Category: Heart Attack

Abstract

The main objective of this paper discusses the various technologies consisting of the internet of things which is used to predict heart attack disease. This paper not only explains the existed heart attack prediction, which is also discussing the aware and monitoring system to the patient who is under the cardiovascular disease probably. In this paper, we revisit convinced kinds of literature and present a survey on heart attack prediction techniques.

Introduction

In today’s modern world, heart disease is the most lethal one. The disease heart attack is the leading cause of death worldwide. It is very complicated to predict a heart attack without any medical experience and knowledge. But the symptoms of the heart attack is used to predict easily. A heart attack will occur anytime and anywhere likewise IoT healthcare domain is to proposal better for people anytime and anywhere in the world in a more profitable and patient-friendly way.

The Internet of Things is a world of interconnected things that are capable of sensing, stimulating and collaborating among themselves and with the environment. IoT for healthcare is playing a significant role in monitoring some health activities and diagnosing the problem related to these activities. The Internet of Things inflates the potential for using technology to livelihood healthcare.

In this survey paper, we going to consider a much-predicting heart attack. This paper aims to help the reader at least to know about the possibility of finding out the heart attack prediction is also available in the growing technology of the internet of thing. Hopefully, this survey will explore and provides an overview of the heart attack prediction which detected by the use of the internet of things with different techniques.

Literature Survey

The author Aieshwarya B. ChavanPatil, Prof. S. S. Sonawane e et al. labels the heart attack prediction detected by two data mining techniques (the Artificial Neural Network and Naïve Bayes), existing system architecture, system analysis respectively from various heart attack prediction research papers. They focused on the comparative study of Artificial Neural Networks and Naive Bayes classification techniques. They also deliberated about the health care system such as real-time wireless health monitoring, U- health care system, Health care key management proposed solution, Security for health care systems. In their paper, not only discussed the technologies which are also consist of components of a system named as the LM35 temperature sensor, ECG sensor, Heartbeat sensor, Wi-Fi module(ESP8266), electric buzzer, Arduino/Genuino UNO, Bluetooth controller, cloud server, heart attack prediction system. The author described also about the system analysis which is experimental setup and data source. Finally, he concludes the predictive power of ANN classification is much higher than Naïve Bayes classification in terms of performance. (1)

The author Samr Ali et al. conferred about the two techniques as namely as voice-controlled RHAMDS model and gesture-controlled RHAMDS model. They proposed RHDMS’s architecture comprising VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Networks, SDN(Software Defined Network) and Fog and MEC(Mobile Edge Computing). Here the author focused the concept of, to improve the response time of emergency aid for heart attack patients, in vehicular networks in particular, and to prevent the possible resulting vehicle collisions, after predicting the heart attack when the particular person driving. (2)

The author Fizar Ahmed et al., explains how to test collected heart rate data and predict heart attack by using IoT and Machine learning. Here, supervised machine learning algorithm k-Nearest Neighbour has been used for analyzing the dataset. The author split six types of data into three different levels for predicting heart attack. The first one is personal fixed data like age and sex. The second level is periodic data which comes in a day or a a week like blood sugar and Serum Cholesterol. The third data level is live data like blood pressure and heart rate. Web service technology has been used here for first-level data collection. Patients will be registered on the platform by giving all required fixed information. They will have the option to change the perimeter after a certain time. Wearable devices and home health monitoring IoT devices will be used for monitoring second and third level data collection. The devices are capable enough to transmit data from the patient home to the remote cloud server.

The total accuracy of the model is 96 % that means model performance is better. (3) The author YosufElSaadany et al., done his paper about heart attack prediction using embedded sensor system with smartphones. The author used various technologies to analyze the data from the person who are all using the project. Here used the hardware to collect data explicitly as Arduino UNO, Bluetooth chip, pulse sensor, and temperature sensor. The technique such as baseline wander removal and smooth Matlab function to analyze the data. The thresholding technique to predict the heart attack. When the patient’s condition should be abnormal, then the mobile application alerts the user. (4)

The author Kriti Gupta et al. describes comparative study paper and it gives a better result than from the existing paper in which they are taken. They use fuzzy c means algorithm to predict the heart attack for a better result. They used Arduino UNO, heart rate sensor, GSM module to collect the data. (5)

The writer Md. Ashrafuzzaman et al. used to detect heart attack using smartphones. He approached how to detect heart conditions using blood and heartbeat both by using smartphones. Here to detect the peak of blood by placing an index finger on the mobile camera and placing a mobile phone on the left chest and press start to record the heartbeat which will be used to detect the heartbeat. The author used Fuzzy logic here. (6)

The author Abhiyash Hodge et al. only used his propose system to find the real-time heart rate. The heart rate is detected by the photoplethysmograph technique. The data transmission is done by using the NFR module. By using GSM, it sends the SMS to the concern persons when the patient met the perilous condition. Here the whole process is done by Arduino UNO. (7)

In this paper the author Femi Antony et al. introduces the WSN, wireless sensor network to get speediest data transmission. Here the Raspberry Pi used and which is connected with cloud server because of the massive amount of data should be collected from multiple locations and that can be handled and analyzed to create significant information for the end-user. When the patient got abnormal ECG signals that should be informed to the specific persons such as caretaker, doctor and sometimes ambulance by using GSM and which also informed the patient’s location by using GPS. And the android application acts as an intermediator to patient, doctor, and caretaker. (8)

In this paper the author PonugumatlaKalyan et al. used to find out the heart function using Arduino UNO, Raspberry Pi, ECG electrodes and GPS to find the patient’s location. The result analysis view made up of a web page using HTML and Python code. This paper said about only the condition of heart functionality and which do not give any alert techniques when the patient is under the hazardous stage. Here the author accomplished his work to find the real-time heart rate and displayed by the webpage. (9)

The author Valliappan.Sp et al. concentrated his paper which represents the low cost of remote health monitoring and alert system for elderly heart patients. In their paper, they used Arduino UNO and Arduino Nano. Arduino Nano contains the three different sensors such as pulse, temperature and GSR sensor. Arduino UNO firms the RF module which is used to send and receive signals between two devices wirelessly. The GSM module connected with Arduino UNO to alert the families and doctors. In this paper, the author introduces one different feature which is Arduino based music player to reduce the stress level. (10)

TECHNIQUES USED IN EXISTING SYSTEM

Artificial Neural Network

A neural network is a type of machine learning which models itself next to the human brain. This generates an artificial neural network via an algorithm. Artificial Neural Network is that network that works like the way of simulation of the human brain analyses and manner. It has three strategies spirit by three methods as follows as Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, and Reinforced learning.

Supervised learning is a type of machine learning which gives the output by trained data set of input and output. In supervised learning which is used trained data or labeled data to get result prediction. Here there are two tasks are encompassed such as Classification and Regression.

Unsupervised learning is another type of machine learning which entirely different from supervised learning. It is be pitted against supervised learning. In supervised learning which is used trained data or labeled data to get result prediction. Here there are two tasks are encompassed such as Classification and Regression.

Reinforcement learning varies from supervised learning. in a way that in supervised learning the training data has the trained data with it so the model is trained with the correct answer itself whereas in reinforcement learning, there is no trained data but the reinforcement representative decides what to do to perform the given task. In the absence of a training dataset, it is assured to learn from its experience.

Naive Bayes classifiers are a group of classification algorithms constructed on Bayes’ Theorem. It is not a single algorithm but a clan of algorithms where all of them share a common principle.

k-Nearest Neighbour

The k-Nearest Neighbour algorithm used for classification and regression. Both cases classification and regression consist of featured vector space. For a human, we would decide by using our old, experience. Likewise, we put some restrictions gathered by our experience to the machine and that machine will carry the decision without knowledge of the human is the concept of machine learning. Hence the machine learning needs the huge data then data will represent a model that will be retrieved by using an algorithm and finally we got a result accuracy by using the data. So the machine learning is fully dependent through the data. The list of traits used to solve a problem is called a feature vector. The feature vector is a subset of data that is used to tackle a problem. The k-nearest neighbor algorithm is the modest algorithm that holds all available cases and crafts a new case based on the similarity.

Fuzzy C Algorithm

Fuzzy clustering is a kind of clustering in which each data point can be shared with more than one cluster. It simply means that data can belong to more than one cluster Clusters are nothing but a collection of data points and thus similar data points are called the same cluster and different data point are called dissimilar cluster. The cluster is mostly classified based on the similarities. The similarities maybe on the measures of distance connectivity and intensity.

Conclusion

The idea of the internet of things which is evolving quickly on finding out their way to our modern life, aiming to improve the skills of the life by linking many smart devices, technologies, and application together. The various heart disease prediction techniques and applications are analyzed in this paper. Heart disease is a temporal disease by its nature. Some paper describes the real-time heart rate detection, some as using different hardware IoT components such as Arduino Uno, Raspberry pi and so on, some paper should exist the prediction of a heart attack but with few shortcomings.

Reference

1. D.Richard, Dr.R.Mala, GI-ANFIS APPROACH FOR ENVISAGE HEART ATTACK DISEASE USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES, IJIRAE, Scopus Index-Journal, ISSN -2349-2163, Mar 2018
2. D. Richard, Dr. R.Mala, Gr-Anfis Data Mining Approach For Envisage Heart Attack Disease, WWJMRD International Journal UGC Approved Journal Impact Factor MJIF: 4.25, e-ISSN: 2454-6615, Jan 2018.
3. D.Richard, Dr.R.Mala, BOOTSTRAP APPROACH FOR ENVISAGE HEART ATTACK DISEASES USING COMBINE AD-BA ALGORITHM, IRJCS, Scopus Index-Journal, ISSN -2393-9842, Apr 2018.
4. D.Richard, Dr.R.Mala, Feature Selection Approach Using for Filtering on Prediction Algorithm, Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, Print ISSN 2349-5162, May 2018.
5. To Predict Heart Disease Risk and Medications Using Data Mining Techniques With an IoT Based Monitoring System ForPost Operative Heart Disease Patients.Aieshwarya B. ChavanPatil, Prof. S. S. Sonawane
6. Real-time Heart Attack Mobile Detection Service (RHAMDS): An IoT Use Case for Software-Defined Networks Samr Ali and Mohammed Ghazal Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University Abu Dhabi, UAE
7. An Internet of Things (IoT) Application for Predicting the Quantity of Future Heart Attack Patients Fizar Ahmed Ph.D. Student Business Information Department Corvinus University of Budapest Hungary
8. A Wireless Early Prediction System of Cardiac Arrest through IoT YosufElSaadany, AKM Jahangir A. Majumder, Donald R.
9. An Efficient Algorithm for Heart Attack Deteusing Fuzzy C-means and Alert using IoTKriti Gupta, PallaviKaul, Arashdeep Kaur
10. Heart Attack Detection Using Smart Phone Md. Ashrafuzzaman, MdMazaharulHuq, Chandan Chakraborty, Md. Rafi Monjur Khan, TaslimaTabassum, Rashedul Hasan
11. Wireless Heart Rate Monitoring and Vigilant SystemAbhiyash Hodge, HrishikeshHumnabadkar, AkshayBidwai
12. Detection And Warning System for Heart Attacks using IoT1Femi Antony, 2Ann Mary Joseph, 3Jency K Davis, 4Diffeena Stenislawoos
13. IoT Based Heart Function Monitoring and heart disease Prediction System Ponugumatla Kalyan1, Mr. Gouri Shankar Sharma2
14. Design of Low-Cost, Wearable Remote Health Monitoring and Alert System for Elderly Heart PatientsValliappan.Sp, Prithvi Raj Mohan B, Rakesh Kumar S

Abstract

In this project we are implementing a heart beat monitoring and heart attack detection system using the Heart Beat Sensor. Now a days we have an increased number of heart diseases including increased risk of heart attacks. The sensor is then interfaced to a arduino that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the high as well as low levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the server and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus concerned ones may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time.

INTRODUCTION

In the new era of communication and technology, the explosive growth of electronic devices, smart phones and tablets which can be communicated physically or wirelessly has become the fundamental tool of daily life. The next generation of connected world is Internet . Which connects devices, sensors, appliances, vehicles and other “things”. The things or objects may include the Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag, Mobile Phones, sensors, actuators and much more. With the help of Internet, we connect anything, access from anywhere and anytime, efficiently access any service and information about any object. The aim of Internet is to extend the benefits of Internet with remote control ability, data sharing, constant connectivity and so on. Using an Heartbeat sensor which is always on and collecting data, all the devices would be tied to local and global networks. The Internet technology can provide a large amount of data about human, objects, time and space. While combining the current Internet technology and Internet provides a large amount of space and innovative service based on low-cost sensors and wireless communication. Radio Frequency and Cloud computing promote the development of integration of Internet.

It is providing more possibilities of data collecting, data processing, port management and other new services. Every object which connects to Internet requires a unique address or identification with IPv6. There are so many people in the world whose health may suffer because they do not have proper access to hospitals and health monitoring. Due to the latest technology, small wireless solutions which are connected to IoT can make it possible to monitor patients remotely instead of visiting the physical hospital. A variety of sensors which are attached to the body of a patient can be used to get health data securely, and the collected data can be analyzed (by applying some relevant algorithms) and sent to the server using different transmission media (3G/ 4G with base stations or Wi-Fi which is connected to the Internet). All the medical professionals can access and view the data, take decision accordingly to provide services remotely with the passage of time and development of society; people recognize that health is the basic condition of promoting economic development. Some people say that existing public health service and its supportability have been greatly challenged with respect to time. Worldwide the Govern ment and industry are investing billions of dollars for development of IoT computing, and some of these projects include China’s National IoT Plan by Ministry of Industry and IT, European Research Cluster on IoT (IERC), Japan’s u-Strategy, UK’s Future Internet Initiatives and Italian National Project of Netergit . The IoT applications in the field of medical and healthcare will benefit patients to use the best medical assistance, shortest treatment time, low medical costs and most satisfactory service. Health monitoring is important to be checked regularly in order to make sure our body constantly maintain in healthiness and excellent condition. Generally the vital parameters observed for health monitoring such as Heart Rate (HR), temperature, weight, blood pressure, glucose and ECG.

These parameters will interpret some important information regarding to body health, for example high temperatures indicate someone having fever while unstable heart rate is sign to heart problem. One of the methods to do health monitoring is to use remote patient monitoring. This device operates remotely by collecting and sends data to a monitoring station for display, interpretation and s torage for patient history record. Such “home telehealth” applications might include using telemetry devices to capture a specific vital sign. Such services can be used to supplement the use of visiting nurses or to get medical consult from the doctor In a time where hospital error is the 6th leading cause of preventable death, having sensors imbedded in equipment could serve as a line of defense and reliability. With the variety of wireless monitoring services now available, devices can work together to create a comprehensive information network. For e xa mple, sensors could be connected to heart rate, blood pressure, ultrasound, or any number of devices that could automatically relay the information it collects to healthcare professionals. It will make equip ment more effective by allowing real t ime monitoring of patient health. The internet of things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as ‘connected devices’ and ‘smart devices’), buildings and other items— embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. In 2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as ‘the infrastructure of the information society.’ The IoT allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.

The Arduino Uno Board

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC to DC adapter or battery to get started. It’s an open source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.

A Heartbeat sensor is a monitoring device that allows one to measure his or her heart rate in real time or record the heart rate for later study. It provides a simple way to study the heart function. This sensor monitors the flow of blood through the

finger and is designed to give digital output of the heartbeat when a finger is placed on it. When the sensor is working, the beat LED flashes in unis on with each heartbeat. This digital output can be connected to the microcontroller directly to measure the Beats per Minute (BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation by blood flow through finger at each pulse. The Pulse Sensor is a well designed plug and play heart rate sensor for Arduino. It also includes an open source monitoring app that graphs your pulse in real time

Heart rate data can be really useful whether you’re designing an e xerc ise routine, studying your activity or anxiety levels or just want your shirt to blink with your heart beat. The problem is that heart rate can be difficult to measure. Luckily, the Puls e Sensor Amped can solve that problem The Pulse Sensor Amped is a plug-and-play heart-rate sensor for Arduino. It can be used by students, artists, athletes, makers, and game & mobile developers who want to easily incorporate live heart-rate data into their projects. It essentially combines a simple optical heart rate sensor with amplification and noise cancellation circuitry making it fast and easy to get reliable pulse readings. Also, it sips power with just 4mA current draw at 5V so it’s great for mobile applications. Simply clip the Pulse Sensor to your earlobe or finger tip and plug it into your 3 or 5 Volt Arduino and you’re ready to read heart rate! The 24′ cable on the Pulse Sensor is terminated with standard male headers so there’s no soldering required. Of course Arduino exa mple code is available as well as a Processing sketch for visualizing heart rate data arduino board using arduino compiler and the result is thus obtained in the serial monitor of the so called compile.

CONCLUS ION

In These days we have an increased number of heart diseases including increased risk of heart attacks. Our proposed system users sensors that allow to detect heart rate of a person using heartbeat sensing even if the person is at home. The sensor is then interfaced to a microcontroller that allows checking heart rate readings and transmitting them over internet. The user may set the high as well as low levels of heart beat limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and as soon as patient heart beat goes above a certain limit, the system sends an alert to the controller which then transmits this over the internet and alerts the doctors as well as concerned users. Also the system alerts for lower heartbeats. Whenever the user logs on for monitoring, the system also displays the live heart rate of the patient. Thus concerned ones may monitor heart rate as well get an alert of heart attack to the patient immediately from anywhere and the person can be saved on time. In our proposed research, we tried to propose a complete paper for detecting heart attack using two ways. However, we have some plan about this research. Time of India, a leading newspaper in India published that “Researchers in the United States, within the ne xt decade Heart Microeconomic Microchip will be set in blood vessel of human body. The smart phone will collect data and send the information to us”. Researchers are trying to implement the requirements of Microchip for uses of the technology in smart phone. We will t ry to use this technology in future. If this technology will developed then we can detect heart blockage through this technology by our project.

REFENCES

1. Internet of Things: internet of things, https:// en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things.
2. Effective Ways to Use Internet of Things in the Field of Medical and Smart Health Care: Kaleem ullah,Munam ali Shah,Sijing zhang, IEEE Journal 2016
3. IReHMo: An Efficient IoT-Based Remote Health Monitoring System for Smart Regions, Ngo Manh Kohi, Karan.

Abstract

The heart disease diagnosis mostly depends on a combination of clinical data.And this is a reason for the interest of researchers to make the result more accurate each time they work.

Cardiovascular sickness is one of the main reasons for heart diseases and study of such sickness can help in predicting such diseases. Everyone in the hospital is not equally skilled as a specialist but specialists also can make mistakes so to save time and get more accurate results we are going to develop a system which can assist medical professionals to predict heart diseases. The input will be the data related to patient i.e age,sex,fasting bloodsugar,resting ECG,max heart rate,chest pain type,number of vesssel colored.The accuracy of prediction is around 87%.our system will be effective in predicting the heart disease and will contribute in the welfare for sociecty.

Introduction

Among different different diseases ,heart disease has a very big issue.The department of heart disease now is facing a very big issue of heart attack.The department of heart disease is based on signs and symptoms and physical examination of the patient. There many types of element involve for the heart disease such as smoking , family history of heart , cholesterol obesity ,high blood pressure , and lack of excerise.Now days major challenges faced by health department like heart stroke.Machine learning is used across all over world for the accuracy of the data.In this project ,I’ll discuss a project where I worked on predicting heart stroke using Machine Learning algorithms.The Algorithms included (K Neighbors Classifier).The Data set has been taken from Kaggle platform.I imported several libraries for the dataset and Machine learning.As we know that our heart is very important for our body.Our heart pumps blood to every part of our body for our organs.According to WHO(World Health Organisation) heart related diseases are responsible for the big cause of death of human.Heart disease killed many numbers of Indian every year.Medical department all around the world , collect data on different – different health related problems.These dataset can be exploited using various machine learning technique to gain useful result.Using Machine learning technique we can reduce the problem of heart disease.Algorithm of Machine Learning provide us several kinds of knowledge related to our dataset , so we can easily predict the occurrence of heart attack disease problem.[8]

Existing system

Existing system is based on several kinds of algorithms such as Support vector classifier , Decision Tree classifier and Random Forest Classifier.These algorithms are not very good like a K Neighbors algorithm , So I used the K Neighbors algorithm in my project.

Proposed Model

In this project we are using a heart attack prediction system using the K Neighbors Classifier algorithm.We will give the input as a csv data set to the system. After taking the input I will apply Machine Learning Algorithms . After uploading the data set the machine learning techniques are performed and an effective heart attack result is produced.

Literature Review

There are so many works that have been done related to heart disease prediction using various techniques in the field of medical science . The above work done by training various data sets consist of more than 3000 instances and 13 different types of attributes . the data sets is divided into two parts in first part 70% of data are used for training the data set and rest 30 are used for testing A H Chen ; S Y Huang ; P S Hong ; C H Cheng ; E J Lin developed a system in which in which 13 important clinical data is used i.e age, sex, cholosterol ,fasting blood sugar, resting ECG, old peak,max heartrate etc.. and he mentioned in his abstract that his accuracy is 80%.our project mainly works on given three algorithm.1.K NEIGHBORS CLASSIFIER 2.SUPPORT VECTOR CLASSIFIER 3.DECISION TREE CLASSIFIRE. The above algorithm improves the efficiency and the result is quite satisfactory.Ashok Kumar Dwivedi suggested different types of algorithms like naive bayes ,KNN, to improve accuracy compared to other algorithms.[1]

Advantages

Instant doctor help can increase life expectancy , prediction will be faster and more accurate , the number of predictions can be done in a day compared to manually will be more.

It will be user friendly, cost effective and have a high rate of success, easy to install software to the system.

Disadvantage

Detection of disease at an early age is not possible, it will not predict in absence of any data set that is required for prediction, generate categorical data i.e in the form of multidimensional matrix.

Machine Learning

In my project I have used 3 algorithms for machine learning.1.K NEIGHBORS CLASSIFIER 2.SUPPORT VECTOR CLASSIFIER 3.DECISION TREE CLASSIFIER. Now I’ll import tranin_test_split to split our dataset into training and testing dataset.After that I will import several kinds of Machine Learning models

• K Neighbors Classifier : Now I am going to plot a score graph for different values of K(Neighbors).Whatever neighbors values we will choose accordingly the classification score varies.In the given Graph it is clear that the maximum score achieved was 0.87 for the 8th neighbors.
• Support Vector Classifier : My aim is to check which Kernel is giving the best score.I have plotted a bar of scores for each kernel and see it is providing the best performance.
• Random Forest Classifier : In this part I have plotted a graph between Scores and Number of estimators using ensemble method.[2]

Conclusion

In this project I have used a Machine learning algorithm to predict the Heart Attack Diseases.With the help of Machine learning we can easily handle huge amounts of clinical data for best prediction.In the end K Neighbour algorithm is providing the more accurate prediction of the heart diseases.So we can say that with help of several kinds of Machine Algorithm we can easily predict many kinds of related information.

References

1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/31589020_Heart_Disease_Prediction_System (Literature Review)
2. https://towardsdatascience.com/predicting-presence-of-heart-diseases-using-machine-learning-36f00f3edb2c (Machine learning technique)
3. https://www.ijcseonline.org/pdf_paper_view.php?paper_id=2294&161-IJCSE-03789.pdf
4. Purushottam, K.Saxena and R. Sharma, “Efficient Heart Disease Prediction System,” Proceed. Comput. Sci., ELSEVIER, Vol. 85, pp. 962 – 969, 2016.
5. Sheena Angra, Sachin Ahuja, “Machine Learning and its Applications: A Review”, IEEE, International Conference On Big Data Analytics and computational Intelligence, pp. 57-60, 2017.
6. Mac Dougall Candice, Percival Jennifer and Mc Gregor Carolyu, “Integrating Health Information Technology into Clinical Guidelines”, Annual International Conference of the IEEE, EMBS Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, September 2-6, 2009.
7. http://www.kaggle.com (Used for Dataset)
8. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8741465

Up until about two years ago, the idea, or anything about myocardial infarction (a heart attack), had hardly ever crossed my mind. I didn’t really know much about them, nor did I have any relatives or close friends that had been directly affected by them. All I was aware of was that it was something that could be fatal. It wasn’t until this heart condition impacted my family directly that I became somewhat knowledgeable on the subject. After only being away from home, starting my new chapter at FSU, for two short weeks, I received a call I had never expected. My father had suffered from a severe heart attack, and thankfully survived. Ever since this personal experience, I became more interested in this heart condition, how exactly it can occur, and all the factors that play a significant role. In this paper, I will discuss the history of heart attacks based around the 19th and 20th centuries including symptoms of heart attacks, how they happen, the involvement of genetics, and preventative measures to consider.

When trying to better understand how heart attacks happen, we must first learn how the heart works. Being the size of a fist, your heart is a muscular organ that acts as a pump. There are two sides to the heart: the right and the left. The right side of the heart consists of the right atrium and ventricle, and its job is to gather and pump blood to the lungs by traveling through the pulmonary arteries. This process enables the lungs to rejuvenate the blood with a fresh supply of oxygen. The lungs also allow us to exhale carbon dioxide, a product of waste. Following this, oxygen-rich blood enters the left side of the heart, consisting of the left atrium and ventricle. The left side of the heart is in charge of transporting blood through the aorta to provide tissues amongst the body with oxygen and nutrients (Heart Disease, 2018). This organ is one of the most important in the human body. It helps us to continue surviving every second on a daily basis through giving us fresh oxygen and getting rid of waste.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, many doctors were uncertain and confused when it came to angina, a tightness in the chest that is often an indicator of ischemic heart disease (the result of a heart attack). William Heberden claimed that it had something to do with blood circulating in the coronary arteries, and many believe this. However, some thought it was a harmless condition. Later on, William Osler, physician in chief and professor of clinical medicine at John Hopkins Hospital, worked extensively on angina and came to realize it was not a disease, but rather a syndrome. After this discovery, American cardiologist James B. Herrick concluded that the “slow, gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries could be a cause of angina” (Cherney, Nall & Story, 2018). As the 1900s approached, an increased interest in heart disease was at hand. People were wanting to understand it better, and study it more. As the years passed, doctors developed many things based around heart disease, such as heart catheterization, diagnostic images, and so on (Cherney, Nall & Story, 2018). The history of heart attacks dates back to several, several years ago and it is extremely intriguing to recognize and appreciate the growth that researchers have experienced when it comes to learning more about this salient part of the body.

Having a heart attack is an experience like no other, and I could never imagine the toll it must take on someone who has experienced having one. I recall a specific thing my dad told me when I was trying to understand what exactly it felt like for him and he proceeded to tell me, “I felt like I was dying, like I had just been ran over by a bus.” This statement was quite shocking to me, and it made me upset to imagine my own father in that much pain. Not only did he have to experience having a heart attack, but it affected him afterwards by having to be out of work for a year. Thankfully for disability, it didn’t hurt him financially, but it did in the physical aspect in that he is someone who has always been working with his hands and on the go. Some symptoms to be aware of when it comes to heart attacks are chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure, and just overall chest discomfort (angina). Shortness of breath, arm pain, neck pain, jaw pain, and back pain are also common symptoms (Heart Disease, 2018). I know that the main things my dad experienced was chest pain, arm pain, and then he began to vomit. I believe it is important to be extremely aware of these symptoms and take the necessary measures if one feels that they may be encountering a heart attack.

Another thing to examine when trying to better understand the history behind myocardial infarctions is how genetics play a role. While cardiovascular diseases are the world’s leading cause of death, myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack) is the third leading cause of death in Croatia (Heffer, Milic, Peterlin, Skrlec, & Wagner, 2018). In the last several years, many genetic forms have been recognized that contribute to a higher risk of MI. It has been found that many physiological factors can cause MI, and many of these elements are known to fall back on circadian rhythms. These elements may include blood pressure, glucose homeostasis, vascular endothelial function, myocardial contractile function, and metabolism. Further research was done to come to the conclusion that daylight was the prime regulator of the human circadian rhythm, and sunlight cycles are critical for maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system in humans (Heffer, Milic, Peterlin, Skrlec, & Wagner, 2018). It is interesting to see how our circadian rhythms can directly affect our cardiovascular health, because I personally would have never expected the two to relate.

It is unfortunate that one may live as healthy as can be, and eat a very clean diet, yet heart disease could still impact them due to genetics. Unfortunately, genes are always going to dominate whatever health lifestyle we lead. According to the July 1985 edition of the Science Digest, high levels of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) can definitely result in heart disease. Something that can be done to reduce this from happening, is having a diet low in fat and high in fiber, as well as engaging in regular physical activity (Science Digest, 1985). Digging deeper, it is commonly known that the main antagonist in dealing with MI is cholesterol. High cholesterol can lead to many bad things, one being the build-up of plaque in the arteries that can eventually cut off blood flow, thus causing a heart attack (Science Digest, 1985). This is what my father experienced, one artery was 80% blocked and the other 100%. Due to my father having a high metabolism and working out daily, he was never overweight. However, he was addicted to eating sweets. My mother and I would always remind him that even though he sees no signs on the outside, does not mean his insides aren’t suffering. Low and behold, he ended up facing some consequences. It is not only important to maintain a healthy diet and engage in physical activity regularly to keep yourself in shape on the outside, but on the inside as well. Many times it is forgotten that even if we do not see signs physically, we could still be damaging ourselves internally.

Preventing heart disease, and keeping ourselves as healthy as possible in general, is something everyone should find to be a top priority. When it comes to preventing heart disease, there a three prevention measures to focus on: primary, secondary, and primordial prevention. Secondary prevention deals with efforts given after someone experiences a heart attack. Some secondary prevention consists of taking medications such as aspirin and/or cholesterol control medication, quitting smoking, losing weight if necessary, making more time for physical activity, and maintaining a healthier diet. To some, these measures may sound like beating a dead horse, however they can be helpful in preventing a second heart attack from occurring (Preventing Heart Disease, 2019).

Primary prevention is something for those to consider, who may be at risk for heart disease, from preventing experiencing a heart attack. This type of prevention is typically directed toward those who may already have cardiovascular problems such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol. However, it is likely that the appearance of these cardiovascular problems have already left their mark and there is no turning back. This is all the more reason to take secondary prevention very seriously and take care of yourself in every way that you have control over.

Lastly, there is primordial prevention. This deals with taking preventative measures from the very beginning, before even showing any signs of anything. This is the ideal prevention for any potential cardiovascular problems. This prevention aims to prevent inflammation, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction and preventing factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, excess weight, and ultimately heart disease. I believe it is so important that people are aware of their health, and not only cardiovascular health, but all health in general. With that being said, we only have one body to live in and it is (mostly) in our control whether we choose to nourish it, or treat it with little care. Just like any living thing on this earth, it has to be treated with things that fuel it to keep it healthy and thriving. A poor diet, lack of exercise, and things such as smoking do nothing but damage to our bodies, and, ultimately we are shortening our lifespan if we choose to fill it with those toxins.

In 1999, an article was published that gave MI a more positive note: they were becoming less lethal. This is highly due to the fact that people were starting to live healthier lifestyles, as well as the medical industry becoming more efficient. While heart attacks still remain a severe problem, research has proven that those who suffer from a heart attack have an increasingly higher survival rate compared to previous decades. While this was great news at the time, Dr. Melissa Austin stated that they must stay attentive, alert, and on top of the matter. Just because the death rates due to MI had decreased in recent years, didn’t mean it was guaranteed to stay that way. According to statistics, there were 477,000 American deaths in 1999 due to coronary heart disease, and had the rate been the same as it was in the 1960s, there would have likely been close to 1.1 million deaths (Health, 1999). This is a tremendous decrease and something to be very grateful for. To be able to better comprehend this huge adjustment in the fatality of heart attacks, Dr. David C. Goff Jr. of Wake Forest University, studied a few thousand heart attack victims over the course of eight years in a couple different communities. Some things he found to be relevant to the severity of a heart attack was the level of creatine kinase, an enzyme given up by damaged heart tissue. Goff came to the conclusion that “average peak blood levels of this enzyme fell 5 percent per year during the study period.” Another physician, Dr. Carole Derby, dissected heart attack trends in a couple towns between 1980 and 1991. She found that while the number of survivable heart attacks did in fact increase, deaths due to heart attack fell in half. Overall, people were experiencing heart attacks that were much less serious, and physicians were getting better and better at treating them in the most efficient way. However, the amount of heart attacks in general was not declining (Health, 1999).

When it comes to diversity in our country, there is much to be discussed. Back in the day blacks were treated so poorly compared to whites when it came to medical needs and assistance. They were often given the least amount of concern and would be treated with hardly any care. An example of this, not quite related to the history of heart attacks, is the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Many African Americans point to this study in that it is evidence to support their views on genocide. They were convinced that the black men taking part in the study were purposefully injected with the disease. They were then left untreated and were killed by the disease (Under the Shadow of Tuskegee, 1997). This is very disturbing and quite disgusting to look back on, and it is unreal to think that people were treated differently due to the color of their skin. I believe this is relevant because not only was this an issue with syphilis, but I assume it was an issue with all different kinds of medical needs, such as one suffering from a heart attack. It seems correct for one to assume that blacks were mistreated in all areas regarding medical needs, according to research and evidence. I strongly believe that with strong and adequate efforts, letting others hear our voices, and putting our foots down when necessary, that one day everyone in this world will be treated 100% equal no matter what. We have come a long way, but we certainly have much more to accomplish.

Every year in the United States, about 1 in every 4 deaths is due to heart disease. Annually, roughly 735,000 Americans experience having a heart attack. Of these, about 70% are considered first timers, while the other 30% have already experienced having at least one heart attack before. An important thing to make note of is how heart disease varies by race and ethnicity. While it is the leading cause of death in African Americans, Hispanics, and whites, for American Indians, Asians, and Pacific Islanders it is the second leading cause of death, falling right behind cancer (Heart Disease, 2017). The best way to effectively care for a heart attack, is taking early action. Chances of survival and quicker rehabilitation will be increased significantly (Heart Disease, 2017). I know that when my father went through his heart attack, he was on the night shift at work and had been feeling extremely ill all night. However, due partly to him being hard headed and partly to him not even thinking he could possibly be experiencing a heart attack, he continued to work all throughout the night. It wasn’t until he came home that my mom immediately noticed something wasn’t right, and rushed him to the hospital (we live about two blocks from the ER, so it was quicker for her to just take him than calling 911). Because of him ignoring his symptoms, is heart attack wasn’t treated immediately and was a lot worse than it could have been.

When it comes to gender and heart disease, there are some differences in men versus women that should be discussed. While men and women generally share the same typical risk factors, the extremity of the factors can be different. In regards to smoking, it is more damaging in women than men during younger ages, with a greater negative affect of the total amount of cigarettes smoked per day. So overall, smoking increases women’s chances of myocardial infarction more than it does men (Clinics, 2010). Another factor that is different between men and woman is excess body weight, and other negative outcomes it can cause. During the first years of menopause, a women’s body can go through much change, including weight gain. With increasing body weight, comes a correlation with type 2 diabetes. Thus, women with type 2 diabetes are at a much greater risk for cardiovascular problems than males. Another problem that is not in favor of women deals with systolic blood pressure. It tends to rise at a greater pace in ageing women versus ageing men. This is due to the fact that after menopause, there is an increase in the cellular component renin-angiotensin which then leads to an increase in plasma-renin activity. The result of this is that during older age, specifically 75 and older, isolated systolic hypertension is 14% more common in women and a cause of left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and strokes (Clinics, 2010). On the other hand, men are dealt their unfortunate deck of cards when it comes to the risk of hypercholesterolemia. During menopause, women’s cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels rise by 10 to 14% respectively. This allows for women to have a lower risk of coronary heart disease mortality compared to men (Clinics, 2010). While it seems that women are significantly more prone to risk factors of heart disease, I believe it is very important for both men and woman to be very aware of any of these risk factors and take care of themselves accordingly.

In short, I believe something as serious and fatal as heart disease, specifically myocardial infarction, is so important for all individuals to be aware of. Whether it comes to being aware of the symptoms, taking early action, knowing the genetics that run in your family, leading a healthy lifestyle, and doing anything possible that we are in control of to keep our bodies as healthy as can be, can allow us to live our longest, healthiest, and most prosperous life. So many lives have already been lost from this fatal disease, and unfortunately, we cannot gain them back. I hope that future generations continue to stress the importance of not only heart disease, but all health issues in general, making them extremely known and stressing the importance of taking care of ourselves and one another. There is so much to gain from this paper and the research and history on myocardial infarction, as well as all other heart diseases, but I hope the one take home message people can gather, if not anything else, is how important it is to feed our bodies with things that fuel it, and keep all toxins out. We are only given one body with one opportunity to have life on this earth and make our mark, so we must do it to the very best of our abilities.

References

1. Gamble, V. N. (1997). Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care. American Journal of Public Health,87(11), 1773-1778. doi:10.2105/ajph.87.11.1773
2. Heart attacks have become less lethal, studies say. (1999, March 25). The Telegraph Herald, p. 11B. Retrieved April 26, 2019, from https://books.google.com/books?id=gVlFAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA13&dq=heart attack&article_id=6593,5512949&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwianpuCoO7hAhWFzVkKHTC6Ccc4ChDoAQgpMAA#v=onepage&q=heart attack&f=false.
3. Heart disease. (2018, March 22). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118
4. Heart Disease And Genetics. (1985, July 17). The Mount Airy News, p. 8B. Retrieved April 26, 2019, from https://books.google.com/books?id=zHc_AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA11&dq=genetics and heart attack&article_id=6702,5349541&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjbnZWV4uzhAhVhzlkKHcMvC_EQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=genetics and heart attack&f=false.
5. Heart Disease Facts & Statistics. (2017, November 28). Retrieved April 27, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm
6. Maas, A. H., & Appelman, Y. E. (2010, December). Gender differences in coronary heart disease. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018605/
7. Preventing Heart Disease. (2019, January 30). Retrieved from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/disease-prevention/cardiovascular-disease/preventing-cvd/
8. The History of Heart Disease: From Egyptian Mummies to the Present. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/history
9. Škrlec, I., Milic, J., Heffer, M., Peterlin, B., & Wagner, J. (2018). Genetic variations in circadian rhythm genes and susceptibility for myocardial infarction. Genetics and Molecular Biology,41(2), 403-409. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0147

Abstract

Heart attack is a global leading cause for death among both genders men and women. However, occurrence of heart attack is not predictable. currently there are number of health monitoring system available for patient ,but all these system works mainly when there is emergency occurs. also not capable of transmitting data continuously. The proposed system continuously monitors the vital parameter, heart beat,, and concerned person by implanting chip on to the body. The chip perform a function of continuous sensing and comparing of sense data with standard threshold. If any abnormalities are present there then SMS will be sent with help of GSM module. The main aim of this paper is to develop a circuit for detecting a heart attack and if, so then alert to doctor and family members. If heart attack is detected this system can also automatically determine the current position of the user using GPS module .

Introduction

Rapid economic and industrial development leads to increased intensity in daily life, which brings people negative sentiments, such as nervousness, anxiety, and disturbance. These emotions along with changes of quickly lifestyle result that chronic cardiovascular disease become the major adult illness. Therefore, degenerative disease have increase rapidly and at the same time it has resulted in the increase in medical treatment cost. The main focus of this paper is to implement a model for the real time patient monitoring system. This project is useful in medical application and it has less cost and size. This paper is working model which incorporate sensor to measure parameter like heart beat rate and ECG; Arduino is used for analyzing the input from patient and any abnormality felt by the patient causes the monitoring system to give an alarm. In the case of emergency for people who are suffering with heart diseases continuous monitoring of the patient are required which is sometime not possible in the hospital or if patient location is far away from the hospital. In such case this circuit is helpful to measure the heart rate and ECG, the information is transmitted to doctor & family members for the precautions so that patient can be under control, and prevented from serious situation before reaching to the hospital.

The proposed system continuously monitors the vital parameter, heart beat , ECG, and concerned person by implanting chip on to the body. The chips perform a function of continuous sensing and comparing of sense data with standard threshold. If any abnormalities are present there then SMS will be sent with help of GSM module. The main aim of this paper is to develop a circuit for detecting a heart attack and if, so then alert to doctor and family members. If heart attack is detected this system can also automatically determine the current position of the user using GPS module . The proposed system is used to measure the physical parameters like body temperature, detect fall with the help of biosensors using Arduino microcontroller and to trace the location of patient using GPS.

There are number of techniques available for the patient‘s health monitoring system with wireless communication technology. In this system the patients position and location is continuously monitored and the acquired data is transmitted to an family doctor or family member of the patients . If any abnormality happened to the patient the message will be automatically send to patient‘s family members and doctors mobile by using GSM module.

HEART BEAT MONITOR

In this article, we are going to interface a pulse sensor with Arduino. The patients heart beat rate is monitor using photoelectric sensor which can sense the patients pulse rate. This method of tracking of heart rate is more efficient than the traditional method which derives same from ECG graph.A heart rate is a monitoring device that allows to measure heart rate in real time.

Heart rate is important parameter for heart attack detection. Heart rate is changes according to age. The pulse rate can Help to determine the various problem within the body.

This sensor two sided, the front one which is heart shape is the side attach to skin. This pulse sensor has three pin GND, VCC and output. There is also LED in the center of this sensor module which helps in detecting the heart beat. Below the LED, there is noise elimination circuitry which is supposed to keep away the noise from affecting the reading.

GSM MODEM AND GPS MODEM

GSM modem operates by accepting the SIM card to the subscribed mobile operator .A GSM module is chip or circuit that will be used to established communication between mobile device and GSM system . The GPS is a satellite based navigation system mode up of at least 24 satellite & use to determine the current position of the user or patients. Whenever heart rate counts goes abnormal i.e bellow 60 and above 90 BPS then microcontroller active GSM and GPS module . GPS will tracking user position , then GSM will generate a message long with position of nearable health care center and previously save family member number in it.

Buzzer 5V DC

[bookmark: _TOC_250009]Buzzer is an audio signaling device that has many application includes timer and alarm device. Buzzer is turn on if there is any abnormality occurs in the patients body. In this project the buzzer is used to alert patients or creater during extreme condition. This sound indicates that the patient health is in risk.

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

It is considered as a solid state sensor. The precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor output a voltage linearly proportional to the centigrade temperature. With LM35, temperature is measured more accurately than using a thermistor.

The temperature sensor used to measure temperature, is an electronic device which provides a voltage analogue of the temperature of the surface on which it is mounted. The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit Temperature Sensors whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation. The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require that the output voltage be amplified.

LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature (in o C). With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a thermistor. Several temperature sensing techniques currently in wide spread usage. The most common of these are RTDs, thermistors, and sensor ICs. The right one for your application depends on the required temperature range, linearity, accuracy, cost, features, and ease of designing the necessary support circuitry.

CONCLUSIONS

We are design health monitoring system for patients who are suffering from heart diseases. In this project, we have design heart rate and ECG and then send SMS if any abnormality occurs in patients and through mobile phone. It portable and cost efficient system and very easy to handle and provide great flexibility and serves as a great improvement over other conventional monitoring and alert system. We believe that our system is a step towards promoting patient‘s autonomy and by providing Personalized monitoring and advice we hope that it will give the patients more confidence and improve their quality of life.

References

1. Abid Khan, Ravi Mishra, ‘GSM & GPS Based Tracking System’, International Journal Of Engineering Trends & Technology-2012.
2. Mrs. Rajashri Patil, Prof. Balaji Hogade, “On Line Real Time Health Monitoring of ICU Patients Using ARM”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network (IJCSN) Volume 1, Issue 3, June 2012, ISSN 2277-5420.
3. B. Sirisha , T. Sraddha, K.Vijaynand “ Real-Time Multi Patient Monitoring System Using Arm And Wireless Sensor Network Security”.ISSN:22311882, Volume – 2, Issue – 2, 2013.
4. Yashasar Yadav, Manasa Gowda, ‘Heart Rate Monitoring & Alert System Using GSM Technology’ International Journal of Engineering Tends and Technology- 2015.
5. Sarvant Singh (2012) “Bluetooth Low Energy Based Mobile Electrocardiogram Monitoring System ”, In the proceedings of International Conference On Information And Automation, June 6-8, 2012 , Shenyang , International Journal Of Computer Network And Communication(IJCNC) vol.7, No.3 May 2015.
6. K. Aziz, Saed Tarapiah , Mohamad Alsaedi , Salah Haj Ismail, and Shadi Atalla, “Smart Real Time Health Care Monitoring and Tracking System Using GPS/GSM Technologies”, 3rd MEC International Conference on Big Data and Smart Cities (ICBDSC) March 2016.
7. Vandana Milind Rohokale, Neeli Rashmi Prasad , Ramjee Prasad, “A Co-Operative Internet of Thing For Rural Health Care Monitoring and Control”, (2011).
8. Tae-Yoon Kim, Sungkwan , Youm, Jai-Jin Jung “Multi-Hop WBAN Construction For Health Care IOT”, (2015).

Abstract

To the existence and influence, health related parameters and issues are of utmost importance to man. Various systems have been developed that are able to capture and monitor changes in health parameters. A real time remote monitoring of heart rate is presented in this paper. This system uses an alert and LCD display that are capable of monitoring the heart rate. A low cost, efficient and flexible heart rate detection and alert system using wireless module has been implemented in this paper. The sensors sense and measure the heart rate and detected signals are sent to control unit for further processing. The processor displays the heart rate on LCD which is then proceeded to alert system. If there is a large difference between the normal and measured heart rates, then an alert will be provided by the system. This system is continuous, real time, safe and accurate in monitoring the heart rates.

Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an interconnection of embedded devices using network technologies. The IoT will be one of the important trends in the future, can affect networking, business and communication. IoT generally expects to offer advanced broadband connectivity for embedded devices, systems, and services that goes beyond the machine-to-machine (M2M) context. Advanced device connectivity in automation is possible in almost any area.

Today, everyone is so busy in life that he forgets to take care of his health. Keeping all these things in mind, technology is really an asset for an individual. With the advancement of technology, many intelligent or medical sensors have emerged, continuously analyzing the activity of each patient and automatically predicting a heart attack before the patient feels sick.

Therefore, it is important to identify the right sensors. Today, in the medical field, patients are actively involved in the collection and review of their reports. In this digitized world, various wireless communication standards have allowed the sensor to develop from traditional forms, that is, to require the active participation of the patient in a passive form, i.e. say they do not require patient involvement.

Today, the many passive sensors used constantly monitor a patient’s vital signs and store or share them wirelessly with human health professionals. By combining analysis and sensor data, reports describing the patient’s early health status are established. As needed, different types of sensors are deployed.

Recently, research on human-health monitoring systems has shifted from the basic reasoning of portable sensor readings to the advanced level of data processing for more information useful to the end users, whether for the doctor or the patient.

The usual diseases have a considerable influence on health care, where the cost of healing the risk of stroke is natural. Changes in the analytical structure and the lack of social and health personnel make it necessary to study new modernization techniques that could help overcome these obstacles.

Seniors should visit the doctor regularly to see the results of testing their symptoms. Regular observation of essential signs is mandatory as they are the main signs of well-being of individual health .

These vital signs which includes,

• a. Pulse rate
• b. Body temperature

The goal is to develop an essential sign monitor that collects body information and sends parameters via wireless technology .

There must be an appropriate transmission method and display the signal once the data has been processed. PMR is one of the key technologies that will help us monitor patients who are out of the reach of common clinical environments, which will increase access to care and reduce the cost of providing health care to people.

In many developing countries, human health is often defined as a major problem. that is to say, almost 8% of the population can access 20% of the country’s medical resources. This inability to access health care services for rural populations, coupled with increasing rates of cardiovascular disease, is a serious problem.

In this article, we propose a remote monitoring and detection parameter of the human body composed of pulse and temperature. The parameters used for detection and observation will send the data via wireless sensors. The addition of a web-based observation makes it possible to track the normal health of a patient. The detection data will be continuously collected in the database and will be used to inform the patient of any invisible problem so that he can make a diagnosis.

Proposed system

The monitoring / surveillance system implemented by Human-Wellbeing includes patients, Human-Wellbeing observation units, cloud for information maintenance and security [7]. With the help of some equipment units, different sensors and gadgets associated with a web association [8]. Figure 1 shows the complete architecture of the proposed system.

The functionality of the system is divided into three main modules; they are:

1. Sensing module
2. The Main module

The detection module detects the patient’s condition using sensors. The main module is used to collect information via the detection module. And the user (doctors or patient or monitor) interacting with the system via an interaction module.

Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno could be a microcontroller board supported the ATmega328P (datasheet). it’s fourteen digital input/output pins (of that six may be used as PWM outputs), six analog inputs, a sixteen megacycle per second quartz, a USB affiliation, an influence jack, associate degree ICSP header and a push. It contains everything required to support the microcontroller; merely connect it to a laptop with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to start. It is an open source computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and the development environment used for writing the software for the board.

Heartbeat Sensor

The Heart Beat sensor is intended to supply an analog output of heartbeat if the finger is placed on it. The heartbeat detector starts operating, the top crystal rectifier starts flashing with each heartbeat. The output of this sensing element may be connected to the small Controller on to live the heartbeat. It functions on the principle of sunshine modulation by blood flow through the nerves of the finger at each pulse. The module output mode, the analog output mode is easy.

Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signal device, which may be mechanical as well as electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Buzzers are devices classified as annunciators. Buzzer is an indicator, which indicates something is happening in the circuit by the beeping sound of the buzzer.

Working Model

The above diagram describes about the circuit diagram of the experiment. In the above diagram, the three pins in the heartbeat sensor is connected to the Arduino board, two pins are connected to the ground and one is connected to the negative. Buzzer is also connected to the Arduino Uno board such that it buzzes when the heartbeat is low.

Experimental Results on Pulse sensor

After checking all the pin connections and adding the library to the Arduino IDE and uploading the source code, run the code. Serial monitor display will be turned on to display the Human-Human- Heart rate reading obtained by the Pulse Sensor. Place your index finger on the front side of the pulse sensor, you should see LED1 (green) glow in time with your Human-Heartbeat when you place your finger on the sensor. Place your finger on the sensor lightly till you get a read on the serial monitor that shows signal is already transmitted. You will be able to get the reading on serial monitor.

The different test cases have been considered for the Human- Human-Heart rate of a patient are

• When the patient is sitting idle
• When the patient is a sleep
• When the patient is running
• Also, when a patient has undergone an abnormal Human-Heartbeat

Configured maximum range for the Human-Heartbeat which is measured, if the measured Human-Heartbeat is not within the range the serial plotter will display a message showing the Human- Heartbeat Alert and a buzzer to beep only for this special purpose. The buzzer will go beep if the measured Human- Heartbeat is not within the range.

Conclusion

Nowadays, the risk of heart attack increases. This system that helps detect the heartbeat of a person who uses the heartbeat, even if the person is at home. This system too helps the hospital monitoring system, all monitored patients by single person in the server room. This system that helps measure the body temperature, the heart rate, the pulsations of the person. we will do this system for the animals so that we can save them. So, we can detect the heart blocking through this technology by our project.

Reference

1. “Why Do We Need a Remote Human-Health Monitoring System? A Study on Predictive Analytics for Heart Failure Patients”, JOMS, June 2011a by Pourhomayoun Mohammad, Alshurafa Nabil, Foad Dabiri, Ehsan Ardestani, Ahsan Samiee, Hassan Ghasemzadeh, Majid Sarrafzadeh.
2. “Remote Human-Health monitoring System through IoT”, 2016 5th International Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV), Ananda Mohon Ghosh, Debashish Halder, SK Alamgir Hossain.
3. ”A Heartbeat and Temperature Measuring System for Remote Human-Health monitoring using Wireless Body Area Network”, International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio- Technology Vol.8, No.1 (2016), pp.171-190, Mohammad Wajih Alam1, Tanin Sultana2 and Mohammad Sami Alam3.
4. “Sensor Based Healthcare Information System”, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Technological Innovations in ICT For Agriculture and Rural Development, K. Sundara Velrani, Dr.G. Geetha.
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9. Real Time Human-Health Monitoring System using Arduino”, South Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol.2, No.18 (2016) 52– 60, Rajalakhshmi.S S. Nikilla,”
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Abstract

We all know that heart attacks can kill your life in 3 attempts, but now a day can even be dangerous on the first try. If we regularly monitor our health on a daily basis, we can detect so many different diseases by detecting them previously, Life is precious. Many people among us lose their lives due to heart attacks. This is due to their diet, age, less physical activity and many other factors. The heart attack is not easy to detect, overcome and help our society with heart disease and attacks. We are developing a system that will help reduce the mortality rate and early diagnosis of a heart attack. In this system, we are implementing a system to monitor heartbeats and detect heart attacks using the Internet of Things. Thus, the sensor is connected to a microcontroller that allows you to check your heart rate readings and transmit them over the Internet. The user can set the high and low level of the heart rate limit. After setting these limits, the system starts monitoring and also alerts the lower heartbeats. For this the system uses two circuits. One is the transmission circuit that is with the patient and the other is the receiving circuit that is monitored by the doctor or nurse. The system uses the heart rate sensor to detect the current heart rate level and display it on the LCD screen

INTRODUCTION

This system can detect the pulse, the temperature regularly with the help of the sensor. The doctor can set the threshold for all parameters. If these parameters exceed the maximum limit, the system sends a notification on the server via Wi-Fi.

In the new era of communication and technology, the explosive growth of electronic devices, smartphones and tablets capable of communicating physically or wirelessly has become the fundamental tool of everyday life. The next generation of connected world is the Internet of Things (IoT), which connects devices, sensors, appliances, vehicles and other ‘things’. Things or objects can include the label, cell phones, sensors, actuators and more. With the help of IoT, we connect everything, access from anywhere and at any time, efficiently accessing any service and information on any object. The goal of the IoT is to extend the advantages of the Internet with remote control, data exchange, constant connectivity, etc. Using a built-in sensor that is always active and collecting data, all devices will be connected to local and global networks.

The term IoT, often called the Internet of Everything, was first introduced by Kevin Ashton in 1999, who dreams of a system in which all physical objects are connected through the Internet through ubiquitous sensors. IoT technology can provide a large amount of data on humans, objects, time and space. Combining current Internet and IoT technology, it offers plenty of space and an innovative service based on low-cost sensors and wireless communication. IPv6 and cloud computing promote the development of Internet and IoT integration. It offers more possibilities for data collection, data processing, port management and other new services. Each object that connects to IoT requires a unique IPv6 address or identification. There are so many people in the world whose health can suffer because they do not have adequate access to hospitals and health monitoring

The Internet of Things (Internet of Things or stylized IoT) is the interconnection of physical devices, vehicles (also called ‘connected devices’ and ‘smart devices’), buildings and other elements integrated with electronics, software, sensors, actuators. and network connectivity that allows these objects to collect and exchange data. In 2013, the Global Standards Initiative on the Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as ‘the information society infrastructure’. IoT allows objects to be detected and / or remotely controlled through the existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems and resulting in greater efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The following figure shows the system architecture and flow chart of this project.

The system uses the heart rate sensor to read the current frequency of the card and display it on the LCD screen. The transmission circuit includes a family AVR microcontroller connected to the LCD screen and this transmission circuit is powered by a 12V transformer. Similarly, the receiving circuit includes a microcontroller of the AVR family and an RF receiver and others in possession of a 12V transformer. The receiver circuit also includes an LED light and a lamp that serves as a warning to the person supervising the cardio of peace and LED light illumination and ready as well as the light of the pacific card if the inside of the normal heart rate level. whole. Now let’s make this system universal for all hospital rooms. The operator can sit in one place and monitor all patients

The sensor illuminates a light lobe (a small, very bright LED) through the ear and measures the light that is transmitted to the light-dependent resistance. The amplified signal is inverted and filtered in the circuit. To calculate the heart rate based on the blood flow on the fingertip, a heart rate sensor is assembled with the help of the OP-AMP LM358 to check the pulse of the heartbeat. When the system is switched on, IR Tx starts emitting light with a 100% intensity towards the blood cells. The light is reflected in Rx with ‘100% – x’ of it.

This ‘x’ value is our heart rate. All data will be sent directly to the server room, so in an emergency, you can act quickly. A heartbeat sensor is a monitoring device that allows you to measure your heart rate in real time or record your heart rate for further study. It provides an easy way to study heart function. When the sensor works, the time LED flashes in units on with each beat. This digital output can be connected directly to the microcontroller to measure the frequency of beats per minute (BPM). The temperature sensor is an analog quantity with a range of 0-135 degrees. All data can be detected by the sensor and display a 16 * 2 LCD screen. At the same time, this data is sent to the server and displayed in the control room. We make this universal system for all hospital rooms. The operator can sit in one place and monitor all patients.

ADVANTAGES

• Portable system
• Save risk of heart attack as you can check it in home
• Affordable system
• Temperature and Heart beat monitoring by single device
• All Patient monitored by single person seating in Server room.
• This system also helps for Hospital monitoring system.

CONCLUSIONS

Today we have a higher risk of heart attacks. This system helps to detect the heart rate of a person using heart rate detection, even if the person is at home. This system also helps the hospital monitoring system, all patients monitored by a single person in the server room. This system helps to measure the body temperature, the heart rate, the pulse of the person. We will make this system for animals so that we can save them. If this technology develops, then we can detect a heart block through this technology through our project.

REFERENCES

1. Internet of things: internet of things, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/internet_of_things.
2. Effective Ways to Use Internet of Things in the field of Medical and Smart Health Care: Kaleemullah, Munam ali Shah, Sijing zhang, IEEE Journal 2016.
3. Heartbeat Monitoring and heart attack detection, Mamidi manisha , Katakan neeraja, International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology(IJIET).
4. Heartbeat Sensing and Heart Attack Detection using Internet of Things, International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing(IJESC).
5. Heart Rate monitoring And Heart Attack Detection Using Wearable Device, International Journal of Technical Research and Application(IJTRA).
6. Mobile based Horne Automation using Internet of Things(IOT),Kumar Mandula, Ram Parupalli, E.Magesh,2015 International Conference on Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies(ICCICCT).
7. http://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases- conditions/heart-disease-in-india-6-shocking-shouldknown/

Cardiac Focused Interview

The article I chose was “How I Do It: The Patient Who Asks About Lifestyle Choices to Prevent Heart Disease.” This article hits home talking about how motivated patients are. YOU must take the steps to reduce the risk of cardiovascular problems, no one can do it for you. The person I chose to interview has had many trials in life. He has been married twice, both wives have passed away. He says that he has a hard time remembering his medications because his previous wife took care of him. We started our interview by talking about prior hospitalizations. He doesn’t remember having any kind of patient teaching. He says with a laugh, they threaten that I will end up back in the hospital if I don’t take care of myself. He says that more information about what his issues were, would have been important early on. The article mentions the importance of how to correctly feed your heart. Lifestyle or medications are important for reducing your risk of heart disease (Roizen, 2013). He wasn’t taught early on the importance of a healthy diet early on in life. He believes that the influence he had in childhood carried throughout his life. His father was a chronic alcoholic and a smoker as well. He is interested in a lifestyle change, he mentioned that having Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Coronary Artery Disease is hard and tiring. We talked about the new apps that are available on his new iPhone, he downloaded Cardiio. I do have to say it is pretty neat.

The man I interviewed had been nervous that his past tobacco and alcohol use would cause problems further down the line. The first diagnosis was tonsil cancer in 2014. This was treated with radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy. He has recovered since then, however, he suffers from many side effects of radiation. The second diagnosis was COPD, which was diagnosed in 2015. He had periods of shortness of breath and an ongoing cough, but he was able to get a referral to pulmonology for a diagnosis. The diagnoses last year were CAD and hypertension.

Can you tell me about your previous eating habits and your current daily diet?

He grew up on a farm and his mom died when he was five. His dad didn’t cook for them. They ate whatever they could find, fruit and vegetables were too expensive. He blames a lot of his eating habits on not having a mother to teach him differently. He believes that his family has a long history of heart problems, attributed to genetics and poor eating habits. He says it’s hard to cook healthy for one person. He isn’t as hungry as he used to be, he thinks it is probably because he isn’t as active. He eats sandwiches and snacks with chips and chocolate. I explained to him the importance of eating less sugar and more omega-6 fatty acids. Some food ideas are whole grains and some nuts. Omega-3 is also important, oily fish (salmon) is a great example. He says that hearing the information from someone he knows is different than at the hospital. So, he will try and make better choices as he wants to be around for his grandchildren.

What is your current activity level and was the importance of exercise explained to you? If so, how often? He explains that exercise was mentioned at some point, although the older she gets, it is talked about less. He wanted to know if I think exercise is important, even with taking his medications. He commented that taking his pills should be good enough and that he doesn’t think exercise is as important as he ages. I explained that exercise makes his heart muscles stronger and even though he is older, it is still needed. Walking is a great way to start exercising, this is also a great way to reduce stress and obesity. Stress can cause as many heart attacks as tobacco (Roizen, 2011).

What medications are you prescribed for your diagnoses, do you understand the importance of compliance with your medications? He is prescribed aspirin, Atenolol, Amlodipine, an Omega-3 supplement, a multivitamin, and Nitroglycerin PRN. He was taking lisinopril, but it was discontinued. He takes these medications daily, most of the time. Poor compliance with antihypertensive drug treatment has often been associated with treatment failure or uncontrolled hypertension and disease progression (Ren, Kazis, Lee, Zhang, & Miller, 2002). He did discuss a few previous hospitalizations that may have been prevented with medication compliance.

We chatted about how his compliance has changed, he now uses weekly pill containers for his medicine. He is prescribed Advair and Albuterol for COPD. He explained to me that he wasn’t taught how to take his inhalers, and this broke my heart. I explained to him how to breathe out all of the way, before breathing in slowly and depressing inhaler. He was going through his inhalers in 15 days getting no relief, because he didn’t know how to use them. He was spraying them in his mouth, trying to take a deep breath. There ks]

I think that I am a great patient advocate. I am standing up more for my patients at work, since starting this course. I feel that our physicians forget how important it is to go over instructions with patients and clearly explain their diagnoses. Written If this opportunity is missed, client safety is at risk. I will be able to apply this information as a Registered Nurse because with this interview, I was able to hear and feel the complexities of a patient with chronic illnesses. This will make me a better nurse, I will spend more time with my patients and make sure that they have the tools to be successful. I was able to teach my interview subject and explain things more thoroughly that he may have missed in the healthcare setting. He is also hard of hearing, knowing this, I sat next to him and discussed the interview. Listening and teaching from afar doesn’t help the client. He thanked me for my patience after the interview. This is a life-changing experience.

References

1. Ren, X. S., Kazis, L. E., Lee, A., Zhang, H., & Miller, D. R. (2002). Identifying patient and physician characteristics that affect compliance with antihypertensive medications. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 27(1), 47-56. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2002.00387.x
2. Roizen, M., MD. (2011). How I Do It: The Patient Who Asks About Lifestyle Choices to Prevent Heart Disease. Retrieved 2019, from http://plminstitute.org/
3. (anonymous informant, personal communication, Dec 05, 2019) A question may ask you to make a connection between a person’s diet and their specific health symptoms or issues. You might also be asked to determine what you would do in a certain medical situation or emergency or what approach would work best for communicating with a patient about specific concerns.