To plan for the future early enough is a good thing, and as a precautionary measure, I have a Will, Durable Power of Attorney as well as Power of Attorney for Health Care. The paragraphs below will elaborate on general Will, Durable Power of Attorney, and Power of Attorney for Health Care. Besides, the importance of planning ahead and the challenges that the family faces when one fails to plan are discussed.
Will is a unique legal document that specifies who will own or rather manage the estate or property of the testator when he or she dies.
Writing a Will is not an easy thing for most people. A survey conducted by NSW Trustee and Guardian in the United States showed that two out of five Americans do not have a Will. Experts warn that if the testator fails to compile a Will, the estate will be divided according to government formulas. The case of Terri Schiavo is an example of the burden the lack of Will puts on the family of the testator.
Terris husband and parents engaged in a conflict concerning her life support. The negotiations and endless trails took the family years to come to the final solution. This happened because Terris husband insisted that there was no point in maintaining her vegetative state, while her parents confronted the diagnosis and insisted on the continuation of Terris life support.
Power of Attorney is a particular right the Principal grants an Agent or Attorney-in-Fact. The Agent is required by legal authority, to make decisions for the Principal in case of their incapacitation. Principals should be very careful when choosing Agents because the actions of the Attorney-in-Fact will be deemed legally as those of the Principal. Unfortunately, the legal framework and court system do not have any regulatory mechanism over the Power of Attorney.
As it happened in the case of Terri Schiavo, in 1998, a right-to-die litigator, filed a petition to withdraw life support as her husband wanted. The court detracted the report of the guardian ad litem in favor of Michaels interests.
Power of Attorney for Health Care requires the Principal to appoint a surrogate who will act as a trusted healthcare agent. All the health preferences of the Principal are set out in this document. Since illnesses and death are inevitable, this is a necessary measure. This way, experts warn that selecting the right person as a surrogate is highly important. In Terri Schiavos situation, the decision about her health lay in the hands of her husband and parents just because she never communicated her desires considering her properties and capital as well as her life support. Terri ignored these actions even though he had been ill for years.
Planning is an essential way of living for a responsible human being. Planning is important when it comes to health risk and opportunity assessment. Terri Schiavos case is an ugly scenario where the testator failed to write a Will in time. Failure to compile a Will creates a huge pressure on the family members after that the family may start court battles and exhausting arguments, which are very expensive and nerve-racking.
It is essential for parents to embrace the concept of family planning. Property and capital owners of all ages are encouraged to acquire a Will and Durable Power of Attorney. Besides, taking the burden of making a hard decision in tragic situations off the shoulders of ones relatives is a good demonstration of care and love towards ones family members.
There are several ways of achieving body fitness. Exercising is one of them. This essay analyzes various components of advanced patterns exhibited by players and reviews five internet resource guides on health and fitness.
Components of advanced patterns exhibited by players
The pictures above show basket ball players. The components of advanced patterns are exhibited by them in several ways. First, there is forward step and rotation of the pelvis. This can be seen in the third player in which weight has moved to the foot at the back with the back rotation of the trunk. The arm then makes a backswing in a downward and circular manner ready to make a windup.
The players left leg that is opposite the arm that is throwing moves ahead to enlarge the distance though which the thrower uses force to throw the ball and to enable full rotation of the trunk. To apply force to the throw, the trunk undergoes a forward rotation. The rotation of the trunk is differentiated so as to produce full force. The trunk undergoes a lateral bending which is away from the throwing arms side.
The second pattern is that of the swinging of the upper arm and the rotation of the spine. The upper arm gets perpendicular to the trunk before getting forward as the shoulders undergo a rotation to face the front position (Haywood & Getchell, 2008, p. 146). This is shown in the fourth picture.
The importance of these components to a an educator is that they help them make a connection between the development of the nervous system and the motor skills in children to help determine the exact time suitable for children to make certain movements. This means that its not easy to alter the set pattern for the development of the nervous system.
For example, children cannot run if there are no changes within the nervous system to facilitate the running. Advanced motor skills and movement patterns occur as the parts of the nervous system mature (Cheatum & Hammond, 2000, p. 33).
Internet Resource Guide
Health Promoting Diets
This is about looking for a general combination of foods attributed to better health. This can be achieved by conducting statistics to establish what the people who are healthiest take. This will lead to a formation of a pyramid that encompasses all essential nutrients and doesnt enhance chronic diseases (Hobson, 2008). This can be integrated into the physical education curriculum through provision of a diet thats more nutritional to the learners.
Physical Activity
Physical activity is helpful in weight management. It plays a crucial part in averting weight gain. It also minimizes risks of diabetes and heart disorders. It should be done slowly first then more vigorously later. Activities that enhance it include, stairwalking, walking, playing touch foot ball and dancing among others. In the curriculum, time can be created for learners to be involved in these physical activities (National Institute of Health, 2011).
Online physical Education classes
Online gym classes are getting rooted are getting good reviews. This program requires that learners should select physical exercises that they like and practice each of them for half an hour, thrice in a week. Online journals must be kept by participants besides having coaches or parents to verify that they did their work outs (Beggs, 2005). The school can hire coaches to help various groups of students select online gym activities and monitor them as they do the exercises.
Fitness Tests
There are numerous tests that can be used to enhance fitness. Examples are skin folds, Bruce tests, Sprint tests, in and out, posture tests, Illinois agility and arm span, among many others (Topend sports, 2011). Different simple tests can be identified by the teacher and then the students be taught to exercise at least two of them daily.
Fit 4 Fun games
Children can learn to be more active through these games. The games are in three groups: games that promote activity, healthy lifestyles and nutrition. Each game has its own instructions and materials and most of them are mainly played in groups (Jeanie, 2009). This can be incorporated in the curriculum by picking some relevant games and letting students to practice it once per week.
Conclusion
Theres a correlation between the development of the nervous system and movement patterns. Besides, there are several programs that can be used to enhance fitness. They include online gym, fitness tests, fit 4 fun games, physical activity and healthy diet.
References
Beggs, C. S., (2005). Gym Class Goes Online to Fill Phys-Ed Cuts. Web.
Cheatum., A. & Hammond., A. (2000). Physical activities for improving childrens learning and behavior: a guide to sensory motor development.Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Haywood., K. & Getchell., N. (2008). Life Span Motor Development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Retrieved
Sickle Cell Anemia is a disorder that normally increases blood thickness hence affects the smooth flow of blood. This is caused by the destruction of red cells where the normal shape of red cell becomes a stiff sickle shape. As a result, sufficient oxygen does not reach the vital organs.
A vaso-occlusive crisis arises from hindrance of blood circulation by sickle shaped blood cells. It is characterized by sturdy pains and in some cases; it may cause permanent organ damage. This paper seeks to formulate a nursing diagnosis, as well as a plan of care that includes nursing interventions and the methods to be used to evaluate whether the interventions are successful (American Sickle Cell Anemia Association, 2010).
Nursing diagnosis is a clinical assessment of health problems experienced by a family or an individual and their response to this health problem. It helps in determination of interventions that are to be put in place so as to realize the desired outcome. This diagnosis enables the nurse to come up with a care plan for the patient (National Institute of Health, 2002).
In this case, the nursing diagnosis is probably a sickle cell crisis and the possibility of shift in self perception that is linked to the notion of being different from peers. Outlined herein, are some of the interventions with their rationale and outcomes. Firstly, Maya and the family should be encouraged and helped to alternate the intervals of resting and activity. The rationale is that this could help their bodies reduce the demand for oxygen and hence reduce their hypoxia level.
Maya should also be assisted in taking deep breath movements and mild body turning exercises. The rationale behind procedure is that it promotes chest expansion, which boosts the circulations of secretions thus reducing the risks of blood clotting (Sickle Cell Disease Association of America, n.d.). The outcome is that the patients family will know the precautions to be taken and the strenuous activities to be avoided for them to keep fit.
Another intervention is to encourage Maya and her family to take sufficient fluids, like eight glasses per day. The rationale is to keep the body well hydrated to prevent or reduce viscosity of blood so as to have proper circulation. Here the outcome is that the concerned people will know the amount and the exact fluids to be taken (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007, p. 648).
Another intervention is to monitor Mayas respiratory rate, the rationale being indicators of sufficient respiratory process. There is also need for the nurse to be around several times in a day in order to monitor the patients cardiac regularity. Rationale: changes of cardiac rhythm could imply the effects of hypoxia on cardiovascular.
Also the nurse should analyze reports of chest pains and occurrence of fatigue. The rationale is the possibility of severe chest syndrome development. The outcome is that the people concerned will be given specialized treatment as it may be required (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007, p. 658). More important, there is need for counseling as an intervention. This will help patient realize that he/she is not different from other children.
Having put up the necessary interventions, the next step is to evaluate whether they are successful. This could be done by observing and recording how the patient is responding to treatment. The question in mind should be, is the patient improving or deteriorating? If the patient is improving, then the nursing diagnosis should continue until full recovery.
In conclusion, nursing diagnosis coupled with medical diagnosis is an effective treatment of patients with sickle cell anemia. However, the choice of interventions should be done carefully so as to realize the desired outcome otherwise it may not be successful. Key among the interventions listed here, is counseling. This may help the patients to have hope and this may aid in quick recovery.
References
American Sickle Cell Anemia Association. (2010). Research. Web.
Hockenberry, M.J., & Wilson, D. (2007). Wongs nursing care of infants and children (8th.ed.). New York: Mosby publishing group.
National Institute of Health. (2002). The management of sickle cell disease. Web.
Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. (n.d). Research and screening. Web.
First described by Dorothy Andersen in 1938, the hereditary disease Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is believed to have appeared in human race around 3,000 BC as a product of gene mutations and human migrations.
Some of the signs attributed to this disease are repetitive damages in the respiratory system and may sometimes produce some digestive disorders. Different individuals are affected differently hence quite some difficulty in detecting the exact sign of this disease.
Causes
The disease is primarily characterised with secretion of slippery mucus. In normal conditions, mucus lubricates and protects the epithelial lining in airways in all systems of the body. Such systems include digestive, reproductive and other organs in the body. In most situations, people affected by cystic fibrosis are likely to abnormally secrete mucus.
Unlike normal mucus, the CF mucus is sticky and thick in texture. According to Harris and Maurice (21), this CF mucus poses a threat in an individuals health system because it blocks and clogs the airways, reducing the channel of air passage. In turn, this affects the respiratory system, leading to difficulties in breathing efficiently (Harris and Super 36). Due to limitation of breath, an individual may suffer from wheezing or continuous coughing. The build-up of mucus encourages the existence of infections, with bacterial populations developing infections that eventually results to damaging of lungs.
This problem does not only have effects in the respiratory system, but also causes some digestive problems. Considering that the intestinal lining has an epithelial lining with mucus glands, it is worth noting that it is equally affected. This is especially found in young babies, where the intestines are blocked some few days after birth or when the kids are introduced to solid foods. Research has shown that the formation of thick yet sticky mucus is associated to pancreatic dis- functioning because the digestive enzymes block the pancreatic duct, causing some limitations in the production of insulin.
Consequently, such children have poor growth and development and experience reduced weight. According to (Rosaler 12), it may also lead to diarrhoea or malnutrition in adult. Although it is mostly mild in adults, the disease can be fatal in children. With improved ways and early detection, there can be effective ways for managing the condition.
Cystic fibrosis is associated with the CFTR gene. In its broad sense, the gene product has the effect of giving way to negatively charged particles to travel in and out of cell membranes (Fredrick and l Ibba 228). These particles, which are actually chloride ions, are responsible for production of sweat, a component of sodium chloride.
The ions also help in the movement of water in tissues, which are responsible of producing thin and free mucus that is important in body secretions (Harris and Maurice 25). The reproduction of CFTR hinders the chloride channel from its production of chloride ions in cell membranes. As a result, all the organs that require chloride such as lungs and other ducts start producing a sticky kind of substance and this is an indicator of cystic fibrosis (Hodson and Duncan 57).
Although some arguments tend to disprove, the disease is inherited through an autosomal pattern. This means that the same gene is multiplied repeatedly from the parent to the offspring in foetus development. However, it does not show any symptoms of the condition in the early development of the offspring unless physically detected.
Treatment and management
once there has been an early detection of this disease, a number of interventions may be applicable to manage the condition. For instance, treatment of lung problems can take part in form of therapy, medicine or taking different exercises. Under chest physical therapy, a patient is supposed to lie down on their stomach. Using gravity, the thick mucus forces itself down thereby reducing the quantity in the chest. An alternative therapy might be the use of a mechanical precursor that uses high frequency waves in order to pull the mucus out of the chest.
Breathing exercises may help in extraction of mucus as it helps loosen muscles hence easy release of mucus (Rosaler 36). Aerobics help in the overall fitness of body organs, including the respiratory system, with the excretion of salt that help in melting the mucus. In medical treatment, a doctor may subscribe antibiotics or medication that helps in mucus thinning. These medicines are effective and aid in reduction of lung infection and swelling along the airwaves. Oral or injected Anti-inflammatory drugs are effective at reducing infections in lungs.
Molecular aspects of cystic fibrosis
Article analysis
Zertal-Zidani, S, Busiah, A, Edelman, M., Polak, M and Scharfmann, R. Small-molecule inhibitors of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator increase pancreatic endocrine cell development in rat and mouse . Diabetologia 56. 2 (2013): 330-330. Print
Topic and purpose of the study
This article reports the process and findings of a recent study carried out to investigate the molecular aspects of cystic fibrosis. The researchers developed and carried out this research study at the research centre growth and signalling, faculty of medicine of the University of Paris Descartes, Paris.
They hypothesized that certain small-molecule inhibitors of the CR membrane have the potential and ability to increase the development of pancreatic endocrine cells in both rats and mice. This hypothesis was developed with an aim of developing an important ground on which new drugs that can activate the differentiation process for a number of multipotent progenitor cells. Specifically, the researchers aimed at testing glycine hydrazide (GlyH-10), glibenclamide and sulfonyurea.
Experimental design
It is worth noting that this study was done on laboratory animals as opposed to humans, given that the study on the specific drugs was still underway. As such, in vitro methodology was chosen as the best design for the research. They examined the actions of the drugs on the development of pancreatic cells derived from the rodents. In addition, a different experiment was used to test the action of Gly-H-101 on pancreatic cell development, but this experiment was entirely done in vivo. In fact, glycine hydrazide (GlyH-101) is actually a small-molecule inhibitor of CFTR.
Results
The article reports that there was little evidence to support the hypothesis that Glibenclamide alters the morphology as well as growth of the developing pancreases. In addition, there was little evidence that this drug exerts any deleterious effects on the exocrine cell development in the rodent pancreas.
However, it was surprising for the researchers to note that glibenclamide, when in high concentration, promotes the differentiation of endocrine cells. In fact, it was revealed that this promotion of differentiation could not be achieved with other sulfonylureas. This finding suggests that this drug actually possesses some off-target action. The researchers also acknowledge the fact that this effect was similar to the finding by previous studies that this drug also inhibits CFTR.
Conclusion
From the study, the researchers concluded that Glibenclamide and GlyH-101 have an impact of increasing the number of endocrine cells. This effect comes in through an increase in the size of the pool of the progenitors (neurogenin 3-positive) in the developing organ.
From this analysis, it is clear that the research article has provided evidence of a possibility of finding drugs that will target certain aspects of molecular biology of the disease. This has moved the researchers closer towards finding a potential drug to manage the condition. In fact, the research has opened an important field that needs additional studies to evaluate the possibility of finding an effective way to manage the condition.
Works Cited
Dahl, Morten, Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen, Peter Lange and Borge Nordestgaard. Asthma and COPD in cystic fibrosis intron-8 5T carriers. A population-based study . Respiratory Research, 6.2, (2008): 113-118. Print
Fredrick, Kurt and Michael Ibba. How the sequence of a gene can tune its translation . Cell 141.2 (2010): 227-228. Print.
Harris, Ann, and Maurice Super. Cystic fibrosis: The facts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print.
Hodson, Margaret E., and Duncan Geddes. Cystic fibrosis. London: Chapman & Hall Medical, 2010. Print.
Zertal-Zidani, S, Busiah, A, Edelman, M., Polak, M and Scharfmann, R. Small-molecule inhibitors of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator increase pancreatic endocrine cell development in rat and mouse . Diabetologia 56. 2 (2013): 330-330. Print
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), a Canadian organization, has greatly assisted in the fight against HIV/AIDs. By the year 2005, the organization had committed a lot of its funds in the fight against HIV/AIDS. For instance, from 2000 to 2005, the organization used more than $ 800 to fight HIV/AIDS worldwide. This organization is committed in preventing and controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS, a scourge that is associated with poverty (Marketware par.1).
In its effort to fight the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS globally, the organization uses various strategies to achieve its objectives. Such strategies include funding institutions that are involved in the development of HIV/AIDS vaccines. For instance, in 2005, the organization set aside $ 15 million to be used in developing an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine.
This comprised $ 12 million that was used to support the international AIDS initiative together with $ 3 million that was channeled towards the Global Health Research Initiative. This contribution enabled the Canadian researchers to work in collaboration with researchers from Africa.
The organization is also in record of donating $ 800 million. From this amount, $ 5 million was used to support womens legal rights. The support provided also entailed initiating projects that legally empowered women. The increased feminization of the HIV/AIDS pandemic by the CIDA is after its realization of the imbalanced legal, economic and social status between men and women and especially in Asia and Africa.
In most Asian and African nations, women are denied the right of owning land among other properties. CIDA realized that such imbalances make women vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. In addition, their limitation to access resources makes them less effective in mitigating the consequences of the pandemic. For this reason, the initiative concentrated on projects that focused on enhancing womens property rights (Marketware par. 3-6).
Other projects that were established were those tailored towards helping the affected and infected people. They included empowering such people economically to help them mitigate the consequences of the pandemic. The funds helped them to access the anti-retro viral drugs and proper nutrition.
Using these drugs as well as maintaining good nutrition habits boosted the immunity of the infected individuals greatly. Thus, the organizations strategy of empowering these people was very beneficial. The introduction of these projects in 2004 managed to assist about 6,266 people in Mozambique and 7,721 in Caribbean, to get ARVs. Similarly, approximately 15,000 people in Tanzania received ARV s from CIDA funded projects.
In addition, CIDA conducts seminars that are designed to educate the public on ways of fighting the HIV/AIDS pandemic. For instance, the organization has initiated projects such as the Global Village Project which is an integral part of the conference that offers delegates an opportunity to share their experiences and identify common grounds while at the same time celebrating their diversities (Marketware par. 7). My choice for CIDA is because it is an organization that extensively addresses the issue of HIV/AIDS in all dimensions. The organization tries to fight the pandemic by supporting institutions that are involved in developing the AIDS vaccines. In addition, CIDA conducts seminars that give moral support to the affected and infected individuals.
It also initiates projects that empower the most vulnerable groups to assist them fight HIV/AIDS. In addition, these projects empower the infected people economically so that they are in a better position to get access to ARVs and proper nutrition.
Works Cited
Marketware. Canadian International Development Agency CIDA. Web.
The fact sheet Supporting Older Americans at Office of Management and Budget website lists the prospects of future solutions to the problems of elderly people in the US. The budget suggests several important measures to provide conveniences for older Americans such as Medicare and social protection, increased credit on earned income tax for elderly employees, supplying the older adults with places of accommodation, and guaranteed worker pensions ( Supporting older Americans, 2016).
Among the significant suggestions in the budget planning, considerable attention is paid to health care needs of the older Americans. There is a proposal to provide better access to care for the elderly and increase the quality of care providers work. Additionally, the budget presupposes decreased costs on medicines and better access to them for senior citizens ( Supporting older Americans, 2016).
The initiatives listed in the budget proposal are vital to Alabama State. Older people have always been a vulnerable population, and dealing with their problems should be a concern at a governmental level. According to Alabama Elder Care Costs, non-medical help to senior people at home requires $20 per hour on average ( Senior care costs, 2016). The responsibilities of the aide include visiting the person a few times in a week for 2-8 hours and assisting with cooking, commuting, washing, and hygiene procedures. Meanwhile, medical home help lasts shorter and costs the same. Alabama senior citizens are also suggested to apply for Adult Day Care which costs $69 on average ( Senior care costs, 2016).
The use of Alabama federal funds on providing better conditions for elderly Americans is a wise choice. This population deserves special treatment and attention.
Assessment of Mayor Daleys Leadership Efficiency in the Situation with Chicago Parking Meters
Mayor Daleys decision to privatize Chicago parking meters in December 2009 undoubtedly had good intentions and was promising for the city. An agreement to lease the citys parking meters for seventy-five years gave Chicago over one billion dollars which could be used for the citys needs (Stromberg, 2009). However, simultaneously a fee increase was issued. According to the price hike, meter fees per hour would rise annually and would gradually change from $3 in 2009 to $6.50 in 2013 (Stromberg, 2009). Such outcomes did not satisfy the citizens at all.
Mayor Daleys leadership cannot be characterized as entirely positive in this case. Not all consequences of parking meters privatization were considered and foreseen. For one thing, the specialists note that when parking meters are privatized, the profit is directed into the general reserve (Stromberg, 2009). Under such circumstances, carrying out a program allowing the money to be spent on the neighborhood enhancements would be difficult.
The situation got worse when people started receiving unneeded tickets because of the broken meters or outmoded identification (Dumke, 2009). People started rejecting the system and parked on side streets or even quit driving altogether. Mayor tried to save the situation by calling a press conference. The CEO of Chicago Parking Meters, Dennis Pedrelli, expressed his repentance over the situation and promised to take measures and improve the issue as soon as possible.
Therefore, the leadership skills of Mayor Daley can be characterized as good but not excellent. While trying to achieve the best outcomes for the city, he neglected some significant issues which led to publics discomfort and dissatisfaction.
Crisis of Public Management
Milakovich and Gordon (2013) evaluate the governments actions as not entirely efficient ones. The authors emphasize the adverse effects of fluctuating attitudes on public policy. Milakovich and Gordon remark that due to the public tactics bearing a diversified character, the content and goals of the policy are obscured instead of being made clear (Malkovich & Gordon, 2013). The authors judge the governments actions for their indistinctness and note that the policies should comprise distinct and straightforward obligations.
I agree with the authors assessment of the governments actions in that they were not thoroughly planned and implemented. To assure positive future policies, it is necessary to have certainty in the current situation. Instead, the administration had led to peoples critic of the governments ability to focus on the most crucial social and economic concerns.
To avoid the challenges faced by the US during the crisis, the government should have implemented the advantageous alternatives which would have eliminated the adverse outcomes. For instance, a better program management was needed. Such programs should be able to organize, prepare, promote and administer the endeavors intended to reach the aims of relieving the crisis consequences (Malkovich & Gordon, 2013).
Successful management requires the ability to assess the accomplishments of the governmental policies. Therefore, while justification and identification of all perspectives of the policy might seem challenging, it is necessary for achieving the goals (Malkovich & Gordon, 2013). In the period of global crisis, managers met two major leadership difficulties: to keep the organization on track in the time of economic collapse and to sustain its practice till the economy is restored (Robinson, 2009). Those who concentrated on the first challenge and worked hard were able to overcome the crisis.
References
Dumke, M. (2009). Fail, part one: Chicagos parking meter lease deal. Reader. Web.
Milakovich, M. E., & Gordon, G. J. (2013). Public administration in America (11th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
All living creatures usually experience certain rhythmic changes which in most cases coincide with the changes in the environment on daily or seasonal basis. Such rhythmic changes are referred to as biological rhythms and entail the circadian, infradian and the ultradian rhythms (Rodrigo et al, 2007, p. 234). Circadian rhythms are best described as the regular flow in which activities undergo in a day. It is approximately the 24-hour physiological processes that occur in living things.
These processes are normally controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) normally referred to as the biological clock which is located in the hypothalamus of the brain just above the cross section of optic nerves (Quraishi, 2007, p. 1). It functions in such a way that when light enters the eye into the retina, the optic nerves send signals to the SCN and then to the brain and the person is active.
On the contrast, at night when there is darkness and only minimal light reaches the retina, the pineal grand is activated by electrical stimulants to manufacture excess melatonin which in turn makes people drowsy thus sleeping at night. Therefore, a perfect example of the circadian rhythm is the sleep and wake up cycle (Quraishi, 2007, p.1). This cycle comes with many changes occurring in the active and dormant periods for example urine production is normally dormant in the night while being active during the day.
As a matter of fact, circadian rhythms is the answer as to why people will automatically fall asleep in the fall of darkness and wake in the ,morning when light falls (Quraishi, 2007, p.1). This paper is therefore an in-depth analysis of the Circadian Rhythms to find out their importance in psychology and how they affect human beings. Circadian Rhythm disorders will also be discussed.
Factors affecting Circadian Rhythms
Circadian Rhythms are expected to be persisting in the living organism such that they become endogenous to the living organism. Nevertheless, external factors play a big role in affecting circadian rhythms. Some of these factors include; light, travelling, drugs, noise and alcohol intake just to mention but a few.
Depending on the time it comes, light is known to reset the biological clock such that it either causes a delay or advance in the circadian rhythm. This is most common in areas that have longer days than nights and vice versa. Secondly, people travelling long distances in different regions for instance pilots may be forced to stay awake for longer periods than stipulated thus affecting the Circadian rhythm.
On the other hand, drugs such as caffeine, Khat and marijuana affect the circadian rhythm to keep the individual wake for long hours. In new-born babies, the baby colic cause turn trams which disrupt the circadian rhythms making them baby stay awake the better part of the night and end up sleeping during the day.
The impact and Importance of Circadian Rhythms
The Circadian rhythms are of great essentiality especially in human beings because of the way they regulate activities and physiological processes. The impact of Circadian rhythms is viewed in the pattern of activities such as sleeping, eating, brain activity, temperature and hormone production as well as cell regeneration (Sharma, 2003, p. 901).
Without control, the body would be mayhem of activities and processes that are not coordinated. For instance, people would be forced have the same meals of the day during the night, or urinating at night at intervals equal to those of the day. The Circadian rhythms therefore help a great deal in the organization of the body processes.
Circadian Rhythm disorders
It should be noted that not all people have normal circadian rhythm hence leading to the circadian rhythm disorders. Such disorders include; sleep disorders and bipolar disorder which come as a result of irregular functioning of the circadian rhythm (Rodrigo et al, 2007, p. 250). In most cases, these disorders are normally inherited.
People with this kind of disorder sleep and wake up when their body clock dictates thus making them unable to perform their duties at the required time. Others like insomnia, fatigue, disorientation, delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS) and disorientation are due to the disturbances in the circadian rhythm (Rodrigo et al, 2007, p. 250). The good thing is that most of these disorders can be controlled if not treated.
Behavior therapy is one of the treatment methods whereby the patient is advised on ways of re-installing their circadian rhythm. They are advised to avoid naps and stimulants such as caffeine. Medications including melatonin and tasimelteon have proved to be successful treatments. In other cases, the patient undergoes a sleep phase chronotherapy to regulate the sleep time.
Conclusion
It can thus be concluded that the circadian rhythm is primarily determined by the biological clock that is located in the brain. The wake and sleep cycle is important given the fact that the brain requires time to rest as well as the body to ensure good productivity.
Nutritional deficiencies are a major public health concern and are risk factors to world populations. Deficiencies in iron (ID), energy-giving food, vitamins, zinc, protein, and other micronutrients are the major causes of these health problems. The most affected with ID are children, as most deaths result from nutritional deficiencies. Iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional problem that affects all part of the population, particularly children.
Nutritional deficiencies result from inadequate intake of nutrients below the healthy or recommended levels. Generally, most people have deficiencies regarding the intake of core nutrients. This makes nutrient deficiencies common among people. Nutritional deficiencies have serious health problems. The most common nutritional deficiencies health cases include anemia, rickets, pellagra, beriberi, and osteoporosis.
Anemia occurs due to a lack of adequate iron in the body. Consequently, the body lacks enough red blood cells to transport oxygen to cells of the body. The most known symptom of anemia is fatigue.
This research focuses on iron deficiencies in the body using past studies.
Iron Deficiency
Lynch notes that screening for iron deficiency in emerging nations mainly involves hemoglobin studies (Lynch, 2011). However, hemoglobin screen alone may not be the best method because of other factors, such as age, pregnancy, smoking, gender, and ethnicity, which may influence the outcomes. Also, several factors can contribute to anemia other than iron. These may include deficiencies in vitamins A, B-12, folic acid, infections like malaria, AIDS, TB, and other inherited disorders related to erythropoiesis.
Grant and fellow researchers also make a similar observation and note that in the absence of a feasible, noninvasive gold standard, the best measure for ID is the use of multiple indicators (Grant et al., 2012). However, the challenge shall be to find an appropriate measurement tool that can replace all the multiple factors involved in iron deficiency screening. Scholars have classified ID anemia into three categories. The categories entail exhaustion of stored iron characterized by low-levels of serum ferritin, erythropoiesis ID evident from high-levels of soluble transferring receptor and zinc protoporphyrin (ZP), and ID anemia characterized by low-levels of hemoglobin.
Studies also show that regional variability is also an important factor of study in assessing an iron deficiency. For instance, Sangeetha and Premakumari note that iron deficiency anemia remains a chief public health concern in India among children (Sangeetha and Premakumari, 2010). The problem is widespread in the low-income areas of India and other Asian countries.
The ID is also prevalent in the US. However, majorities manage it with the use of iron-fortified formulas and cereals such as wheat flour. However, certain sections of the US populations face the risk of ID. These include infants, toddlers, people from poor families, and immigrants. The prevalence of ID and ID anemia has become fundamental sources of concern among low-income people.
Therefore, some health experts have called for universal screening of ID and ID anemia, especially among children between six to 12 months (Johnson, 2010). The high-levels of ID anemia among populations make the universal screening, especially among high-risk people, a positive approach for eliminating ID anemia cases. It is also imperative to start controlling ID among breast-feeding infants at the age of fourth months. Also, children should get food rich in iron.
Consequences of Iron Deficiency
With the widespread of ID in most countries, it is necessary for health policymakers to focus on ID in public. ID affects the physical capacity of people. The condition of ID is severe among pregnant women, who also risk experiencing cases of maternal morbidity and mortality. During early pregnancy, ID poses high risks of preterm delivery. Therefore, pregnant women should receive iron supplementation in forms of folic acid. Folic acid reduces the risk of postpartum bleeding, enhances birth weight, and reduces cases of childhood and neonatal mortality (Lynch, 2011).
Titaley et al. (2010) observed that women in malaria-infested areas (Sub-Saharan African countries) who got both folic and iron supplements and anti-malaria drugs during pregnancy had low cases of early neonatal mortality. Still, a study in Niger established that children born to mothers who never got iron supplements during pregnancy were most likely to experience cases of ID in their fourth month after birth. Lynch noted that ID among children could result in cases of delayed motor, mental, and emotional maturation (Lynch, 2011). Consequently, such children may have challenges with educational goals in life.
Some studies indicate that ID results in an annual productivity loss of 4.05 percent of the US GDP or $16.78 per capita (Lynch, 2011). This reflects the combined impacts on cognitive and physical activities.
Scholars have noted that associations between iron deficiency and contagious or infectious diseases are complex and need further investigation (Lynch, 2011). Nevertheless, some recent studies have indicated that children who suffered upper respiratory infections and had ID cases, took long to recover. Also, iron deficiency increases morbidity related to falciparum malaria.
Managing Iron Deficiency
Therefore, the best way of controlling anemia is to ensure that ones diet has adequate iron. One approach to controlling ID is food fortification (enrichment). Food fortification involves additional minerals or vitamins to food products (Tripathi and Kalpana, 2010). Food fortification is the most cost-effective way of providing iron to majorities in areas where ID is widespread. However, food fortification may not reach the poor masses or people who rely on subsistence methods of food production.
The WHO and FAO base fortification in three categories. First, we have the market-driven fortification of food products, which mainly consist of breakfast cereals. In these cases, the manufacturer adds minerals (usually regulated) to drive sales of products. This is mainly common in developed nations. Second, targeted fortification aims to fulfill the nutritional needs of given populations, such as infants and young children. Finally, mass fortification targets the general population and may be present in varieties of food items.
Most developing nations have introduced policies to encourage food fortification, especially staple foods. Food fortification faces technical constraints. This limits the quantity of iron added in maize or wheat flour. High contents of iron can change both the taste and color of such food items.
Supplementation is another method of providing iron to people. This involves taking iron in the form of medicine table or liquid. However, such dose may be higher than in fortified foods. Supplementation is useful in severe cases of ID. Supplementation is effective during the period of consumption, and its effectiveness may last for a few months. Therefore, pregnant women and children require supplementation due to increased requirements for vitamins and minerals.
Many studies have proved the effectiveness of supplementation. However, some studies also indicate that poor compliance with supplementation reduces the efficacy of supplementation. Also, some researchers have raised concerns about the safety of universal iron and folic acid supplementation in regions with high rates of malaria (Lynch, 2011).
Finally, dietary diversification is the most appropriate method of reducing widespread ID around the world. The major obstacle to dietary diversification is poverty, especially in emerging economies and among immigrants. Also, various people have diverse dietary preferences.
Lynch noted that biofortification, which is the use of traditional plant breeding methods or genetic engineering to improve the available iron content of staple food crops (Lynch, 2011), shall alleviate challenges in dietary diversification. This method can ensure that most people who need iron and other minerals get them. Such people usually depend on subsistence farming and cannot get or afford fortified foods. This method has been effective among Filipino women, who consumed iron biofortified rice. Biofortification requires further research and improvements to develop food crops with high quantities of vitamins and minerals.
Conclusion
This research shows that nutritional deficiencies are prevalent in both developed and developing nations at varying degrees. However, the research focuses on ID because it is the most common. Therefore, it is imperative to focus on multiple approaches when screening ID and consider other variables that affect its prevalence. Given such widespread prevalence of ID, it is necessary for health policymakers to implement and improve methods of enhancing iron status among the public to reduce the current widespread situation in a cost-effective manner. It is also necessary to consider regional differences when applying universal screening of ID.
Health experts and policymakers have focused on eliminating anemia. However, this has not been successful. As a result, extra effort is necessary through various methods of controlling ID. The research demonstrates ID is widespread but manageable with appropriate health and food policies.
References
Grant, F., Martorell, R., Flores-Ayala, R., Cole, C., Ruth, L., Ramakrishnan, U., and Suchdev, P. (2012). Comparison of indicators of iron deficiency in Kenyan children. American Society for Nutrition, 95(5), 1231-1237.
Johnson, D. (2010). Iron recommendations include directive on universal screening. American Academy of Pediatrics, 31(11), 1.
Lynch, S. (2011). Why Nutritional Iron Deficiency Persists as a Worldwide Problem. American Society for Nutrition, 141(4), 763S-768S.
Sangeetha, N., and Premakumari, P. (2010). Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the nutritional and immune status of school going children with iron deficiency anemia. International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2(3), 45-55.
Titaley, R., Dibley, J., Roberts, C., and Agho, K. (2010). Combined iron/folic acid supplements and malaria prophylaxis reduce neonatal mortality in 19 sub- Saharan African countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 92(2), 3543.
Tripathi, B., and Platel, K. (2010). Iron fortification of finger millet (Eleucine coracana) flour with EDTA and folic acid as co-fortificants. Food Chemistry, 126(2), 537- 542.
Management Issues of the New Protocols: Analysis and Recommendations
Providing the nursing care of the finest quality is only possible once the roles and responsibilities are distributed in a sensible manner among the staff. Even though nurses responsibilities vary depending on the area of expertise, the boundaries between the range of duties for a nurse and a doctor had been quite distinct up until new protocols were introduced.
The recent change in the regulations blurred the line between a nurse and a therapist, therefore, leading to conflicts in the workplace. With the discord in the relationships between a nurse and a doctor, the provision of high-quality services to the patients becomes a challenge. As a result, an inevitable drop in the nurses performance quality ensues (Begley et al., 2013).
The criterion of the patients wellbeing and satisfaction must be the primary reason for guiding the actions of the manager. Furthermore, the latter must create opportunities for a comfortable workplace environment for nurses and physicians alike. Finally, improving the quality of the nursing services has to be the driving factor behind the choices made by the manager. In other words, a manager must devise the solution that will keep all parties satisfied, i.e., use the flexibility in the distribution of responsibilities between a nurse and a doctor to the advantage of all participants involved.
To address the problem, one might consider the duplication of roles. Since doctors may feel that nurses encroach their territory, a flexible tool for resolving conflicts and carrying out negotiations must be used. For instance, the importance of the nursing ethics, which implies striving for the patients benefit and, therefore, joining forces to identify the best solution possible, should be viewed as an opportunity (White & Griffith, 2010).
Clinical Measurement in an HCO Office of Quality Management
Introducing clinical measurement (CM) tools in the context of HCO is crucial to improving the overall quality levels as far as the performance of the HCO staff is concerned. Among the essential effects of the CM tools usage, a significant reduction in the clinical error rate needs to be mentioned. As a result, a range of threats to the patients wellbeing will be mitigated once the appropriate tools for CM are incorporated into the set of a nurses inventory.
Furthermore, the application of the CM tools in the nursing environment is likely to create prerequisites for the design of clinical information models (Uysal & Ozcan, 2012). At this point, the gravity of using an appropriate data management strategy in the HCO environment needs to be mentioned. Unless the methods of accurate and expeditious information transfer are incorporated into the nursing practice, successful delivery of high-quality services is impossible. Therefore, providing the foundation for the creation of a comprehensive model for managing the information flow can be viewed as one of the most important effects of using CM tools.
Applying the concept of clinical measurement to real-life scenarios, one should mention that its adoption will lead to an improvement in the diagnosing process. The adoption of CM tools will entail a much more accurate assessment of the patients current health status, the identification of the essential symptoms, and, ultimately, the provision of a precise diagnosis (Packham, Fok, Frederiksen, Thabane, & Buckley, 2012).
Lessons in Hospitality from the Hotel Industry for Nursing
Even though the concept of customer satisfaction has recently become the principal one in the business environment, the nursing realm still lacks a proper understanding of its significance. Therefore, HCO is currently in dire need to reconsider the existing attitudes toward the provision of the corresponding services. At present, the primary focus must be on meeting the unique needs of customers by considering the specifics of their cultural, ethnic, and social backgrounds (Giger, 2016).
Furthermore, the overall attitude toward patients must be altered in the present-day nursing environment by reinforcing the significance of ethics and moral values as the basis for decision-making. For example, the Biblical passage about the importance of hospitality needs to be taken into account when shaping the existing strategy of tending to the needs of customers. The devotion to patients and the nursing ethics as promoted in the excerpt mentioned above has to be viewed as the key to improving the current service quality: Dear friend, you are faithful in what you are doing for the brothers and sisters, even though they are strangers to you (The Bible. New International Version, 2011, John 3:1). The shift in a more responsible attitude toward building the environment for improving the patients wellbeing must be facilitated. The process can be reinforced by introducing a set of rigid ethical standards and moral values that nurses will have to learn to accept in order to deliver the services of the required quality.
The principles of hospitality are to be incorporated into the current nursing environment so that smooth social interactions between the patients and the nurses could become a possibility. By changing the landscape of the communication process between a nurse and a customer, one is likely to build the foundation for a patient-centered approach. Consequently, a more diligent accomplishment of the essential goals and, thus, an impressive reduction in the number of risks will be observed.
References
Begley, C., Elliott, N., Lalor, J., Coyne, I., Higgins, A., & Comiskey, C. M. (2013). Differences between clinical specialist and advanced practitioner clinical practice, leadership, and research roles, responsibilities, and perceived outcomes (the SCAPE study). Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(6), 13231337.
The Bible. New International Version. (2011). London, UK: Hodder & Stoughton.
Giger, J. N. (2016). Transcultural nursing: Assessment and intervention. New York, NY: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Packham, T. L., Fok, D., Frederiksen, K., Thabane, L., & Buckley, N. (2012). Reliability of infrared thermometric measurements of skin temperature in the hand. Journal of Hand Therapy, 25(4), 358-361.
Uysal, H., & Ozcan, S. (2012). The effect of individual training and counselling programme for patients with myocardial infarction over patients quality of life. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 18(5), 445-453.
White, K. R., & Griffith, J. R. (2010). The well-managed healthcare organization. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.
The nursing profession has a very rich history that dates back to ancient times when women used to provide nursing care without prior training. Since then, the profession has changed a lot. Over the past two decades, the nursing profession has undergone numerous changes, such as the uptake of information technology. This has resulted in the development of nursing informatics as a branch of nursing.
Nursing informatics involves the integration of information science, computer science, and nursing science. Such integration is aimed to facilitate the identification, collection, processing, and managing of data and information in order to support the nursing practice, expand nursing knowledge, and improve research and education (Staggers and Thompson 260). The integration of informatics in the nursing profession has resulted in better provision of nursing care services. Also, patients outcomes have improved, in comparison with past decades. However, we still require developing the nursing profession further.
The uptake of new technologies such as electronic medical records (EMR), computerized charting and electronic health records (EHR) have revolutionalized the nursing profession. As a result, nurses can now provide better nursing care services. This has led to an increased level of efficiency in the nursing profession, in addition to reducing the degree of human error. Before the new technologies had been adopted by the nursing profession, patients used to experience lengthy delays as they waited for the processing of X-ray films and medical records.
However, all this has been and patients can now easily access their medical records online. Furthermore, it has also become easier for nurses to access patients medical records. The purpose of the paper is to explore the development of nursing practice and its relevant significance to society. To achieve the desired purpose, the paper shall make use of literary materials such as journals. The target audience for the report is a government agency that is interested in nursing development.
Development of New Technologies
The healthcare sector has adopted new technologies and information systems in the last few decades and this has really changed the way professionals in the sector share, manage and communicate health information and clinical data. Staggers and Thompson (260) have carried out research work in which the authors have endeavored to document the evolution of information technology. According to Effken (316), the nursing profession has really embraced science and technology, and this has seen the profession adopt new technologies and developments.
Consequently, this has changed the way the nursing profession functions. The adoption of new technologies by the healthcare sector has helped to drive the provision of nursing services to a totally new direction. Based on the definition of nursing informatics, information technology, nursing science, and computer science have all been integrated with the objective of improving nursing services (Sunderman and Johnson 2).
In addition, the integration of new technologies into the nursing profession is aimed at ensuring that the profession remains at par with the other departments in the healthcare system by improving efficiency and effectiveness.
In addition, the adoption and integration of new technologies in the field of nursing are aimed at facilitating proper communication and management of patients data among healthcare professionals (Sunderman and Johnson 2). In addition, such integration also allows nurses to share knowledge and information, resulting in better provision of healthcare services.
For example, new technologies have led to the development of computerized charting. Using electronic medical records (EMR) and electronic healthcare records (EHR) nurses can be able to share information. Such information can then be presented on charts supported by other mobile computer stations and transcription software (Rivers, Blake and Lindgren 1). As a result of the development of new technologies, there has been a resultant transition from paper documentation to computerized documentation.
Turpin (61) adds that the transition from paper documentation to computerized documentation has not been easy owing to financial challenges like the inability to finance new systems and train nurses in information technology. On the other hand, nursing informatics has led to the documentation of healthcare records. In order to facilitate better-computerized charting, the healthcare sector has had to adopt new technologies such as personal data assistants (PDAs), POC barcoding, and immediate internet. These new technologies ensure that nursing professionals have easy access to information (Rivers, Blake and Lindgren 1).
PDAs have taken over the traditional process of documentation. PDAs have proved to be very effective in assisting nurses with the analysis of lab tests. In addition, PDAs can also b used by nurses to calculate patients dosages, checking drug interactions, conducting prescription of drugs, and scheduling of procedures, among other activities (Rivers, Blake and Lindgren 1). All these tasks have been automated the relevant information stored. However, it has to be transmitted to major databases so that computerized charting for each patient can be performed.
The use of PDAs has enabled nurses to abandon the traditional system of having to book patients appointments and organizing patients details. PDAs enable nurses to use modern methods of accessing patients information with relative effectiveness and ease. In addition, PDAs enables nurses to easily collect and transmit data to electronic medical records (EMR) and electronic healthcare records (EHR). All these changes are associated with the development of nursing informatics in the wider field of nursing.
Significance of nursing
As acknowledge by Staggers and Thompson (260), nursing informatics has emerged as a branch of nursing and it has paved the way for the development of evidence-based research. The integration of evidence-based research in nursing has resulted in the improvement of nursing care services. As a result, nursing specialists have found it easier to improve the management of patients data. Through nursing informatics, nurses can easily collect data and information, in addition to carrying out research, thereby leading to the provision of quality services.
In addition, through the development of structures, processes, and tools, nurses can manage data which in turn supports the nursing care services offered to patients (Staggers and Thompson 260). This statement has been supported by Rivers et al. (1) who also note that the transition to new technologies (nursing informatics) is fundamental in the staffing of nurses, dissemination of information, and budgets.
The application of evidence-based research in the field of nursing has led to improved research techniques in healthcare, in addition to aiding in the provision of valuable solutions to numerous problems and challenges facing the healthcare sector (Rivers et al. 1; Thede 1). In addition, the adoption of the latest technology by the nursing profession will undoubtedly lead to the improvement of the lives of many American citizens.
Also, it will have a positive impact on the healthcare system in general (Woods, Barragry and Scheponik 1). It also contributes positively to expanding nursing knowledge and the education sector (Staggers and Thompson 260). It is important to note that evidence-based research can be used by nursing students and government agencies to implement various nursing policies.
The major purposes of basic nursing include health promotion, caring for patients, assisting with patient recovery, meeting the needs of patients, and improving patients quality of life (Salmon 11). This has been made possible through the use of new technology. For example, electronic medical records (EMR) and electronic healthcare records (EHR) allow nurses and other healthcare providers to share important information related to the welfare of patients.
In addition, collected data and information stored in EMR and HER enables nurses to carry out computerized charting. This increases efficiency and decreases human errors, thereby promoting the overall health and wellbeing patients. Hospitals are no longer crowded with patients waiting for results or medical records. They can easily access their medical records and history through the internet and mobile phones.
According to Rivers, Blake and Lindgren (1), the new technologies have replaced pencil and paper charting with computerized charting. Subsequently, duplicate documentation and charting have been eliminated. This has increased the level of accuracy and reduced errors, thereby allowing nurses to be flexible in providing healthcare to the public. Hospitals are cutting down their costs since manual work is no longer required. In addition, EMR and EHR keep patients information safe thus reducing any probability of lawsuits in case of death as medication errors can now be prevented.
Personal data assistants (PDAs) have eliminated the possibility of purchasing lab and drug books necessary for reference purposes. Nursing tasks have been automated in order to increase efficiency, reduce errors and increase patients safety. Through the synchronization of their PDAs, nurses can retrieve important information related to drugs prescriptions procedural preferences and nursing diagnosis (Rivers et al. 1). Universities and colleges have also benefited from these new technologies as they can now easily connect with hospitals and use available research materials.
Research organizations such as Control Disease and Center (CDC) have also benefited immensely from new technologies such as computerized charting, EHR and EMR. For example, CDC can easily access information required for research on issues related to the health of people. Also, data related to pregnancy, childbirth, and death rates can be collected with relative ease from hospitals and used to chart the relevant information.
This can be of immense benefit to organizations and government agencies in the health sector in making health-related policies. According to Thede (1), Effken (317) and Rivers et al. (1), hospital administrators can easily implement policies related to health, financing and research funds. This has increased the level of transparency and accountability in the healthcare sector.
Conclusion
The nursing profession has adopted new technologies, and this has helped to transform not just nursing as a profession, but the health sector as a whole. The adoption of new technologies in nursing has led to the emergence of nursing informatics. Some of the new technologies adopted by the nursing profession include EHR, EMR, and PDAs, among others. The adoption of computerized charting has also transformed the documentation process from the traditional pen and pencil charting. This has helped to promote patients health and recovery.
The major significance of nursing development is in evidence-based research which has been quite instrumental in improving the quality of life, assisting in patients recovery, meeting the needs of patients, and assisting in the education sector. Evidence-based research also provides nursing knowledge which can be used in the implementation of policies and practices in the nursing sector. It also provides the information required by government and government agencies such as the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in making effective decisions relating to health, financing and research funds.
Works Cited
Effen, Judith. An Organizing Framework for Nursing Informatics Research. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 21.6 (2003): 316323. Print.
Rivers, Felecia, Constance, Blake and Katherine, Lindgren. Information Technology: Advancements in Healthcare. Tennessee: University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Press, 2005. Print.
Salmon, Andrew. Defining Nursing . Royal College of Nursing, (2003):1-24. Print.
Staggers, Nancy and Cheryl, Thompson. The Evolution of Definitions for Nursing Informatics. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 9.3 (2002): 255-261. Print.
Sunderman, Cindy and Constance, Johnson. Nursing Informatics: The Scope of Practice within the Field of Health Informatics. 2008.
Thede, Linda. Informatics: Electronic Records and Organizational Culture. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 14.3 (2009): 1. Print.
Turpin, Patricia. Transitioning From Paper to Computerized Documentation. Gastroenterology Nursing, (2007): 61-62. Print.
Woods, Anne, Dabrow, Mark and Nick, Scheponik. Improving Nursing Practic with Information and Technology: Product Innovation through User Research.
Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. Print.