Category: Human behavior

The malpractice and distrust of physicians, Doctors, and clinical researchers has caused for uneasiness on both sides of the argument on medicine and clinical research. The topic of malpractice is not limited to practicing medicine, of course. Many researchers conduct experiments in order to attain the wealth of knowledge; however, this different path may not always dissuade them from any type of malpractice. There have been many studies that have been subject to different types of malpractice and unethical research on humans. Such studies have included the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, the Little Albert Experiment, and the Stanford Prison Experiment. The full ramifications of these experiments were not fully disclosed to the participants, along with the lack of unbiased consent being given; therefore, many of these participants were either injured, killed, or abused both physically and mentally during the experiments. Clinical research of high magnitude that involves human test subjects should be overseen by a type of health and wellness agency throughout the entire experiment, regardless of an increase in tax rate, to ensure their physical and emotional safety, along with making sure that they are aware of the risks that come with experimentation.

Medical malpractice is defined as any act or omission by a medical professional that deviates from the accepted medical standard of care, where the act of negligence is usually the main cause of malpractice.[footnoteRef:0] Over the past 30 years, medical malpractice has become one of the most difficult healthcare issues in the United States since medical malpractice premiums total more than $5 billion each year.[footnoteRef:1] For cases to be considered as medical malpractice, these three characteristics must be examined: violations of standard care, injuries caused by negligence, and injuries that resulted in significant damages.[footnoteRef:2] A violation of standard care can stem from a patient having the belief that their personal health care professional did not deliver care that was consistent with the certain medical standards that are upheld by the law.[footnoteRef:3] A patient’s claim for negligence from a healthcare professional is not enough for the majority of medical malpractice lawsuits to be filed; therefore, the patient must be able to provide evidence of injury that was caused from the negligence of the professional in order to have a favorable chance of success.[footnoteRef:4] The negative aspect of a patient wanting to file a medical malpractice lawsuit against their health care provider are the significant amount of damages that accrue. Medical malpractice lawsuits are commonly known to be very expensive, and in most cases, the costs of filing and going through the case will eventually become more costly than the total amount of the recovery itself.[footnoteRef:5] This is why the patient must provide enough evidence of how their injury resulted in significant damages that outweigh the cost of the case (disability, loss of income, medical bills, etc).[footnoteRef:6] Medical malpractice was prominent in the era where researchers abused their participants in the experiments by exploiting them to dangers that satisfy the characteristics, since it was done onto underserved populations who did not know that they were going to be abused during experimentation. [0: ] [1: ] [2: ] [3: ] [4: ] [5: ] [6: ]

Although having to report the entirety of the experiment to a health and wellness agency, such as a revised form of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) would enforce research requiring human test subjects to be ethical, additional funding would need to be provided in order to have these types of agencies in place. Therefore, this would ultimately cause for an increase in tax rate for U.S citizens, thus contradicting these health and wellness agencies overseeing research experiments. Having health and wellness agencies in order to ensure that researchers are staying within ethical standards does not come without a price. The agencies could either be government-funded or private, funded by an outside party. These private agencies would have to become accredited by the state in order to supervise research experiments. While the main motive of these private groups would be to fund research they believe in, they would have to ensure that the research stays ethical by taking on the same role as a government-funded agency; however, these outside parties must avoid providing input into the experiment since it would cause a bias to negatively affect the experiment. If they choose to not avoid bias, then they may feel obligated to withdraw their funding, which would cause for the researchers of the experiment to look for another private agency that would provide both funding and an ethical policy that the researchers must abide to. Essentially, if an experiment is being funded by a private agency, they cannot work or review any of the experiments being conducted since it would prove that a bias has been formed.

Having the private agencies take a step back in their direct involvement of experimentation is one tough aspect, but actually finding a private agency to fund an experiment where they cannot even put the slightest bit of input is even tougher. Besides the point of trying to attain either a government or private agency to oversee these research experiments, maybe the researchers do need to “stretch the limits” of their research in order to attain the wealth of knowledge necessary to make an impact on the medical community. While the increase in tax rate would be a problem that would not suit well with U.S citizens, having ethical research matters more. The cons of an increase in tax dollars do not outweigh the health and wellness of humans. If there is still a pushback, identifying certain non-profit organizations that simply believe in the research should able to fund the research along with making sure that the researchers stay within their ethical boundaries by instilling their own form of an IRB and looking after the board. In essence, the lives and well-being of any human along with maintaining one’s rights trump any increase in monetary value whatsoever.

The value of trust is emphasized highly in this world since it enables reassurance in one another. The African-Americans that participated in the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male were lied to about their present illness and were even deceived to participate in experimentation so that physicians and other researchers could be led on the path of finding a cure to syphilis for as cheap as possible.[footnoteRef:7] This caused for the African-Americans that participated to experience physical distress throughout the entirety of the experiment. The way the United States Public Health Service conducted the Tuskegee Study started the era of suspicion and distrust in physicians.[footnoteRef:8] When a series of sampling showed that 35% of the black population were infected with syphilis, the United States Public Health Service started a program that would diagnose and treat 10,000 African Americans with the disease; however, funding for this program was scarce, with only about 1,400 African-Americans receiving any type of treatment.[footnoteRef:9] The same organization that started on this project ended up taking a proposal that would involve the deception of their human test subjects, where the nature of their illness would not be known.[footnoteRef:10] When the research with syphilis first was conducted, racism was still a major issue. Initially, these researchers believed that blacks tolerated syphilis better and were less harmed by it than whites with no predetermined evidence to support this opinion.[footnoteRef:11] This widely held opinion with no factual evidence shows how a bias was initiated before experimentation, and how this group of innocent African-Americans was majorly harmed, proving as to why this study was unethical. This project was under no other supervision, as there were no other precautions to follow from an outside source. Instead, they performed this type of research on an underserved minority population at their own will. Overhead supervision from another agency keeping “tabs” on the research being performed could have prevented any type of malpractice on this underserved group. About 10 years after the study had started, Penicillin became readily available in order to cure the syphilis, but this treatment was not considered since the researchers did not want to skew the results of the experiment.[footnoteRef:12] This study has done nothing but provide a lack of trust between the African-American and medical community. Even today, there are still some African-Americans that do not like going to see their physician since they believe that they will not receive proper treatment and care. [7: ] [8: ] [9: ] [10: ] [11: ] [12: ]

Emotional distress can sometimes become more harmful than physical distress since psychological impairment can last a lifetime. Related to the subject of psychology, classical conditioning is a method where one learns through association by having two stimuli that are interlinked together in order to produce a newly learned response.[footnoteRef:13] John Watson was a renowned psychologist who began to use classical conditioning as a research tool that became necessary for psychological research experiments.[footnoteRef:14] The goal of Watson’s experiment was to instill a type of conditioned response in a child in order to develop a fear or phobia towards an outside stimulus.[footnoteRef:15] The method that this experiment stated it would undergo would not become approved for study in today’s world; however, this experiment took place in the 1920s, where experiments were not being screened for ethical purposes as they are today.[footnoteRef:16] Little Albert’s mother was an employee at the hospital where the research was going to be conducted.[footnoteRef:17] This allowed for representatives of the research experiment to consult with her about having her son participate due to the convenience of having him on site, along with the fact that Albert was known to be an unemotional child who rarely cried.[footnoteRef:18] The researchers were impressed by Albert’s ability to experience “relatively little harm” during the entire experiment; however, this decision backfired.[footnoteRef:19] Albert’s mother was reluctant of letting him participate until the representatives coerced her into making him into a participant.[footnoteRef:20] The amount of money that Albert’s mother would be receiving for having him participate along with the fear of losing her job swayed her into agreeing. The experiment required for Albert, who was 11-months old at the time, to become conditioned to fear a white laboratory rat.[footnoteRef:21] While instilling a certain phobia in a child was already harmful enough, the researchers of the experiment did not consider the life-altering effects that Albert would have after the experiment had been completed. The main criticism for this experiment stems from the fact that Watson failed to decondition Albert to the white laboratory rat when he originally planned to do so in order to further aid his research to show that a conditioned stimulus could eventually be removed if necessary.[footnoteRef:22] Instead, Albert left the experiment with a harmful phobia that he did not have before he began to participate in the experiment. The fact that Watson and his fellow researchers did not even attempt to abolish Albert’s phobia shows that they were negligent of the phobia that they caused Albert to develop. This experiment was not ethical to begin with since the main objective of the experiment was to instill emotional distress in a child that could impair the child for the rest of his/her life. Supervision from an agency would have never allowed for this type of research to be conducted, especially on a young child. The experiment on Albert has now caused for more caution on research involving any type of neurological experimentation, thus furthering the stigma around mental health disorders such as PTSD and anxiety. [13: ] [14: ] [15: ] [16: ] [17: ] [18: ] [19: ] [20: ] [21: ] [22: ]

Newly gained power must not be abused so that there may be a sense of balance and peace between people. Unfortunately, this was not the case in the Stanford Prison Experiment. The participants in this experiment included college males, who ended up experiencing both physical and emotional distress throughout the experiment. This is a famous experiment that had the initial motive of showing how powerful social situations can cause for young men to behave in a vicious manner.[footnoteRef:23] The experiment required for normal college males to become divided into two random groups: the prisoner group or the guard group.[footnoteRef:24] An ex-con named Carlos Prescott was even consulted by the research group in order to gain a realistic perspective of what the prison system was actually like.[footnoteRef:25] This was done to make sure that the male students participating felt as if they were apart of the prison system themselves. The overall goal of this experiment was to demonstrate the evil that good people can be pressured into committing onto other good people, due to their new sense of power and the amount of damage they can cause with it.[footnoteRef:26] This experiment took a turn for the worst, as the intended two-week study only lasted all of six days since the majority of the men participating began to behave in a pathological manner.[footnoteRef:27] The prisoners felt completely powerless and were abused by the guards in the experiment, which goes to show that the attitudes of people change when given power. This experiment was unethical from the start since verbal and physical abuse became utilized by the participants, who were still young and impressionable. While this experiment may have not been long-lasting, it still counts as a very abusive experiment under harsh conditions since it subjected the prisoners to a traumatic experience for seemingly no reason. A huge risk in the experiment was the violence of all the participants involved, due to the very abusive nature of the experiment. A superior health and wellness agency overseeing the experiment from start to finish would have immediately shut this project down simply due to the abusive nature the participants took on. [23: ] [24: ] [25: ] [26: ] [27: ]

All three of these experiments involving negligence from those conducting the experiments can be attributed to the lack of overhead supervision from a health and wellness agency, that work in tandem with an institution’s IRB if the research were to be conducted at an academic facility. The three research experiments discussed each should have utilized a type of health and wellness agency in order to oversee the research, regardless of whether it was government or privately funded. Specific laws set in place would have prevented discrimination and the abuse of an underserved population in the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. Even in today’s research era, any type of clinical research involving test subjects with the same disease being tested should be subject to approval from the state in order to prevent any future harm onto these groups. As for the Little Albert and Stanford Prison Experiment, laws and regulations in place at the time would have prevented the acts of the both monetary and persuasive coercion, which may include both instilling a threat along with the use of “blackmail.”

Overall, maintaining the health and wellness of these patients is crucial in order to prevent traumatic experiences. The researchers that ran the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, the Little Albert experiment, and the Stanford Prison Experiment all violated the rights of the patients involved in both physical and emotional aspects, while not ensuring that they were aware of the risks that came along with participating. The inclusion of the agencies would have protected each of the participants, and kept the researchers honest. Each of these experiments exposed them to trauma, which proved to be unethical. In conclusion, high magnitude clinical research studies involving human test subjects should be approved and overseen by a governing agency throughout the entirety of the experiment in order to meet ethical standards that satisfy confidentiality, protection, and consent.

Imagine you are a native student in China. You have long hours of school and shorter holidays, also you might be in a school in which there is education also on Saturdays. You should also attend cram schools which the education system doesn’t require but is a must if you don’t want to fall behind your fellow schoolmates. You spend your entire day going to school and doing your homework. Your elders expect much from you, in fact, what is expected from you to be perfect, otherwise, how would you be successful in this education system?

Whether it is their parents, educational system, or society, Chinese students’ environment is pushing them to have achievement obsession which leads them to a common psychological problem and that is perfectionism. They aim to be perfect in order to meet others’ expectations and to compete with others. There is nothing wrong with aiming to be good and wanting to be a successful student. But in case of any failures, perfectionist people tend to have stress and depression which is a high probability if you are a student in China. Although some people believe that perfectionism is a good treat to have, I suggest that perfectionism is dominantly affecting Chinese students in a bad way.

Although there was research on perfectionism in the past too, these studies were not comprehensive enough. Perfectionism has gained more attention lately and is an attractive research area since it affects many people. Authors state that perfectionism has traditionally been operationalized as a single-dimensional construct containing only positive or only negative effects. More recent theories, however, define perfectionism as a multidimensional personality construct that contains both negative and positive components. (Parkinson and Abela). “Perfectionism is a dispositional tendency to strive for flawlessness, set excessively high standards, and experience disappointment with anything falling short of perfection.” (Smith and Sherry). When perfectionist people are not able to meet their expectations of themselves, they immediately get mentally affected by the situation and tend to have depressive feelings.

Perfectionist peoples’ behaviors and mindsets differ from each other too. Researchers argued their approaches to this situation and agreed that there are roughly two types of perfectionism which are adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism. While both types are marked by the pursuit of high personal standards, maladaptive perfectionism includes intense self-depreciation when personal standards are not reached (Ashby and Gnilka). Maladaptive perfectionists indeed are affected worse than adaptive perfectionists because they are more likely to have depressive feelings. Although adaptive perfectionists are known for their standards and their perfectionism is thought to be helpful to them, in China’s education system and social environment, that is not the case for Chinese students at all.

Chinese students have an education system that loads their many responsibilities and requires long hours of study including homework and weekend classes. Their education environment is too competitive because there are many competitors and a challenging education system. In such an environment, perfectionism has a very high possibility to cause stress and depression. Numerous authors have highlighted the role of perfectionism in stress and suggested that individuals with higher-level or perfectionism have a higher level of stress and are vulnerable to emotional distress (Ashby and Gnilka). Although Chinese parents are aware that by making their children go to after-school agencies, they are putting too much stress on their children they also know that their children’s classmates, or competitors they should say, are doing the same and if they don’t do that, their children will fall behind the rest of the class. In such a hard and competitive education system and such a social environment which expects much from them, it shouldn’t be surprising to see a big number of Chinese students struggling with it. Imagine a perfectionist Chinese student who is trying to be successful and meet the expectations of others, what would he/she do when he fails to do it? It is a fact that Chinese students have achievement obsession which is very normal in the environment they study, and along with that and their social background, their perfectionism will lead them to more stress, depression, and worry to death.

Maladaptive perfectionism causes students to have low self-esteem.” Maladaptive perfectionists are described as displaying evaluative concerns such as worrying about making mistakes, having self-doubt, internalizing others’ high expectations for oneself, and experiencing guilt and shame.” They also have high-performance expectations with extreme self-blame when failing to meet the standard.” (Burnam and Nadler)

Perfectionism is a serious psychological problem that could even lead to suicide. China’s intense, exam-driven education system affects perfectionist people even in a harder way since they tend to have stress and depression more common.” Suicide is the leading cause of death among 15–34-year-olds in China, accounting for 19% of the deaths in this age group” (Zhang and Jung). Researches clearly indicate that perfectionism is related to suicidal behavior.

“Perfectionism, in particular, has been identified as a risk and maintaining factor for a variety of psychopathologies, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and suicidal behavior” (Chen and Flett).

Although many pieces of research indicate that perfectionism, in general, affects students in a bad way, there are some studies that claim the opposite. To support their claim they mention that Over 50% of college students procrastinate and delay or fail to complete their academic tasks (Burnam and Nadler). They describe adaptive perfectionists as striving towards achievement and experiencing pride in accomplishments. or having very high-performance expectations with low levels of negative self-evaluation (Burnam and Nadler). These studies state that adaptive perfectionists help students have the self-determined motivation and claim that they are less likely to procrastinate and tend to have higher GPAs. However, is it true or should we take a look at the other side of the coin?

The relationship between how an individual interacts with others and society in their adolescence and violent crime offending has been a topic of study by researchers for decades. A risky lifestyle in adolescents is not always of their choosing, as external factors which they are born into can greatly affect the potential for growth and mobility in society. This may include absent parental figures or guardians, neglect or abuse, substance issues, and other concerns. Areas that are addressed to understand the relationship between a risky lifestyle and violent crime in youths are gender influences, parental involvement, and peer interactions. Violent crime is, as a category, comprised of murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. It is important to understand the factors of an individual’s life to determine how at risk they are for offending and also for victimization.

Crime is committed for several reasons and can be different for each situation and each offender. Adolescents are in a phase of life that is very much influenced by others as they search for their identity. While continuing to learn about societal norms and rules, adolescents are somewhat capable of reasoning as an adult, able to make decisions logically and recognize consequences. However, it is seen that youth offenders often have a very egocentric and sensation-seeking motive for committing a crime (Currie & Covell, 1998). According to Currie and Covell (1998), sensation-seeking behaviors exhibit a need for new and exciting or complex situations, like an adrenaline rush, which gives adolescents a willingness to take risks in order to experience a new sensation. This is more relevant with violent crimes than a property crime that is of lower risk of being caught or charged. Currie and Covell (1998) evaluate cognitive egocentrism in adolescence in two manners, personal fables, and imaginary audiences. A personal fable is when the adolescent has an inclination to underestimate their personal vulnerability. This could appear as an adolescent feeling unstoppable or that they will never be the one to get caught committing an act of deviant nature. While it is good for children to develop self-confidence, this sense of “I’ll never get caught” does not serve well when dealing with violent crime. Concerning awareness, the imaginary audience concept is described as when adolescents overestimate the extent to which others are attending to or are aware of him/herself (Currie & Covell, 1998). By doing this, an adolescent may feel a need to impress their peers, gaining a false sense of confidence which may dare them to commit a crime or act in a deviant or more violent way. Together, the two phenomena form cognitive egocentrism which predisposes the individual to a faulty decision-making process and criminal behaviors that push the limits and turn to violent crime (Currie & Covell, 1998).

Adolescents need to be well-socialized to understand the consequences that accompany behaviors, which is most often done by parents or guardians. These authority figures and the environment in which a child is raised have a great impact on the future behavior of the child and in this case criminality. If parents place restrictions on their children, it limits the egocentrism and sensation-seeking tendencies that they may develop when left to care for themselves (Currie & Covell, 1998). Evidence shows that the family history of a young offender, especially a young and violent offender, often exhibits inadequacy and prior criminal history, leaving them to fight their way out of a cycle (Currie & Covell, 1998). If this family history shows signs of abuse or neglect of the child, the likelihood of committing a later crime increases. Maltreatment in itself is a significant predictor of youth criminality, though physical neglect has the most significant effect on both each type of delinquency and total delinquency (Evans & Burton, 2013). The study by Evans and Burton (2013) shows that physical abuse is not a strong predictor of future violent crime while taking into account physical neglect, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. Interestingly that abuse did not lead to more violent behavior than any of the other categories. Evans and Burton (2013) refer to the betrayal trauma theory to explain that a victim may be conflicted if dependent on their caretaker who doubles as the abuser. This connects the low violence rate of crime of individuals victim to physical abuse. In fact, only physical neglect proved to be a significant predictor of the frequency of violent crime, and in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Administration on Children, Youth and Families 2010 report, neglect was shown as the most prevalent form of maltreatment (Evans & Burton, 2013). The more often maltreatment experienced by a child correlates to more frequent delinquent offenses seen in the behavior of the child. An explanation for this increase in violent crime among youth is the Relative Deprivation Theory. This theory suggests that when denied basic needs, people tend to devise their means of living, often turning to crime (Ordu & Nnam, 2017). This speaks to both nonviolent and violent crimes. For example, theft of food is rather nonviolent, yet robbery is violent and could also be for food or necessities, depending on the situation it could be taken either way.

A neglectful parental influence can also have effects on the social and academic lives of adolescents. Limitations to success may be set due to the lack of support in these areas of the adolescent’s life. The research by Ordu and Nnam (2017) shows a positive relationship between maladjustment and youth criminality. Maladjustment is defined in this scenario as the inability to cope with difficulties at school, ranging from bullying to discrimination or even stereotyping. This can impair the decision-making capabilities of youth and increase the tendency for involvement in violent crime behaviors. Crime can also be taught within schools, as when this authoritative influence is absent, youth will turn to peers to justify their actions or the community for leaders, often the negative influences that increase exposure to the offenders and violence (Engström, 2018).

Peer deviance plays a major role in the behavior of an individual, especially in the adolescent time frame. As discussed, adolescents are trying to discover their true selves at this time and this process is impacted greatly by those they interact with, most specifically their peers. Deviance among one’s friends was the main lifestyle variable to increase the level of offending among violent offenders (Engström, 2018). In a questionnaire that encompassed both sexes, Engeström (2018) used an age cohort of sixteen-year-olds to study deviance in relation to peers and activity with their peer group. Looking at risky behavior, it was identified that a higher time in the center of the city drastically increased the probability of youth being an offender. In this scenario, it was also found that peer deviance was related to being an offender, not in connection to being a victim or a victim-offender, and overlapping the categories (Engström, 2018). Youth may exert a direct influence on their peers through pressure and utilize personal fables to heighten the stakes and facilitate group offenses by making others feel a need to commit violent crimes alongside their peers (Currie & Covell, 1998).

Have you at any point encountered the Mandela Effect? The Mandela Effect is a marvel experienced by a huge gathering of people who accept that they have ‘shared bogus recollections of past occasions’. Many have likewise theorized that this sensation is brought about by a parallel universe gushing into our own, though others portray it as a non-satisfaction of aggregate memory. This ‘hypothesis’ came to be the point at which various individuals approached expressing that they were sure they could review the passing of Mandela, thinking back to the ’80s. Despite what many ‘think’ or ‘thought,’ Mandela’s passing was on December 5, 2013, in insubordination of many guaranteeing they had seen broadcast clasps of his memorial service. Have you at any point felt like you’ve been someplace previously? Or then again perhaps you’ve had a feeling that you’ve carried on a minute but couldn’t put your finger on it. Keep perusing to more readily comprehend this wonder.

Psychologists call the marvel confabulation. The term is utilized clinically to allude to memory absconds experienced by patients with mind endangerment, and to portray regular marvels like decorating reality when relating occasions and developing certainties on the fly to fill in holes in memory. We’ve all done these things one after another or another, however, we’re infrequently aware of it when we do. Human memory is an impossible-to-miss thing, on the double shocking in its degree and control and alarming in its uncertainty. There’s a lot of we don’t think about how memory functions, yet get the job done and state, it isn’t great. Especially vexing is the wonder of bogus recollections, wrong or unwittingly manufactured memories of past occasions that vibe so genuine and genuine that individuals who experience them won’t acknowledge proof despite what might be expected.

A main mental hypothesis holds that memory is productive, not regenerative according to “David Emery, ‘s The Mandela Effect” the mind assembles recollections out of different odds and ends of data on the fly instead of playing them back like a chronicle. Recollections aren’t unadulterated. They can be misshaped by any number of elements, including predisposition, affiliation, creative mind, and companion pressure. One hypothesis dependent on standards of quantum mechanics holds that individuals who experience the Mandela Effect may have ‘slid’ between parallel substances In the wake of experiencing childhood in a universe where it was ‘Berenstein’ Bears, for instance, a few people one day woke up to end up in an imaginary world with ‘Berenstain’ Bears.

How about we start with the explanation we’re all here for? Nelson Mandela, whom this hypothesis is named after, was found dead in 2013. Be that as it may, incalculable individuals particularly recall him dying in jail during the 1980s. They had recollections of Nelson Mandela’s burial service in the late twentieth century. Numerous individuals recalled almost indistinguishable details of that memorial service including on American, Canadian, and British TV. None of us could clarify that incident or coincidence. His passing isn’t the main cause of the Mandela Effect. We have been off base about such a significant number of dates, subtleties, and then some. Prop up for all the more generally misremembered crossroads in history. These were the first recorded ‘false memories’ an individual experienced.

Going back on this subject one of the most notorious outbreaks for this phenomenon was about “The Berenstain Bears”. Formally known by everyone as “The Berenstein Bears” but was never given a double take until now. Many acquire the remembrance of these cartoons we all watched growing up named a certain way, but a few individuals began to be attracted to the idea that this was not how they remembered their beloved cartoon. The creepiest part is the fact that if you google the way you remembered the name of this cartoon, you get autocorrected and receive no sign of another source with its name spelled like so. Many people came across their copies of these tapes, as if time didn’t influence all the content.

These short-term memory theories don’t stop there. In the previous paragraph, we concluded our thoughts on “The Berenstain Bears”. As we continue down the dark path that this theory holds, we can start to picture some other things that have begun to drastically change throughout the years without us even knowing. Another phenomenon that was brought up was about the Monopoly man and how we recall him using a monocle on his eye while other pictures state that he never had it to begin with. Although these phenomena are pretty absurd, we can’t process the thought of multiple realities or even time travel.

No single case of the Mandela Effect has created more online buzz than that of the kids’ book arrangement and energized TV show The Berenstain Bears. Many individuals who grew up with the arrangement, it turns out, recall the title being The Berenstein Bears, with the name finishing off with ‘ein’ rather than ‘ain’.

Many believe we came across time travelers who began to disarrange our past and automatically began a domino effect that completely altered our reality now by changing the smallest thing in the past. A little like the “Butterfly Effect” where a Butterfly flaps its wings and can easily cause a hurricane somewhere else.

Extraordinary amounts of people have grown fascinated with the phenomena of shared false memories, recently more frequently referred to as The Mandela Effect. When most supporters first learn about the effect it seems as if the evidence is extremely solid and infinite in size. When scrutinized more closely, the reasoning and so-called evidence don’t seem very reliable. Although the supporters of the effect try to make sound reasoning for their case, they fail to prove its legitimacy and make a foolproof argument.

The first flaw in the argument of proving the Mandela Effect is a result of multiple realities is the logic behind this theory. The idea is that just because a large group of people share an incorrect memory, does not mean that memory is real. These false memories can be explained through a little basic knowledge of how memories are made and stored and the errors that our brains can make. Many errors are due to a term known as confabulation. When the brain recalls some information, but cannot remember small bits and pieces, it fills in the gaps with information suggested after the memory was created. During this entire process, the brain never allows one to know that it does not remember correctly.

Errors that are reported time and time again can misinform the general public. Today’s world with the audience that has access to the internet only magnifies this misinformation effect.

For example, a widely reported example of the Mandela Effect is Princess Diana getting in a car crash on television. While in reality film from a re-enactment was circulated widely over the internet which led to confusion among large groups of people. The public then had the incorrect memory of watching real footage of the incident. In this way, many false memories can be attributed to misinformation or confusion among many. The fact that most examples of the Effect are not related to important cases only supports the idea that it is due to faulty reasoning or selective attention.

Science although backing the multiverse theory in some ways, also gives good reason to believe these memories can be explained through psychology. There have been countless studies done to investigate the malleability of memories in the brain and how easy it is to manipulate a person’s memories. Although not disproving the multiverse theory, these studies only bolster the argument for simple psychological reasoning behind the Mandela Effect. One such study, titled: Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory, by Elizabeth Loftus. Loftus is an expert on the subject and in an excerpt from the study she states,

“The misinformation effect refers to the impairment in memory for the past that arises after exposure to misleading information. The phenomenon has been investigated for at least 30 years, as investigators have addressed several issues…The misinformation effect has been observed in a variety of human and nonhuman species. And some groups of individuals are more susceptible than others. At a more theoretical level, investigators have explored the fate of the original memory traces after exposure to misinformation appears to have made them inaccessible…people come to believe falsely that they experienced rich complex events that never, in fact, occurred.”

The consensus around the world among those who study memory is that the brain although unbelievably impressive, does allow memories to be constantly changing, and is not the most reliable source of information, especially for inconsequential facts or tidbits (Loftus).

Finally, a major point in disproving this theory is by taking a look at the sources that support the multiverse theory. Fiona Broome, the leading expert on the Mandela Effect is a self-proclaimed “Paranormal Activity Enthusiast” (Broome). The evidence that she based her initial theory on was a mere conversation between herself and a group of friends at a conference known as “Dragon Con”. On Dragon Con’s website, they describe themselves with the statement, “ We are the largest multi-media, popular culture convention focusing on science fiction and fantasy, gaming, comics, literature, art, music and film in the universe” (“Home Page | Dragoncon”). This does not give the people who started this gigantic movement much ethos to speak about theories that could hold such magnitude as this. With little to no substantial evidence, Mrs. Broome has even become discouraged in proving this theory. In a post on her website, as recent as 2018,

Broome herself digresses the inconsistent data, along with a lack of credible sources has proven fatal in concluding support of alternate timelines.

This does not completely discount the theory of more than one reality it is supported by the work of quantum physicists such as Erwin Schrödinger. Although this theory is exciting and for lack of better wording, fun to think about, until there is hard evidence about the existence of these multiple realities, psychological explanations seem much more plausible.

Works Cited

1. Broome, Fiona, et al. “Author and Paranormal Researcher.” Fiona Broome, fionabroome.com/.
2. “Home Page | Dragoncon.” Dragoncon, www.dragoncon.org/.
3. Loftus, Elizabeth. Planting Misinformation in the Human Mind: A 30-Year Investigation of the Malleability of Memory. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2013, static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/1468080/25884894/1421967454047/Loftus-2005.pdf? token=gogrZKTSyInosW2Lc17nTfg72k0%3D.

The Holocaust was the mass murder of six million Jews, carried out by the Nazi regime during World War II. Today we use this event to analyze how humans launched and participated in one of the most tragic and inhumane occurrence documented. As we look back at this haunting segment of our history, nearly everyone without hesitation will declare that they would have contributed to rendering assistance to the Jews, regardless of the fact that if caught aiding they would be punished by death. However, recent social experiment has provided extensive proof that today’s humans are just as monstrous, naive, and easily persuadable as those who took part in the cruel killing of women, children, and men.

Social experiments play a significant contribution in allowing us to test human responses to common situations. One of the elements we have learned about human nature is that when given an excessive degree of power it can corrupt our morals and allow cruel judgments to influence ones behavior. For instance, the Stanford social experiment was led by psychologist Philip Zimbardo, who wanted to understand how participants would react when placed in a prison environment. The study paid $15 a day to 24 volunteer male college students in compensation for their corporation. Zimbardo put together a mock prison in the basement of Stanford University’s psychology building. The participants were randomly chosen to be either inmates or guards. Those who were chosen to be prisoners were arrested by police and taken to the prison where they would spend 24 hours a day. The guards were told to do “whatever they thought was necessary to maintain law and order in the prison and to command the respect of the prisoners.” It did not take long for the experiment to take a turn for the worst, the guards began enforcing rules aggressively, along with verbally and physically abuse among the inmates. As a result the prisoners showed signs of phycological suffering. One of the most shocking aspects of this experiment was when the priest visited the jail the prisoners addressed themselves to the priest as their number instead of their name, which demonstrated that they had completely lost a sense of their identity, even though they were not real prisoners. The experiment was scheduled to last 14 days, but was stopped after only six days. When the experiment was over, the guards were interviewed, and many were shocked by how differently they behaved from their usual selves. The experiment showed that when ordinary people were given powerful roles, they acted in ways that they had never seen before. However, the experiment did not show how well they could act, it revealed the evil that lied deep within themselves, grasping at the opportunity to be in control.

In addition, social experiments reveal that people easily give into peer pressure when having different opinions among other people, allowing groups of individuals to persuade ones decisions, resulting to one conforming even when they do not agree. For example, in the Asch conformity experiment there were a number of subjects seated at a table. However, only one participant was a real subject, and the remaining were actors who were instructed to select certain answers. Each participant was shown a line, then asked to select the corresponding line from an assembly of lines of different lengths. The experiment proved that in order to avoid discomfort of standing out from the group, a majority of the subjects would change their answer. However, when a subject saw an individual share a different opinion from the group, it allowed the subject to also be comfortable in having a different answer then the other participants. This demonstrated that when an individual did not feel alone, it created a difference in how the person responded to the questions.

Last, but certainly not least, the social experiment indicated that people are hesitant to question authority, therefore focusing obedient towards authority instead of listening to their consciousness. The experiment included the volunteer being paired with another person, who was actually an actor. They drew sticks to determine who would be the teacher and who would be the learner. However, in the experiment the volunteer would always be the teacher, and the fake participant would always be the learner. First the participants were taken to the room where the learner would be hooked up electrodes, so that the teacher would believe the experiment was real. Next, the teacher was taken to a room with an electric shock generator with volts that ranged from 15 all the way to 450 volts. The learner would be given a list of words that had pairs, the teacher was to test the individual, if the learner got the pair wrong he would be electrically shocked, an each time the electric shock would increase. The learner always answered with the wrong answer on purpose, when given the electric shock an audio of a scream would be played. When the teacher would question the experiment to the scientists, he would simply tell them that they must continue. As a result, a majority of the participants followed the experimenters orders when told to do so, even when the learner was shocked to up to 450 volts, leaving the learner unresponsive, which in reality could lead to possible death. This experiment demonstrated that when people are given orders by authority figures who have a higher position legally, those people are seen “morally” right.

In conclusion, it is truly difficult to distinguish the Nazis from everyday people. It is not until our morals are put to the test to see who we truly are as individuals. Although experiments are merely test, they bring to light the true colors of human nature, which shows that a majority of people are simply evil in one way or another.

Psychological concept of the experiment

The mental idea of the Stanford Prison investigation was that Zimbardo and his partners were keen on seeing whether the mercilessness among gatekeepers in America and penitentiaries was because of the twisted characters of the watchmen or had more to do with the jail condition. (Bartels, 2018) It can be seen that detainees and gatekeepers may have character which struggle unavoidable, with detainees lacking appreciation for peace and watchmen being overbearing and forceful. It very well may be seen that detainees and watchmen may act in an unfriendly way because of the inflexible power structure of the social condition in penitentiaries. Zimbardo anticipated the circumstance made individuals act the manner in which they do instead of their air. (McLeod, 2018)

How the psychological concept was measured of the experiment

The examination was led in a storm cellar of the Stanford University brain science constructing that was then taunted into a jail. Zimbardo publicized and requested that volunteers take an interest in an investigation of the mental impacts of jail life. (Cherry, 2019) There were 75 male applicants and they were given diagnostic gatherings and character tests to take out competitors with mental issues, restorative debilitations, or that has a past loaded up with bad behavior or medicine/alcohol abuse. Only 24 of the 75 up-and-comers were settled on a choice to be dynamically physical and reasonably enduring, progressively create and the least connected with held practices were picked to participate in the preliminary. (Cherry, 2019) The individuals didn’t have any colleague with each other before the examination and were paid 15 dollars consistently to share in the investigation. The individuals were arbitrarily relegated to either the job as a detainee or gatekeeper in a recreated correctional facility condition.

There were two stores and one of the members dropped out, which by then lead to ten detainees and eleven gatekeepers. The detainees were managed the way wherein every criminal was managed. Which was being caught at their homes out of the blue and taken to the police central station, and they were furthermore fingerprinted, shot and booked. They were blindfolded and went to the brain science branch of Stanford University, where the storm cellar was set out just like a real correctional facility with banned windows and passages, revealed dividers and little cells; this is then furthermore where the individuation system began. (Cherry, 2019)

The detainees had all their very own assets emptied and shot away when they arrived at the prison and were given correctional facility pieces of clothing and bedding. The detainees’ correctional facility pieces of clothing were a given uniform and the watchmen just suggested them by number. The detainees’ number or ID number was a way to deal with make the detainees feel obscure; each detainee had their own one of a kind number. The detainees were simply allowed to insinuate themselves by their numbers and distinctive detainee’s numbers.

Prisoners

The crucial bit of the uniform that the detainees wore was a dress, which each detainee wore reliably with no underclothes. On the dress in front and at the back was their correctional facility recognizing verification number. (McLeod, 2018) On each detainee right lower leg was a staggering chain that was dashed on and worn reliably. Elastic shoes were their footwear, and each detainee protected their hair with a stocking top which was delivered utilizing a woman’s nylon stacking.

It might be seen that they were endeavouring to make a useful recreation of a jail and not a strict jail. Veritable male detainees don’t wear dresses; anyway real male detainees do feel embarrassed and do feel emasculated. It will in general be seen that their goal was to make relative effects quickly by putting men in a dress with no underclothes. Without a doubt, when a segment of the detainees were put in these outfits they began to walk and to sit in a surprising manner, and to hold themselves in a sudden way – more like a woman than like a man. (McLeod, 2018)

The chain on their foot, which additionally is exceptional in many detainment facilities, was utilized so as to help detainees to remember the abusiveness of their condition. Notwithstanding when detainees were snoozing, they couldn’t get away from the environment of abuse. At the point when a detainee turned over, the chain would hit his other foot, awakening him and advising him that he was still in jail, unfit to escape even in his fantasies.

The stocking top on their head filled in for having the detainee’s hair shaved off. The way toward having one’s head shaved, which happens in many jails just as in the military, is structured to some degree to limit every individual’s independence, since certain individuals express their uniqueness through haircut or length. It is likewise a method for getting individuals to start consenting to the self-assertive, coercive guidelines of the foundation.

Ethics

The study has gotten numerous moral reactions, including absence of completely educated assent by members as Zimbardo himself didn’t have the foggiest idea what might occur in the analysis (it was unusual). Likewise, the prisoners didn’t agree to being ‘captured’ at home. The prisoners were not told incompletely in light of the fact that last endorsement from the police wasn’t given until minutes before the members chose to partake, and somewhat on the grounds that the scientists needed the captures to come as an amazement. (McLeod, 2018)

However, this was a break of the morals of Zimbardo claim contract that the majority of the members had marked. Members assuming the job of prisoners were not shielded from mental damage, encountering episodes of embarrassment and misery. (McLeod, 2018) For instance, one prisoner must be discharged following 36 hours in light of wild blasts of shouting, crying and outrage.

Be that as it may, in Zimbardo guard, the enthusiastic trouble experienced by the prisoners couldn’t have been anticipated from the beginning. Endorsement for the examination was given by the Office of Naval Research, the Psychology Department and the University Committee of Human Experimentation.

This Committee additionally didn’t envision the prisoners’ outrageous responses that were to pursue. Elective techniques were seen which would make less trouble the members and yet give the ideal data, yet nothing reasonable could be found. Broad gathering and individual questioning sessions were held, and all members returned post-exploratory polls half a month, at that point a while later, at that point at yearly interims. Zimbardo finished up there were no enduring negative impacts.

Zimbardo additionally unequivocally contends that the advantages increased about our comprehension of human conduct and how we can improve society ought to out parity the pain brought about by the examination. (McLeod, 2018) However, it has been recommended that the US Navy was less keen on making detainment facilities increasingly human and were, actually, progressively keen on utilizing the investigation to prepare individuals in the equipped administrations to adapt to the worries of imprisonment. (McLeod, 2018)

A quality of the examination is that the hurtful treatment of the members prompted the conventional acknowledgment of moral rules by the American Psychological Association. Concentrates should now experience a broad survey by an institutional audit board (US) or morals advisory group (UK) before they are executed. (McLeod, 2018)

Conclusion

It might be seen that people will instantly conform to the social jobs they are depended upon to play, especially if the jobs are as unequivocally stereotyped as those of the correctional facility ensures. The ‘prison’ condition was a critical factor in making the gatekeepers serious direct (none of the individuals who went about as watchmen showed savage tendencies before the assessment).

In this manner, the revelations support the situational explanation of direct rather than the dispositional one. Zimbardo suggested that two methodology can explain the detainee’s ‘last convenience. Deindividuation may explain the direct of the individuals; especially the gatekeepers. This is a state when you ended up being so doused in the benchmarks of the social affair that you lose your sentiment of character and good commitment.

The watchman may have been so brutal because they didn’t feel what happened was down to them before long – it was a social occasion standard. They in like manner may have lost their sentiment of individual character by virtue of the uniform they wore. Also, insightful shortcoming could reveal the detainee’s settlement to the watchman. The detainees found that whatever they did had little effect on what befallen them. In the phony correctional facility the flighty decisions of the gatekeeper drove the detainees to stop any falsification of responding. (McLeod, 2018)

After the prison preliminary finished, Zimbardo met the individuals. Here’s a bit: ‘A huge part of the individuals said they had felt included and submitted. The assessment had felt ‘authentic’ to them. (Materson, 2018) One gatekeepers expressed, ‘I was surprised at myself. I caused them to think of each as different names and wipe the toilets out with their revealed hands. I in every way that really matters considered the detainees steers and I kept thinking I expected to watch out for them if they tried something.’

Another watchmen said ‘Acting completely can be charming. Power can be a phenomenal enjoyment.’ And another: ‘… during the examination I went to Cell Two to disorder up a bed which a detainee had as of late made and he got me, yelling that he had as of late made it and that he was not going to allow me to decimate it. He grabbed me by the throat and in spite of the way that he was chuckling I was truly alarmed. I lashed out with my stick and hit him on the jaw notwithstanding the way that not astoundingly hard, and when I freed myself I lost control.” (McLeod, 2018)

Most of the watchmen believed that it was difficult to acknowledge that they had acted in the brutalizing ways that they had. Many said they hadn’t known this side of them existed or that they had the option to do such things. The detainees, also, could barely envision how they had responded in the agreeable, flinching, subordinate way they had. A couple of pronounced to be insistent sorts normally. Exactly when gotten some data about the watchman, they portrayed the run of the mill three speculations that can be found in any prison: a couple of watchmen were incredible, some were outrageous yet sensible, and some were savage. (Materson, 2018)

This trial is about existence in jail and how it impacts an individual’s life. In ‘ The Stanford Prison Experiment’ is about a lot of children from Standford that being engaged with this test of jail. They were placed in a circumstance like how individuals do their time in jail. They were getting treated simply like the genuine detainees and getting constrained by the officials.

The explanation for this test was the means by which would the understudy respond in that circumstance and furthermore observe the logical investigation of the human personality and its capacities impact on the understudies. It featured how they act in jail while being constrained by the officials. This investigation was held by Phillip Zimbardo, who was a social brain research teacher at Standford. Doing his initial years he for the most part centers around thirst and craving. It was not until his during his mid-profession when he chose to concentrate on brain research issues. His examination on jail demonstrated how an individual can change in a flash contingent upon what circumstance they are being presented to. Since they are attempting to fit in that condition. At the point when chosen to do this examination, he picked individuals who were living fair lives, the majority of them were caucasian. Initially, they were given an errand to do after that they were taken in for some made-up wrongdoing. To cause the circumstance as genuine as it to can be, Zimbardo chosen to ensure the watchmen were wearing cop garments and the jail had each and every detail that a genuine does. Following a couple of days, it began to feel like the genuine situations and the gatekeepers were by and large extremely unforgiving. They made a few limitations on the jail, for example, not giving them a chance to utilize the restrooms at whatever point they needed to. Which made the detainees utilize whatever they had in their cell for washroom use.

Everything was getting so hard for the cellmates that it prompted them finishing this analysis path before the time. It accepted that there were a great deal of musings on why this analysis didn’t succeed how they would have preferred to. They believed that individuals began to live in their jobs as though they were truly carrying on with that life which had figuring how might that toward the end in the jail for such a long time. Overwhelming the gatekeepers was not a smart thought since they felt like on the off chance that they were divine beings and can do anything to their detainees. During their time in jail, it demonstrated that cellmates were being influenced physically and rationally.

In the Stanford prison project, they took a group and made some guards and some prisoners. The guards began to abuse and verbally torture the prisoners. The university students participated willingly with no use of force. These students signed contracts that listed instructions for what was expected of them. The experiment lasted for two weeks and they were paid for their time. The guard participants were told physical aggression and punishment was not allowed. The plan was to study how guards and prisoners reacted to their situations. Each prisoner was arrested and blind folded to the jail. The prisoners were strip searched and chained. The first prisoner to be arrested was outraged at the way he was treated. The guards were issued mirrored sunglasses and a night stick. They were assigned to an individual prisoner and had to do line-ups daily. The guards had total control over the prisoners. Everything was video recorded in the prison. Each participant was interviewed by the researchers throughout the experiment to see their reactions. They ended up stopping the experiment early because the guards were abusing power and the prisoners were rebelling in return. Five prisoner participants had to be released early because of acute anxiety due to their severe treatment. The guards were pugnacious towards the prisoners without reason. The guards were disappointed when the experiment ended early. I was appalled at the way the guards took things to extremes on their own accord.

There were many ethical issues with this experiment. The prisoners did not agree to being arrested at home. The guards were told to increase the voltage for every wrong answer and didn’t stop when the prisoners begged them to. These were regular people torturing an innocent participant. Zimbardo Stanford was in control of the guards. This was unethical because it was his experiment. The guards punished one of the prisoners for rebelling by putting him in the hole. They even started waking them up in the middle of the night to do grit work. They also talked the leader of the rebellion to be a snitch and lie to the other prisoners. The situation was supposed to be an experiment, but the guards took it to an unreal level. No one was making the guards mistreat the prisoners. The torturous treatment was done of their free will. Another ethical issue was that there were know actual rules for the guards or prisoners. These men really believed they were unable to get out. The prisoners were accepting whatever the guards told them was reality. The guards treated these men like animals and had not a second thought about it. The prisoners were mentally berated and made to do things no one should be subjected to. The students had to clean toilets with their bare hands. These normal students were willing to torture human beings the same way the Nazis did. During the seventies there were no guidelines on how to treat a prisoner. Social Psychology tells us that in adverse situations normal people will react in chaotic ways. This experiment proved the point but was biased by negative incentives. I fail to see how the results can be accurate. The prisoners were aware that it wasn’t a real prison, but ended up believing what the guards said to be true.

The ethical issues with the prison system can be addressed by setting up guidelines for the guards to adhere to. The guards should have consequences for breaking the rules. The experiment should have had stricter rules for the guards. The study did not contain a control group or an independent variable, which is needed in any experiment. So there was no baseline for comparison to achieve quality results. The biggest problem was the treatment of the prisoner participants. The guards could do what they deemed necessary. The lack human rights for the prisoners was an issue also. They were referred to by a number, like they were no better than prisoners of war. The results of this experiment forced new regulations on study proposals to make certain that they meet the ethical standards set forth by the American Psychological Association. The fact that anyone would torture another human being for $15.00 an hour is beyond any human decency. The prison systems need stricter rules for guard to keep abuse of prisoners from happening. This experiment seemed like a way for Zimbardo to see his sick fantasy played out. It defied the process of the scientific method and went against medical standards also. This reminded me of a mad scientist movie from the seventies. Abuse in the prison system is an issue still today. Zimbardo just showed us a glimpse of the chaos that really happens in prisons. The participants in the experiment were volunteers, I can only imagine the horror of what really happens to prisoners. This study was so influential that it is used in psychology and criminal justice classes. Today this study would have been considered unethical and invalid for research. This was a wakeup call for the fight for fair treatment of prisoners. The students who participated in the experiment were normal people who let Phillip Zimbardo get into their head.

Introduction:

Bird watching and jazz are two distinct forms of artistic expression that seemingly have little in common at first glance. However, upon deeper exploration, one can uncover surprising connections between these seemingly unrelated realms. This critical essay aims to delve into the shared elements of bird watching and jazz, examining how both activities tap into human emotions, evoke a sense of improvisation and spontaneity, and create a deep connection with the natural world.

Emotional Connection:

Bird watching and jazz both elicit a profound emotional response in their respective audiences. Bird watchers often describe a sense of wonder and awe when observing birds in their natural habitats. The fleeting moments of spotting a rare species or witnessing a unique behavior evoke a deep sense of joy and fascination. Similarly, jazz music has the power to stir emotions within listeners. The melodic improvisations, complex harmonies, and rhythmic variations create a range of emotions, from melancholy to excitement, mirroring the diverse array of bird species and their behaviors.

Improvisation and Spontaneity:

Both bird watching and jazz embrace the spirit of improvisation and spontaneity. Bird behavior in the wild is unpredictable, and bird watchers must be adaptable, ready to adjust their focus and follow the birds’ movements. Similarly, jazz musicians thrive on improvisation, creating unique melodies and solos in the moment, responding to the energy and dynamics of the music. The parallel between the improvisational nature of bird watching and jazz highlights the inherent beauty found in embracing the unexpected and being present in the moment.

Connection with Nature:

Bird watching is inherently linked to the natural world, as enthusiasts venture into forests, wetlands, and other habitats to observe avian species in their native environments. This immersion in nature fosters a sense of connection and appreciation for the environment, leading to increased environmental consciousness and conservation efforts. Similarly, jazz often draws inspiration from nature, with musicians using sounds and rhythms reminiscent of natural phenomena. Jazz compositions often reflect the ebb and flow of the natural world, capturing the essence of rivers, wind, and birdsong. Through this connection with nature, both bird watching and jazz serve as reminders of the importance of preserving and protecting our natural surroundings.

Influence and Inspiration:

Birds have long served as a source of inspiration for artists across various disciplines, including music. Jazz musicians, such as Charlie Parker, known as “Bird,” drew inspiration from the fluidity and freedom of bird flight in their compositions. Parker’s virtuosic improvisations mirrored the agility and grace of birds in flight, establishing him as one of the greatest jazz innovators. The influence of birds on jazz highlights the interplay between the natural world and musical expression, demonstrating how the observation of birds can shape and inform artistic creation.

Conclusion:

Bird watching and jazz may appear worlds apart, but they share an intrinsic connection through their ability to evoke emotions, embrace improvisation, foster a connection with nature, and inspire artistic expression. The critical exploration of these seemingly unrelated realms reveals the profound impact of nature on human creativity and the shared elements that bridge the gap between bird watching and jazz.

By recognizing the parallels between the observation of birds in their natural habitats and the improvisational nature of jazz music, we gain a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of art, music, and the natural world. Bird watching and jazz serve as reminders of the beauty and inspiration that can be found in our surroundings, encouraging us to engage with the world around us, embrace spontaneity, and express our creativity in unique and unexpected ways.