Category: Human Migration

Annotated Bibliography

Lycett S, Von Cramon-Taubadel N, 2007, Acheulean variability and hominin dispersals: a model-bound approach, Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge

In Archaeology it is a widely held opinion that bi-facial hand axe technologies evolved in Africa and dispersed to the north and west. Today, however, few formal tests of this hypothesis have been presented. Here, in this peer-reviewed publication, the authors use a combination of morphometrics, cultural transmission theory, and a dispersal model drawn from population genetics in order to challenge, and test this hypothesis.

Clark GA, 1994, Migration as an Explanatory Concept in Palaeolithic Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona Plenum Publishing Corporation.

Migration is often put forward as an explanation for patterns in paleolithic.

Archaeology, but the credibility of doing so the Authors state, depends almost exclusively upon acceptance of comparison between historical processes and the processes that have combined to create an ancient archaeological record. It is argued in this paper that paleolithic archaeology cannot be treated as an annex of history.

The authors put forward that historical processes are therefore inappropriate analogies. The credibility given to migration as an explanatory construct varies between research traditions of different nations. Why this is the case is investigated and challenged within this paper.

Franklin J, Alastair J, Potts C, Fisher M, Cowling Curtis W, 2015, Paleodistribution modeling in archaeology and paleoanthropology Quaternary Science Reviews, Available online 12 January 2015

This article focuses on Species distribution modeling (SDM). SDM has become widely used for developing quantitative, empirical, predictive models of species environmental relationships. The Authors suggest that SDM methods could be more broadly applied than they currently are. SDM works by using environmental data and range mapping computer algorithms to predict the distribution of a species across geographic space and time. They argue that this method can, and should be used alongside archaeological evidence to support human migration theories.

Mccoll, Hugh, Racimo, Fernando, Vinner, Lasse, Demeter, Fabrice, Moreno Mayar, J, Seguin-Orlando, Andaine, Wasef, Sally, Prohaska, Ana, Margarayan, Ashot, De Barros Damgaard, Peter, Shoocongdej, Rasmi, Souksavatdy, Viengkeo, Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa, Kaewsutthi, Supannee, Lertrit, Patcharee, Hsiao-Chun, Hung, Tran, Thi, Shahidan, Shaiful, Wiradnyana, Ketut, Bacon, Anne-Marie, Duringer, Philippe, Ponche, Jean-Luc, Shackelford, Laura, Patole-Edoumba, Elise, Bellina-Pryce, Berenice, Kinaston, Rebecca, Buckley, Hallie, Pottier, Christophe, Rasmussen, Simon, Higham, Tom, Foley, Robert, Lahr, Marta, Orlando, Ludovic, Sikora, Martin, Higham, Charles, Lambert, David, and Willerslev, Eske. ‘Ancient Genomics Reveals Four Prehistoric Migration Waves into Southeast Asia.’ BioRxiv (2018): BioRxiv, Mar 8, 2018. Web.

The Author begins by explaining that two distinct population models have been put forward to explain present-day human diversity in South east Asia. The first model proposes long-term continuity (Regional Continuity model) while the other suggests two waves of dispersal (Two Layer model).

In this publication the vast number of academic contributors use whole-genome capture together with shotgun sequencing to generate 25 ancient human genome sequences. Their results indicate that Hoabinhian hunter-gatherer in Laos and Malaysia have genetic affinities with the Onge hunter-gatherers from the Andaman Islands, while South-East Asian Neolithic farmers have a distinct East Asian genomic ancestry related to present-day Austroasiatic- speaking populations. They also suggest two other migratory events into Island South-East Asia have occurred.

Salzano, F.M. The Prehistoric Colonization of the Americas: Evidence and Models. Evo Edu Outreach 4, 199–204 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-011-0330-9

The abouve is a review of studies which considered the prehistoric colonization of the Americas. This study included simulation models based on linguistic and genetic data as well as archaeological and paleoanthropological information, to produce genetic and genomic empirical results. In this report the Authors once again question the one-wave-only pattern of migration. They suggest that more investigation is required in to the possibility of circumarctic gene flow in both directions between Asian and North American populations.

Muttoni, Giovanni, Giancarlo Scardia, and Dennis V Kent. ‘Human Migration into Europe during the Late Early Pleistocene Climate Transition.’ Paleogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 296.1 (2010): 79-93. Web.

In this paper the Authors produce a critical assessment of the available magnetostratigraphic and radiometric age constraints on key sites bearing hominin remains and lithic industries from southern Europe. They propose that the main window of early hominin presence in southern Europe broadly coincides with the late Early Pleistocene global climate transition (the first prominent cold stage of the Pleistocene). The Authors go on to theorise that more sever climatic conditions in North Africa and Eastern Europe triggered migration pulses of large herbivores including elephants into southern European, and that as a result hominins migrated with them.

Fu, Qiaomei, Heng Li, Priya Moorjani, Flora Jay, Sergey M Slepchenko, Aleksei A Bondarev, Philip L F Johnson, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Kay Prüfer, Cesare De Filippo, Matthias Meyer, Nicolas Zwyns, Domingo C Salazar-García, Yaroslav V Kuzmin, Susan G Keates, Pavel A Kosintsev, Dmitry I Razhev, Michael P Richards, Nikolai V Peristov, Michael Lachmann, Katerina Douka, Thomas F G Higham, Montgomery Slatkin, Jean-Jacques Hublin, David Reich, Janet Kelso, T Bence Viola, and Svante Pääbo. ‘Genome Sequence of a 45,000-year-old Modern Human from Western Siberia.’ Nature 514.7523 (2014): 445-49. Web.

This report compares the high-quality genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human male from Siberia. The report indicates that Neanderthal gene flow into the ancestors of this individual occurred 7,000–13,000 years before he lived. This study challenges the common model for the modern human colonization of Asia. The common model assumes that there was an early coastal migration which gave rise to the present-day people of Oceania, while a later more northern migration gave rise to Europeans and mainland Asians.

The authors conclude that the fact that this 45,000-year-old individual from Siberia is not more closely related to the Onge from the Andaman and suggests that this individual belonged to at least one other migratory group that colonized Asia before 45,000 years ago.

Mayank N Vahia, Uma Ladiwala, Pavan Mahathe, and Deepak Mathur. ‘Population Dynamics of Early Human Migration in Britain.’ PLoS ONE 11.5 (2016): E0154641. Web.

Early human migration in to Britain was largely determined by climatic changes and human needs. These are both both important factors when hunter gatherer populations moved into unoccupied areas where conflicts and large group dynamics were not present. The Authors investigate the early period of human migration into the British Isles, which they believe provides a laboratory which, because of its relative geographical isolation, may allow some insights into the complex dynamics of early human migration and interaction. The simulation is based on human affinity to habitable land, as defined by availability of water sources, altitude, and flatness of land, in choosing the path of migration.

Houldcroft, Charlotte J, Jean-Baptiste Ramond, Riaan F Rifkin, and Simon J Underdown. ‘Migrating Microbes: What Pathogens Can Tell Us about Population Movements and Human Evolution.’ Annals of Human Biology: Human Biology of Migration 44.5 (2017): 397-407. Web.

This publication suggests the biology of human migration can be observed from the co-evolutionary relationship with infectious diseases . The authors state that while many pathogens are only present in human bodies for a short time, others have the ability to become life-long human passengers thus a pathogen’s genetic code may, therefore, provide insight into the history of its human host. The report discuses evolution and distribution of disease in Africa as being particularly important, due to the deep history of human evolution.

Dillehay, Tom D. ‘Climate and Human Migrations.’ Science 298.5594 (2002): 764-65. Web.

Most reconstructions of early human ecosystems are based on the excavation and interpretation of individual archaeological sites .Paleoecological studies of long-term climatic change are also often limited in scope the article suggests. Integrative studies of multiple sites, multiple records, and larger areas over long time periods they believe can enhance the interpretation by using such an all-inclusive approach. In the article published in “science” vol 298 they closely integrate paleoecological and archaeological data to study the long term interaction between hunter-gatherers and climatic change over the last 15,000 years in the Atacama desert of northern Chile.

Anne H. Osborne, Derek Vance, Eelco J. Rohling, Nick Barton, Mike Rogerson, and Nuri Fello. ‘A Humid Corridor across the Sahara for the Migration of Early Modern Humans out of Africa 120,000 Years Ago.’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.43 (2008): 16444-16447. Web.

This Article published in “Science” states while It is widely accepted that modern humans originated in sub-Saharan Africa 150–200 thousand years ago, their route of dispersal across the currently hyperarid Sahara remains controversial. The article hypothesises that the first modern humans north of the Sahara are found in the Levant 120–90 thousand years ago due to a humid episode in the Sahara.

The Authors state that the dispersal route of the Nile may be ruled out by variations in archaeological finds in the Nile Valley and the Levant. The article looks in to present geochemical data that demonstrates water in fossil systems from the south during wet episodes. The Authors believe this proves the existence of an uninterrupted freshwater corridor across a currently hyperarid region of the Sahara, at a key time for early modern human migrations to the north and out of Africa.

Axel Timmermann, and Tobias Friedrich. ‘Late Pleistocene Climate Drivers of Early Human Migration.’ Nature 538.7623 (2016): 92-95. Web.

This article starts by stating the basis of fossil and archaeological data that the exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa and into Eurasia between 50–120 thousand years ago occurred in several migration episodes (1–4). The article discusses the challenges of analysing migration patterns due to varying climatic change and sea levels that span many different lengths on time. This article presents their results using a numerical human dispersal model, which gives estimates of climate and sea level changes over the past 125 thousand years.

The model simulates the overall dispersal of H. sapiens while including archaeological and fossil data. Their findings suggest that orbital-scale global climate swings played a key role in shaping Late Pleistocene global population distributions, whereas millennial-scale abrupt climate changes, associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger events, had a more limited regional effect.

Note: All sources listed in this bibliography are peer reviewed.

The overall development of a country depends on the maximum utilization of her people, resource, and technology & this world is a “globalized industrial world”. In present time production is mainly depends on the industry which refers to the production of goods, especially when that production is accomplished with machines & these machines drive by the human resources. Industrialization is the transition to an economy based on the large scale, machine-assisted production of goods by a concentrated, usually urban, the population of workers manufacturing, which literally means “making by hand”, has come to describe mechanical production in factions, mills & other industrial plants. Need to large number of people for industrialization. That is why millions of people moved during the industrial revolution. Migration is mainly two types such as domestic migration & internal migration. We discuss domestic migrated people for industrialization & effects on society like positive or negative in various ways. Such as economic effect, cultural effect, health effect, housing problem, increased density of population in an industrial area, environmental effect, decrease the production of agriculture, increase urban area etc. At the same time, migrated people create many challenges in society.

Background of the Study

Migration (Human Migration) denotes any movement by a human being from one locality to another after over long distance or in large groups. Migration (Human Migration) initiated for whatever reason, has affected the grand epochs in history, changing forever the demographic landscape of lands throughout the world, bringing, on some occasions innovation & mutual benefits, and on others destructions & suffering. Migration (Human Migration) has taken place at all times & in the greatest variety of circumstances. They have involved tribal, national, class and industrial levels. Causes have been climatic, political, economic, religious or simply for the love of adventure. Its causes & result are fundamental for the study of the ethnology of political & social history & of political economy. Historical Migration (Human Migration) of human populations began with the movement of “Homo erectus” out of Africa across Eurasia about millions of years ago. Home sapiens appears to have colonized all of Africa about 150 millennia ago, moved out of Africa some 80 millennia ago and speed across Eurasia and to Australia before 40 millennia ago. Migration to the Americas took place about 20 to 15 millennia ago, and by two millennia ago, most of the pacific islands were colonized. Later population movements notably include the Neolithic revolution. The Indo-European expansion & early medieval great migration including Turkic expansion. The Indo-European migration had variously been dated to the end of the Neolithic, the early Neolithic, & the late Paleolithic. Indo-European migration from c-4000 to 1000 B.C.E. Bronze age, it is speculated that the Porto-indo-Iranians began their expansion from ca-2000 B.C.E, the Indo-Aryan migration is that they reached Assyria in the west & Punjab in the east by Ca-1500 B.C.E. Early Iron Age migration is about the period of the twelfth to ninth centuries B.C.E, but there were significance Population movements throughout Anatolia & the Iranian plateau. Industrialization era, while the peace of migration had accelerated since the eighteenth century (including the involuntary slave trade), it would increase further in the nineteenth century. Manning distinguished three types of migration like Labor migration, refugee migration & lastly urbanization. Millions of agricultural workers left the countryside & moved to the cities causing unprecedented levels of urbanization. These Phenomena began in British in the late Eighteenth Century & spread around the world, continuing to this day in many areas. Industrialization encouraged Migration whenever it spread, it spread period of 1820. Between 1846 and 1940, mass migration occurred worldwide. The twentieth century also experienced an increase in migratory flows caused by industrialization. Industrialization plays an important role in the economic prosperity and growth of a nation. In any economy, there are mainly two fields, agriculture & industry in which it can specialize. In the olden days, it was a misconception that one must choose between agriculture & industry. Industrialized nations have high gross domestic products, their per capita income is comparably higher than agriculture-based countries. The whole outlook of a nation modernizes because of industrialization. People acquire Jobs in urban centers with decent pay scales & availability of consumer goods in cheap & easy due to local productions. The population moved for search a job in the industrial area. They try to get a job for reducing their poverty. They stay this local society in long time (year to year) & they shared his idea, culture, view, etc. in the local area. They create a different environment, and social culture, increase the density of population, increase production, and per capita income, creates various social barriers & various effect on society, etc in which is a result of migration for industrialization.

The rationale of the Study

The current era is an industrialized era. We cannot continue our life without industry & industrial production. Industrialized nations are the richest in the world like America, China. China transformed from an agricultural economy to an industrialized nation. Now they have surprised the economy of Japan & considered the second-best economy of the world after America. India is trying to spread up the process of industrializing their economy

Bangladesh going to enter in the industrialized era and human migration is mainly related to industrialization in Bangladesh. This migration is domestic migration where people moved from one place to another for searching working place or job. These migrants stay in local society in a long time & share their culture in an industrial area. As a result, many social phenomena are faced various challenges in various ways. That is why, human migration of industrialization is very important topic to study. Domestic migration means area to area or district to district migration which drives for industrialization like Bangladesh. This migrated people to play a vital role in society. So we can say that in the globalized era. This study will be open a new door for identifying the effects of migration on society as a result of industrialization.

The objective of the Study

The early years of industrialization witnessed the replacement of small-scale craft productions with large-scale factories. However, industries that depend on labor or worker who come from other districts & various product lines, such as most of the fashionable clothes produce by hand. The introduction of mass production techniques & robotic assembly has result from the industrial growth of component industries.

General Objective

The general objectives of the study are to identify the effects on society for industrial migration.

Specific Objectives

This study has been fulfilled the following specific objectives-

• To know the economic and social conditions of migrated people.
• To know the cultural condition of the industrial area.

The hypothesis of the study

On the basis of my study below hypothesis may be tested-

•  Positive effect on economic development.
•  Increase of monogamous family & loss of family bonding.
•  To increase the housing problem & create slums.
•  Decrease of agricultural land & production.
•  Increase of life expenditure.

Paul Martin in his writing, Twilight of the mammoths, examines the different viewpoints regarding the extinction of mammals in the late quaternary. He starts with an overview of some ideas for possible reasons of near-time extinctions. For example, some he brought up were disease and even climate change. Martin’s thesis within the reading is that as humans journeyed around the world, they wiped out many of the mammals present therefore humans were the main cause of near-time extinctions through their actions.

Continuing, Martin then looks at the advancement of science. Martin explains that the methods of we had previously were useless for our purposes of measurement– before the breakthrough of radiocarbon dating, we had that of the research methods of stratigraphy & paleontology. The importance of radiocarbon dating is that we can look at precise extinction periods and from those periods we can see if there was any human migration throughout those areas and thus make connections. Martin especially was interested in this as if he can understand the timing of human arrival, then he can connect those with the arrivals of near-time mammals and use the timings of extinctions for comparison. With the advancement of science came radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon dating made it possible to know approximately when a species went extinct (within a century). It also helps us understand the rate of the extinction—did it occur at one quick flash like when a meteor hits the location or if it was slow and the extinction occurred slowly like something with slow human hunting of an animal over hundreds of years. Martin provides an example of the achievement of radiocarbon dating. His example looks at woolly mammoths on Wrangel Island. Throughout this example, Martin explains how the mammoths on this island had lived longer then any of its range. With the precise timing of extinctions, martin brings up the application of pattern tracing. With pinpoint dates we can draw lines between locations. Martin states the, sweeping of large mammals, “began gradually and inconspicuously in Africa over 2 million years ago, intensified in Europe beginning with the extinction of the Neanderthals in 50000 years ago, hit hard in Australia 40000 to 50000 years ago and exploded in the Americas around 13000 years ago” (pg.50 Martin). This is important as martin believes that there could be no other explanation for this other then the spreading of humans. Martin believes that climate change could not explain the patterns of extinction and points the extinctions at human spreading.

Continuing on, Martin then switched his view and started to look at climate change. Did climate change cause the extinction of mammals? Martin looks at this question by looking at a point made by O.P Hay a Paleontologist. This individual had said that, in short, if there was climate changes occurring with ice advancing and retreating, where are all the extinction trials. Where are the mammals being hit by the climates forces? These questions brought up by Hay were also questions Martin was seeking as his view on the subject opposes this and if there were answers then they would challenge his point of view.

Continuing on, Martin point out that these “early” faunas were misdated. The dates were actually earlier then what we had in mind. What this then implies by the misdating is that supposable extinctions were towards the start of the quaternary and as time went on it began to pile on top of itself until it made it to near time. Martin at this point has been strong on his thesis of humans being the main cause of extinctions and brings up the point that with misdating of the faunas, it points out the possibility that the entirety of climate change is potential, “bankrupt”. This then adds to Martins point of view as if climatic change would be seen as bankrupt and not a factor then Martin, inexplicitly had just made a point that as the chance of climate change is dismissed then the chance of human activities causing extinctions increases.

Moving on, Martin overall had made out his claims and arguments and he even gave some opposing thoughts like that of climate change. We will now look the last portion of the chapter which includes why Martin believes understanding the extinctions of near time mammals has importance to our species as of current day. To begin, Martin believes it is important to understand what happened to large mammals thousands of years ago because not understanding and not caring about it will make us intolerant and make us underestimate the speed of extinctions with our presence on the planet and our actions to the animals around us. It can also slow down/ stop our actions to preventing potential extinctions of animals in our time and could even change our view of what the state of nature were aiming for should be. Along with why we should understand the reason of extinctions that have occurred thousands of years ago, Martin also believes that humans might have been more aware and conscious of environmental concerns f we had typically large mammals around that look like us humans.For example, Martin brings up large mammals that looked like us vs. a snail and how we would support the large mammals as it looks like us and the snail would be less liked as one of the features of it is it is small and gives the feeling of being insignificant because we cant relate.

Finally, now that we understand Martins view on the topic of near time extinctions and have a general idea of what the article he wrote was about, I will now point out some criticisms I have. To begin, one of the criticisms I have for Martin is there is no direct evidence for human hunting dating as far back as 50000 years ago. We have evidence of weapons use and artistic representations of hunting but for older times we just haven’t found any of the such. Therefore, Martin pointing out extinctions occurring due to human hunting before 50000 years ago is something that shouldn’t be even referenced as a supporting argument. For example, Martin for one of his arguments uses the idea of the sweep of extinctions of large mammals began gradually and “inconspicuously” in Africa over 2 million years ago and moved out from there in a pattern like way. He then states how there is a pattern of human migration around the world and the extinctions of mammals. Martin in this argument is implying that human hunting was the cause of extinctions as animals and human migrated but some of the timelines occurs before the 50000-year mark where no evidence of human hunting is present.

My second criticism of Martins writing is that in many cases he seems to go off the idea of correlation and relates it to being causation. For example, we will use the same example as our first criticism of human migration and the correlation Martin makes here how near time extinctions correlate quite closely with the spread of humanity. This case is precisely correlation. The movement of humans did not cause the extinction of animals—one did not cause the other. I am saying this as Martin then goes on to say, that he believes the main cause of near time extinctions were from that of the movement of humans along with mammals and their extinctions that had came along. Martin had only used one piece of information to back up this claim he just made of the migration of humans from Africa 2 million years ago and how as they migrated, extinctions seemed to correlate. This also directly relates to the first criticism and how Martin believes that as humans migrated with mammals, they automatically hunted them. Again, we have no proof of hunting before 50000 years ago so jumping from correlation of mammal extinction to humans migrating with them and somehow hunting bring them to extinction is absurd.

In conclusion, Martin is firm on his stand that humans are the main cause of near-time mammal extinctions. Furthermore, Martin believes the patterns of mammal extinction relate to that of human spreading, and he believes that climate change is just not a good reason for mammal extinctions and there is no real proof to back it up or climate change is just “bankrupt”. Criticisms I had for Martin in my option were his correlation jump to causations for no real reason and his idea that human hunting was the cause of extinctions before 50000 years ago regardless of the fact that we have no direct evidence for human hunting dating as far back as 50000 years ago.

Citing(s):

1. Martin, P. S. (2005). Twilight of the Mammoths: Ice age extinctions and the rewilding of America. Berkeley: University of California Press.

I am writing to you as a student regarding an immigration policy known as the Illegal Immigration Reform and Responsibility Act of 1996. This legislation strengthened laws concerning immigration in the United States and imposed criminal penalties for undocumented immigrants who commit crimes while staying in the United States. However, this bill laid the foundation for the numerous deportations that currently are a threat to millions of immigrants and allowed the government to detain many immigrants in detention centers before deportation. While I do agree that some people should be held accountable for their actions, immigrants who pose no threat from minimal crimes should not have to suffer severe consequences. I am writing to urge you to reform the current immigration system that is currently suppressing the lives of many immigrants and to create a policy that is to their advantage.

Not only does the Illegal Immigrant Reform and Responsibility Act of 1996 minimize the livelihoods of undocumented immigrants but it also makes it more difficult for them to acquire citizenship seeing as though the legislation allows the United States to grant as many as 3,000 people each year their citizenship, which is not in favor to the millions of undocumented immigrants. With a reformed immigration system, many people will not have to worry about losing their jobs, such as careers in the STEM field. When the H-1B visas are temporarily cut, companies benefiting foreign-born workers are unable to fill the needs of their companies and their productivity is unable to grow seeing as there is a shortage of native-born professionals interested in STEM. Additionally, studies have shown that H-1B and H-2B recipients are essential to creating new jobs for native-born residents when given employment and do not “steal” jobs. Furthermore, as we continue to be in a pandemic, the immigration detainees in detention centers have a likelihood of catching the virus, which many health authorities have stated, and infecting the people around them if precautions are not met and enabled. However, there are cons to having open borders that can be detrimental to the United States health care system, such as hospitals being overwhelmed if immigrants with the virus spread to other people. The current health care system already has many faults to it so adding the stress of providing care to both immigrants and citizens can be exhausting to medical professionals. Even so, one should consider that immigrants are humans and should be treated with adequate care and compassion. A reformed immigration system should be set in place by our legislature in a way that benefits immigrants and does not compromise the lives of our citizens.

I urge you to become a more involved representative regarding immigration policies and create legislation that is beneficial to immigrants. In doing so, you will demonstrate the commitment to the lives and well-being of the millions of immigrants living in Texas. Please let me know if you or your staff would like any additional information regarding how a reformed immigration policy can be beneficial to the immigrants in Texas. Thank you for taking the time to read my letter and I look forward to hearing from you soon.

The Glaring Problems Within the U.S. Immigration System Since the 1960s, the United States has received more immigrants than any other country. In terms of scope, America’s immigration policy is unparalleled in effect. America’s immigration system must be reformed because of its lack of respect for human rights, because it targets nonviolent immigrants in the name of safety, and because of the massive systemic issues within the immigration courts. The immigration system desperately needs to improve its policy and detention centers near the border.

At every turn, these centers are purposely designed to mistreat demean, and deprive immigrants of their human rights. When arrested near the border, undocumented immigrants are sent to “healers.” This translates to “the ice boxes.” The name comes from the cells that are kept at freezing cold temperatures despite the high temperatures of Texas and Arizona, where the majority of immigrants are kept detained. The thermostat is purposefully used as a weapon to make immigrants as uncomfortable as possible. Furthermore, at these facilities men, women, children, and even infants are forced to sleep on the floor. Border Patrol kept empty cells filled with sleeping mats while detainees slept on the floor in other cells (National Immigration Law Center, “Unconstitutional Conditions in Border Patrol Facilities”). Additionally, detainees were refused toothpaste, soap, diapers, and menstrual hygiene products (Human Rights Watch, “In The Freezer”). Everyone deserves to be treated with common decency, especially parents that are simply trying to provide a better life for their children.

A common argument against immigration reform is that the immigration system works to keep us safe. However, in recent months, the Trump administration has made it a point to target immigrants with no history of criminal activity. This is evident from the rise of administrative arrests. These arrests of immigrants are for civil violations, which can be anything as simple as jaywalking or a previous immigration offense. ICE administrative arrests of immigrants without criminal convictions have spiked by over 200 percent in the first full 14 months of the Trump presidency. When compared to the final 14 months of the Obama administration, arrests grew from 19,128 to 58,010. The reason for this is because of newly enforced ICE tactics. According to a class-action lawsuit by immigration rights advocates in Chicago, ICE has arrested people who were driving or walking down the street and used large-scale ‘sweeps’ without the use of criminal warrants. This strategy is weakening the system by lowering the overall effectiveness of catching actual criminals. When comparing the 7-month period between February 1st, 2017 to August 31st, 2017, and the 7-month period between September 1st, 2017, and Match 31st, 2018, ICE arrested 16 percent more non-criminals and arrested nine percent fewer criminals.

Mark Fleming, associate director of litigation at the National Immigrant Justice Center and one of the attorneys filing suit against ICE in Chicago, stated that the difference between this current administration and the last is that ‘they are literally doing roving stops, whether by car or on foot, stopping people without any sort of articulable fact. It sends a message to the Hispanic community that we intend to racially profile you in your communities.’ This, understandably, creates a bad relationship between the Hispanic community and members of authorities such as ICE agents and police chiefs. This makes Hispanic and especially immigrant communities afraid of talking to police and less likely to report crimes or cooperate with local investigations. Therefore, the immigration system is simultaneously decreasing its own effectiveness against criminals and decreasing the rate at which other immigrants are willing to cooperate with local, state, and federal officers. The immigration courts themselves present further issues. The courts are backlogged, they are in need of lawyers, and in need of judges.

Over the past decade, Congress has increased the funding for immigration at an exponential rate, while it has not provided the immigration courts with the proper funding to handle the hundreds of additional removal cases. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and ICE combined spending per year increased 105 percent from 2003 to 2015. The yearly budget grew from $9.1 billion to approximately $18.7 billion. To contrast, immigration court spending increased at a rate of 74 percent over the same time period. This is despite the fact that the court budget is a fiftieth of the enforcement budget. This relatively low budget is not enough to sustain an efficient court system. The low budget results in fewer staff and judges. Between 2011 and 2016, the number of federal judges decreased by almost 14 percent. In 2014, an immigration judge handled 1,400 “matters” per year while federal judges had 570 cases per year in 2011. As a result, fewer judges and more cases have led to a growth in the immigration court system backlog. In 2014, courts received 23 percent more matters than they completed and as more cases are filed than can be completed, the amount of cases awaiting trial accumulates. The backlog is not only a testament to the immigration system’s lack of efficiency but it also negatively affects legal immigrants. U.S. citizens who legally petition for siblings to receive immigrant visas and legally migrate are met by the backlog.

Do you know how Immigration affected the lives of Immigrants and American People in the 1900s? All American excluding Native Americans are able to claim to of immigrated or have family that immigrated to America. Immigration to the United States was nothing new in America, but United States immigration reached its peak from 1880-1920.

The years 1880-1920 were the so-called ‘Old Immigration’ brought thousands of European (Irish, German) people to the Americans. These groups of people would continue to come, bringing even more ethnic diversity (new languages, religions) mainly from Eastern and Southern Europe. Most of the groups of Immigrants that came from America seemed different, but they had many things alike. Most of these groups had some knowledge of representative democracy, except the Irish who were protestant. Some had a small amount of wealth and were literate. These people can to America in boatloads in a time called the Gilded Age, this happened mainly in 1870-1900 because of economic growth. Most of these groups majority were Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox, with the increase in Jews in Europe many Jews were seeking freedom. Not many newcomers spoke any English and could not read or write in the Native tongues and without coming from a democratic government, the American government was as foreign to them as its culture. Most new cities became places for many of the poor and so places like Chinatown, Greek town, etc. were founded. Even with the harsh living and factories, many people agreed that the wages and food they could earn surpassed their old life.

The Central Government wanted to take control of immigration. So Ellis Island was built. The purpose of Ellis Island was to make sure that immigrants didn’t have diseases and were able to support themselves once they arrived in the country. Ellis Island opened in 1892. It’s located on the New Jersey side of Upper New York Bay. It was built on 3.3-acre mud blank, the island was named after the Island’s former owner Samuel Ellis, and in 1808 the heirs of Samuel Ellis sold the Island to the state of New York, later that year the Federal Government bought the Island for $10,000. The first immigrant to be processed at Ellis Island was Annie Moore, who at the time came with her two younger brothers to find their parents who were already inside America. The island processed over 12 million people over the years 1892-1924, and another 2.3 million from 1924-1954. In 1897 the first Ellis Island Immigration building was destroyed in a fire including immigration files dating back to 1855. On January 1, 1902, the second building was finished and is one of the first fireproof buildings. As the Island grow more buildings were built and the island expanded from 3.3 acres to 27.5 acres. What most newcomers feared the most was the processing this is because all newcomers had to take and pass and medical exam and had to be interviewed to see if they could support themselves, after 1917 they also had to prove that they had money and could read.

When we look at Canada today, we see a tolerant, welcoming, and multicultural nation. Despite how our country is perceived today, it was the exact opposite not even a century ago. From the early 1900s until about the 1930s, many Canadians wanted to limit immigration, and some even wanted to cut it out altogether. However, Canada was not the only xenophobic country at that time, most of the world was, but Canada is known for some extreme examples of it. Nativism in Canada between 1900-1930 was extremely strong due to the fear Canadians had for immigrants, especially from Europe, China, and Japan.

In the early 1900s, especially during World War One, Canadians strongly feared people from Europe. Canadians considered people from countries that Canada was at war with as “enemy aliens”, although a large majority of these people were innocent civilians fleeing war and persecution. Ukrainian people especially had it rough. Many Ukrainians were interned and disenfranchised because Canadians felt that they were still loyal to their countries of origin. This was not the case however as these Ukrainians were just trying to find a safe place to live. In 1914, the Canadian government took things to another level. The “War Measures Act of 1914” was passed in response to the war and gave the government power to do pretty much anything they wished. The new law allowed authorities to arrest anyone based on suspicion that they were an enemy alien. Thousands of civilians, mostly Ukrainians were interned, stripped of all their wealth, and forced to work. This law applied not only to Ukraine but to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Russia, and Germany. These immigrants were forced to carry identification with them at all times and were not allowed to leave the country or possess any weapons. The reasoning the government gave for this new law is that they were trying to protect citizens from enemy aliens but it is obvious that it was a blatant abuse of power. Immigrants from Russia were also met with hostility. Due to the first red scare, many Canadians came to fear communism, and since Russia was the largest communist nation at the time, Canadians associated Communism with Russia. Canadians feared that the Russians will “bring with them dangerous ideologies in addition to their foreign languages and strange lifestyles”. Although the war was coming to an end and Russia itself was greatly damaged, Canadians still very much feared the Russians. The government still did not want any immigration from Russia as they feared communism. Although the government was trying to protect itself from the rise of communism, it is arguable that they were being just as authoritarian as communists by not allowing people from countries that have different views from theirs, even though most of the civilian population knew very little about communism and were just trying to escape the atrocities that were taking place back home. One other group that was treated very poorly by Canadians was the Germans. Since Germany is seen as one of the main aggressors of World War One, it had a very bad international reputation. Germans were “ranked high on the list of undesirable newcomers” because many Canadians thought these German civilians were an extension of the German empire. German immigrants were treated horribly by Canadians and the government. Their civil liberties were trampled, and they were stripped of many of their rights. They were also subject to curfews and those that did not follow orders were accused of being spies.

Furthermore, Nativist attitudes in the early 1900s were also attributed to Canadian fears of the Chinese. In 1895, The government levied a head tax on all Chinese entering the country. This means that every time a Chinese person was entering Canada, they had to pay $50 to be let in. This was a lot of money in that time period and was mainly introduced to deter Chinese immigration and to make sure that the ones that do get in, are not poor and impoverished. Chinese people were also subjected to racism and stereotyping. “One persistent belief was that he was unclean”, this is one example of the many stereotypes that Chinese immigrants faced here in Canada. Since many Chinese immigrants were poor and impoverished, many of them shared beds with 3-4 other people. This led the public to believe that this was a threat to the public’s health. Chinese immigrants were also, without any evidence, accused of carrying diseases. Canadians “linked Chinese immigrants with the possibility of epidemics” but did not take into account the role they themselves might have played in the spread of diseases. Another reason why the Chinese were discriminated against was the rise of prostitution. The rise of prostitution was blamed on the Chinese because the public thought that they were very lustful. This led Canadians to fear Chinese immigrants, especially males because they were thought to have been targeting white women. In response to this hysteria, a new law was established that banned Chinese business owners from “employing white women. This law is just one example of the nativist feelings Canadians had towards the Chinese and every other immigrant group. White Canadians were also obsessed with the idea of white preservation. They felt that the Chinese were ruining Canada and were the root of all the problems that were occurring at that time. They were afraid of all the different immigrants that were coming in and wanted Canada to go back to being a white-only nation. The success of Chinese students was also the cause of nativist feelings in Canadians. A survey done in that time period revealed that “The Chinese were greatly superior to the average white population”. Canadians greatly feared and could not accept that a foreign group was considered to be smarter and more intelligent than them. All of the racism, stereotyping, and nativism led to the government introducing “The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1923”, which effectively banned Chinese immigration into Canada for the next 25 years. For a supposed “democratic” country, banning someone from entering your country based on their ethnicity could be considered the opposite of democracy. This law is one of the most infamous laws in Canadian history. It caused great pain for the Chinese for decades to come. Completely banning immigration from a specific country which has contributed greatly to this country’s culture, just goes to show how strong nativism really was in the 20th century.

Moreover, Japanese immigrants were also the cause of the nativist attitudes in the 1900s. This fear of the Japanese started in 1907 when over “2,300 Japanese arrived in the province [of British Columbia]”. Canadians were petrified at the rates of Japanese people coming to Canada, and how they all seemed to be immigrating to only one province, British Columbia. Canadians were angry and were questioning why there was such a sharp increase in Japanese immigration. It was revealed that “more than a third of the year’s arrivals came by way of Hawaii, and therefore were beyond the control of the Japanese government”. Many immigration agencies were also reported to have contracts with Canadian corporations which supplied them with cheap Japanese labor. Japan at that time was a relatively poor country and Japanese people were in need of work, hence the reason for the massive increase in immigration. Politicians also voiced their disapproval of the large influx of Japanese immigrants. R. G. Macpherson, a Liberal MP, claimed that “in a very short time our Province will be Asiatic”. This shows that not only was the public fearful of Japanese immigration, but government officials were also very worried. Canadians began to view the Japanese as the most serious oriental threat in Canada, even more so than the Chinese. Many Canadians also had an inferiority complex with the Japanese

Mr. Roy Germano toured the 2009 depressed areas of Mexico to complete his doctoral thesis. What he found led him to record it on video; it was just him and his camera. He said ‘My goal was to give people from poor communities in rural Mexico an opportunity to tell their stories, talk about why they emigrate, and suggest solutions to the biggest political and economic problems that stimulate and perpetuate mass emigration’.

According to the latest study by Pew Research, 860,000 Mexicans left their country to enter the US from 2009 to 2014, less than a third of the volume registered 15 years ago when the ceiling of three million was reached. This does not eliminate the problem that thousands of Mexicans face every year as they must leave their homes to seek a better life in the neighboring country risking their lives. Life in the US is not simple, especially if you have arrived without papers. When someone arrives, they find that the American dream is unattainable and that it often becomes a nightmare.

This documentary continues to be screened at universities in the United States, maintaining its validity due to the current situation. The harsh words of President Donald Trump in Laredo, on the border with Mexico, with whom he urged to build a wall on the border, and the accusations of the ex-senator for Pennsylvania, Rick Santorum, towards the Mexican government, keep alive the flame of debate migratory.

This documentary is perfectly presented the recent situation not only for Mexicans but of all Central and South America. How they must run as they are now and walk all the way to here looking for a better opportunity of life for their families which is perfectly legit and understood. I will never support anything illegal but also, we need to be more solidary with them. Some people complain that they are coming here to take our jobs they come here to take the jobs that we don’t want to do for a pay a lot less than some of us even consider doing to support their families sending money to those they leave back there when came here. Not all of them are delinquents and drug addicts, even some of them are part of the One Percent and join our Armed Forces to do the job that some called Americans don’t even consider doing defending a nation that is not theirs but open the doors for them, and that is worthy of admiration. All of us didn’t have the necessity to pack our things and go to another country (learn another language, run for our life the way they are doing now) because we are blessed to be in “the land of the free and the home of the brave” because some of us, including some of them have the guts to put the uniform and tie the boots and defend the freedom that we enjoy today leaving our families, friends, etc. even without knowing if we will be back or not and fight for it. That includes some of those brothers and sisters in arms that are from those countries that our government pretends to close the doors for them now. We must do something. We must find a way to support them. We owe this to these men and women that defended and still defending our freedom!! Somebody said a long time ago: “Freedom is not free” and I think this is a good way to pay back.

My primary purpose is to highlight the existing links in the region between ethnicity, race, and equity. The central approach pointed out in the documentary is that the poverty and marginality of Mexicans have their origin in sociocultural and economic factors of long historical history where ethno-racial discrimination plays a central role as a source of exclusion, poverty, and marginality for these populations.

To illustrate this problem is presented a global panorama of the current situation of Mexico in demographic, social, economic, and cultural terms. It describes the international development of third-generation human rights and the consolidation of economic, social, and cultural rights in emergency processes within the region. A general review is made of a set of regional instances, mechanisms, and institutions that currently operate and that can serve as a starting point for the generation of new governmental and private strategies to overcome ethnic-racial iniquities.

Based on over 700 interviews in Mexican towns where about half the population has left to work in the United States, The Other Side of Immigration asks why so many Mexicans come to the U.S. and what happens to the families and communities they leave behind. Through an approach that is both subtle and thought-provoking, filmmaker Roy Germano provides a perspective on undocumented immigration rarely witnessed by American eyes, challenging audiences to imagine more creative and effective solutions to the problem. ‘There are inevitably real people behind the strident slogans and ideological labels in today’s immigration debate”. Roy Germano’s The Other Side of Immigration does more than any other work to give people otherwise disparaged as ‘threatening’ and ‘illegal’ a human face and to reveal the devastating personal effects of U.S. immigration and economic policies on our closest neighbors.

The dream of equality has accompanied education since the beginning of the modern era, well with a permanent confusion or sliding between the equality of results (an idea more rooted in the environment of primary school and, by extension, compulsory and equal opportunities (more linked to the context of secondary and university education). In fact, most of the social utopias, even the different proposals for overcoming capitalism, are the renegade of all forms of social inequality, education, but a meritocracy based on education.

Today there is little doubt about the central and paradigmatic nature of education policy within the set of policies of the State of the Goods or, more generally, of the social policies of the State. The simple fact of that educational policy affects citizens directly at the beginning of their life, while other social policies tend to make it more advanced. This, or even at the end of it, results in its centrality, as well as makes the general belief that education is by itself an important determinant of life opportunities.

If the educational policy has adopted as a central objective the equalization of the educational opportunities, we can try to judge it, although, for the sake of brevity, be something summary and, therefore, something superficially contrasting their results around the main fractures or sources of inequality social. I understand that these are, in societies like ours, the dividing marked by citizenship, class, gender, and ethnicity.

About ten years ago we could have left out citizenship to occupy exclusive of class, gender, and ethnicity, either out of a bias of methodological nationalism (forgetting that society goes beyond the State-nation) or by a pragmatic demarcation (consider, without denying. We should limit ourselves to inter-individual inequalities, but intra-events, or simply those on which the political society of which we are part gives us some possibility to intervene). Today, however, turned the United States into a country of immigration, and with inter-territorial cohesion put in question, it is impossible to avoid the problem of citizenship.

On the other hand, it is no less true that if, instead of ten years, we traveled towards the past twenty or thirty, it is likely that our concern for equality in class relations and gender (among the majority culture), because the ethnic women were hidden behind the veil of poverty; and, with three or rather four decades our concerns would have been reduced to the inequalities of class (among males) since gender disappeared or they were naturalized in the private sphere.

It concludes with a set of proposals and specific recommendations on priority areas to be addressed by governments such as constitutional recognition, participation, political representation, access to health, education, and knowledge among others as the main reasons for regretfully leaving everything and migrating north to seek a better quality of life for themselves and the family. As a final reflection, the documentary points out that the paradigm of plurality and cultural diversity is a key day for successful regional integration and the insertion of Latin America and the Caribbean in the globalized world.

At the heart of the immigration debate lies a controversial term: “illegal immigrant.” Some believe that the word ‘illegal’ justifies the term’s use; comments from social media argue that “‘[why] is this so hard for the freaking liberals to understand… Illegal the opposite from legal… means there breaking the law to be simple and clear” (Stribley). But, is this issue really that ‘simple and clear?’ Although the use of “illegal immigrant” seems straightforward and logical, the connotations attached to this term construct the prejudicial power it carries.

Originally used by the British in the 1940s to “refer to Jews who entered or attempted to enter Palestine without official permission” (“illegal immigrant,” Oxford), this term’s use has grown almost seven-thousand percent in recent years as shown in Google NGram Viewer (Google). This increase is thought to have been facilitated by the recommendation to use “illegal immigrant” by the Associated Press Stylebook, the “decisive authority on word use at virtually all mainstream daily newspapers… television, radio and electronic news media,” in 2004 (Garcia). A formal definition through Merriam Webster defines “illegal immigrant” to be “a foreign person who is living in a country without having official permission to live there” (“illegal immigrant,” Merriam). The combination of the roots of “illegal,” in and legalize (“illegal,” OED), and the roots of “immigrate,” in and migrate (“immigrate,” OED), literally becomes “moving in, not pertaining to the law.” This term’s current meaning, which is used to describe individuals present in the U.S. without proper authorization (Navarrette), is very similar to its formal definition and what is derived from its etymology. While the denotations may seem simple, the connotations through history and politics form the weight behind this term.

While the stance on the topic varies across political party lines, the connotations of “illegal immigrant” stay relatively consistent. Right-wing groups are generally less sympathetic towards “illegal immigrants,” and gain power and support for restrictive immigration policy through the connotations of this term. Jose Antonio Vargas from Define American, an immigration coverage advocacy group, states that conservatives have “‘created this entire linguistic parallel reality that is framed by the language they use’” (Nakamura). This empowered group uses this term to demean and dehumanize “illegal immigrants” by “saying the individual, as opposed to the actions the person has taken, is unlawful” (Garcia). United States Illegal Alien Crime Report, a website dedicated to reporting the crimes of illegal immigrants, has its news categorized under terrorism, assault, murder, cop killings, drug crimes, rape, children, DUIs, and identity theft. Generally, the article headline, in all capitalized letters, begins with the subject’s identity as an “illegal” or a “previously deported” person, then goes on to describe their crime, for example, “PREVIOUSLY DEPORTED ILLEGAL ALIEN KIDNAPPED, RAPED 15-YEAR-OLD GIRL.” Each article is joined with a warped and unflattering image of the “illegal immigrant,” usually a Latino male (United). While this website is a biased source, a litany of articles in mainstream media, especially right-wing sources such as Fox News, follow this format. This way, politics, and media invoke the fact that the subject is an “illegal immigrant” committing a crime to portray that they are dangerous criminals.

Throughout American history, different groups have taken turns being “illegal immigrants.” The first group was Asian immigrants being barred from entry through the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Immigration Act of 1917 (Little). These people encountered hostility and harsh stereotypes that described them as “exotic, dangerous, and competitors for jobs and wages” (Wu). In the 1920s, this stereotype found a new target: the people crossing the U.S.-Mexican border. Until the early 20th century, unauthorized immigrants could not be prosecuted for a federal crime, though they could be deported. In 1929, Senator Coleman Livingston Bleasea, a white supremacist, proposed a law criminalizing those who did not enter through an official entry point: Section 1325. At these entry points, “‘U.S. authorities subjected Mexican immigrants… to kerosene baths and humiliating delousing procedures because they believed Mexican immigrants carried disease and filth on their bodies’” (Little). In the first ten years of the law’s passage, the government prosecuted 44,000 of these Mexican immigrants in addition to the millions that “nativists rounded up and deported in the Great Depression’s ‘repatriation drives’ out of a belief that Mexicans were a drain on the economy” (Little). The idea that “illegal immigrants” are dirty and “job-stealers” adds a connotation to this term that is still prevalent today.

Conservative exacerbation of the “border crisis” aids in the misconception that all these “illegal immigrants” are coming from Mexico and sneaking across the southern border in the middle of the night. In fact, “almost half enter the U.S. with a valid tourist or work visa and overstay their allotted time” (Garcia). Pew Research reports that in 2017, only forty-seven percent of undocumented immigrants were from Mexico, while the other percentages were from other countries (Krogstad). A study conducted by the University of Chicago reveals that criteria such as national origin help shape perceptions of illegality. The results show that “Mexicans… were significantly more suspect than immigrants from Europe or Asia—despite the fact that there are hundreds of thousands of undocumented European and Asian immigrants in the country” (Gale). Michael H. LeRoy, a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, describes a hypothetical situation similar to this study where “[in] one case, a woman named Paulina flies into the United States, overstays her visa and accrues ‘an unlawful presence.’ In another instance, a man named Jose climbs a fence in Arizona and makes an ‘improper entry.’ ‘Culturally, many people accept Paulina’s accrued unlawful presence more readily than Jose’s improper entry because of their ethnicity’” (Slowik). This racial stereotyping further contributes to the wrongful generalization of who “illegal immigrants” are.

Such connotations of “illegal immigrant” call upon the use of a separate term with less baggage. Holocaust survivor and activist Elie Wiesel states that “no human being is illegal” (Stribley). While there is yet to be agreement on a single replacement term, following Wiesel’s statement, the word “illegal” is not found in any of the current substitutes. In 2013, the Associated Press Stylebook no longer sanctioned the terms “illegal immigrant” or “illegal” in immigration reporting, furthermore, stating that “‘illegal’ should describe only an action, such as living in or immigrating to a country illegally” (Colford). In place of “illegal immigrant,” Define American suggests “[using] the term ‘undocumented Americans’ for the over 11 million people living in the U.S. without a path to legalization,” and other terms include: “newest Americans, newcomers, undocumented citizens, unauthorized immigrants, families who have moved from one place to another, and people who weren’t born in the United States” (Define American). On this organization’s website, those interested can sign petitions urging media outlets to stop using “illegal immigrants” and avoid inaccurate terminology. Instead of attempting to rewrite the negative connotations of “illegal immigrant,” groups have instead attempted to adopt a new term.

Although some continue using “illegal immigrants” to dehumanize this group, others push for the elimination and replacement of this term. This term suffers from extreme politicization: right-wing politics exploit the stereotypes and crimes of this community to gain political support, while the left tries to avoid this term altogether. The use of this term engenders images that provide power to nativist and politically conservative America through negative bias towards the target, generally Mexican-Americans. Whether the term can be successfully replaced by one that is not so heavily weighted has yet to be seen.

Thesis statement:

Migration affects children in all parts of the world, but understanding its impact is extremely limited in order to better understand how migration affects economies, families, and children in countries of origin and settlement.

The goal of this work is to show the impact of immigration on children. It is essential to collect, track and analyze data; advise policies to mitigate adverse impacts, and encourage families and children to make informed migration decisions.

Stillman, Steven, et al. “The Impact of Immigration on Child Health: Experimental Evidence from A Migration Lottery Program.” Economic Inquiry, vol. 50, no. 1, Nov. 2010, pp. 62–81., doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2009.00284. x.

Child obesity is a significant issue of public health globally and in the U.S. Migration may affect the health of children through changes in -such as changes in diets and changes in access to health care; changes in-such as less breastfeeding time and changes in children’s physical activity levels; and changes in when parents acquire more health information abroad. Despite the large amount of literature on immigrant children’s health, this identification challenge Child health is of intrinsic interest, both as a current measure of well-being and a source of future human capital.

I will use this article’s context and survey data to highlight how migration might affect a child’s health and intrinsic interest as a current measure of well-being and a source of future human capital to prove my point.

Dettlaff, Alan J., and Rowena Fong. Immigrant and Refugee Children and Families: Culturally Responsive Practice. Columbia University Press, 2016. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/valencia-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4563434.

This journal summarizes the unique circumstances of Asian / Pacific Islanders, Latino, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern immigrant and refugee populations and the challenges faced by social service systems, including child welfare, juvenile justice, education, health, and mental health care, which attempt to serve them. ‘ The book addresses the policy landscape affecting immigrant and refugee children in the United States, and a final section examines current and future approaches to advocacy’–.

I will use this article to inform the public of the unique circumstances of immigrants and refugees from Asia / Pacific, African, South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East and the complexities of social service systems, including child welfare, juvenile justice, education, mental health, and health care, that attempt to serve them.

T. García Coll Cynthia. The Impact of Immigration on Children’s Development. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers, 2012. https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Impact_of_Immigration_on_Children_s.html?id=naVe-FBZBS8C.

Considering the question of what it means to be an immigrant, this paper draws together research and experimental studies to examine the impact of immigration on the development of children in a global context. The study is applicable to anyone interested in the migration and immigration system and how it influences child development. Both students and scholars as well as real-world practitioners and policymakers in education, psychology, sociology, anthropology, ethnic and cultural studies, Immigration researchers, policy researchers, and public policy researchers should consider this book as a reliable source of information about the current situation and how the next century evolves in relation to immigrant presence.

I will use this report to discuss the international implications of migration and the regional impact of immigration on child development.

“Democratic House members hold forum on the impact of Trump immigration policies on children and families” States News Service, 29 Mar. 2017, Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A487731635/AONE? u=lincclin_vcc&sid=AONE&xid=47576cbe

On March 29 2017 Congresswomen Lucille Roybal-Allard and Pramila Jayapal, the Co-Chairs of the Women’s Working Group on Immigration Reform, The immigration forum was held in the U.S. Capitol and addressed the impact on children and communities of Trump immigration policies. The forum placed particular focus on the harm of separating children from their parents, whether those separations occur at the U.S. border or within the United States itself.

I will use this article to talk about President Trump Administration’s immigration policies and actions, on separating children from their immigrant parents.