Category: Human behavior

Through the progression of Othello’s language and character development throughout the story he showed great compassion and honesty to those around him especially his newly founded wife who he truly loves Desdemona. Although he feels this way towards everyone there are people who would take advantage of this trust and further progress the way he feels to his wife and the person he trusted the most throughout the play causing the poor moor to have an ill fate.

Othello’s progression as a character starts to downgrade as it moves forward because the more it goes the worse he seems to get straying away from the man everyone once trusted and knew. The development didn’t really appear much until page 56 when Desdemona asks Othello if he would like to join the presence of the invited guests. He speaks faintly to Desdemona as if he has heard a rumor about how she was someone(most likely Iago) and has a tone of jealousy and untrust within the sentence that Othello spoke “I am to blame”(3, 2) which would be something, later on, to haunt him if he ever does realize who the true perpetrator was. Although this is a slight and small development for other characters like Iago would like to take this as an opportunity to continue to grow that unsettling feeling and make haste with it.

Iago’s characters development changes as well as he gets inside the head as if he was another voice with his own or a snake slowly but surely wrapping itself around the victim realizing that right after he was almost he was going to be swallowed whole by the thoughts of himself losing Desdemona because, in pages 60-62, he has a sudden breaking point when one vital key item was put into place to completely change the moor and how he perceives his wife saying how she is honest to he being the damnation of this earth makes it completely unthinkable and something I would have not expected from Othello himself being swallowed up on the thoughts that were influenced by one man. The influence that has on everybody is so prevalent throughout the whole book he finds a way to get in people’s heads with the littlest things like a trap of poison slowly consuming you to the point of no return because once you have spoken to this man you have already changed ten-fold. Iago is a character to be feared for he is someone with extreme luck and wit he knows exactly what to say to make sure that he makes you believe he’s the dumb one and that he should be no longer a target in anyone’s head but a friend to trust and have in any time of need. Iago even convinces Roderigo to kill Cassio after he leaves the party because Iago knew from Cassio telling him he was going to leave and sneak out before anyone could notice he was there not wanting to be seen.

Othello trusting Iago creates a totally different character making him be seen as a woman hitter and blaming someone for the smallest of things having him become a monstrous man who once was an honest and caring Othello. Also, the lack of influence Othello had in any situation was really bad because he knew that Iago was someone not to be trusted but over time he got over it and let his guard down on someone. As well as Cassio who was to be believed to have more intelligence than any other man in Othello’s crew.

Children from infancy to one year old are learning at this stage the meaning of trust vs mistrust. Since children at this age can’t take care of themselves they will rely heavily on their caregivers to provide them with the tools they need to be able to trust people, to be happy and successful in their life. The only way to do so is by interacting constantly with your child through talking, listening, touching, and nurturing this is crucial in order to give children, the best quality of life as they journey into adulthood.

One great example of this stage is something I experienced as a first-time mother. When my child would cry, I knew that he was trying to communicate to me that one of his basic needs wasn’t being met. Even though at this stage there’s no verbal communication infants communicate through their body language, cries, and laughs. My child needed to experience consistency that’s important for a child to feel safe and secure. Living in an environment that’s toxic and dysfunctional can cause the child to grow up to mistrust people and their surroundings and may lead to severe behavioral, and emotional problems (Knight, 2017). The caregiver’s job is to be attentive, caring, loving, and nurturing, and to understand what the child may need, and in doing so through consistency the child will become trustful of the caregiver.

Caregivers need to understand developing a child’s physical, emotional, and mental well-being is crucial to their overall success and growth as they mature in life. If these needs are met as they grow up, they will thrive and flourish learning how to adapt to the society in which they live and have great social relationships, exude confidence, and have self-awareness as well.

Erikson refers to this as the virtue of hope meaning that if a child grew up feeling safe, protected, and loved giving them a sense of security makes them feel like the world around them is a place that is trustworthy and safe even if there’s a potential threat, they have the tools they need in order to adapt and work through these unexpected situations (Vogel-Scibilia et al., 2009). On the other hand, if these needs aren’t met, they will navigate the world feeling uncertain, and they may develop anxiety and lack the self-confidence they need in order to become successful adults.

Trust encompasses many elements and generates many definitions relating to the behaviors and intentions of others. In a healthcare environment, Llewellyn, S., Brookes, S. and Mahon, A. 2018 observed how the context of circumstances reflects in individuals differing perspectives of trust. This definition is more fitting to a healthcare setting where the individual will have different vulnerabilities and dependencies. The ‘trustor has to believe that trustee will care for the trustee’s interests’ Hall et al (2001) pg615) and trustees’ interests will be variable in a context such as illness, as vulnerability and uncertainty move an inclination to trust (Llewellyn, Brookes and Mahon, 2018).

Hall et al. (2001) offered a definition that trust is: ‘the optimistic acceptance of a vulnerable situation in which the trustee believes that the trustee will care for the trustor`s interests’. This encompasses many perceived elements from both patient and team member perspectives. In healthcare, we must steer away from other more general definitions such as a psychological contract (Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt 1998), and turn to an understanding more specific to individual perspectives and the trustor’s trustee interests.

Benefits of a trusting culture in teams

Individual players and teams are frequently closer to daily frontline healthcare activities than leadership and given a culture of trust, employees are more willing and enabled to both suggest and learn from direct patient interfaces. Contributions to successfully implementing improvements are strengthened with trust whereas senior leaders alone from their hierarchical position cannot always trigger or see all opportunities, we must enable trust across potential hierarchy barriers to then benefit care. This logic is particularly relevant in a healthcare environment where the ‘frontline’ staff will sometimes be the most intelligent, technically expert in a field or experienced assets the organization has and be close to the practicalities and impacts of actions. (Alderwick et al 2015)

For examples of such trust-enabled feedback and consequential actions in my workplace, I have seen wastage reduced through clinical process changes in drug regimens production in the local aseptic preparation unit, conceived through the front-line idea of vial sharing. Another example is the willingness of consultants to share difficult and unsuccessful procedures with peers’ personally difficult experiences, in order to advance multidisciplinary learning. These examples would be stifled without trust. The latter example illustrates how trust provides a sense of safety in the healthcare workplace.

Staff involvement and trust in co-workers is not the goal itself, but rather a means to a healthcare organization being more effective in delivering outcomes. West et al. (2005) found a direct correlation between increased emphasis on staff involvement and lower patient mortality, and that patient complaints were less frequent from organizations with stronger climates for involvement and a sense of trust in the organization. This finding is pivotal, for it shows that there are factors that leaders can shape (i.e. staff involvement) that influence and develop such a concept as trust.

When diagnosed with a chronic illness, suffering can be all-encompassing, and those affected with experience a shift in self-identity (Charmaz, 1983). Self-identity, simply, is ones perception of themselves, shaped by formative experiences and values, and used to guide decision-making and actions in ones life. Ones self of self is closely tied up with self-image, whilst also contingent on the gaze of the other (Nanton, Munday, Mason, Kendall & Murray, 2016). Chronic or life-limiting illness can irrevocably damage these self-images, triggering a chaos narrative, in which one struggles to find any meaning in life or illness (Nanton et al., 2016). The reformation of the new self is complicated by the inevitable biographical disruptions caused by the newly formed ‘ sick self’, along with uncertainty, and the loss of personal, social and professional lives (Walker, 2010). The cumulative effects of these factors results in a catastrophic threat to the self, in which individuals must draw upon pre-existing supports in order to overcome. Narrative reconstruction is crucial to creating a new identity, independent to the ‘sick self’ (Nanton et al., 2016). For some individuals, the ‘sick’ identity prevails, and no equally meaningful identities are restored, leading to worsened psychological outcomes (Lindsay, 2009). This paper will examine the mechanisms through which this occurs by drawing upon literature to examine the voices of those experiencing chronic and life-limiting illness.

Biographical disruption

The all-encompassing nature of suffering in chronic illness is a concept considered by many pieces of literature, however, one must first dissect the medicalized view of suffering, described as solely physical distress, into the theory of a wider view of suffering, in which both the physical and psychological forms of suffering are considered (Charmaz, 1983). Suffering is all-encompassing (CITE). The very nature of being chronically ill dictates that the individual must deconstruct and reconstruct their life in order to accommodate for a new way of living post-diagnosis. All the illness worsens, and symptoms progress, activities once valued to a person are replaced with medical appointments, tests and contemplating the lasting effects that this may have on ones way of life.

Self-identity becomes prominent at age 3 as the development of the conscious is established. From this time on, it is continually re-worked as new experiences are lived, and is a continuous state of fluctuation and oscillation. Values once held close to individuals may be replaced by new values of equal importance, with the sense of self-being maintained, however, if values are lost, and are unable to be replaced, a loss of self-identity may occur (Bell, Tyrell & Phoenix, 2016).

Uncertainty

Chronic illnesses can be debilitating, with a widely varying illness trajectory, triggering a sense of uncertainty due to unreliable symptoms, course of the illness and a generalized fear of the unknown (Saadim, Rassouli, Abbaszadeh, Brant & Majd, 2016). This has been likened to a series of labyrinths (CITE), where although the illness may be the same, every individual will experience a difference illness course, a variety of symptoms, and manage the illness in unique ways. In the pre-diagnosis period, individuals may be experiencing an array of symptoms, with no cause. Often, when reported to health practitioners, ones concerns may be downplayed, creating doubt and uncertainty. Interestingly, during the pre-diagnosis period, some may welcome uncertainty, as it allows for multiple possibilities and trajectories, for example, a lipoma of the breast versus a malignant tumor (Dauphin, 2020).

Chronic illness often have periods of overt illness, followed by a period of remission in symptoms, resulting in individuals both anticipating and fearing the next relapse of symptom. (Bell, Tyrell & Phoenix, 2016). Dauphin (2020) posits that a state of liminality is entered into upon remission or treatment of an illness, in which an individual is no longer the person they once were during the pre-diagnosis period, but is no longer classified as sick. In this liminal state, new identities cannot be formed, as the individual is caught in a perpetual ‘in between’ state.

This is especially prominent in cancer experiences, during remission (Dauphin, 2020), where although the person may physically be well, the psychological suffering remains, affecting the psychosocial wellbeing of the individual.

Loss

Ones self of self is often closely intertwined with their perceived roles in life. Chronic illness can be debilitating, and although individuals are often able to maintain a sense of normality in the early stages of the disease, as the illness progresses, maintaining aspects of their life may come at the expense of another aspect. Individuals describe being able to continue working, however sacrificing all other aspects of life. The loss of professional roles is closely related with social standing and financial independence, and when lost, can catalyze a loss of self-identity (Walker, 2010). Not only can the loss of paid employment affect the financial supports of an individual, but can also disrupt daily routines, and

Roles as a mother, father or partner can shift upon the onset of a chronic illness, by way of a loss of physical function, for example, a partner is no longer able to perform garden maintenance and must outsource this work (CITE). As severity of the illness progresses, power dynamics in relationships may shift, as a partner may take on a caring role in the relationship. Individuals speak of their frustrations with their partner taking on a caring role, as their agency within the relationship is diminished. Physical changes during chronic illnesses can precipitate further losses, such as loss of bodily function. Individuals may be forced to restrict daily activities due to new restraints placed upon them by their failing body (CITE). At times, restrictions to daily life may supersede what is necessary, however individuals fear being caught off guard. Charmaz (1983) describes an individual who only leave the home when strictly necessary due to embarrassment about urinary incontinence. A restricted existence post-illness diagnosis results in fewer opportunities to reframe ones identity with a new and meaningful self.

Culture is characterized as the group mental programming of the human personality which recognizes one gathering of individuals from another. This programming impacts examples of reasoning which are reflected in the importance individuals append to different parts of life and which end up solidified in the foundations of general public.

This does not infer that everybody in a given society is customized similarly; there are extensive contrasts between people. It likely could be that the distinctions among people in a single nation culture are greater than the distinctions among all nation societies. We can, in any case, still utilize such nation scores dependent on the law of the huge numbers, and on reality, the majority of us are emphatically impacted by social control. If you don’t mind understanding that announcements about only one culture on the dimension of ‘values’ don’t portray ‘reality’; such explanations are speculations and they should be relative. Without correlation, a nation score is useless.

The world is contracting and pioneers from various societies are finding that they have to cooperate. The way of life are framed of topography, confidence, sexual orientation, age, association and segment. Also, in a worldwide world, where issues cross outskirts between societies, we require pioneers who can cross those limits and cross societies as well; individuals who can convey successfully and assemble differing systems important to take care of chaotic issues. We require pioneers who don’t simply timid far from distinction yet float towards it. They don’t consider heterogeneity to be undermining; they consider it to be imaginative, energizing, moving and improving. These are the pioneers with Cultural Intelligence (CQ).

Cultural intelligence starts with:

[image: https://culturaliq.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/cq-graph.jpg]

Measuring cultural intelligence

CQ varies from IQ in the way that it can’t be evaluated by a score. There is no straightforward Cultural Intelligence scale by which to quantify ourselves against, and to be sure it is unhelpful to consider CQ a number.

Rather we should consider Cultural Intelligence as being something which we can consistently enhance and create over the length of our lives. The trouble is in procuring it. We do this through our encounters yet in addition with learning bestowed by other individuals whom we trust – and who trust us enough to give us their insight.

The Eight Poles appraisal, created by Julia Middleton, is an organized method for utilizing our systems to get input along our CQ venture.

Country comparison between India and United Kingdom:

What about India?

Power distance

This measurement manages the way that all people in social orders are not equivalent – it communicates the frame of mind of the way of life towards these disparities among us. Power Distance is characterized as the degree to which the less amazing individuals from foundations and associations inside a nation expect and acknowledge that control is dispersed unequally.

India scores high on this measurement, 77, showing thankfulness for chain of importance and a best down structure in the public eye and associations. If one somehow happened to typify the Indian demeanor, one could utilize the accompanying words and expressions: reliant on the supervisor or the power holder for heading, acknowledgment of un-meet rights between the power-special and the individuals who are lesser down in the pecking request, quick bosses open however one layer above less in this way, paternalistic pioneer, the board coordinates, gives reason/significance to ones work life and rewards in return for dependability from representatives. Genuine Power is incorporated despite the fact that it may not give off an impression of being and directors depend on the compliance of their colleagues. Workers hope to be coordinated unmistakably as to their capacities and what is anticipated from them. Control is well-known, even a mental security, and demeanor towards supervisors are formal regardless of whether one is on first name premise. Correspondence is top down and mandates in its style and frequently criticism which is negative is never presented the stepping stool.

Individualism or independence

The key issue tended to by this measurement is the level of association a general public keeps up among its individuals. It has to do with whether individuals’ mental self-view is characterized as far as ‘I’ or ‘We’. In Individualist social orders individuals should take care of themselves and their immediate family as it were. In Collectivist social orders individuals have a place with ‘in gatherings’ that deal with them in return for faithfulness.

India, with a fairly transitional score of 48, is a general public with both collectivistic and Individualist attributes. The collectivist side implies that there is a high inclination for having a place with a bigger social structure in which people are relied upon to act in agreement to more noteworthy’s benefit of one’s characterized in-group(s). In such circumstances, the activities of the individual are impacted by different ideas, for example, the conclusion of one’s family, more distant family, neighbors, work gathering and other such more extensive informal organizations that one has some connection toward. For a collectivist, to be dismissed by one’s companions or to be considered humble by one’s all-encompassing and quick in-gatherings, abandons him or her rudderless and with a feeling of extreme vacancy. The business/representative relationship is one of the desires dependent on desires – Loyalty by the worker and relatively familial assurance by the Employer. Enlisting and advancement choices are regularly made dependent on connections which are the way to everything in a Collectivist society.

The Individualist part of Indian culture is viewed because of its overwhelming religion/logic – Hinduism. The Hindus have faith in a cycle of death and resurrection, with the way of every resurrection being reliant upon how the individual carried on with the former life. Individuals are, hence, separately in charge of the manner in which they lead their lives and the effect it will have upon their resurrection. This attention on independence communicates with the generally collectivist propensities of the Indian culture which prompts its middle-of-the-road score on this measurement.

Masculinity

A high score (Masculine) on this measurement demonstrates that the general public will be driven by rivalry, accomplishment and achievement, with progress being characterized by the champ/best in field – an esteem framework that begins in school and proceeds for the duration of authoritative life.

A low score (Feminine) on the measurement implies that the prevailing qualities in the public eye are thinking about others and personal satisfaction. A Feminine society is one where personal satisfaction is the indication of accomplishment and emerging from the group isn’t outstanding. The crucial issue here is the thing that propels individuals, needing to be the best (Masculine) or enjoying what you do (Feminine).

India scores 56 on this measurement and is along these lines thought about a Masculine society. India is in reality exceptionally Masculine regarding visual showcase of accomplishment and power. The creator mark name, the glimmer and flashiness that runs with promoting one’s prosperity, is generally drilled. Be that as it may, India is additionally an otherworldly nation with a huge number of divinities and different religious methods of insight. It is additionally an antiquated nation with one of the longest enduring societies which gives it abundant exercises in the estimation of quietude and restraint. This frequently reigns in individuals from enjoying Masculine presentations to the degree that they may be normally disposed to. In increasingly Masculine nations the emphasis is on progress and accomplishments, approved by material additions. Work is the focal point of one’s life and noticeable images of achievement in the work put are very essential.

Vulnerability avoidance

The measurement Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the manner in which a general public manages the way that the future can never be known: would it be advisable for us to attempt to control the future or simply give it a chance to occur? This uncertainty carries with it uneasiness and diverse societies have figured out how to manage this nervousness in various ways. The degree to which the individuals from a culture feel undermined by questionable or obscure circumstances and have made convictions and foundations that endeavor to maintain a strategic distance from these is pondered in the score Uncertainty Avoidance.

India scores 40 on this measurement and in this manner has a medium-low inclination for maintaining a strategic distance from vulnerability. In India, there is an acknowledgment of blemish; nothing must be immaculate nor needs to go precisely as arranged. India is customarily a patient nation where resistance for the unforeseen is high; even invited as a break from dreariness. Individuals by and large don’t feel driven and constrained to make a move activities and serenely sink into built up rolls and schedules without addressing. Tenets are regularly set up just to be dodged and one depends on creative strategies to ‘sidestep the framework’. A word utilized frequently is ‘alter’ and implies an extensive variety of things, from turning a visually impaired eye to rules being spurned to finding a one-of-a-kind and imaginative answer for an apparently unconquerable issue. It is this disposition that is both the reason for wretchedness and in addition the most engaging part of the nation. There is a truism that ‘nothing is inconceivable’ in India, inasmuch as one most likely is aware how to ‘change’.

Long term orientation

This measurement depicts how every general public needs to keep up a few connections with its own past while managing the difficulties of the present and future, and social orders organize these two existential objectives in an unexpected way. Regularizing social orders. which score low on this measurement, for instance, like to keep up time-regarded customs and standards while seeing a societal change with doubt. Those with a culture that scores high, then again, adopt a progressively sober-minded strategy: they support thrift and endeavours in present-day training as an approach to get ready for what’s to come.

With a middle-of-the-road score of 51 in this measurement, a prevailing inclination in Indian culture can’t be resolved. In India the idea of ‘karma’ rules religious and philosophical idea. Time isn’t straight, and therefore isn’t as imperative as to western social orders which regularly score low on this measurement. Nations like India have an incredible resilience for religious perspectives from everywhere throughout the world. Hinduism is regularly viewed as a rationality more than even a religion; an amalgamation of thoughts, perspectives, rehearse and obscure convictions. In India there is an acknowledgment that there are numerous facts and regularly relies upon the searcher. Social orders that have a high score on logic normally excuse an absence of reliability, an evolving approach dependent on changing reality and a general solace with finding the destined way as one comes as opposed to playing to a correct arrangement.

Indulgence

One test that defies mankind, now and before, is how much little youngsters are mingled. Without socialization, we don’t progress toward becoming ‘human’. This measurement is characterized as the degree to which individuals endeavor to control their wants and driving forces, in view of the manner in which they were raised. Moderately feeble control is classified ‘Liberality’ and generally solid control is designated ‘Restriction’. Societies can, subsequently, be portrayed as Indulgent or Restrained.

India gets a low score of 26 in this measurement, implying that it is a culture of Restraint. Social orders with a low score in this measurement tend to scepticism and cynicism. Additionally, as opposed to Indulgent social orders, Restrained social orders don’t put much accentuation on recreation time and control the satisfaction of their wants. Individuals with this introduction have the recognition that their activities are Restrained by social standards and feel that entertaining themselves is fairly off-base.

What about the United Kingdom?

On the off chance that we investigate the British culture through the perspective of the 6-D Model©, we can get a decent review of the profound drivers of British culture in respect to other world societies.

Power distance

This measurement manages the way that all people in social orders are not equivalent – it communicates the demeanor of the way of life towards these disparities among us. Power Distance is characterized as the degree to which the less amazing individuals from establishments and associations inside a nation expect and acknowledge that control is conveyed unequally.

At 35 Britain sits in the lower rankings of PDI – i.e. a general public that trusts that disparities among individuals ought to be limited. Curiously is that exploration indicates PD list bring down among the higher class in Britain than among the regular workers. The PDI score at first appears to be incongruent with the entrenched and chronicled British class framework and its uncovered one of the characteristic pressures in the British culture – between the significance of birth rank from one viewpoint and a profound situated conviction that where you are conceived ought not confine how far you can go throughout everyday life. A feeling of reasonable play drives a conviction that individuals ought to be treated here and there as equivalents.

Individualism

The principal issue tended to by this measurement is the level of reliance a general public keeps up among its individuals. It has to do with whether individuals’ mental self-portrait is characterized as far as ‘I’ or ‘We’. In Individualist social orders individuals should care for themselves and their immediate family as it were. In Collectivist social orders individuals have a place with ‘in gatherings’ that deal with them in return for faithfulness.

At a score of 89 the UK is among the most elevated of the Individualist scores, beaten just by a portion of the province nations it brought forth i.e. Australia and the USA. The British are exceedingly Individualist and private individuals. Youngsters are instructed since the beginning to have an independent perspective and to discover what their exceptional reason in life is and how they extraordinarily can add to society. The course to bliss is through close-to-home satisfaction. As the riches of Britain has expanded all through the most recent decade, with riches additionally ‘spreading North’, a much talked about marvel is the ascent of what has been viewed as wild industrialism and a fortifying of the ‘ME’ culture.

Masculinity

A high score (Masculine) on this measurement shows that the general public will be driven by rivalry, accomplishment and achievement, with progress being characterized by the victor/best in field – an esteem framework that begins in school and proceeds for the duration of authoritative life.

A low score (Feminine) on the measurement implies that the predominant qualities in the public eye are thinking about others and personal satisfaction. A Feminine society is one where personal satisfaction is the indication of accomplishment and emerging from the group isn’t splendid. The principal issue here is the thing that propels individuals, needing to be the best (Masculine) or loving what you do (Feminine).

At 66, Britain is a Masculine society – very achievement arranged and driven. A key purpose of disarray for the non-native lies in the clear logical inconsistency between the British culture of humility and modest representation of the truth which is inconsistent with the basic achievement-driven esteem framework in the way of life. Basic to understanding the British is having the capacity to ”read between the lines” What is said isn’t generally what is implied. In contrast with Feminine societies, for example, the Scandinavian nations, individuals in the UK live so as to work and have an unmistakable execution desire.

Vulnerability avoidance

The measurement Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the manner in which that a general public manages the way that the future can never be known: would it be advisable for us to endeavour to control the future or simply given it a chance to occur? This uncertainty carries with it nervousness and diverse societies have figured out how to manage this tension in various ways. The degree to which the individuals from a culture feel undermined by equivocal or obscure circumstances and have made convictions and organizations that attempt to maintain a strategic distance from these is considered in the score Uncertainty Avoidance.

At 35 the UK has a low score on Uncertainty Avoidance which implies that as a country they are very cheerful to wake up not comprehending what the day conveys and they are upbeat to ‘influence it to up as they come’ changing plans as new data becomes visible. As a low UAI nation the British are agreeable in uncertain circumstances – the term ‘wading through’ is an exceptionally British method for communicating this. There are commonly not such a large number of principles in British society, but rather those that are there are clung to (the most celebrated of which of obviously the British love of lining which has likewise to do with the estimations of reasonable play).

In work terms this outcomes in arranging that isn’t meticulous – the true objective will be clear (because of high MAS) yet the detail of how we arrive will be light and the genuine procedure liquid and adaptable to developing and evolving conditions. Arranging skylines will likewise be shorter. Above all the blend of a very Individualist and inquisitive country is an abnormal state of imagination and solid requirement for advancement. What is distinctive is alluring! This rises all through the general public in the two its silliness, overwhelming industrialism for new and inventive items and the quick very imaginative enterprises it flourishes in – promoting, showcasing, money-related designing.

Long term orientation

This measurement portrays how every general public needs to keep up a few connections with its own past while managing the difficulties of the present and future, and social orders organize these two existential objectives in an unexpected way. Standardizing social orders. which score low on this measurement, for instance, want to keep up time-respected customs and standards while seeing societal change with doubt. Those with a culture that scores high, then again, adopt an increasingly even-minded strategy: they energize thrift and endeavors in present-day training as an approach to plan for what’s to come.

With a moderate score of 51 in this measurement, a prevailing inclination in British culture can’t be resolved.

Indulgence

One test that stands up to mankind, now and previously, is how much little youngsters are mingled. Without socialization, we don’t move toward becoming ‘human’. This measurement is characterized as the degree to which individuals endeavour to control their wants and motivations, in light of the manner in which they were raised. Generally, powerless control is designated ‘Liberality’ and moderately solid control is classified ‘Restriction’. Societies can, subsequently, be depicted as Indulgent or Restrained.

A high score of 69 shows that the British culture is one that is named Indulgent. Individuals in social orders arranged by a high score in Indulgence for the most part display a readiness to understand their driving forces and wants as to appreciating life and having a ton of fun. They have an uplifting frame of mind and have an inclination towards idealism. Furthermore, they put a higher level of significance on relaxation time, go about however they see fit burn through cash as they wish.

Development of cultural intelligence

There’s no handy solution, it is something that requires investment and exertion, yet there are a couple of key systems that can kick you off:

1. Watch out for identity depictions of social practices. This is maybe a standout amongst the most widely recognized issues in managing individuals from different societies. For instance, somebody says one thing to your face, and afterward something altogether unique despite your good faith. In most western societies, this means that an exploitative identity; a deceiver; undependable; questionable; conniving. It shows a basic absence of regard or respect. Be that as it may, in numerous societies, to express something pessimistic to someone else straightforwardly is the exemplification of poor habits. It demonstrates a total absence of regard for the relationship. Rather, they will manage such circumstances in an increasingly indirect way, one that maintains a strategic distance from the potential for direct clash or difference. Presently, you may by and by aversion either framework. In any case, the truth of the matter is, inside their way of life, an individual who acts along these lines isn’t being untrustworthy, and in actuality is showing regard for the relationship that they have with you. On the off chance that you can see past your very own socially modified responses, and perceive that they are really endeavoring to demonstrate regard, at that point you are making a positive stride towards more noteworthy Cultural Intelligence.
2. Understand that we as a whole offer similar feelings, wants, and identities. All people on the planet, paying little heed to their way of life, share the equivalent emotions — love, excitement, hate, sadness, and so on. Culture just methods we express those feelings in an unexpected way. We as a whole offer the equivalent motivations — a want for security, for affection, for acknowledgment, for progress, and so on. Culture just method we express those inspirations in an unexpected way. What’s more, we as a whole offer the equivalent personalities — optimistic, skeptical, social butterfly, loner, and so on. Culture just methods we express those identities in an unexpected way. Seeing the distinctions in how individuals from different societies act is moderately easy — in actuality, that is essentially the way that a great many people are instructed about different societies, by concentrating on how they are ‘unique’ from us. Yet, the individual with high Cultural Intelligence can see past the distinctions, to perceive the shared traits hidden them.
3. Get free of ‘ordinary’ in discussing society. There is no such thing as a ‘typical’ culture, and ‘ordinary conduct’ is substantial just inside the setting of a specific culture; the minute you are managing another culture, that conduct may never again be ‘typical’ by any stretch of the imagination. Supplant the world ‘ordinary’ with ‘various’. Utilizing the word ‘ordinary’ implies that others are ‘anomalous’… it is a judgment that verifiably puts your conduct as superior to or better than theirs, on the grounds that you can’t both be typical. In any case, you can both be extraordinary. cultural assorted variety is an unavoidable and unpreventable piece of our present reality. What’s more, Cultural Intelligence is a vital aptitude to flourish in this world. It cannot just change your very own life, empowering you to have more extravagant, more profound, progressively important associations with people around you; yet it can likewise huge affect our reality all in all.

Different approaches to new culture

An important step towards increased cultural intelligence is understanding some of the main differences between countries and cultures (Thomas & Inkson, 2010). A second approach to cross-cultural understanding is a “laundry list” for the country in question. This list provides an overview of the basic things you need to know about the country, such as regional or organizational variations, expected behavior, detailed customs, type of speech inflections, what might be considered offensive, and functional information like living costs, health services and education. Companies who are preparing employees for an assignment in another country, as well as tourists and travelers often use this approach. It may work well if you know exactly what culture you are going to meet, but it tend to be rather formal and dry, and may not work if you are going to interact with people from many different countries around the same time (Thomas &Inkson, 2010).

A third approach is to become more culturally intelligent – “being skilled and flexible about understanding a culture, learning more about it from your ongoing interactions with it, and gradually reshaping your thinking to be more sympathetic to the culture and developing your behavior to be more skilled and appropriate when interacting with others from the culture.”(Thomas & Inkson, 2010)

There are many ways to fail when you first encounter a new cultural setting, and some common intercultural failures are the unawareness of the biases within our own culture, finding the differences threatening, not noticing when our cultural orientation is influencing our behavior and adjustment problems when it comes to living and working in a country with a different culture (Thomas & Inkson, 2010).

Recommendations

• The individual inspects his CQ qualities and shortcomings so as to set up a beginning stage for consequent advancement endeavours. Our self-appraisal instrument is one methodology, yet there are others, for example, an evaluation of a man’s conduct in a stimulated business experience and 360-degree criticism on a man’s past conduct in a real circumstance.
• The person should go for training to focuses on his weakness in order to overcome his weak capabilities.
• Acing straightforward exercises, for example, welcome or exchanges with neighbourhood retailers builds up a strong base from which to move into all the more requesting exercises, for example, giving a worker an execution examination.
• The individual should organise his personal resources to support the approach he has chosen a realistic assessment of his workload and the time available for cultural intelligence enhancement is important.

Introduction

Many business entities in the world today are confronted with huge amount of data relating to their transactions. The capability of storing, retrieving, updating and analyzing such data determines the accuracy and efficiency of their internal decision-making process and also their level of aggressiveness to the market. The mechanisms of storing business data and retrieving it is critical in the survival of a modern business. There are many solutions that are available for processing business data. The choice and adoption on any one of them will depend on a number of factors. The business has to evaluate its data requirements before settling on any of the available solutions. It can however be noted that it is extremely difficult for a business to survive in the modern business environment without a proper and appropriate data handling mechanisms (Shaqrah, 2018).

Businesses are ever-evolving. They are always confronted with issues that need appropriate decisions that can sustain their performance. Additionally, management will always wish understand the operational trends when defining their strengths and weaknesses. This can only be achieved with the use of business intelligence tools. Business intelligence has the potential to identify abnormalities in the regular business operations. Using historical data, the management can then undertake a root cause analysis to establish the main cause of such abnormalities and the much-needed solution (Shaqrah, 2018).

Business analytics are considered to complement the outcome of business intelligence tools. Where business intelligence has consistently identified certain abnormalities, business analytics is involved to spearhead the necessary changes that may be required. The management will always be involved in such decisions. Thus, both business intelligence and analytics serve the interest of the different levels of management (Scholz, n.d.).

Some of the commonly available business intelligence tools revolve around the use of databases. Databases are considered to be central storage where business data can be stored. Further, the database can be used to electronically update, retrieve, analyze and filter data and information. Database make it easier for management to evaluate their performance regularly and can also determine the impact of their decision in the market. The amount of time required to manage the data and the quality and consistency of the information obtained from a database always persuade the modern businesses to embrace the concept of databases on all their processes. This paper will evaluate the appropriateness of the use of the database for a mortgage brokerage firm (Kowalewski and Czyczerski, 2018).

Justification

The firm (Butler Financing Company) matches the lenders and borrowers of mortgages. As such, it has a list of several borrowers and lenders together with the mortgage details. Currently, the company makes use of spreadsheets to manage its business data. This process is however prone to errors and other delays whenever data is retrieved and updated. An evaluation of the appropriateness of the use of a database is critical to decide whether or not to adopt a database that can be used to process business transactions (Koehler, 2018).

The management can only be able to improve their strategies with the use of business analytics as long as there is a supportive database. This is what makes business intelligence and business analytics gain more popularity in the modern working environments. It is not only able to avert wrong decisions at the lower management levels but also able to act as reliable tracker to sustainable financial performance. These two tools have basically taken a center stage in every decision-making in the insurance mortgage business. Whether in the board rooms or in the fields, appropriate decisions can now be derived on the basis of the underlying data (Coronel and Morris, 2018).

The use of business intelligence tools and the database will enable the business to reduce the time that is spent on managing the data. Due to the huge amount of data that is associated with the business transactions, retrieving, updating, deleting and editing such data can not only take a lot of time but also introduce errors. As such, the firm stands to lose financially with the use of wrong data. The business can also lose customers since the customers will lose trust on their engagements with the business (Business plus Intelligence plus technology equals Business Intelligence, 2009).

The use of business intelligence tools is witnessed across all industries. Perhaps the brokerage and banking industry stands to gain more with the use of business intelligence tools that are brought about the use of databases to support their transactions. The banking industry for instance uses such tools to detect frauds in daily transactions. Virtually all banking businesses are based on the understanding of the risk. As such, data plays a central role in helping the bank make more informed decisions in regard to loans and understanding market trends. Predictive analytics combined with machine learning data, artificial intelligence and modeling can help insurance companies to create useful forecasts. These features can only be available when there is a reliable database that can support the retrieving, updating and analysis of the business data (Business Intelligence: Oxymoron or a Big Data Technique?, 2018).

ER Diagram

The following figure can be used to illustrate the ER Diagram that can be used to illustrate the organization of the data in the database.

In reference to the ER diagram shown above all the details of the lender are stored separately from those of the borrower. Each of the details of the lender are further stored separately in order to enhance the consistency and integrity of the database. There is a match relationship that has been set between the lender and the borrower. The details of the borrower have equally been segregated from those of the lender. All the details of the borrower are stored separately from those of the lender. Each of the details of the borrower are further stored separately in order to enhance the consistency and integrity of the database. This is the manner in which the database has been setup. As such, it is possible to retrieve each entity individually from the database whenever such a desire arises. This also makes it easy for data analysis since more than one details can be retrieved from the database to analyze a particular trend of information (Andersson et al., n.d.).

The advantage of the above setup is the efficiency of retrieving the data and the consistency of such data. It is not possible to store the details of the address for instance in the name field. This does not only sustain the integrity of the data but also the consistency of the data in the database. It can also be noted that the data stored in the database can be filtered to suit a particular need. The search for instance of mortgages that are more than $200,000 is possible with this form of arrangement. This may have not been possible with the use of spreadsheets. A simple query can be used to retrieve such information from the database (Adi and Kristin, 2014).

Conclusion

The use of databases to support business transaction information is widely used in the business environments in the modern world. Many business entities in the world today are confronted with huge amounts of data relating to their transactions. The capability of storing, retrieving, updating and analyzing such data determines the accuracy and efficiency of their internal decision-making process and also their level of aggressiveness to the market. The mechanisms of storing business data and retrieving it are critical in the survival of a modern business. There are many solutions that are available for processing business data. The choice and adoption on any one of them will depend on a number of factors. The business has to evaluate its data requirements before settling on any of the available solutions. It can however be noted that it is extremely difficult for a business to survive in the modern business environment without a proper and appropriate data handling mechanisms.

References

1. Adi, S. and Kristin, D. (2014). Strukturisasi Entity Relationship Diagram dan Data Flow Diagram Berbasis Business Event-Driven. ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications, 5(1), p.26.
2. Andersson, E., Karlsson, M., Thollander, P. and Paramonova, S. (n.d.). Energy end-use and efficiency potentials among Swedish industrial small and medium-sized enterprises – A dataset analysis from the national energy audit program.
3. Business Intelligence: Oxymoron or a Big Data Technique?. (2018). Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 20(1).
4. Business plus Intelligence plus technology equals Business Intelligence. (2009). International Journal of Business Intelligence Research, 1(1).
5. Coronel, C. and Morris, S. (2018). Database Systems. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning US.
6. Koehler, J. (2018). Business Process Innovation with Artificial Intelligence: Levering Benefits and Controlling Operational Risks. European Business & Management, 4(2), p.55.
7. Kowalewski, M. and Czyczerski, M. (2018). BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE AND DASHBOARDS IN PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego Finanse Rynki Finansowe Ubezpieczenia, 94, pp.221-229.
8. Scholz, J. (n.d.). Enterprise architecture and information assurance.
9. Shaqrah, A. (2018). Analyzing Business Intelligence Systems Based on 7s Model of McKinsey. International Journal of Business Intelligence Research, 9(1), pp.53-63.

In today’s society the average parent’s main focus is to ensure that their child does remarkably well in school. With the basic grading scheme being “A” for excellent and “F” for failure, can this be used to measure someone’s intelligence? How many of the A grades you have achieved in school helped you with your job today? Did finding “x”, or finding Pythagoras Theorem helped you to figure out what to say to your big marketing meeting? While growing up, society has taught us that in order to get a job you needed to obtain a degree and in order to gain that degree you needed good grades, however, does grades really matter? Does getting that letter ‘grade’ on your final exam truly define your future and the way you think? How can you believe a society that tells us that natural beauty is everything however, applies make up and Photoshop to a model to make them “perfect”? Society is quite biased therefore how can this society define the comprehension and intellect of your brain based on how well you did in school? Although the author does agree that qualifications are needed to be hired on a job, an individual’s intelligence cannot be measured by the number of good grades, certificates and degrees one possesses. According to the Webster Dictionary, intelligence is defined as a person who has the ability to not only acquire but, to also apply the knowledge and skills they have to everyday life. Graded exam does not test our intelligence however, it tests our ability to memorize and shows our work ethics and determination. Students do not usually apply anything they learn from school in real life unless they plan to work in that field.

Secondly opportunity is a big factor that affects education. According to research, more and more parents are opting to send their children to private schools because of the advantages they have over public schools. Enriched academic opportunities, smaller classes, parental involvement, dedicated teachers, a safe environment alongside ample resources and extra-curricular activities are some of the salient advantages. Smaller classes mean that each child is given special attention and guarded to achieve at their own pace. Ample resources mean that the process of learning is aided effectively. Consequently, learning become easier and grades are upped. I once picked up a quote somewhere which goes “no education system is better than the quality of its teachers.” This goes back to opportunity, dependant on where one is educated. You cannot compare someone who studied at a highly ranked institution with someone who studied at a low ranking one; just like you cannot compare someone who studied in a developed country with someone who studied in a developing one. Quality education is one of the features against which a country’s development is measured, and quality education includes among other things, competent educators. Competent educators influence competent students, who we then label as intelligent because of their ingenuity and wider thinking capacity.

What I like about school is that it shows you your weaknesses while it also shows you your strengths. Just because I cannot do Maths does not mean get me written off the intelligence slate. Chances are that I am very apt in languages. According to research, individual differences in educational performance are strongly related to differences in intelligence. This means that individuals have different aptitudes, and sometimes that aptitude is not university tailored. Some of the best artists, actresses and businessmen have no degree under their belt, yet still do the most auspicious work which inspires even the degree holders. I’m not against getting qualifies, it’s a good thing to as it equips one with more knowledge and skills in their field, but just do not make the mistake of thinking your ability to attain a degree renders you more intelligent than someone who did not. Intelligence is a very subjective phenomenon, but basically about how you apply learnt skills, even outside the classroom. Albert Einstein put it well when he said “everybody is a genius. But if you judge a fish on its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing it is stupid.”

Take Bill Gates for example, a very wealthy and successful man who dropped out of Harvard University two years into his degree and later became the co-founder of Microsoft. He is intelligent, and yet he did not have a college degree when he started his company. Additionally, Thomas said motivation plays a big part in a person’s grades. A student with mastery-oriented motivation approaches a class with curiosity and an interest in the subject, whereas a student with performance-orientated motivation does so solely from a grade standpoint. “The counter to that is a performance-orientated motivation where you are much more concerned about grades, you don’t really care that much about the material of the class,’ Thomas said. If people spent the same amount of time working to ensure they retain important information as they did pulling all-nighters to cram for finals, they could become be more intelligent. Students should focus on developing their critical thinking and problem-solving skills rather than simply memorizing information for a test. A transcript only shows a student’s motivation, dedication and work ethic — not their personality, humour, work or life experiences. While grades still matter and students should strive to get a 4.0, we need to stop weighing our intelligence through grades and instead recognize that intelligence comes in all forms.

In summary, the whole thing that discuss about how grades matter in life and how the society judge you. There are of example that prove thar getting grades in not the only thing that you need to succussed in your life but there are some other that teacher and parent should teach their students.

The ever-evolving intelligence of mankind has assisted the human race in segregating themselves from other species by allowing us to make our environment adapt to us instead of vice versa. The article, What is Intelligence? What Do IQ Tests Really Measure? (Part 1) written by Futurism, claims that Dr. C. George Boeree described the general definition of intelligence as “a person’s ability to learn and understand information, apply that information to solve problems, and engage in abstract reasoning.” Psychologists have attempted to use tests to measure a person’s intelligence, but the fact of the matter is intelligence is too diverse of a concept to simply measure as a whole.

One of the most prominent forms of measuring intelligence is the intelligent quotient test widely known as the IQ test, created by psychologist Alfred Binet in 1904. The article What is Intelligence? What Do IQ Tests Really Measure? (Part 1) explains the IQ tests as, “tests in which you cannot study, this means that the test measures the general intellect of a person at any age” (Futurism). In the podcast G: The Miseducation of Larry P Archival Clip said that the test was created because, “Alfred Binet saw it as a chance to benefit the individual pupil. To diagnose problems so the child can get special help.” He wanted to pinpoint the kids that needed extra help so they can get the attention they need. But as Stuart Ritchie mentions in the podcast a psychologist named Charles Spearman performed some experiments with the IQ test and, “his analyses of the tests were that they all seemed to correlate positively together. People who are good at one type of test, tend to be good at them all.”

Creating a dangerous concept that IQ tests are a tool to measure a person’s, “General intelligence.” (Ritchie). Society has become so insistent on people passing these intelligence tests through various educational systems and getting their college degree, that it has led people to view individuals that do not have jobs that require such intellect as unintelligent and at points inferior. In the podcast David Robson mentions that Binet “believed that intelligence was malleable, and that the human mind had, you know, so many different facets that had to be considered.” In our world “the ways we judge each other’s intelligence is through the work we do” (Rose xix). People fail to grasp that the intelligence test does not test “pure” or overall intelligence, in the introduction of The Mind at Work Mike Rose informs us that “ it is undisputed that formal education will affect one’s score on an intelligence test, since the tests tend to be heavy on verbal and numerical items.” (xxii).

What mankind needs to understand is that “intelligence is a variable and dynamic; that social context is crucial to its emergence and display; that creativity, emotion, aesthetic response, and the use of the body- removed from traditional psychometric definitions and tests of intelligence- must be considered as aspects of intelligent behavior.” (Rose xxii). Common industrial or service jobs require their aspects of intelligence for them to be performed properly. We need to stop basing people’s overall mental compacity on tests because then we are undervaluing the capabilities of the human mind. Our dependence on intelligence tests has contributed to major civil and human rights violations in the past century. According to the article Intelligent intelligence testing by Etienne Benson, “It has helped the U.S. military place its new recruits in positions that suit their skills and abilities.” But on the other hand Benson admits that “intelligence testing has also been accused of unfairly stratifying test-takers by race, gender, class and culture; of minimizing the importance of creativity, character and practical know-how; and of propagating the idea that people are born with an unchangeable endowment of intellectual potential that determines their success in life.” The intelligence that was once used to pick out the kids that needed more help is now being used to punish and terrorize people.

An instance where intelligence tests were being used to do more harm than good was mentioned by Pat in the broadcast; “ The Nazi version of eugenics started in the mid-1930s, when they began forcibly sterilizing and then executing thousands of people that they’d classified as mentally ill, disabled, or what they called feeble-minded. Meaning that they’d scored low on an IQ test. This program was called T4, and it was a precursor to, and essentially a training ground for the mass executions of Jewish people that over the next several years would become the Holocaust.” Another example of injustices the intelligence test has contributed to was discussed in the podcast with the Larry P case, when numerous black children put in a mental retardation class because they did not do so well on the IQ test. In the broadcast, Armando Menecal mentioned how he got the department of education employee that tested the children to admit “that yes, he believed that there were more mentally retarded Black people than white people. And Peckham goes, ‘Wait, wait, wait, wait. Are you saying you really believe that there are more Blacks who are mentally retarded?’ And the guy said, ‘Yes!”’ Brandon Gambel brings up the fact that experience and background has a lot to do with how a person answers questions on an intelligence test; “If that child is not from that cultural frame and that cultural experience, they may give different answers.” In conclusion, the reason and the way intelligence tests are evaluated has to be adjusted.

Society needs to be reminded that the intelligence test only test measures certain aspects of a person’s intelligence and it is not the whole picture; with that we need to understand that culture plays a huge role in the way people answer question so psychologist should consider all these segments when evaluating or scoring someone’s test. Einstein mentions in “With Other Opinions and Aphorisms, he writes “Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution. It is, strictly speaking, a real factor in scientific research.”’(Futurism).

The human instinct for revenge is universal, automatic, and immediate. It is one of the natural emotions that are embedded in our genetics before we can learn from our environment and those around us. It is commonly argued that the social factors that influence human behavior hold a primary place in the causation of vengeance, yet with the development of societies standards skewing away from violent acts and toward peaceful acceptance, it is impossible to assume complete liability for the social factors within human lives. Many Psychologists hold strict theories surrounding this topic that clash with one another in their own truths and it has remained an open field of debate today. Psychologist Albert Bandera is the founder of the social cognitive theory and intensely believes in his findings that the social world around human life is the leading reactant in the formula that produces passionate actions. Despite Albert Bandera’s belief in the social cognitive theory as the primary explanation of human behavior, internal factors have a larger responsibility in motivating vengeful actions because the human thirst for revenge is rooted within the emotional and cognitive components of human psychology.

While many psychologists believe social influences to be the primary cause of passionate acts such as revenge, there are components lacking that can only be explained through analysis of human cognition. The social cognitive theory relies on the acquirement and maintenance of behavior, while also considering the social environment in which individuals perform the behavior. Although environmental factors are important in understanding the explanation for human behavior, there are several limitations within this theory. From this theory, it is assumed that changes in the environment will automatically lead to changes in the person, when this may not always be true. By doing so, its principles focus heavily on the processes of learning and disregards biological tendencies that are the initial influence of behaviors, regardless of past experience and expectations. Cognitive factors play a large role in determining which environmental events will be observed, which meaning associated with them, whether they leave any lasting effects, the emotional impact and motivating power they have, and information they convey to be organized for future use. (Bandura, 1982). Other than through reference to past experience, this theory does not focus on emotion or motivation, and cannot be accepted as a proper explanation of human behavior.

The mind of the human is complex and is the central point of every signal that pulses through our bodies, inferring the desire for revenge to be the result of feelings of anger and resentment. To discover the activity that occurs in the brain when thoughts of revenge are imposed, researchers from the University of Geneva, Switzerland, conducted a study in which twenty-five people took part in an “inequality game” created by Olga Klimecki-Lenz to enforce economic interactions between two other subjects, one with friendly intent and the other meant to trigger feelings of injustice, which then translated to anger, before promoting an opportunity of revenge. The results displayed that the “DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) is coordinated with the motor cortex that directs the hand that makes the choice of vengeful behavior or not.” (Olga Klimecki-Lenz). This study is the first to identify the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as a concentrated area of the brain responsible for revenge. There is therefore a direct correlation between brain activity in DLPFC, known for emotional regulation, and behavioral choices. The DLPFC serves a more general role in emotion regulation, perhaps by reflecting the cognitive demand that is inherent to the regulation task (Golkar, 2012).

The principles of cognitive dissonance further provide responsibility for prompting the vengeful nature of human beings. These principles include three distinct phases; Attitudes contradicting other’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Distress of these contradictions trigger “unpleasant arousal” which is an “activation to reduce the unpleasant stimulation” through actions (Festinger and Carlsmith 1959). According to the Equity theory stating that “humans have a natural tendency to maintain equity in their social relationships”, individuals experience distress when they have been treated unfairly (Adams, 1965; Walster, & Berscheid, 1978). Revenge enables victims to reduce their suffering by repairing equity with the offender (Donnerstein & Hatfield, 1982). Comparably, Dutch Psychologist Nico Frijda (1994) observed that one of the most enraging aspects of being unjustly harmed is the acknowledgement that “he walks in pleasure and I in suffering” (Frijda). When there is a distortion of equilibrium among justice, humans have the temptation to correct their circumstances in order to find resolution in the cognitive dissonance they are facing. Another factor of cognitive dissonance is effort justification in which it specifies that the amount of effort one puts toward a goal does not equal the reward for the effort. Thus providing that revenge does not undo the harm, but it restores the balance of suffering as well as helps reestablish the balance of power between the victim and the wrongdoer (Frijda, 1994). Through vengeance, victims have the capability to restore their self-worth by showing they are not powerless (Bies & Tripp, 1998; Frijda, 1994). These components as well as many more are credited as the prompters of acts of passion that are common within the human life.

The human tendency to access heuristics further provides reason within the mind when debating whether or not to commit a vengeful action against an aggressor. Fast thinking is intuitive, automatic, and nearly impossible to switch off, causing thoughts of desire such as revenge to motivate such behavior. This can be attributed to the human reliance on the first option that satisfies certain conditions to be chosen to comply with that situation despite other possible options that may have better outcomes (Herbert Simon, 1956). According to a behavioral psychological research team at Harvard University, Humans have developed heuristics over millions of years. Since they save both cognitive energy and time, it is likely that they provided an evolutionary advantage to those who relied on them. Humans are lazy beings when it comes to resolving internal conflicts, thus we hurriedly make decisions, pass judgement, and solve our issues with the least amount of mental effort needed all so we can continue living our lives in equilibrium. When it comes to human emotions, anger and hate become much more accessible and we become overwhelmed by passionate feelings rather than taking the time to resolve these negative sensations toward the conflict that is imposed on us.

The roots of aggression offer a further understanding of the internal processes that promote acts of passion. Aggression is classified as any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm another individual. It has been hypothesized that frustration is one of many unpleasant experiences that can lead to aggression by creating negative feelings (Berkowitz, 1989). Through the cognitive neoassociation analysis, negative feelings stimulate thoughts, memories, and other reactions relevant to fight or flight responses. Thus, these aggressive behaviors such as revenge must be credited to the cognitive processes. In a study concerning the “priming affect” as it corresponds with planted anger, each participant is given the opportunity to create a solution for a problem and then receive a range of mild shocks in response to the helpfulness of their solution. The intent from these shocks, is to anger the participant and then expose them individually to an aggressive stimulus, such as an image of a gun, to attach a negative connotation to that stimulus. Afterwards, participants are given the option to return the shock back to the confederate whom they received the shocks from initially. The results showed that participants who were both angered and exposed to aggressive stimulus were considerably more aggressive than the control group. (Berkowitz & LePage, 1967). Provided through this study is the interaction effect that comes from the activation within human emotion as well as an outside factor provided by the “primer” to stimulate aggressive behavior.

Humans have always been psychologically linked with an urge to respond to heated emotions that encourage an embrace of revenge. Being creatures of revenge, there is no definite way to avoid these vengeful emotions that arise, which questions the progress that can be made to avoid actions of revenge to take place. Research surrounding the psychology of revenge presents the mechanics of its ascendance, yet there is very little in regard to recovery and avoidance of vengeful temptations. Attempting to suppress feelings of revenge is a risky strategy in which layering over negative emotions may never truly be overcome and may only result in a larger buildup of tension in the mentality of man. Thus, what can be done to avoid acting out of revenge and causing distress to others? These patterns of vengeful actions repeated throughout history may all be decreased if ways to engage with vengeful motivations in a more mindful way were found. However, with the continuous arguments surrounding the initial causes of revenge, humanity may never truly escape the concept of revenge and will only continue to submit to its sinful nature.

Is there a limit to what we as humans are capable of understanding? Is our capacity for complex thought limitless? Are our brains well-enough equipped to understand all the truths of the universe? Good morning, my name is Madeline Briddell and today I’ll be sharing with you my thoughts about the limits of human intelligence.

We live in an age of tremendous scientific success. We’ve mapped out grand schemes of how the physical world works on scales that range from the molecular machinery of cells to biospheres and from quarks to galactic clusters which span our known universe. These achievements are especially remarkable when we consider that our brains’ primary evolutionary goal was for survival on the African Savannah; not to ponder life and the nature of the universe. Considering that our brains haven’t changed much since our time on the Savannah, it is remarkable that we can grasp abstract and counterintuitive behaviors of the quantum world and the cosmos. Despite our advances in science, our understanding is far from complete and reveals how little we really understand. In the science community’s quest for the so called “Holy Grail of Physics”, the Theory of Everything that links all physical aspects of the universe, we’ve pointed our Artificial Intelligence Systems to a theory that the majority of the mass of the universe is made up of Dark Matter, but we have no idea what Dark Matter really is. Will science ever be able to provide all the answers? Are our brains from the Savannah even capable of understanding the answers?

As of now, we can only see a finite number of galaxies. Our horizon acts as a shell around us, delineating the greatest distance from which light can reach us. The volume of space-time within range of our telescopes, what astronomers have traditionally called the universe, is only a tiny fraction of the aftermath of the big bang. If we conceive the universe as the entire aftermath of our big bang, it could still be just one island, one patch of space and time, in a perhaps infinite archipelago (group of islands). There may have been many big bangs, not just one. Each constituent of this Multiverse could have cooled down differently and may be governed by different physical laws. From this hugely expanded cosmic perspective, the laws of Einstein and the quantum realm could be mere parochial by-laws governing our narrow cosmic patch.

At the cutting edge of physics, seemingly foundational concepts like space and time have long been disrupted. But it could be that our current concept of physical reality could be as constricted, in relation to the whole, as the perspective of the Earth available to a plankton whose entire universe is just a spoonful of water. A challenge for 21st century science will be to answer these questions like “Are there many big bangs rather than just one?” and even more interesting “if there are many, are they all governed by the same physics?”

But there is a deeper question still. Are there things that we’ll never know, because they are beyond the power of human minds to grasp? Are our brains limited to an understanding of all key features of our narrow reality? Only parts of the physical world are understood. They can be observed and described by theories—but much of it cannot. Human observation bumps up against these stark limits. While human reasoning may not be limitless, our ability for abstract thought allows us to consider countless possibilities for what might in principle be over the horizon. Though the answers to many current mysteries will come into focus in the coming decades, it’s possible that some key features of reality may be beyond our conceptual grasp. There may be phenomena, crucial to our understanding of physical reality and critical to our long-term destiny, that we are not aware of, any more than a monkey is able to comprehend calculus. If aliens exist, it is easy to imagine that they have developed a different perception of reality and have senses and brains that structure their consciousness in a fashion that we cannot being to conceive.

As daunting as our limited view of the universe may seem, our ability for abstract thought and self-consciousness has aided our comprehension of the universe beyond the world we see, and enabled humans to accomplish a great many things.

Abstract thought has formed the basis for innovation and creativity throughout human existence and can be seen as one of humanity’s most defining features. This ability to think outside our immediate cultural setting and surroundings, beyond basic needs like eating, sleeping and reproducing, is indicative of a higher degree of thought. The ability to form hypotheses using abstract thought and test them in physical form characterizes scientific thinking; abstract thought also goes hand in hand with the development of technical innovation in the progression of human behavior through time.

One of the most striking aspects of human knowledge is the ability of the mind to bend back on itself completely, rendering us self-aware and self-conscious. Our consciousness is our awareness of ourselves and the world around us, and we are only really present to ourselves when we know something other than ourselves. When we know anything, we know that we know (furthermore, we know that we know that we know, and so on). It is this power that gives us the ability to know our limits, and we cannot transcend our limits without first knowing them. This same ability towards self-transcendence allows us to become aware of the profound limitations of human intelligence and our cognitive abilities in general. Will the true scientific theories of the universe ever be found, and if so, would we even be able to understand them?

In the science fiction book A Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, an alien race programs a massive supercomputer to calculate the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything. After seven and a half million years of calculation, the computer finally spits out the answer “42” and no one has a clue as to what it means. So, in this case, is a question still a mystery if it’s been solved but you still have no idea what it means? Think about how mind boggling some earlier scientific theories, from Galileo to Einstein were when they were initially proposed. Philosopher Robert McCauley writes: “When first advanced, the suggestions that the Earth moves, that microscopic organisms can kill human beings, and that solid objects are mostly empty space were no less contrary to intuition and common sense than the most counterintuitive consequences of quantum mechanics have proved for us in the twentieth century.”

Still – can our puny brains really conceive all the questions and comprehend all the answers? That’s where mind-extending technology comes in to play. Homo Sapiens are a tool-making species. For example, our unaided senses cannot detect things like UV light, ultrasound or gravitational waves, but with the right technology, we’re able to detect and record all of these things and more. In the virtual world inside a computer and with the explosion of Artificial Intelligence, astronomers can mimic galaxy formation, or crash another planet into the Earth to see if that’s how the Moon might have been formed; meteorologists can simulate the atmosphere, to forecast the weather or long-term climate change. As computing power grows, these virtual experiments become more realistic and useful. We use mind-extension technologies to represent concepts we couldn’t think of with our bare brains alone.

Equally important, we can extend our mind(s) by networking to our fellow human beings. The thing that makes our species so unique is that we are capable of culture, in particular, cumulative culture knowledge. What that means is that a population of human brains is far smarter than any individual brain in isolation. No scientist would be able to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos on her own, but collectively, we’re doing so. As Isaac Newton wrote, he could see further by “standing on the shoulders of giants”. Through collaboration, scientists can extend the scope of their understanding and achieve much more than any of them would have been capable of individually.

As I mentioned earlier, biologically, we are not much different than we were 40,000 years ago. But now we know about viruses and bacteria, supernovas and black holes, and a wide array of other strange things. Our minds have “reached out” to objects millions of light years away from our planet, as well as to extremely tiny objects far below our conceptual limits. A little over 100 years ago, nobody had the slightest idea that the quantum world even existed. Now it lies at the heart of our understanding of the universe. Today’s unknowns may become tomorrow’s great theories. A hundred years from now, perhaps we will understand how our cells form consciousness, or the nature of dark matter, or the nonlinear nature of time. Perhaps a thousand years from now we will more easily see the invisible hand of God, or be able to weigh love.

So, are the limitations on human knowledge? Possibly/maybe, but I look forward to piercing those limits.