling & Answering the Following Questions
The research addresses the problem of low levels of literacy concerning HPV and other related sexually transmitted diseases and the stigma associated with the diseases (Pleasant & Sandroft 142). This research aims to determine the level of literacy among college students concerning HPV and other related STIs. Their attitude and approach about gender and age.
The literature review is sufficient and thorough as it creates a strong background for the study by providing information on the current knowledge of HPV regarding its means of transmission and prevention.
The sample is not adequate since the study was only done in one college and this does not adequately represent the whole population segment, i.e. it is not representative (Pleasant & Sandroft 145).
The authors used both qualitative and quantitative research methods including questionnaires and statistical methods of data analysis to derive their conclusion.
Ethical Considerations
The authors mention informed content when talking about the limitations of this study. He says since the study relied on self-reporting, the participant may have attempted to respond based on what they believe were the expectations of the researcher and thus prejudice the results (Pleasant & Sandroft, 2009).
Research Findings
The authors conclude that this is the right time to initiate public awareness health campaign to raise literacy levels about HPV among the youth. The authors also conclude that there has been an improvement in levels of understanding about HPV as compared to the time of the previous research.
No. the authors did not overstate the conclusion. They gave it the strong tone it deserves since this research concerns a serious disease that poses a great threat to peoples’ lives.
I trust the research findings. This is because the study used a scientifically sound research methodology beginning from background research to the conclusion. Besides, the authors are both experts in the field of human health and hence the article is written from an expert point of view (Caron, Kispert & McGrath, 2009, p. 1-5).
References
Caron, R.M., Kispert, E. & McGrath, R.J. (2009). Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Beliefs of At-Risk Women. The Internet Journal of Health, 9(2), 1-5.
Pleasant, A. & Sandfort, J. R. (2009). Knowledge, Attitudes, and Informational Behaviors of College Students in Regard to the Human Papillomavirus. Journal of American College Health, 58(2), 141-149.
The stigma surrounding the human papillomavirus (HPV) has led to many gaps in patients’ and clinicians’ education. Fears and prejudices related to the HPV vaccine stem from religious and personal beliefs. According to Krakow et al., many young women choose to vaccinate because they believe that it will lower their risk of cancer. This view of vaccination overpowers one’s religiosity or social stigma (Krakow et al., 2015). Therefore, patients’ awareness of HPV vaccine purpose can help providers to eliminate the stigma surrounding vaccination. Such concepts as morality and promiscuity have to be addressed from a medical point of view. It should show that HPV vaccination protects one’s health in many ways regardless of people’s sexual experiences.
Moreover, as this issue is related to the topic of sexual education, HPV-related information and its presentation have to be reviewed by providers as well. Sherman et al. find that patients’ and clinicians’ lack of knowledge about the vaccine and HPV leads to lower levels of protection against the virus. For instance, the researchers note that some people falsely believe that HPV causes HIV/AIDS (Sherman et al., 2018). Others think that the virus requires treatment and try to seek assistance from medical institutions, searching for a cure that does not exist. Furthermore, some patients do not know about the connection between HPV and cancer. Health professionals may also lack the necessary education about HPV and its risk of cervical cancer (Sherman et al., 2018). These failures should be attributed to the lack of sex education and addressed in future policies. Overall, the stigma about HPV and vaccination can be combated with increased vaccine accessibility, training, and positive reinforcement to eliminate confusion among patients.
References
Krakow, M. M., Jensen, J. D., Carcioppolo, N., Weaver, J., Liu, M., & Guntzviller, L. M. (2015). Psychosocial predictors of human papillomavirus vaccination intentions for young women 18 to 26: Religiosity, morality, promiscuity, and cancer worry. Women’s Health Issues, 25(2), 105-111.
Sherman, S. M., Bartholomew, K., Denison, H. J., Patel, H., Moss, E. L., Douwes, J., & Bromhead, C. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes, and awareness of the human papillomavirus among health professionals in New Zealand. PloS One, 13(12), e0197648.
An explicit review of this analytical paper resonates within an unlimited time frame. Reflectively, the review will authenticate the relevance of the research article which comprehensively captures conceptualization ideas discussed within its periphery of ideal and actualization. Besides, the review paper reflects on the methodology strategy and adopted methods that appear to have employed qualitative and quantitative analysis. In addition, the review investigates research designs and conceptualized results that are quantifiable and assess the same on oropharyngeal cancer. The scope in this scenario is to capture the existing association between oropharyngeal cancers and HPV. In the conclusive segment, evaluation of originality and conceptualization are placed in order to ensure relevance in the review of prospect schema.
Methodology Analysis and Discussion
The article captured data on 130 patients freshly diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer to collect oral-mucosal specimens for HPV detection. As observed in the research methodology, the author employed the use of quantitative research methodology which measures assumptions given and reflectively develops quantifiable results that were obtained via interviews on medical history, hygiene, among other relevant variables. In order to obtain actual and study physical reactions for different specimens, the researchers adopted a nonbiased tool for obtaining data. Therefore, the research article is very specific on both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis approaches that were simultaneously employed in the research. Through examination of the HPV-16 in the sample specimens, the researchers were in a position to further carry out DNA analysis for 37 HPV types. In order to stay within the scope of the research, viral load reporting was necessary for positive samples with adjustments made where necessary.
Subject Results
The author employs simple correlation analysis involving the measurement of dependent and independent variables. The simultaneous application and measurement of independent and dependent variables are great and capture the true value representation of the target population. Through use intrusive regression analysis that quantifies the relationship between the two variables (positive and negative results). The article was in a position to explain the relationship between the two variables that can be expanded to more variables grouped in pairs. Reflectively, the authors found out that when an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of virus resembling particles were used, antibodies of Serum nature were detected for HPV-16 L1. On the other hand, the use of ELISA and bacteria-like particles indicated detection of antibodies parallel to HPV-16 E6 and HPV-16 E7 oncoproteins and these indicated full length as in the antigen.
Discussion
The article has succeeded in supporting the intrinsic association between the oropharyngeal cancers subgroup and HPV. Despite the fact that the cause-effect tie is not possible to quantify from one study, the authors were in a position to present the extent f variances between the control and actual studies. In this case, it is important to note that prolonged exposure to HPV is likely to precede oropharyngeal cancer appearance for several years. However, secondary factors such as tobacco and alcohol may induce genomic instability. In addition, the study concluded that sexual behaviors may increase the risk of ‘squamous-cell carcinomas’. Due to t these secondary factors, the authors concluded that the history of the family on squamous-cell carcinomas’, substance abuse, and poor oral personal hygiene are depository factors to oropharyngeal cancers.
Conclusion
The most essential part of a properly written research paper should reflect on conceptualization and maintain originality. This research paper provides a clear link between one variable to another and is majorly based on factual information. Besides, the analysis presents a complete reflection of the actual situation on oropharyngeal cancers.
The first issue to be explored is the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus vaccine referred to as Gardasil. The text will include the indication and types of the vaccine, when and where it was first used. The dosage and administration of the vaccine into the human body are issues of exceptional importance in the topic. This will entail point and time of administration. The issue will include dosage, the reasons for Gardasil vaccine and the diseases it prevents. The topic will include who is to use the vaccine and the administration of the vaccine in exceptional cases like the young girls and expectant mothers. The ingredients of the vaccine will also be covered under this topic. Discussion will also consider the side effects of the Gardasil vaccine on the human body especially children. The issue will cover the precautions to be taken incase of any serious side effect and the presentation of the vaccine. The text will cover the cost of the vaccine Steve C. et al, (2007).
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the second issue to be discussed. The discussion will encompass the epidemiology of the HPV. The discussion will elaborate on the predisposing factors especially in young girls. These entail what makes a person more vulnerable to human papillomavirus virus than others. An overview of the HPV spread and progression into cervical cancer will be documented. The argument is going to cover the grave types of the virus like the cervical cancer, genital warts and other diseases associated with the human papillomavirus. The topic will provide an insight on the role of the body immune system in the development of HPV. The study will entail the development of the cervical cancer and treatment. Signs and symptoms of the diseases associated with the virus will also be covered. An overview of whom is at risk, where and when to seek treatment is also included. The topic will present the types of human papillomavirus that respond to the Gardasil vaccine and how vaccine works. The paper will describe the prevention of the Human Papillomavirus and other coping strategies for the infected especially the adolescents. The study will be focusing on the young females Ann M. et al (2009).
The relationship among Gardasil vaccine, human papillomavirus and the adolescents will be the third issue to be discussed. The topic will go deep into the problem and determine whether the Gardasil vaccine protects young girls against the virus HPV. The discussion will determine whether both males and females should get Gardasil vaccine and why. Other issue to be included is to which extent the vaccine has reduced the prevalence of the human Papillomavirus in the adolescents. The risk of both males and females to the diseases associated with the virus are of considerable importance in the text. The risks associated with the vaccination among girls and whether the vaccine gives long-term protection to this group. The regulations on compulsory vaccinations among adolescent females and where to get the vaccine are to be discussed in this text. The discussion will include the physiology and structure of the girls’ reproduction system that makes them more vulnerable than boys. Gail J. et al (2008).
Legislation and mandating of the Gardasil vaccine is the fourth field to be covered. Over forty one states have included the vaccination of female minor in their health strategies. Details in on legislation include issues such as mandatory vaccination for girls before school admission. Compelling the insurers to cover HPV vaccination in their packages and public health education on Gardasil vaccine are issues of importance. Legislation is the establishment of committees to put across recommendations on the vaccine. Another area to be covered in this sub-topic is the possible consequences of mandatory vaccination among the minors. The minimum age of vaccination and which gender to get the vaccine are to be discussed. The cost and insurance cover concerning the vaccine will also be elaborated Rebecca et al (2004).
Summary of what to be covered and details of the areas not to be covered
The task will include full information on the Gardasil vaccine. The presentation, administration, efficacy and side effects, are to be discussed. The human Papillomavirus and the associated diseases will also be discussed. Other areas to be visited on the vaccine are the cost, availability and the insurance cover for the adolescents. The text elaborates diseases like cancer of the cervix, genital warts and other diseases caused by the human papillomavirus. The discussion entails the advancement of the HPV into cancerous diseases. The issues revolving around the Gardasil vaccine and the young girls will also be covered in details. Other issues that must be entrenched include the state legislative activities on the human papillomavirus vaccine in relation to the adolescents. About 41 districts have stipulated strict legislations to address the Gardasil. Vaccination of young girls before admission to a school is required for admission. Another object to be included in the premature mandating of the vaccine and the inclusion of males in the vaccine.
The issue will not focus much on adults. Adult issues in relation to the Gardasil vaccine and human papillomavirus are to be left out of topic. A portion of it may be available in the discussion but, the assignment will revolve around children and adolescents. This is because the task revolves around the pediatrics and adolescents. The discussion will be revolving around young girls, and how the vaccine has contributed to the reduction of HPV prevalence among them. The issue will not stress on the human papillomavirus among the men. What to be covered is whether boys should get Gardasil vaccine. The Gardasil vaccine and the human Papillomavirus among the adults will not be applicable in the objectives of the topic.
Biotechnology of the vaccine specially the laboratory processes will not be captured in the topic area. The study will not portray the laboratory procedures and the structures of the proteins in the manufacturing of the vaccine. Discussion will miss out on the life cycle of the human papillomavirus. The topic will touch on the progression, but the detailed information will miss out. The issues pertaining to the genome of the human Papillomavirus cannot be covered in the text. Literature surrounding the HPV infection course is not going to be covered. The points will make the task so broad that it will lose the main objective. The biotechnology of the vaccine will include the utilization of laboratory procedures, which require long periods, to get the result. The reagents used in the laboratory are extraordinarily expensive which are not cost effective for the solution of the topic questions.
The third issue that will not be covered in the topic is the economic impact of the Gardasil vaccine. The lives saved by using the vaccine to prevent human papillomavirus and the cost of the reduction of incidence cases of the associated diseases. It will be devilishly difficult to provide detailed information on the economics about the vaccine. The cost benefit analysis of the vaccine has not been documented in many countries. There is little documentation about the economic impacts of the Gardasil and the human papillomavirus. The process incurs a lot of time and other resources to gather enough information to provide evidence based conclusion. The information available may be elaborating further on adults than the adolescents who are the main focus. The question is not concerned with the monetary gains of the Gardasil vaccine at this point. The economy is of importance, but the text will only touch on the areas of current concern.
The politics and problems especially critics of the vaccine will not be discussed in the topic areas. The critics and politics revolving around the vaccine efficacy, target population and cost of the vaccine are to be left out of the discussion. Other areas revolving around the question are vaccination versus abstinence and the implementation of the vaccine in the developing countries. The report will make them out because few researches are going on about the issues. The literature reviews on the stated issues are inadequate, and they do not provide sufficient information about the vaccine. The process of getting enough information will require many resources, which at the end, may not evolve into evidence based conclusion. The research is not concerned with the politics on the vaccine. It is not one of the set questions to be answered.
The discussion is to provide details of the four types of human papillomavirus in depth. The other remaining types will not be captured in details. The four types (18, 16, 11, & 6) are responsible for over 70% of cancer of the cervix and genital warts. The other types do not cause many illnesses. They are unusually many that they can not be discussed at full length. Some are not harmful to human health and will automatically disappear after some time. Some are also virulent enough to cause illnesses, but they are remarkably rare. To be left out are the issues on the screening techniques and procedures. The diagnostic processes of the genital wart and cervical cancer are to be excluded. The areas are crucial, but they do not directly answer the key questions entailed in the topic.
Another area, which will not be discussed, is the ethical considerations in the Gardasil and human papillomavirus research. The issues such as the informed consent will not be captured. The text will not capture the collection of data, so such issues will be of no importance on this topic. The issues such as beneficence, access to information and other moral issue during the testing of the Gardasil vaccine will not be included. The matter is only interested in the already published information specifically journals. The debate will not consider issues revolving around the data collection, presentation and analysis. The number of the subjects recruited in the study, and the inclusion criteria during the trials of the vaccine are not to be left out. The question is only interested in the results and how the vaccine functions.
Diagnosis of the genital warts, cancer of the cervix and other diseases associated with human papillomavirus will not be issues of importance in the topic area. These include the types of tests, the reagents used during diagnosis and other confirmatory tests. The topic is to be succinct and straight to its themes. The topic will lose its focus when diagnosis is entrenched in it. The clinical aspect to be included is only the administration of the vaccine and route of administration. The diagnosis issues are not relevant in the topic. Treatment of genital warts, cervical cancer and other associated diseases will not be covered in the topic. This includes the recommended drugs for human papillomavirus and management of the conditions associated with it. The matter is based in the prevention of the human papillomavirus among the adolescent girls and boys using Gardasil vaccine. Can gardasil vaccine prevent human papillomavirus? The documented data are to be used to give necessary information to the topic.
Points of view, what to answer and the importance of the topic
The topic is truly imperative because of my profession. The knowledge gained in the hospital gives some insight on the topic. I have general knowledge on the human papillomavirus and the Gardasil vaccine. Some adolescent girls are not aware of the virus and the now available vaccine which is a preventive measure. Some parents of the young girls are not aware of the issues surrounding the human papillomavirus and the new vaccine. It is one point that medical practitioners need to have lots of information.
There have been questions revolving around the issue of the Gardasil vaccine and the prevention of human papillomavirus. The field is still new and has a lot of research areas to be explored. My area of work puts me in a situation where I come into contact with female adolescents suffering from genital warts and other associated illnesses. Many patients come with varied conditions, which are associated, with the Human Papillomavirus. The wealth of the knowledge gained in the wards and some loopholes experienced is a driving force towards the topic. I have always known the human Papillomavirus both theoretically and practically, but more literature review has to be done.
The topic answers a series of questions about the Gardasil vaccine and human papillomavirus among the adolescents. The vaccine comes along with many issues. Human Papillomavirus is an issue of concern. The topic aims to answer the types of the vaccine, the administration, dosage, side effects and the precautions against the Gardasil vaccine. The questions on the contraindication, presentation, and the cost of the Gardasil vaccine Questions about who should get the vaccine will be answered by the topic. The topic will go ahead to answer the diseases caused by HPV, signs and symptoms. The epidemiology of the human papillomavirus is to be answered by the topic including the prevalence rates and the risk factors. The topic will cover the issues like prevention of human papillomavirus and management of the disease. The topic will answer the transmission and who is at risk of the human papillomavirus among the adolescents.
The topic covers many questions about the adolescents and the human Papillomavirus. The topic will find an insight in the prevalence of the human papillomavirus among the adolescent females and males. The topic aims to answer which sex to receive the Gardasil vaccine and why not the other. Another concern to be answered is whether the vaccine has caused a reduction in the incidence and prevalence in human papillomavirus among adolescents and by what margin. Has the vaccine caused a reduction in the risk of contracting human papillomavirus among the adolescent females? Questions about the legislation of the Gardasil vaccine are also expected to be answered.
The topic in question is decidedly paramount. The insight to be gained will be helpful in the proper management of patients with cases associated with human papillomavirus. Based on my profession, the results found about the vaccine and the HPV will improve my competency in the medical field. The improved competency will be a plus to the health of the general public. The truth to be unearthed will be disseminated to other professional around to improve their knowledge in their medical field. The adolescents have limited to resources. The information will help them in the prevention of the diseases associated with this dangerous virus. Adolescent girls will be in a position to get relevant information about human papillomavirus and how to take care of themselves.
Annotation of three sources
Ann M. et al (2009). Human Papillomavirus, Current Vaccines, and Cervical Cancer Prevention, JOGNN Journal, 69-77.
The article explores the question and answers about human Papillomavirus. It gives a broad insight into the general issues surrounding the virus and the vaccine. The article explains the fundamentals of the virus and its effects on human beings. The article covers various types of the virus like the lethal and no lethal strains of HPV. The transmission and prevention strategies are also covered. The transmission entails the entry mechanism and how it eventually turns into cervical cancer and other diseases. The diseases caused by the virus like the cervical cancer and genital warts are contained in the journal. Signs and symptoms of complicated diseases caused by the virus are also covered. The article explains who is at risk and other risk factors. It contains the HPV vaccine, the Gardasil. This article explains the administration of the vaccine, efficacy and the side effects. The role of the body immune system in the advancement of HPV is also contained in the text. The article explores the professional mandate and recommendations concerning the human papillomavirus vaccine.
The source is an immensely critical regarding the issue. The article illustrates a secure connection on the understanding of the human papillomavirus and the Gardasil vaccine. It gives a wide scope of the areas to be covered in the topic. This will provide an insight to the medical practitioners on how to connect the virus and the vaccine usage. The source touches on the adolescents and the human papillomavirus. It answers most of the questions the topic is aiming at. The key areas like the transmission and symptoms of the virus are well documented. The article elaborates the types of HPV. The recommendations for the medics like me are contained which will give an insight to deep understanding of the topic. The source contains both the HPV and the Gardasil vaccine. The article is, therefore, recommended to be a source on the topic due to its substantial coverage of the topics.
Carrie P. (2009). Questions Remain About Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. Cancer Scope journal, 699-701.
The Carrie’s article explores the efficacy and safety of the Gardasil vaccine. The reference material explores young girls and the consequences of the vaccine. The new vaccine in the market leaves many with questions unanswered. Parents and some individuals have raised questions on the negative side effects on their daughters. Other safety concerns addressed are deaths and Guil-lain-Barre syndrome. The prevention and management of the side effects are mentioned in the article. Other areas addressed in the text are the protection period and how it prevents other strains of HPV other than the four strains. The journal details out the statistics on the effectiveness of the vaccine. The article explores how the vaccination affects the natural resistance of adolescents and women. The impact on other oncogenic types of HPV is also captured in the article. The article details the recommended ages of administration among adult and adolescent females. The article gives summary statistics on the cost of vaccination for adults and how the female children can get free vaccination. The journal article proposes future research areas like the improvement of the efficacy time to extend beyond five years.
The article is exceedingly essential in finding solutions to the questions stated in the topic. It answers extremely challenging issues in the topic area. Side effects and effectiveness are matters of importance concerning the clients met in the health facilities. The article elaborates explicitly on the concerns of people regarding the vaccine. Knowledge gained from the authority gives enough confidence for the medical practitioners in handling patient fears regarding the vaccine. The article is, therefore, a highly relevant reference to the project work and can suggest other topics for future research.
Mark H. et al. (2006). The Epidemiology of Cervical Carcinogenesis. Journal of cancer, I-10.
Mark’s report elaborates widely on the epidemiology of the human papillomavirus and the proposed future researches. The article explores on how the cervical cancer, genital warts and other diseases occur. The infection of adolescent girls and young women with the varied types of HPV is also entailed in the text. What predisposes adolescents to the risk of human papillomavirus? The article illustrates lesions associated with the human papillomavirus in sexually active females. The journal article goes ahead to establish the causal association between human papillomavirus and the cervical cancer. This entails the pathogenesis of cancer of the cervix and its progression to extreme conditions.
Risk factors for genital warts and cervical cancer are reconsidered in the article. The sociodemographic factors are entirely elaborated here. The article entails the sexual and marital factors and how they predispose a person to the risk of contracting the disease. The issues in obstetric events are contained in the text. Linking the causation of the cervical cancer with other causal agents other than human papillomavirus is entrenched in the article. Attentions on the Chlamydia and herpes simplex virus are linked with the occurrence of the cervical cancer. The article gives an insight on the correlation involving the development of the cervical cancer and other cancers related to smoking. The article explains other pertinent risk factors like genetics, Immunosuppression, contraception, and cell type. Finally, the document proposes future areas of research like the research on human papillomavirus cofactors.
The document is crucial in the topic area. All the concerns on the transmission, statistics, and risk factors of the human papillomavirus will be understood. The correlation of cancer of the cervix with other viruses is a vital concern in the topic. A proper understanding of the human papillomavirus gives an insight in relating it with the Gardasil vaccine. The book is valuable because it states why females are at risk than men. Concern to the clients met in the health facilities. The article elaborates explicitly on the concerns. Knowledge gained from the source gives enough confidence of medical practitioners in handling patient fears regarding the vaccine. The article is, therefore, a highly relevant source in the project work.
Conclusion
The invention of the Gardasil to curb the incidence and prevalence of human papillomavirus among the girls is a significant progress in public health. Relevant sources back up the vaccine about its dosage, administration, and effectiveness. The vaccine gives hope towards the elimination of human papillomavirus. The annotated bibliographies are the best sources to elaborate more on Gardasil vaccine and the human papillomavirus. They give detailed reports in the subject areas thus answering the proposed questions. The insight gained is significant in improving the lives of minors and to the general public. The answered questions will indeed improve the quality of the health care services.
References
Ann M. et al (2009). Human Papillomavirus, Current Vaccines, and Cervical Cancer Prevention. JOGNN Journal, 69-77.
Carrie P. (2009). Questions remain about the human papillomavirus vaccine. Cancer scope, 699-701.
Gail J. et al (2008). Assessing Mandatory HPV Vaccination: Who Should Call the shots? Journal of law, medicine & ethics, 384-393.
Mark H. et al. (2006). The Epidemiology of Cervical Carcinogenesis. Journal of cancer, I-10.
Rebecca et al, (2004). HPV Communication: Review of Existing Research and Recommendations for Patient Education. A cancer journal for clinicians, 248-257.
Steve C. et al, (2007). Gardasil: first vaccine for human papillomavirus infection. Prescriber Journal, 1-4.