Historical highlights from the development of behavioral theory
The behaviorist position on the relationship between animals and humans is a rather popular position among psychologists. Beginning from the 1910s and even a few decades earlier, such well-known psychologists as Watson, Dashiell and Weiss argued that there existed a close connection between the behavior of animals and human behavior (Wozniak, 1997). They stated that not taking mind into account, human behavior is very similar to animal one. However, to support the conclusions that parallels in human and animal conduct does exist, it is important to make a few assumptions about similarity between humans and animals.
The assumptions which should be made to believe that research with animals can give us information about human behavior
The idea that animal behavior studies can become a basis for making conclusions concerning human behavior requires a few assumptions which may seem outrageous for the majority of people. Firstly, an assumption should be made that humans, just as animals, are governed by strong impulses which can be also called instincts (Hunt, 2007). Secondly, human intellect which makes us unique living creatures on the Earth should be underestimated and equaled to animal instinctive wisdom. Finally, human morality and spirituality which are believed to be vital foundations of human society should be neglected because animals do not have such categories in their world.
Critical analysis of the main concepts of behaviorism
Judging on the above-mentioned assumptions, I believe that the position of behaviorists is not well-judged. Of course, some humans may be likened to animals on the reason of their degradation. Such people forget about their exalted inner qualities including intellectual potential, conscience and morality, and start serving their sinister inclinations and instincts. However, these people cannot be accepted as typical humans whose behavior concepts are followed by the majority in human society. Human conduct is far more complicated than animal one.
References
Wozniak, R. (1997). Classics in the History of Psychology. Web.
Hunt, M. (2007). The story of psychology. New York, NY: Anchor Books.
Life is very complicated and it is sometimes difficult to fully understand all its aspects. Human beings can only strive to get the best while they are alive because they have no power over live and death.
It should be noted that human beings are morphology similar and functioning of the various body parts is the same. However, there are some noticeable differences among the behaviors of human beings.
When placed in similar situations, various people will act differently bringing to the fore the question of why the difference. Moreover, many people are concerned with finding the best way that they should behave and conduct themselves in society.
Jiddu Krishnamurti tries to explain human behavior and the best principals to follow. In his discussion named the only revolution, he tries to discuss the effects of the environment on human beliefs and actions.
Summary of the Teachings
In the search for truth, human brains play a very crucial role. Our brain should be able to freely think without pressure from the preconditions of society so as to find reality.
If we have predetermined expectations of what our results should be, then we cannot proclaim that we are able to find the truth. Society has been structured in a manner that outlines what is expected as being right and what is deemed wrong.
In this regard, we often find ourselves using the known facts in our search for the truth (Williams, 2004). However, as Krishnamurti argues, truth goes beyond the ordinary things that society has conditioned our minds to belief in.
Whatever people belief in is mostly what the social cultural teachings have made them to belief in. We seldom want to question whether the reality is the same as what our culture defines as being correct. If we are asked today about time we gladly explain our answers.
We say we did this and that yesterday. Nevertheless, Krishnamurti points out that people do not actually know the difference between yesterday and today.
Society has conditioned people to think that some things just happen naturally without any cause (Epstein, 2011). He disputes this fact arguing that nothing happens without any cause.
In his words, the cause and effect of everything in the world are so entangled that differentiation between the two is almost impossible. Thought is always in the search of how to do things better and different from other people.
As a result, letting the mind free to think is the beginning of finding truth. He is, however, concerned with the idea that human mind always works in fragmentation.
Consequently, the best education that one can get according to Krishnamurti, is the education directed to the mind thus eliminating fragmentation. Just as Socrates, Krishnamurti wants all people to be more concerned with their inner soul rather than the earthly things (Stephens, 2010).
Krishnamurti believes that people should be very objective in their search for truth. Any cultural preconditions should be removed when one is meditating.
This is because success of meditation is highly dependent on the freedom of mind to engage in reasoning without being influenced by environmental factors. In his view, human beings are similar and should treat each other as such (Hammerman, 2007).
However, the mental conditioning by the cultural and various religious beliefs bring about the difference in human beings. This brings about the difference in interpretations of various situations thus the difference in findings.
In the end, people are made to belief in various fashions of the truth when in reality only one truth exists.
Krishnamurti agrees with Plato that bodily desires and conclusions are in many instances inaccurate and misleading as far as a philosophers quest for truth is concerned (Dombrowski, 2006). In this regard, the best realities of life, as well as the truth, are better approached in thought alone.
Consequently, he advocates for people to first be human beings before sliding into their ethnical and religious cocoons.
Socio-Cultural Background
During the times of Krishnamurti, cultural believes in the world were very divergent. In his homeland India, people were very observant of their cultural and religious beliefs. Everything that culture advocated for was taken seriously.
All the teachings of people were based on what their culture defines as being right or wrong. In a scenario like this, people are not able to free their minds and think on their own. On the other hand, Europe had a different culture at this period in time.
People had extricated themselves from the chains of cultural beliefs (Krishnamurti, 2006). They more or less engaged themselves in thinking how to advance their lives with less influence from cultural beliefs. There was a wave of change and modernization in the world especially in Europe.
Nonetheless, each region held that they had the best practices that should be adopted by the rest of the world. More especially, Europe was in a delicate situation and strived to compel the world to adopt its way of doing things. The rest of the world was viewed as a threat to its status quo.
On the same note, technological enhancement and other educational advancement were seen as the only way that people can proclaim their superiority.
Consequently, each community was striving to come up with new ideas about everything. As a result, there existed tension regarding which status quo will prevail in the end.
On the same note, religion was seen to play a very crucial role in the day to day activities of people. From time immemorial, religion has been the pillar on which society bases its principles.
In many societies, religion has been used as a guiding principle in determining the correct code of conduct, besides giving rules on what is considered as acceptable behavior in society (Krishnamurti, 2010). It should however be noted that religion has lost much of its control in society over the years.
Anciently, religion used to dictate virtually every activity in society. During the period of Krishnamurti, that control had diminished and it was not peculiar to have some issues happening in society which were completely secular.
It is for this reason that he advocates for spirituality in the activities of people.
Relation to Real Life
The teachings of Krishnamurti still influence the current life that human beings lead. People still believe that life depends on explanations brought forward by different socio-cultural teachings. In any research that people want to conduct, priori theory is first used to explain the issue.
It therefore goes without saying that researchers do have prior expectations of how results of their endeavors should look like. Our behavior is highly as a result of what our cultural backgrounds consider as being right or wrong.
When a baby is born, he or she is taken trough the cultural beliefs by the parents (Krishnamurti & Blau, 2002). The baby is made to know that there is a limit as to what actions can be done and what one should think.
In this regard, our minds are preconditioned form the very beginning and all that we do is behave as per the limits imposed on us by the socio-cultural atmosphere of where we were brought up (Kumar, 2013).
The truth therefore becomes evasive because people fear going against what the society wants. Similarly, things happening in the world have a cause, and yesterday is a determinant of today. The future of everybody is dependent on how they prepare for it presently.
This is the same argument by Nietzsches who states that everything in the world is just but a replication of what happened in the past. According to the argument, the world is recurrent and will continue to recur infinitely.
Therefore, there is nothing new that happens in the world that has never been witnessed before (Valasquez, 2010). Pain, disasters, diseases and all other sorrows that are happening now or those that have happened in history will recur again.
Nietzsche argues that human beings have no control over what has happened, what is happening or what will happen in the future. The argument is similar to the reincarnation believe by the Hindu religion.
Krishnamurtis argument that people should consider themselves as human beings first before subscribing into religious beliefs is crucial in the world of today. True to his arguement that religion is just a collection of rules that serve to drift human beings apart, religion has divided the world.
Various religious groups are nowadays claiming to be the only true religions instead of teaching spirituality to the congregation (Knight, 2007). Similarly, each person only wants to think to the extent that he or she does not seem to go against his or her religious beliefs.
Criticism of the idea
Unfortunately, the ideology that there is no spontaneous thing that happens might make people highly irresponsible knowing that they can only play a spectator role in the world.
Moreover, it is crucial to note that nobody has ever come forward and claimed to be aware of what happened in the last part of his or her life.
Consequently, subscribing to the idea will not change people in any way since they will be confident that their past deeds will not haunt them (Kreeft, 2002). People can be tempted to stop working towards the prevention of evil in society (Quinn, 2009).
Anyway, it will be pointless to work tirelessly wasting ones energy in trying to prevent what will definitely recur. Moreover, it is erroneous to imagine that nothing changes in the world because definitely, the earth is not the way it was 1000 or even 50 years ago.
Much has changed; some things have become extinct like the dinosaurs, while others have emerged. Natural occurrences are definitely there. Not everything can be explained by human beings explaining why people believe in spirituality.
Moreover, Aristotle differs with Krishnamurti given that Aristotle highly encourages people to monitor natural phenomena (Knight, 2007). This implies that he accepts the fact that some things are natural.
Arguably, Krishnamurtis argument that people should free themselves entirely from any mental preconditions in their search for truth is difficult. People become human beings because of the unique way of life that is imparted into them after birth.
They way of thinking of a person is also as a result of the cultural teachings that one receives (Ross, 2011). We live in the society and do everything with regards to how society wants it to be done.
On the same note, Aristotle states that material cause is important in understanding reality thus differing with Krishnamurti. Consequently, it is pretty difficult to argue that truth can only be found if the mind is freed from the societal and cultural ties.
Despite the argument of Krishnamurti which advocates for spirituality and not necessarily religion, religion is a very influential aspect in human life. Not only does religion impart social behavior, but it also sets out what is expected from each person.
It is important to note that though the influence of religion is fading away with the emergence of modernity, it still plays an important role in various societal issues.
Contrary to ancient times when people used to involve themselves in religious matters only to the extent allowed by religious beliefs, nowadays people can think outside the religious beliefs.
This is also Spinozas view which argues that scriptures should be interpreted solely on their own (Rocca, 2008).
Conclusion
Human beings are different by nature not only in character, but also in logic. Therefore, a single issue can generate many arguments each with a different perspective. However, it is how one defends his or her own view that matters.
Philosophers in particular are known to have diverse views regarding different issues including life and death. It is however crucial to note that the views of philosophers continue to influence the world in one way or the other.
References
Dombrowski, D, A. (2006). A Platonic Philosophy of Religion: A Process Perspective. New York: SUNY Press.
Epstein, R. (2011). The Quotable Krishnamurti. New York: Quest Books.
Hammerman, J. (2007). Desires and Illusions. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation.
Knight, K. (2007). Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to Macintyre. Cambridge: Polity.
Kreeft, P. (2002). Philosophy 101 by Socrates: An Introduction to Philosophy via Platos Apology; Forty Things Philosophy is According to Historys First Wisest Philosopher. San Francisco: Ignatius Press.
Krishnamurti, J. & Blau, E. (2002). Meditations. Brockwood: Krishnamurti Foundation trust Ltd.
Krishnamurti, J. (2006). Inward Revolution: Bringing about Radical Change in the World. Boston: Shambhala Publishers.
Krishnamurti, J. (2010). Choiceless Awareness. Hertford: M-Y Books Distribution.
Kumar, A. (2013). Curriculum As Meditative Inquiry. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Quinn, E. (2009). Critical Companion to George Orwell. New York: Infobase Publishing.
Rocca, M. D. (2008). Spinoza. London: Routledge.
Ross, J. E. (2011). Krotona, Theosophy and krishnamurti: Archival Documents of the Theosophical Societys Esoteric Center, Krotona, in Ojai, Calfornia. Taormina: Krotona Archives.
Stephens, M. (2010). Provolution: A Guide to Changing the World Through Personal Evolution. New York: John Hunt Publishing.
Velasquez, M. (2010). Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Stanford: Cengage Learning.
Williams, C. A. (2004). Jiddu Krishnamurti: World Philosopher (1895-1986) his Life and Thoughts. New Delhi: Mortilal Banarsidass Publishers.
The relationship between human behavior and the social environment (HBSE) is usually complex. Social workers should be able to apply various theories and knowledge and use conceptual frameworks and models. The HBSE idea is that peoples actions are more predetermined and defined by external factors than internal changes, and attention to outside sources must be paid. In social work, cooperation with clients is developed through three main stages, including engagement, assessment, and intervention, and may be facilitated by using the HBSE approach.
To provide people of different ages, races, and genders with effective help, social workers have to be aware of the nature of human behaviors and changes to undergo at various stages of development. In this case, Dalia is a 14-year-old girl who demonstrates self-harming behavior because of the lack of communication with her family and poor parental attention. When it is necessary to engage with the client, a social worker is responsible for investigating common beliefs and cultural aspects inherent to her race. Stereotypes are useful in terms of the possibility to predict the clients behavior and expectations from counseling (Zastrow et al., 2019). It is expected but not always possible for parents to discuss race issues at an early age (Cristol & Gimbert, 2008). In this case, Daliaa parents do not have time to communicate with her child, and knowledge about racial characteristics, the social environment, and potential behaviors is crucial at the engagement stage. The use of empathy skills, agreement, and understanding is preferable.
The next step in the case is the assessment of an individual, a family, and a community. The task of a social worker is to collect and interpret available data. It will help to understand what opportunities and limitations may be observed in the clients life. Racial discrimination and the inability to report on current problems result in multiple negative behaviors, and Priest et al. (2013) mention alcohol and drug use as one of the outcomes among adolescents under 16 years. This knowledge has to be applied to evaluate the client and her decision not to focus on studying but drinking and having inappropriate sexual relationships. The discussion of expectations and the selection of interventions are the critical steps at the assessment stage.
As soon as the goals and resources for social work are identified, it is high time for a counselor to initiate actions and enhance the clients behaviors through effective interventions. Many African-American children develop prejudiced behaviors toward other groups (Cristol & Gimbert, 2008). The task of a social worker is to identify if there are any reasons for biases and wrong judgments and recommend changes. In this family, parents have already raised two children, and Dalia is the youngest child who does not experience enough attention and care. Negotiations should be developed within the whole family, not only the client herself. A social worker needs to prove that the girl is exposed to a variety of concerns and social problems, and her family is the only regular source of motivation and support.
In general, the use of HBSE knowledge during the engagement, assessment, and intervention is a chance for a social worker to understand what kind of work is required for a particular client. Racial differences, personal concerns, and parental contributions to child development vary in families, and the challenge is to find information and combine facts. The interpretation of personal experiences and the social environment is never easy, but the awareness of general thoughts, cultural interests, and traditions facilitates social work practice.
References
Cristol, D., & Gimbert, B. (2008). Racial perceptions of young children: A review of literature post-1999. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36(2), 201207.
Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Trenerry, B., Truong, M., Karlsen, S., & Kelly, Y. (2013). A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Social Science & Medicine, 95, 115127.
Zastrow, C. H., Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hessenauer, S. L. (2019). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (11th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Cognitive theory is usually a learning theory that tries to explain the human behaviour based n their thought processes. The logic in human helps them to make decisions and choices that are more sensible to their lives. The individual thoughts are the paramount determinant of the emotions and behaviours of human beings. The cognitive behaviours arise on what the individuals perceives to be right and respond by taking the best course in trying to come up with the solution. Cognitive theory asserts that the negative responses occur because of unavoidable triggers such as automatic thoughts and to a smaller extent by mistaken beliefs. Alleviation of the negative responses is through the utilisation of a more positive approach that entails developing an optimistic view of life. Cognitive framing has gained usefulness particularly in the analysis, realisation and development of healthier ways of viewing a situation. One of the cognitive therapies used to avert this automatic thought is the Stop method. In this method, the stopping of the occurrence thoughts is learned. Alleviating measures are also learned, and this helps in replacing them with other positive thoughts. Automatic thought usually occur automatically in response to an occurrence of situation. A combination of cognitive therapy and cognitive-behaviour therapies is important in changing negative automatic behaviour into a more positive and rational response.
Social cognitive theory emphasizes that human being learn more by watching what others are doing. This premise becomes central to understanding human personality and appreciate others diverse approaches. It is a more environmentally friendly approach in learning what other perceives as the best approach to a situation. Although the individuals choose the moral they want, the people around them mainly influence the decision-making capabilities. In social cognitive theory, learning generally occurs through observing while factors such as interaction with the environment, cognition and behaviour play a big role in determination of the development pattern. George Kelly asserted that individual differences occur largely due to the varying interpretations that emanate from differing opinions of a similar situation by groups or individuals. Kelly likened the individual to the scientists who collects in formation and develops their own hypothesis based on their own conclusions. Kellys theory stated, A persons processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events (Kelly, 1995, p.46). This was the main idea of the theory, also referred to as Fundamental Postulate. From Kelly ideas, it is evident that the way human being act is directly proportional to their expectation based on the past interpretation of events. From the cognitive theory, George Kelly drew an eleven corollary to help explain the human perception and behaviours. The first corollary was:
The construction corollary
The construction corollary denotes that A person anticipates events by construing their replications (Kelly, 1995, p.46). In this corollary, Kelly argued that there lies a high tendency for human beings to construct their anticipation depending on the previous encounters with similar situations. There is a tendency by the human being to anticipate what they believe things should turn out (Restle, 1975, p.35).
The experience corollary
It states, A persons construction system varies as he successively construes the replication of events (Kelly, 1995, p.47). Observation of this corollary occurs when situations do not conform to our expectation. We develop alternatives method of doing the same thing. Based on the results of the event, human being continues with the belief of their theory or adapts and develops another theory. The other corollary is the:
The dichotomy corollary
It states, A persons construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs (Kelly, 1995, p.47). The dichotomy corollary assumes that the storage of information regarding an experience occurs differently and in a unique manner from that of the other experiences.
The organization corollary
It states, Each person characteristically evolves, for his convenience in anticipating events, a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs (Kelly, 1995, p.47). In this corollary, Kelly asserts that intertwining of the constructs occurs in addition to floating around. This enables human being to use one piece of information to get to another. It shows the interrelation of constructs. If the constructs were not connected, human being would not be able to anticipate on the outcomes of events.
The range corollary
It states, A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only (Kelly, 1995, p.46). In this construct, Kelly says that no construct is useful for everything. While some constructs may appear useful to some, it may be meaningless to others. This depends on the diversity of human being and their interest. While male-female in gender construct may be of great importance to human being it loses meaning in smaller organisms. As noted, some constructs are very comprehensive, finding application in almost every field.
The modulation corollary
It states, The variation in persons construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose range of convenience the variants lay (Kelly, 1995, p.46). This makes some constructs open to an increase in range, and therefore becomes permeable construct.
The choice corollary
It states, A person chooses for himself that alternative in a dichotomized construct through which he anticipates the greater possibility for extension and definition of his system (Kelly, 1995, p.46). In this construct, Kelly denotes that the human being will tend to participate in events that will most likely elaborate their construction system. Individual will therefore interpret the reality in a more improved way thus boosting the benefits from such a venture.
The individual corollary
It states, A person differs from each other in their construction of events (Kelly, 1995, p.46). It further denotes that since every individual will have an experience, then varying or differing construction of reality will also be occur. Another form of construct laid down by the Kelly is :
The commonality corollary
It denotes, To the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another, his psychological processes are similar to the other person (Kelly, 1995, p.46). It emphasizes that the observed differences in humans are largely due to variations in perception and behaviours. If we perceived things in the some way we would betrays the same behaviour.
The fragment corollary
It denotes A person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other (Driscoll, 2005, p.490). The constructs states that we can be inconsistent within ourselves. This may be because of the occurrence of different challenges that require different approaches.
The socially corollary
It states, To the extent that a person construes the construction processes of another, he may play a role in a social process involving the other person (Driscoll, 2005, p.490). The construct asserts that although people are different and tend to exhibit different characteristics, some similarities can exist between them. All these constructs tries to explain the nature of human being based on cognitive theory.
Application of cognitive theory
The hallmark of cognitive theory is about how we perceive or think about others and ourselves. The way we respond to challenges with our emotions and behaviour reflects the way we perceive things (Strauss, 1997 p.575).
Changing ones negative perception and helping building a positive attitude is paramount in effecting a change to an individual. Cognitive theory has also found its way to the treatment section. Aaron Beck together with Albert Ellis are the founders of the successful and popular Beck Depression Inventory and then its sister, Beck Anxiety Inventory that are widely utilised in the assessment of the individual functioning. The cognitive psychologists see cognitive theory as a solution to many negative attributes of personality. Their argument, because conditions always precede behaviour and emotions, is that changing individual thoughts leads to behaviour change.
Learning theory
Cognitive theory and learning theory are closely related such that it is hard to draw a line between the two. In psychology, learning is defined as the process of assembling cognitive, emotional and environmental influences, in improving or gaining more knowledge. A learning theory explains how human being learns. We have three categories under which learning may fall. These categories include behaviourism, cognitive and constructivism. Having looked at the cognitive we look at the other two.
Behaviourism
B.F Skinner developed behaviourism theory. In his finding, which also included work of other researchers, he put across assumption underlying the process of learning. First, B.F skinner assumed that change of behaviour manifests learning. In the second assumption, he attributed environment to have an impact to the education. In the third assumption, he argued that the principles of contiguity and reinforcement are central to explaining the learning process. Behaviourism theory observed learning as acquiring new knowledge generated through conditioning. Conditioning falls into the following categories:
Classical conditioning (Hergenhahn, 2005, p.39): in this case the behavioural; change is characterised with involuntary stimulus. Individual react to certain stimulus automatically. To demonstrate this, Skinner used a dog, which salivated in response to the bell, if there were no food. The other form of conditioning is the operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is when rewards and punishment are used to reinforce behaviour change. Punishable behaviours have lower chances of recurring while the rewarded behaviour has a greater continuity.
Constructivism
Constructivism entails the generation of a new idea based on the available knowledge or experience. According to Jean Piaget, individuals construct new knowledge through interaction and assimilation. According to Drivers et al (1984), learning is the process by which individuals are introduced to a culture by more skilled members constructive education helper the learner understand the concept with a greater depth since he is able to look at the challenge at two dimensional states, that is modern perspective and also from experience point of view. Learning can be either a product or a process.
Learning as a product
Although many people perceive that all changes in behaviour results from experience this is not the case (Clark, 1999p.299). It is usually the norm for people to expect the involvement of experiences if indeed learning has taken place. Although conditioning may result in a transformation of behaviour, the transformation may fail to borrow a leaf from experiences in the course of generating new knowledge. Learning helps in understanding the world better. This has resulted in many psychologists putting forward theories trying to make up what is learning, but there has been no standard theory used to define the theory of learning. Saljo (1979) carried out a research where he obtained differing but related views of what the learners perceived the learning. In general, we have five main categories under which responses fall.
Increase in knowledge quantitatively
Learning as storing of reproducible information
Learning as acquiring facts, skills, and methods that are retainable and used when necessary
relating parts of the subject matter to each other and to reality
Interpreting and understanding reality in a different way: Learning involves comprehending the world by reinterpreting knowledge. (Rams den 1992:26)
As seen the in the responses 4and 5 falls in the qualitative perspective. The first to third categories generally imply a slightly less sophisticated view of learning. We therefore observe learning as occurring to the learner externally
Learning as a process
According to the categories identified by Saljo, learning is as a process, which has the sole intention of increasing the knowledge to the learner. Learning is therefore behaviour change through experience. (Maples and Walter 1980 quoted in Merian and Caffarella 1991:124) however which approached in the five cases the, tutor should impact the way the learner perceive or approaches the situation and help them have a positive perception. Alan Rogers (2003) draw an approach to help in understanding the learning theory better. He set out two contrasting approaches: task-conscious or acquisition learning and learning-conscious or formalized teaching (Phillips, 2004, p.200). Acquisition learning is a continuous approach that is gained through individual work and research and also through experience from others in the field. The approach as depicted by Rogers is concrete, immediate and confine to a specific activity; it is not concerned with general principles (2003, p.123).
The next approach is the formalized learning. The process of facilitating learning causes this approach. According to Rodgers accumulation of experience is not as important as educative learning since there is consciousness of learning. Learning itself is a task. What formalized learning does is to make learning more conscious in order to enhance it (Rogers 2003)
Conclusion
Cognitive theory is an interrelated theory with the theory of learning that tries to explain the individual perception and approaches to learning. The theories explain how and why this change in human behaviour occurs. The research was also imperative in the examination of the Kellys Fundamental postulate that entirely relied on the functioning of eleven corollaries. The corollaries were crucial in explaining the perception and the anticipated change in behavioural patterns in human being. Although there is several theories that tries to explain human behaviours, three theories are the most applicable in explain how knowledge is acquired and how it affects behaviour change in the individuals. These are the cognitive construct and behavioural theories
The cognitive theory offers techniques that are designed to reduce the effect of a bad behaviour. One of the techniques used is Stop method. This helps individuals to avert from the bad thought and design another positive thought. Psychologists first administer it by requiring the client to yell it out and later they memorise it. This is what psychologists refer to as cognitive therapies.
Reference list
Clark, A., Alford, A., &Beck, T. (1999).Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. Newyork: John Wiley and Sons.
Driscoll, M. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Newyork: Pearson Education Inc.
Hergenhahn, R., & Olson, H. (2005).An introduction to theories of Learning. Newyork: Pearson Prentice Hall
Phillips, D., & Soltis, J. (2004). Perspectives on learning. Newyork: Publisher Teachers College
Quinn, N & Strauss, C. (1997) A cognitive theory of cultural meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Restle, F. (1975). Cognitive theory: Cognition Human information processing. Newyork: Routledge
Psychology is a science that studies a human being, especially mental health, and phenomena. This science focuses on the study of the mental state of a person and how to deal with emotion. Attention in psychology is paid to a persons feelings and his comfortable stay in the environment. Such a science singles out a person as the main subject and conducts all its research around life and the emotions a person receives from life. Psychology involves a detailed study of a persons mental facts and phenomena.
An overview of the topic
Psychology positions itself as an independent branch of research that reveals the foundations of a person. Psyche is a critical subject constantly under study and investigation (Morehouse, 2017). Many researchers often compared psychology with natural science (Morehouse, 2017). In particular, a large part of researchers in the 20th century adheres to precisely this opinion. Only in the 70s of last century did scientists conclude that psychology is part of the humanities.
The importance of psychology for modern humans lies in that it helps a person discover his thinking or develop processes related to self-understanding. Psychology offers ways to solve mental and ordinary problems (Morehouse, 2017). That subject is very often possible to identify human behavior disorders and, at the same time, find ways to overcome them. Today, the issue of psychology plays a crucial role in communication and a sense of ones presence in society.
Today, psychology is in a period of active study and development, so trends change quite quickly. Psychologists establish general principles that determine the future interpretation of human behavior (Morehouse, 2017). In particular, such science is based on experience and specific cases, allowing many field workers to research and determine individual peoples and disorders characteristics. Such research began 1800 years and, at its beginning, called itself the science of consciousness (Morehouse, 2017). The problem then was a lack of understanding of the principles and awareness of a person as an ordinary person.
A thorough review of readings
Understanding the full importance of the principles of psychological science and its place in society is essential. For psychology, it is vital to understand the key concepts and branches of science to realize their importance. Separate books reveal the main ideas of psychology and briefly analyze the main trends. For beginners in this field, it is worth starting with books that outline the history of psychology and its creators.
The first important part of the readings offered is Morehouses article Caring Thinking, education of the Emotions and the Community of Inquiry. This short article first provides a brief overview of the history of psychology and provides an overview of the various debates that have arisen since its inception (Morehouse, 2017). The vital part of work for reading is the consideration of psychology as humanitarian science. Morehouse (2017) in particular, tries to explain the path and transformation of human science. At the same time, there is information about the leading researchers who made an essential contribution to the development of science and what debatable issues they solved.
The article examines the main trends and changes in psychological science. It is essential that the author superficially considers the main ideas of various concepts, allowing a person to understand all psychological details quickly (Morehouse, 2017). At the same time, the author gives examples and tries to describe the main ideas qualitatively. This part can recommend this type of article to people who are just going to study something related to psychology. Morehouses article should be used as an introduction to psychological science. After that, it is worth checking in detail with other authors who write more specific articles.
The following reading, worth paying attention to, is a book by Giorgi, «Psychology as a human science: A phenomenologically based approach», which already reveals the given topic in more detail. In the article mentioned previously, the book provides a detailed history of the formation and development of psychology as a science (Giorgi, 2020). This type of book allows students to learn a lot of details and contains a lot of important information. In particular, the author develops many theories that may interest young scientists (Giorgi, 2020). It is essential to understand that such a book is a significant contribution to delving into such science and beginning to understand better in such a field.
The author pays a lot of attention to understanding the different currents of psychology and how they function. Positivistic, reductionistic, and deterministic are the authors main things (Giorgi, 2020). That gives us an understanding of how such ideas developed, the history of formation, and the principal representatives. Such a detailed description allows us to carefully study psychological science and learn about psychology in a different context. In particular, the author is not afraid to express a controversial opinion about psychologists and their work (Giorgi, 2020). The author often mentions that psychologists are not sensitive people who, in most cases, hide their emotions and do not try to sympathize with others. Despite relatively negative criticism, the author describes people who work in this field as hardworking and robust because working in psychology is not easy.
It is also essential to add that the author mainly pays attention to what is worth observing a person. For Giorgi, a person is the basis of all psychology. Therefore a detailed study of all aspects of a person is an essential component (Giorgi, 2020). In particular, he concludes that this is a humanitarian science; accordingly, it is necessary to consider many contexts for developing psychology (Giorgi, 2020). In particular, the author condemns those who try to avoid that psychology is primarily a branch of philosophy and has a lot in common with such a science.
The last significant work worth considering concerns the representation of the human population through the prism of psychology. This part is essential to understand how psychology works today and how it is worth using different aspects when studying a person (Rad, Martingano & Ginges, 2018). The author emphasizes that it is crucial to understand a person correctly before starting a conversation with him. In particular, in the article, it is fashionable to learn the main goals of psychology and how to apply them in practice (Rad, 2018). This work is vital in the context of the fact that it analyzes many other scientific articles, which allows us to consider the possibilities of different analyses.
Discussion prompts
To understand the topic well, options that will allow students to remember important issues through the discussion are worth considering. First, it is essential to consider how psychology became a science and its prerequisites. In this context, it is worth including questions about philosophy and its direct influence on psychology. This type of discussion will allow, first of all, to make an overview of the historical component and consider the foremost researchers simultaneously. In such a topic, it is worth paying attention to the fact that students have the opportunity to use their knowledge qualitatively and, at the same time, learn even more critical information from the discussion.
An essential part of psychology that should also be discussed is the issue of man in psychology. Here it is crucial to focus on correctly understanding how a person influenced the development of psychological science. In particular, how psychologists use people to achieve their goals. Such a discussion involves using many sources with various historical studies of famous psychologists and their way of studying people. In this discussion, one can also touch on how much influence psychology had on the state of people before.
Conclusion
Psychology is a topic that affects all people directly, so the importance of studying such a topic is evident. In particular, it is essential to review such a topic to understand how such a science developed and what this field entails. It is crucial to study psychology to help people find ways to solve their problems. In particular, such a topic will be interesting for people who love history because such a science involves a detailed study of history to understand the current state of psychology. Since man is the center of the study of psychology, such a topic is essential for everyone, as it involves a clear understanding of human beings and all the things that happen to them.
References
Giorgi, A. (2020). Psychology as a human science: A phenomenologically based approach. University Professors Press.
Morehouse, R. E. (2017). Caring thinking, education of the emotions and the community of inquiry: A psychological perspective. In Community of inquiry with Ann Margaret Sharp. pp. 197-208.
Rad, M. S., Martingano, A. J., & Ginges, J. (2018). Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 11401-11405.
Communication is an essential tool for the survival of many species, is used as a means to inform others of, and to receive information. There has been some fascinating research into animal communication. Karl Von Frisch in 1946 discovered that honeybees use a ‘waggle’ dance, to recruit less experienced bees within their colony to collect nectar and to indicate areas in which to find it, the dance corresponding to compass headings and flight paths (Riley, Greggers, Smith, Reynolds, & Menzel, 2005). It is believed that the dance not only mechanically indicates where location of nectar but also produces a chemical signal to the other bees (Biesmeijer & Seeley, 2005).
Zebra finches use songs to communicate things such as mating availability and territory, researchers have analysed the song and concluded that the songbirds have a rule based grammar system (Berwick, Okanoya, Beckers, & Bolhuis, 2011). Primates have been shown to use sign language or a taught system of symbols, the study of, Nim Chimpsky revealed that though his abilities were impressive, having learned 125 signs through operant conditioning (Terrace, 2010), he only used these signs to gain reward, he never used them to communicate with other ASL taught chimps unless prompted to do so by teachers,he would try other more natural gestures, such as grabbing, prior to signing in an attempt to illicit a reward, only reverting to sign if his initial attempt was unsuccessful. Nim’s signing was used response to gestures by teachers 90% of the time. Terrace submitted that there is no evidence of Nim’s understanding of syntax. (Premack, 1971) More primate examples Washoe and Kanzi. Washoe was able to learn more that 130 signs, she was taught ASL not by operant conditioning but by observing signs used in context by the Gardner family. Washoe taught signs to other chimps, her children and another chimp name Loulis (Hillix & Rumbaugh, 2004).
Kanzi, a bonobo, mastered hundreds of words using a lexigram board, Kanzi was not the target of learning but a passive observer of his mother being taught, Kanzi spontaneously approached and used the board, becoming the new target for the research. One observation showed, Kanzi made some loud vocalisations after being given some yogurt, his sister, who was in another room without visual contact, then also vocalised and selected the symbol for yogurt (Savage-Rumbaugh, Fields, & Spircu, 2004)
While some primate research has shown the lack of ability for language without intense instruction from humans, another example of communication in primates comes from Dr Catherine Hobaiter, Catherine has been researching the natural system of sign language used by chimpanzees. The researchers have been able now categorise 88 gestures (Hobaiter & Khalili 2018) Chimpanzee gestures are species-typical, many of which even ‘family-typical’, with extensive overlap in gestures recorded in gorillas, orangutans and chimpanzees, with 24 gestures recorded in all three genera. (Hobaiter & Byrne, 2011) Research is now also directed at the possibility that human children may possess the same instinctive use of these gestures. (Hobaiter & Khalili 2018)
Defining language can be difficult as there are different schools of thought on the subject. R H Robins proposed that Language is a symbol system based on pure or arbitrary conventions, is infinitely extendable and modifiable according to the changing needs and conditions of the speakers.(Robins, 2020). A notable conflict regarding language is that of Piaget and Chomsky Piaget focusing on the role of cognitive development in language acquisition and Chomsky focusing on the role of genetic endowment factors. Chomsky believing that only the Human brain is competent enough to construct previously unheard sentences from finite set of sounds/symbols (Marras, 1983)
Chomsky et al said that language is “a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements”. “Contemporary human language syntax cannot be characterized by any finite state grammar” Note that a grammar must reflect and explain the ability of a speaker to produce and understand new sentences which may be much longer than any previously heard. (Biesmeijer & Seeley, 2005; Chomsky, 1956) Hockett et al had a similar view Hockett et al suggested two features of language relevant to syntax: discrete -‘The possible messages in any language constitute a discrete repertoire’ -and open -‘New linguistic messages are coined freely and easily, and, in context, usually understood’ (Progovac, 2016)
Shigeru Miagawer proposed another theory, that human language syntax has evolved from two simpler systems which he refers to as layers, expression (Type E) and lexical (Type L), Examples of both types are found in non-human species Type E in song birds and Typle L suggestively in honey bees. Type L could be attributed to vervet monkeys who have a different alarm call (name) for different predators: snake; eagle; leopard (Cox, Slocombe, Noble 2014) The calls were; socially directed; associated with visual monitoring and gaze alternations, and goal directed, ending only when recipients were safe from the predator (Schel, Townsend, Machanda, Zuberbühler, & Slocombe, 2013). The evolved integration of the L and E layers gives humans the ability to “yield the discrete infinity of human language” Miyagower et al hypothesise that (1) this could be caused by the shared intentionality of humans adding an expressive layer to the lexical system or (2) Building on darwins theory, that human language began as song with syllabic structure and prosodic contour, later evolving to a word system (Miyagawa, Berwick, & Okanoya, 2013)
There are many examples of features of language that could be attributed to non-human species. Including the use of grammar, symbolism and the ability for change/learning. The main feature of language for which there is no known animal example is that of the links between language and thought, the human ability to use language as a means to construct and communicate ideas, past, present and future. So while animal communication could have elements of language or even be called language by some definitions, the superiority of human language is unique.
The existence of religions around the world helps understand why people of a certain faith behave in a certain way as compared to others. This includes their practices, based on their beliefs systems and bearing in mind that, despite the principle remaining the same, these practices change with time affecting behavior and mental process. Moreover, all religions have different sects of people practicing the religion differently based on their respective interpretations.
The ideology of Faith is such that religion at some point will always make one ask questions, make certain decisions and act in a certain way because that is what one is taught to believe is the right way. In Islam there are certain behaviors and mental processes that are followed due to what Muslims learn from the Quran, Hadiths and teachings from the Prophet (PBUH). Islam is a total way of life that encompasses not just the spiritual aspects that deals with nourishing the soul such as prayer, pilgrimage and charity, but also daily activities like what we eat and drink. These attributes in the Islamic religion that contribute to understanding behavior and mental processes both to the Muslims and non – Muslims include:
Learning /Reading the Quran
Through the Qur’an is the holy book that contains the word of God. The Quran contains verses that helps shape and guide Muslims through life situations and helps answer some specific questions. Through the Qur’an Muslims behaviors are shaped morally and principally. In the Quran is whereby Islam’s bring in the aspect of reward for good deeds and strictness on sins committed. Such teachings helps keep most people aligned and having good morals.From the Quran is where the Muslims learn how to handle the Quran itself: ”This is indeed a Holy Quran, in a book well-guarded, which none shall touch but those who are clean.. ” (56:77-79)
Christian are therefore able to understand why Muslims have specific ways of handling the Quran (nothing placed on top of it, closed and stored in a clean, respectable place, it should not be placed on the floor, it should not be in a bathroom) which may be different from how Christians handle the Bible.
Attending Madrasa classes
It refers to a traditional firm of school where Muslims are taught Islamic teachings consisting of a variety of Islamic subjects.
Islamic Religion is based on kindness and empathy and therefore when the child is brought up, these teachings and practices are inculcated to him. The children start going for Madrasa classes at an early age where the children are taught Islamic teachings that they memorize from the Quran. This builds them and establishes their morals where the child learns a new language and teachings thus their cognitive mind develops which is an importance of learning them from a younger age enabling them to grow with these virtues and values and not forget them.
Modesty
In the Quran Allah commands the Prophet to address women : ‘Say to the believing women that ; they should cast down thir glances and guard their private parts (by being chaste)…’
Modesty to the Islam meant showing everything apart from face, hands, wrist and feet as guildlines found in the text of Hadiths and fich developed after the introduction of Quran. Although with time things have changed as there are arguments on the hijab not being mentioned in the Quran and exactly what was meant by women covering themselves.
The veil was meant to be used as acover up for women as a way of curbing male sexual desires. The female hair was considered a private thing in a woman’s body and this was not to be seen by unrelated men
This therefore has made non – Muslims who may not understand the Quran;end up judging Muslims who are not putting on the hijab or not all covered up as sinners and not following the Islamic teachings.
Interactions between Men and women
The way Muslim men and women are required to interact with each other from the Quran influence how they behave. The law of Islam (Shari’ah) prohibits exposure of women to men, intermingling of both sexes and crowding of both men and women. The acts are prohibited as they are the causes of temptation and therefore leaing to negative or evil consequences. The men and women are also not to look at one another with seual desires
If the men and women are able to stay and pray in separate places from the men in a mosque then it is also possible for them to not intermingle in other places.
Such different Islamic practices may not be understood by other people but instead may feel like probably a Muslim lady is arrogant if they don’t hug or greet a male whose not Muslim. But all they are doing is following their practices that have been instiled in them since childhood. Muslims therefore show respect to Allah by not looking at the opposite sex and maintaining self restraint as written in the books.
Praying
Muslims tak their prayers seriously and when oe misses a prayer, it is considered lapse in faith and one is required to make up for a prayer kissed as soon as possible. Therefore it becomes a normal behavior for Muslims from a young age to pray first time a day as it reminds them of God’s faithfulness and the many opportunities to seek His forgiveness and guidance.
Through prayer therefore, they are able to get comfort and strength as they get spiritual nourishment when communicating and after communicating with God.
Attitude towards animals
Muslims consider Dogs as impure and not clean creatures. This may therefore influence how they interact with them and how they treat them. Someone who is not a Muslim may take it negatively if they do not understand their religion. If a Muslim is evn sniffed by a dog, they are supposed to wash themselves seven times to make themselves clean again. ”And the pig, because it has a cloven hoof that is completely split, but will not regurgitate its cud:it is unclean for you. You shlak not eat of their flesh and you shall not touch their carcasses, they are unclean for you ”
Therefore for Muslims,the restriction of pork is not out of lifestyle but a command from Allah which is considered an act of worship if obeyed. Pork consumption is inked to numerous health problems due pigs considered to be carrying toxins.
Muslims are taught the art of kindness which trickles down to sharing. They share meals together which creates a sense of belonging to someone and their bond is generated and becomes more stronger. This helps one to be psychologically healthy and consider it a normal things to eat together.
Economic Intelligence can be thought of as “the skill to understand the marriage of accessible evidences so as to lead the action in the direction of a wanted objective.” Wilensky (1967) describes the “organizational intelligence” as “the difficulty of bringing together, preparing, deciphering, and connecting of the material necessary for making decision.
The Entrepreneur’s choice is associated with executing decisions by finding out the finest option which can bring about important and realistic compensation. The notion of economic order must usually give solutions to issues facing societies: the purpose of the economy, the success of the elementary social and political goals and the productivity of all economic undertakings. The utmost paramount matter is the solution to the problem on how to organize the economic action of a large group of operators, so that the functional economic process which is established on the sharing of responsibilities and its organizationally carried out in different periods can be as operative as feasible?
Significant fundamentals for economic process are not merely estimating and consuming and making sovereignty but also sovereignty of occupation. Hayek 1976 described the catallactic game as a welfare system in which the expansion of products and favorable outcomes leads to the satisfaction of the wants of the competitors based on the order, intelligence, potential or good fortune. This is a particular game that builds welfare as it gives intelligence to empower every competitor to have the right needs that are not unswervingly identified and whose survival could not be known by means of their own.
A spontaneous instruction needs, as a constraint of the force to put on the common procedures of good conduct, that this force is applied likewise to everybody. The entrepreneurial purpose needs the unearthing of business opportunities for income, built on people talents of predicting and examination of the information attained.
Entrepreneurs have to provide knowledge and the presence of cooperate sovereignty have to bring it in fulfilling the social and economic objectives and benefits. People skills and activity with regard to entrepreneurship is definite and its unique presence known by the degree of understanding and gathering of data at a given moment, instantaneously associated to the market driven economy. Every action entrepreneurial identifies, organizes and rejects social differences.
The entrepreneurial action of social organization keeps going in view of the fact that the fundamental social action comprises of the formation and spread of knowledge. The entrepreneurial process has to be connected to the need to forestall the impending formation of the setting of the act. Entrepreneurial activities that are founded on potentials add to a feasible market as customers select products rendering to favorites, conditions of delivery of consumer products and manufacturing. Opportunities for income, as in differences in price, are exploited by entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial loss is due to erroneous expectations of manufacturers and the overestimating of inputs.
According to the Austrian School of economic thought competitive markets are a social construct, consciously created by human action. Sustainable economic activity implies the existence of incentives for the processes of investment, production and savings, and its effect is equivalent to having a positive sum game. The increase in earnings for some entrepreneurs, while the general economic conditions are worsening, has the effect of gradually reducing revenues’ capacity to transform due to the fact that speculation are taking place of real economic growth processes
Economic intelligence as a reaction to such challenges have now been at the core of concerns looking ahead into the future of business and management across the board. Economic Intelligence deals with the set of perceptions, approaches and facilities that combine all the harmonized activities of investigation, achievement, action, packing and dissemination of information, pertinent to a person or association in the context of procedures. These procedures are comprehensible, perpetual and cooperative and be able to stimulate improvements in decision making approach.
The development of Economic Intelligence in corporations may influence all spheres of the market. Economic Intelligence, established on a set of organized approaches and tools, will bring about significant modifications in individual and cooperative behavior. The Economic Intelligence development is an endless, shared and recurrent procedure permitting rapid and well-organized modifications. Once the plan and structure is modified, the Economic Intelligence procedure must be evaluated and modified consequently.
REFERENCE
Hayek Friedrich A. von (2008), “Price and Production and Other Works”, The Ludwig von Mises Institute, Alabama
Hayek Friedrich A. von (1976), “Full employment at any price?”, Institute of Economic Affairs, London Hayek
Friedrich A von (2009), “The use of knowledge in Society, in Individualism and Economic Order”, The Ludwig von Mises Institute, Alabama
Hayek Friedrich A. von (1973), “Law, Legislation, and Liberty”, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Vol. 2
Wilenski, H.L., “Organizational Intelligence: Knowledge and Policy in Government and Industry”, 1967, pp.3, New York
According to Aristotle, human beings are “social animals” and therefore naturally seek the companionship of others as a part of their wellbeing. In this digital universe, the only medium that makes an individual socially paired is the various social media platforms made available to them. These platforms have eased the communication process with on touch sharing of content and by allowing people to comment/like posts and follow each other. Thus, everyone is creating their own virtual society called “social sphere” every second to connect themselves around the globe. The downside of this virtual society is that it has paved its way towards increasing the communication gap between families, for instance telephonic conversations have now decreased exponentially as online interactions are amplified. Social media has pre-dominantly laid its impact on human behavior; it has now started affecting the way we humans communicate, work and build relationships (formal/informal). This paper primarily focuses to study the dynamic between social media and human behavior and to develop a suitable model using AI which predicts most influenced users with this virtual interactions and try to provide alternatives.
Background
Compared to earlier, the connection of human life to the social podium has increased by leaps and bound. This recently created space is user driven; content here is created and discovered at million bits per second and is not owned by the creators of the platform. Being a user driven space, content here has the liberty to breathe and tap to its own feat, and influencing owns a huge impact on people using such platforms. Various platforms have created diverse ecosystems that are intricately weaved into human life making it an integral part of our everyday routine. Social media has paved its way so strong that imagining life without it is inevitable. Constantly being in such ecosystems affect-the human brain and its functionality in various ways out of which most are still being researched by the scholars as a result of Digital media causes mood swings and emotional fluctuations which have a long term severe effect on the behavior. Behavior is a combination of actions, perceptions and emotions. Emotional instability like depression and FOMO (fear of missing out) are some of the known effects of digital platforms. Being constantly around such ecosystems gives humans a dopamine rush, the same chemical in the brain that makes us feel happy, allowing users to stay back longer. Existing perpetually around these ecosystems release dopamine, the same chemical that makes us feel happy, into the brain, ultimately hooking the participants to their screens. Our focus in this research paper is on understanding the long-term effects of such platforms and the behavioral changes caused by their perennial use.
Problem Statement
Internet Age has developed a new society for every individual, transforming lives in ways different than ever which includes the way they interact, communicate, present themselves to others, and so on. The possible reasons for such diversified changes in human behavior can be categorized into either positive or negative influence. The problem statement here is to address negative aspects which include loneliness, anxiety, depression, lack of self-worth, bad sleeping habits which is also termed as “Social Media Influences”. Thus there is immediate call for finding solutions to such influences thereby minimize dependency over these social utilities. According to Kandel, the central challenge of science in the 21st century is to understand the human mind in biological terms. Thus we can say that emotional, behavior and social coherence evolves when we are into this virtual society. If we look into some statistics studied by researchers the impact of social media are as follows:-
15% have felt anxious when unable to access their social media accounts and this number is significantly higher among 18-29 year olds (37%).
Almost 2 in 10 (19%) are happy to check social media while eating with family or friends, with 30-39 year olds the biggest culprits (33%).
11% have worried their social media footprint might one day come back to bite them, with 30-39 year olds the most likely to feel this way (15%).
Need for Research
Digital data consumption has nearly doubled in just over a year with 4G in rise (5G ready to be launched) making internet readily and easily available to masses, understanding the effects of such high consumption is majorly required because its long term effects can change human behavioral patterns which may have an enduring footprints, later affecting lives, economy and well-being of human existence. Understand such patterns could help limit or find better alternatives to manage any unfavorable impact which can also aid in making the coexistence of both the digital sphere and human life coherent.
Research Methodology
We intend to carry out investigating social media platforms and analyze behavioral patterns of individuals. Based on the primary research conducted of 537 respondents we realized that social media is making its roots strong with the human lives, 98 % people said that they use some kind of social platforms and the most popular being WhatsApp next being Instagram and Facebook, more than 25% people said they spend average of more than 3 hours on such platforms on daily basis. 44.5% believe social media has adverse effects on our lives, 31.7% upload content on their social platforms almost weekly. 49.9% believe that social platforms are having an impact on our behavioral patterns (mental or physical). 22% face issues of anxiety, 26.1% feel stressed and 19.1% face FOMO (fear of missing out). The dopamine rush while using social platforms affect the brain to make it feel happy even the research suggests the same because 52.5% feel happy while using such platforms. 18.2% say they have insomnia because of using social platforms with discomfort and loneliness being faced by 17.5% respondents. 63.9% use social media for passing their time. However for primary research following questions have guided our study.
Recommended Solution
Our solution to overcome the social media addiction and its adverse effects is to create a wearable device which uses AI to detect the social media interactions and the total active usage hours of social platforms of the user using this device, using AI understanding the interactions and its effects on behavior becomes easy and efficient also the more the user provides inputs in terms of interactions the more the device will understand users behavioral patterns. The device will also keep asking the user its current mood at least 3 times in a day which will also contribute in providing better solutions to each user. We asked the respondents about this wearable device in our primary research and 43.9% said yes to using a wearable device which can help them track patterns and find alternatives to the issues the users are currently facing, this response provides us a base to build such a device capable to providing track of usage of social platforms and graphs showing progress in behavioral patterns based on the interaction with the device. When we asked user which type of solutions would be more preferable as alternatives to overcome the constant use of social platforms 62.4% said productive alternatives like reading, meditation, hobbies, etc. 41.7% said a time tracker which provides alerts after a certain limit of hours spend on social media would be a great option of the device and 25.5% said that locking the device for 2 min with over use alert so user can rethink before using social platforms again can also be a useful alternative.
Proposed Methodology
When conducted primary survey 43.9% respondents said yes for wearable device to track their behavioral pattern. Thus proposed methodology is to integrate AI with these social media platforms that will analyze human behaviors and timely intimate its influences in long run and will also provide alternatives to minimize their addictions. We shall develop an AI model that will perform following task:-
Show statistics of the data consumption on various platforms.
Displaying the time spent in consuming content on various digital sources.
Analyzing triggers affecting the long urge of using such platforms.
Analyzing the mood of user by the content being consumed.
Providing substitutes to divert constant urge of consumption of digital fragments.
Following is generic model to understand working of proposed model:
Conclusion
According to our research we have come to a conclusion that social media having its benefits is still causing collateral damage to humans and their behavioral patterns, with constant use of such social chambers is causing various health issues and emotional issues that affect both the physical and mental state on human beings. The above mentioned solution of developing a wearable device with AI can help humans and is also accepted by our respondents and the alternatives provided by the device will be user specific which will be more effective and impactful. With the creation of such device it can change the way we use social platforms and these digital chambers can successfully thrive in co-existence with benefits to human beings.
Bibliography
David Cheok, Adrian & Edwards, Bosede & Muniru, Idris. (2017). Human Behavior and Social Networks. 10.1007/978-1-4614-7163-9_235-1.
JOURNAL OF EDUCATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP Formerly Journal of Educational Policy and Entrepreneurial Research ISSN: 2408-770X (Print), ISSN: 2408-6231.
Benevenuto, F., Rodrugues, T., Cha, M., & Almeida, V. (2009). Characterizing User Behavior in Online Social Networks. IMC, 49-56.
Cha, J. (2010). Factors affecting the frequency and amount of social networking site use: Motivations, perceptions, and privacy concerns. First Monday, 15(12).
Does personal social media usage affect efficiency and well-being? Stoney Brooks Department of Computer Information Systems, Middle Tennessee State University, MTSU Box 45, Murfreesboro, TN 37130, United States.
This is a topic I am so passionate about. I hope the justice system and our county leaders put a stop to this. I think it is such a shame and so sad to see that even though we have come so far, throughout the years of racism and bigotry. This is something that continues to happen. I think we have all questioned ourselves. I have no doubt about individual’s right being violated due to the way they look. I agree with critics, I think when it comes to an individual’s rights being violated, yes they are when it comes to racial profiling. I feel this has always been the case even back in the 1930’s. Now a days more and more people are aware of what racial profiling is because you hear about it more on the news. It is out in the open. What you read, and have learned and what they continue to keep on reporting these days. The violation of one’s right have always been violated. The difference is that, no one really took this into consideration and or did not care. For the fact that this is when prejudice was hitting hard. This continues to happen all the time. You hear about it on the news, more and more people are getting shot and killed. Because of being in the wrong neighborhood, walking along and not even doing anything wrong including a traffic stop. This needs to stop it is bringing the worst out in people and it is definitely bringing back the racism we all do not like. It is a huge contribution to why this world is so separated.
When it comes to behavior profiling, I think with some styles of employment yes it can be a viable method to a certain job. The reason I agree and disagree is because I have seen it myself. I worked for a staffing agency as an onsite manager. We worked with a tough client they were always changing their staffing needs especially in their production department. Our thoughts were, there was too many hands in the cookie jar. No direct manager over that department, everyone wanted to run it their way. We also felt that they knew very little about how to use a manufacturing production forecast in order to know how many we needed to staff for when it came to their production needs. There was days when they requested way too many temporary employees and too little. We worked with many different managers and their styles we had to learn to adapt and work with each one. There was one who was so difficult to work with. This individual had a sour attitude all the time, they felt they were always right, even if they made a mistake and it was staring them right in the face. There was no wrong and no apologies ever. After sometime of working with this manager and struggling to get where we needed to be. Our manager felt that she wanted to bring in someone who she felt would help the situation. They transferred over another employee who worked for another client. They said that this individual knew how to talk the walk and had an amazing way of capturing these types of personalities, in people and getting them on our side. Our manager also said this person will mainly focus on building that relationship with this manager, so basically we were doing all the work this person was only here to have fun and converse. What a joke we were all very unhappy. Our manager wanted us, who have been with that employer for several years before she even started to adjust our day shift schedule, to work a later schedule. In order that our new co-worker may work the same early shift as the manager we struggled with. I did not agree and did not feel it was fair.
After sometime of having this new amazing co-worker working with us nothing improved. Yes they were great with not doing anything even when it came down to our boss telling them I need you to do this today. To think of it now I laugh this whole idea they had built in there minds of it working out did not. Our co-worker was there to get paid for nothing, even when told to do something nothing happened. Now we understand why this other client of ours asked for a replacement to replace them as there onsite manager. This person was nice and funny however, they had no work ethic they did not build the relationship we needed with that manager. They ended up running some of the relationships with had with other managers. In return we had to fix. I do not think behavior profiling is something employers should always look at, when interviewing or hiring someone. It would be smart for them to complete the research first, shop around with other candidates. Check there references and what they have on their resume. Allow assessments to take place, if they truly are experienced and know the position. Ask them questions tailored to that specific role and what they did at their last job and so forth. Behavior profiling can be a huge asset to a position and an organization. However, it can also damage it if you are not careful. Like you hear with sales job, I need a sales person who knows how to talk to a customer. Yes I agree however, they also need to know what they are selling and invest in the customer. The customer is who is buying them.
Having national uniformity in your organization is a vital aspect of your company and how it works together. It is indispensable when it comes to sustaining a stable business. There are many organizations that continue to operate in other countries and are very effective. I think if you are looking to go global and or open your company businesses and communications to other parts of the world. You need to understand the differentiations of all ethos. Look up and conduct your research, by each country and there nation. Do not go into it blind, look up training guidelines that will assist with understanding different cultural backgrounds. It is also good to look into other businesses that are very diverse and how they are doing. Researching how long they have been operating and what keeps them in business. How do they train employees? Keeping clam at all times as well, they have to also understand everyone is on high alert now with all the racial profiling, traffic stops that is taking place. All of the shootings as well. People are just as panicked and afraid of being targeted for this. Understanding different cultures is key to how you are going to create a successful plan to train staff on the different cultures. Having a distinct training that is will help all employees understand how to work together and value what they can bring to the table. Each one of them are resourceful, productive in their own ways. That will bring new ideas to reach the one thing everyone is looking to accomplish which is success in your business. Having a training that includes information on your employee relations, deterrence and instruction, and knowledge and guidelines to follow all Equal Employment Opportunity Commissions Laws. Set clear expectations and communication straight across the board.