Category: Health & Medicine

A clinical laboratory specialist is a profession, which allows one to choose between working in different settings: clinical, hospital, or research. Hence, these individuals can help both run tests for healthcare facilities or aid researchers who find new mediation or study various phenomena. This paper will review literature that helps determine the impact of technology and its development on the profession of a clinical laboratory specialist.

Career Field

A degree in clinical laboratory science provides a plethora of opportunities for an individual. The primary responsibility of a clinical laboratory specialist is to analyze biological specimens by performing testing and reporting the results (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). For example, they can work in the medical field and both in clinical and research settings. Alternatively, one can choose to become a specialist in consumer product testing labs, working for firms that produce food, cosmetics, or other goods. The knowledge acquired over the course of attaining this degree also can be applied in the field of forensic science. Thus, clinical laboratory scientists gain competencies in the following fields: include microbiology, chemistry, hematology, immunology, transfusion medicine, toxicology, and molecular diagnostics (Mayo Clinic, n.d., para. 1). Most importantly, Mayo Clinic (n.d.) notes that from 60 to 70 percent of all decision-making regarding patients treatment plans are made based on the clinical testing results. Hence, the career field of a clinical laboratory scientist allows one to choose from a wide range of options.

Impact of Technology

The first cases of body fluid or tissue analysis that are closely aligned with modern-day clinical science can be traced back to Hippocrates in 300BC (Giovanni, 2018). However, the first clinical laboratory that is closely aligned with the ones used in the 21 century was established at the John Hopkins University in 1896 (Giovanni, 2018). In general, the history of laboratory science is closely linked to medical research since the first laboratories and assistants were recruited to help count the number of bacteria that would allow supporting the medical diagnosis (Giovanni, 2018). After John Hopkins discovered tryptophan in 1900, scientists and technicians began to work on the devices that would help identify the bacteria or viruses. The visual colorimeter was the first tool introduced into medical laboratories in 1902 by DuBoscq (Berger, n.d.). This tool was designed to determine the consent ratio of colored compounds in a solution. Other scientific and technological discoveries that aided the development of laboratory sciences include radioactive isotopes, electrophoresis, electromyogram, and others (Berger, n.d.). Perhaps one of the most significant developments in this field has been the random access analyzer by DuPont in 1968 (Berger, n.d.).

Researchers and practitioners have continuously tried to create new ways for employing clinical laboratories that are more effective and provide clearer results. Moreover, the Norwegian Institute of Biomedical Science (n.d.) argues that automation allowed making these laboratories more efficient. The changes in the fields of engineering and computer science, in particular, have a direct impact on this field. According to the Norwegian Institute of Biomedical Science (n.d.), in the next thirty years, clinical laboratory scientists will need to gain competencies in automation and specialized methods of analysis.

In the medical field, which is the most common area of work for clinical laboratory specialists, the current technology trends move towards the point of care devices and patient self-monitoring devices (Norwegian Institute of Biomedical Science, n.d.). Hence, the type of data for monitoring and analysis, which the clinical laboratory scientists work with, will change. Additionally, laboratory scientists will work with larger quantities of data in the future, which is a direct result of automation and having a point of care test services for patients. This means that the data analysis technologies will be applied more commonly, and these specialists will have to be familiar with the ways of enhancing the analysis by using code and automation.

The technology of biobanks is also becoming more advanced and more often used by institutions. Biobanks are storage spaces that contain biological materials, such as tissue or bodily fluids of people, that are often used in biomedical research (Berger, n.d.). Naturally, to perform accurate tests and analyze the data based on this biological material, there is a need to store it properly and ensure that the climate of the storage facility does not contribute to the spoilage. Hence, recent developments in technology require laboratory scientists to understand how to manage biobanks.

In the biomedical field, clinical laboratory scientists have to be prepared to learn how to use and manage not only the recent developments of technology but also the related developments. For example, the concerns about the safety of biomedical information have been a matter of discussion in recent years, and researchers offered to use blockchain as a way to establish secure connections for these clinical laboratory specialists.

Artificial intelligence (AI) already aids in the medical field, and there are varied applications of this technology in clinical laboratory studies. For example, algorithms can analyze the X-Rays, helping detect abnormalities. Moreover, these technologies can even diagnose patients drawing upon the analysis of these X-rays. Although the trends in laboratory science clearly indicate a direction towards automation and the use of algorithms that will perform routine tasks, it is important to understand that some of these technologies are already integrated into laboratory sciences. For example, AI scanning X-Rays has become a routine practice for several institutions. Automation is currently the main technological development that this field experience helps address the disparities within the healthcare system, such as the lack of professionals who can perform the duties. Machine learning, in general, is a field that will continue to affect biomedical research and laboratory sciences. Its purpose is to create algorithms that will analyze data in a nonjudgmental manner, and this code can be applied to analyze a broad range of satay points. Hence, laboratory science specialists will have to be able to address the issue of programming these algorithms and diverse wing their work, which will be discussed in detail in the next section.

When comparing and contrasting the field of laboratory sciences thirty years ago and now, one can argue that these professionals have to work with more information, and there is a demand for analysis that would be performed faster. In the past, there was little automation in the work of these professionals, and all the processes and analysis relied on their physical capabilities. Currently, the use of robotics, automation, and AI allows performing laboratory analysis at a scale unimaginable thirty years ago.

Remaining Current

It is important to remain current in the technology and other developments in the field due to the continuously changing nature of the equipment, practices, and trends in medicine. According to the Norwegian Institute of Biomedical Science (n. d), the ability of biomedical laboratory scientists to acquire new knowledge and positively contribute to further development is the greatest guarantee that medical laboratories will be able to adapt to the needs of patients and the health services also in the future (p. 10). Therefore, the first and most important step in remaining current when working in the field of laboratory science is to understand that there will be a need to update ones skills and knowledge as the technology and practices of research and analysis change.

Currently, the laboratory scientists themselves are involved in enhancing the field and improving the technology used. According to Giovanni (2018), modern-day laboratory science also includes the understanding and skill allowing to create the equipment for testing and diagnostics. Additionally, these individuals are typically trained to develop new testing methodologies and diagnostics techniques. Therefore, laboratory scientists are directly involved in the process of advancing this field of study because they help create new technologies for it.

Since technology plays such an important role in the professional development of laboratory specialists, the best way of remaining current is by ensuring that this professionals knowledge and skills stay up to date with the most recent developments. It is important to remain current and up to date with the technology changes in this field since, as was mentioned, the trends in healthcare and biomedical research are directing these fields towards automation and a greater focus on the patient and their ability to get tested instantly and receive the results. As I move forward with my degree studies, I have to keep in mind that technology progresses as well, and I need to be updated on these changes. Hence, as I progress with my studies, I should also examine resources outside the classroom to be familiar with the most up-to-date technologies.

To progress while working in the field, it is important to make professional contributions not only in the form of providing test results but also by enhancing the current technology and methodology. As was previously discussed, modern-day laboratory scientists have to be skilled in programming and have to be able to develop new analysis methods. Moreover, a professional in this field should be ready to work with automation and create automation strategies that would optimize the work of these laboratories. This is especially important with the increasing number of point of care testing because such an approach to healthcare will increase the number of individuals who get tested in the first place.

Conclusion

In summary, a degree in clinical laboratory science allows one to work in several fields, although the most common direction is medicine and biomedical research. Technology and laboratory science are linked because the development of the latter into a popular field was enabled by scientific discoveries and tools such as spectrometers. Arguably, the modern-day direction of technology development in laboratory science is making the analysis more effective and fast. This is achieved through the use of AI and computers that analyze the data without the help of humans. Hence, to remain current, laboratory scientists have to invest in expanding their understanding of the technology involved in their work. Moreover, they have to understand the basic principles of programming and satay analytics to be able to use algorithms such as AI or blockchain and to remain current.

References

Berger, D. (n.d.). A brief history of medical diagnosis and the birth of the clinical laboratory. Web.

Giovanni, J. (2018). The history and development of the laboratory science profession in Nigeria. Web.

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Medical laboratory scientist. Web.

The Norwegian Institute of Biomedical Science. (n.d.). Future trends in biomedical laboratory science. Web.

The case of Nick Francis investigates his death following surgery to remove a malignant lump. As told by his wife, Nick was initially expected to recover within a week and had a good chance of walking again. However, he was then diagnosed with Clostridium difficile, an infection of the intestines. Nick experienced symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and delirium, which ultimately resulted in his passing eight days after surgery (Canfield, 2016). Later, Nicks wife discovered that his official autopsy results differed from the surgeons conclusion  Nick died from blood loss due to a gastrointestinal hemorrhage. As the patients wife investigated this incident, she discovered the systems fragmentation, leading to many preventable errors.

The event poses many risks to the patient, family, and providers. First, the physical impact on the patient is clear  the patient passed due to the hospital failing to deal with the postoperative infection. The emotional impact on the family is substantial, as the patients wife lost her husband unexpectedly. Providers, especially caring nurses, were affected strongly, as they did not see death as a possible outcome. The financial risks for the patients family result in the funeral costs and the loss of a potential earner. For the providers, the event increases the risk of financial liability. Finally, organizational risks are a disturbance in hospital processes, lowered organization status, and decreased job satisfaction among providers.

One National Patient Safety Goal applicable to this scenario is to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections. The system failed Nick by not preventing the condition and not treating it to the best of the providers ability. Reviewing the case, it is apparent that the care was fragmented, as most providers had a limited understanding of the patients state. As evident from the nurses feedback, they did not know how Nick was treated by physicians, thus unable to notice his deteriorating health (Canfield, 2016). To prevent fragmentation, the hospital must improve interprofessional collaboration and increase patient and family participation. Furthermore, the organization needs to improve cause and effect analysis to distinguish between medical errors and fragmentation and use this tool for correcting care failures.

The lack of patient voice is a significant problem in healthcare, and patients and their families are often excluded from discussions about treatment. To involve patients in the care process, the hospital can provide patients with information. For example, patients and their caregivers may receive change-of-shift reports with an explanation from a provider that outlines the main improvements and problems and the patients overall state. In Nicks scenario, the charting method seems ineffective in noting the deterioration in Nicks condition. The main problem is the apparent lack of communication between providers, which can be solved using a problem-oriented approach involving input from all professionals caring for the patient.

Apart from improving the patients health, increased coherence in treatment can positively affect workplace satisfaction. Examining the selected case, one can see that nurses were devastated by Nicks death and had to learn about it from unofficial discussions in the break room. Nurses who cared for Nick were also unaware of the issues he was experiencing before death, which means that the fragmentation of care left them confused and frustrated with the organizational approach. In contrast, increasing collaboration and ensuring transparency among practitioners can improve the providers knowledge and job satisfaction.

The relationship between providers and patients is also vital, as patients trust healthcare workers to help and understand their concerns. The lack of communication, dismissal of patient complaints by the providers, and the failure to ask the patient about his well-being erode this relationship and lead to conflict. Thus, transparent communication and care about the patients opinion build trust. One key point I learned from this case is that it is not enough for each practitioner to perform well, as healthcare requires teamwork and input from the patient, family, and provider to avoid preventable errors.

Reference

Canfield, C. (2016). A cascade of small events: Learning from an unexpected postsurgical death. In J. Johnson, H. Haskell, & P. Barach (Eds.), Case studies in patient safety: Foundations for core competencies (pp. 117-128). Jones & Barlett Learning.

Introduction

Polypharmacy is one of the most essential problems of older adult patients. The weakening of the immune system and the presence of various chronic conditions are the factors causing polypharmacy. Everyday use of numerous medications can aggravate the physical conditions of the elderly. Many researchers touch upon the topic of polypharmacy among elderly patients in their investigations. The current paper focuses on the literature review of the three academic resources regarding polypharmacy in the elderly population.

Literature Review

Cao, Y., Feng, D., Huang, Liu, Y., Wang, J., & Wang, R. (2021). Influencing factors and their relationships of risk perception and decision-making behavior of polypharmacy in patients with chronic diseases: A qualitative descriptive study. BMJ Open, 11, 113. Web.

The first article touches upon the topic of polypharmacy in patients with chronic diseases. The study explores the risk perception and decision-making behavior of polypharmacy, especially of elderly patients, who are more often exposed to chronic diseases (Cao et al., 2020, p. 1). The researchers used the data collection framework in order to collect empirical data (Cao et al., 2020). Through the number of subsequent questionnaires held with patients and clinicians, the researchers conducted the independent data analysis through the interpretative structural modeling method (Cao et al., 2020). The researchers estimated the medication risks of polypharmacy for the elderly and people with chronic diseases as high. Based on the gained results, the researchers promoted the medication strategies that can be applied to minimize the negative consequences of polypharmacy. Special attention is paid to the safety messages for the elderly with chronic diseases.

In estimating the work critically, it is vital to emphasize the good correlation of practical examples and theory. Moreover, detailed calculations based on the gained data were provided. The interpretative structural model was used as a basis for estimations. The interpretation of the results is rationally based on theory, calculations, and practical examples. The functional significance of the research is clearly stated. The researchers also separate the special risk factors for the elderly with polypharmacy (Cao et al., 2020). The study includes a descriptive interpretation of the results and provides the medication decision-making behavior model (Cao et al., 2020). Such data can be helpful in organizing medical care for older adults affected by polypharmacy. The research can be estimated as having poor-described validity. Even though the procedure and limitations are distinguished, there is no information about the repeatability of results in other conditions. Thus, additional research on the same topic should be held. Despite the mentioned problem, research is valuable from the point of analyzing polypharmacy among the elderly population.

Christensen, L., Christensen, M., Eriksen, C., Frolich, A., Jacobsen, R., Kyriakidis , S., & Laursen, J. (2020). Medication-related experiences of patients with polypharmacy: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Pharmacology and therapeutics, 8, 113. Web.

The second study focuses on the systematic review of the medication-related problems of patients with polypharmacy having several chronic diseases. The studys authors used the comparison and contrast method to analyze thirteen practical studies related to elderly patients and other patients with multiple chronic conditions (Christensen et al., 2020). The research focuses on exploring the conditions of patients over sixty-five (Christensen et al., 2020). Therefore, the study is relevant to the general topic of polypharmacy among older adult patients. The framework of the experiment was formed based on the CASP checklist items (Christensen et al., 2020). The percentage of different studies reporting the items was calculated based on the ten comprehensive questions (Christensen et al., 2020). The data processing is performed in a structure related to the main hypotheses. The chosen conceptual framework allows the researchers to estimate polypharmacys clinical and ethical consequences.

One of the most valuable aspects of the research is that it provides medication-related issues and analyses the psychological impact of polypharmacy. Moreover, the study clearly defines the experimenters limitations, which allows the reader to comprehend the scope of research and apply collected data rationally. The research is valuable because it analyzes multiple studies combining different authors perspectives and empirical data. The structuring of the gained results allows the researchers to emphasize the role of healthcare professionals in ensuring high-quality medical support for older patients with polypharmacy. The paper is highly valuable for the academic medicine field as far as it provides the generalization and structuring of the practical research.

Dolovich, L., Gerard, N., Kontio, T., Laeer, C., Lui, E., Mathers, A., & Patel, P. (2020). A descriptive quantitative analysis on the extent of polypharmacy in recipients of Ontario primary care team pharmacist-led medication reviews. Pharmacy, 8(3), 103108. Web.

The third resource analyzes the problems related to medication prescription in elderly patients with several chronic diseases. The researcher proposes outstanding data collection methods (Dolovich et al., 2020). One of the most prominent aspects of the research is that the actual data from different hospitals were extracted through the database called REDCap (Dolovich et al., 2020). Such an approach allowed to avoid potential biases because the direct connection with the patients was unnecessary. The results were presented in numerical and descriptive forms. The chosen framework can be called case-leveling due to the level model of results representation. The studys theoretical framework is centered on the pharmacists check and medication reviews of the combined prescription of different medications. The researchers analyze the practical percentage of the negative consequences of combined prescription with and without pharmacists primary care checks through this framework.

The study provides detailed statistics and calculations regarding the percentage of aging patients diagnosed with polypharmacy (Dolovich et al., 2020). Using the practical data, the researchers emphasize the role of safe and efficient pharmacists support. The chosen framework allowed us not only to statistically analyze the occurrence of polypharmacy in older patients but also to estimate the negative consequences of the wrong medication combinations. The detailed analysis of the practical data contributes to a comprehensive understanding of polypharmacy-related problems in older adult patients.

The critical estimation of the work shows that it is practically valuable for the treatment of elderly patients with several chronic diseases and polypharmacy. The researchers emphasize the increased risk of adverse condition occurrence for such patients and state the possible methods to alleviate negative consequences. One of the most vital drawbacks of the research is its population limitations. Territorial and time factors significantly limit the data collection. Therefore, the results cannot be generalized for all elderly patients with polypharmacy. Moreover, the researchers improvement suggestions are theoretical and have no practical support. Therefore, the results should be more detailed, checked, and realized within the practical experiments. However, the study is of academic significance due to providing vital for future research statistics, unique level classification, and theoretical assumptions improving the medication prescription for elderly patients with polypharmacy.

Conclusion

Various authors examine the topic of polypharmacy in elderly patients. Different types of research are applied in exploring this topic. Each of the analyzed resources contributes to the development of the treatment outcomes and increases the life expectancy of the mentioned patient population. The problem of polypharmacy cannot be avoided in elderly patients. However, the detailed exploration of this issue may contribute to alleviating the adverse conditions for the elderly.

Humans, laboratory rats, and mice are mammals whose sexual behavior is regulated in large part by hormones. However, these species hormonal control of sexual behavior differs significantly from one another. The hormone testosterone, which is produced by the testes in men and the ovaries in females, plays a significant role in controlling sexual behavior in laboratory rats and mice (Carlson & Birkett, 2020). In men, testosterone encourages sexual arousal and starts the mounting and intromission phases of mating. Testosterone affects females receptivity to male overtures and raises the possibility of copulation. In addition to testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and oxytocin also have an impact on how sexual behavior is regulated in rats and mice.

The control of sexual behavior in humans is more nuanced and multifaceted. While testosterone is an essential factor in both male and female sexual development and function, it is not the only factor that affects sexual behavior (Panksepp, 1975). Instead, sexual behavior in people is influenced by a complex interplay of social, psychological, and cultural factors. Human sexual behavior, for instance, is impacted by societal standards, cultural views of sex, and personal sexual preferences (Beach, 1947). Sexual desire and function can also be affected by psychological issues like stress, worry, and depression. Additionally, the human sexual process may be hampered by hormone imbalances or physical problems.

In addition, unlike laboratory rats and mice, which predominantly engage in sexual behavior for reproductive objectives, human sexual behavior is not restricted to that. Intimacy, pleasure, and emotional bonding are other reasons why people engage in sexual conduct. In conclusion, although hormones are essential for controlling sexual behavior in both humans and other mammals, there are important distinctions in how they do so. The primary hormone controlling sexual behavior in rats and mice is testosterone, whereas, in humans, a complex interaction of social, psychological, and cultural elements is also significant.

References

Beach, F. A. (1947). Evolutionary changes in the physiological control of mating behavior in mammals. Psychological Review, 54(6), 297-315.

Carlson, N. R., & Birkett, M. A. (2020). Foundations of behavioral neuroscience. Pearson Higher Ed.

Panksepp, J. (1975). Metabolic hormones and regulation of feeding: A reply to Woods, Decke, and Vasselli. Psychological Review, 82(2), 158164.

The nursing role is shifting from good cooperation with other medical professionals to managed care. This is because the most valued education and training are those that focus more on clinical experience in nonhospital settings.

The training, other qualifications, and advancement statistics indicate that the higher levels in nursing education emphasize on furnishing the nurses in areas that are somewhat outside the actual therapy (USDL, 2011). These include areas on psychology, nutrition, and management. Indeed, other qualifications involve personal attributes that promote interaction between a nurse and the patients. On the other hand, it is easier for a nurse who has nursing experience than one with technical savvy.

It is a fact that the demand for nurses is more than the supply and this trend is expected to continue. Job outlook statistics indicate that the employment of nurses is glowing such that employers are unable to retain nurses. Technological advances are playing a big role in expanding the role of nurses.

The more the nurses learn on the emerging needs, the more the opportunities to work in other related fields. Moreover, the scarcity of qualified nurses will continue as the aging workforce leave the profession and the failure for the education facilities to be sensitive about the nursing education (USDL, 2011).

A new fact learned from the nursing statistics is that the nursing professionals earn lower wages than any other medical profession in the United States. Looking at the earning statistics, the nurse wages is almost half that of the physicians. This might affect not only individual nursing professions, but the entire health care.

Now that the nursing fraternity is becoming the center of the whole healthcare system, individual nurses will have to work more. Under the same pattern of pay, individuals like me might consider shifting from employment to working independently.

Nursing education

Nursing education is facing new trends that affect both the curriculum taught, the nursing professions, and the delivery of the nursing services. These trends emerge as the healthcare climate evolves as a result of political and policy consequences, fueled by factors like the economy and new policies being set by sensitive legislature.

Rapid technological growth is triggering an evolution of the information systems in healthcare industry which brings about the need to expand technology training in nursing education. In the current information age, nurses must be prepared during their education to face the needs that emerge with the increasing use of technologies within healthcare facilities.

In addition, nursing education is required to prepare nurses for the complexities involved with population-based care. Allen (2011) observes how older people with specific medical problems are causing a new shift in health care delivery focus on population-based care and away from the conventional pattern of individualized care.

As the trend towards population-based care becomes more apparent, nursing education is required to provide nurses with interdisciplinary knowledge. Managed care involves more than just working cooperatively with other medical professionals.

Furthermore, a new trend emerges as the continued shortage of nurses, impact deeply on the quality of healthcare in acute and long-term settings. Hence, nursing education is tasked with the creation of awareness about this shortage, work to prepare quality individuals into the profession, and change the lingering discernments about the role of nurses.

Nevertheless, nursing research field has continually failed to provide valuable data on the provision of quality care (Judd et al., 2010). It is the role of nursing education to inspire nurses to carry out relevant research in order to improve health care outcomes. The positive change in the nursing research paradigm should be reinforced by nursing educators through continuous support of the research initiatives.

References

Allen, J., E. (2011). Nursing Home Administration. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.

Judd, D., M., Sitzman, K. & Davis, M. (2010). A history of American nursing: trends and eras. Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

United States Department of Labor (2011). Occupational outlook handbook. Web.

Healthcare is a complicated phenomenon that is influenced by many different factors. They belong to various spheres of life, precisely the social, economic, cultural, and political ones. It is necessary to take into account these spheres influence on the healthcare system because it is quite ambiguous and may be either positive or negative. It is also worth mentioning that the determiners of each individuals health may differ from the determiners of the populations health. Thus, the latter should be analyzed when speaking about the influence that social, cultural, and other factors have on the US healthcare system.

Social factors are the first that come to mind when speaking about the influence on healthcare, primarily because a better socio-economic situation of a family or a person, as a rule, contributes to better health conditions. The research showed that early life and education interventions help reduce the risks of cigarette, alcohol, or drug abuse in teenagers, which is beneficial for their health conditions (Islam, 2019). Moreover, better education options often lead to more prestigious jobs that positively affect personal well-being. As a result, people who earn enough may get qualified medical help and examinations, which reduces the risk of severe disease development.

At the same time, it is necessary to understand the influence of socioeconomic factors may not always be positive, and there exist scenarios in which they may harm the healthcare system. One of the most evident negative outcomes concerns the fact that people with lower income often do not get high-quality medical help because they are not able to pay for it. It also should be mentioned that it is harder for the black and Hispanic population of the US, especially with the tough economic situation, to get qualified medical services (Asad & Clair, 2018). Moreover, children from such families often engage in cigarette, alcohol, or even drug abuse because they may not know all the possible negative consequences of such actions for their health. However, the US government is trying to solve the problem and providing low-income population groups with high-quality healthcare. Thus, the current US healthcare policy may turn the negative socio-economic factors into positive ones.

When speaking about the influence of political factors on the healthcare system, it will be necessary to point out that the situation is more stable in countries with less population inequality ratios. When the focus of the domestic policy lies in higher public spending, compulsory education, and health and safety policies, the risk of lower ratios of population health decreases (McCartney et al., 2019). Apart from that, people in countries with such policies often face a lower degree of social inequality, which also contributes to better healthcare because everyone is equal. Thus, the countrys internal policy should pay attention to reducing the income gap and forming the middle class in order to provide the citizens with better healthcare services.

Taking into consideration all mentioned above, it is possible to conclude that socio-economic, cultural, and political factors have both positive and negative influences on the healthcare system. On the one hand, they enable the citizens with high incomes to get qualified medical help, while people with lower salaries cannot always afford to spend huge money sums on their health. That is why it is important to create policies that target not only the improvement of the healthcare system but the decrease in income inequality as well.

References

Asad, A. L. & Clair, M. (2018). Racialized legal status as a social determinant of health. Soc. Sci. Med., 199, 19-28.

Islam, M. M. (2019). Social determinants of health and related inequalities: Confusion and implications. Frontiers in Public Health, 7(11).

McCartney, G., Hearty, W., Arnot, J., Popham, F., Cumbers, A. & Mcmaster, R. (2019). Impact of political economy on population health: A systematic review of reviews. AJPH. Web.

Introduction

A business or organizations mission statement, SWOT analysis, and marketing objectives can be used to define its purpose and guide its operations. However, these components can be very different depending on the type of business or organization. This essay will compare and contrast the development of a mission statement, SWOT analysis, and marketing objectives of healthcare facilities versus non-healthcare facilities. Furthermore, it will explore how political/legal, ethical, quality, technology, demographics, and for-profit & not for profit status can influence the development of these components differently for healthcare versus business.

Mission Statement

A mission statement is a declaration of an organizations purpose. It typically provides a road map to guide the organizations decisions and helps to unify its staff and stakeholders behind a common goal. Healthcare and non-healthcare facilities have different mission statements to reflect their respective goals. Healthcare facilities typically focus on providing excellent healthcare services, promoting health and wellness, and improving the quality of life for their patients. In contrast, non-healthcare facilities emphasize meeting customer needs, creating value for their stakeholders, and maximizing business success. A mission statement for a non-healthcare facility will likely focus on the services and products it provides. It might include statements such as to provide the best customer service or to provide innovative products and services that meet the needs of our customers. The mission statement of a non-healthcare facility should also reflect its ethical standards. For example, if the company is committed to sustainability, the mission statement should reflect this.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. A SWOT analysis is a strategic tool to understand an organizations internal and external environment. The internal environment consists of strengths and weaknesses, which are the organizations areas that can control, such as its resources, processes, and personnel (Jessee, 2023,). The external environment consists of opportunities and threats, which are factors the organization cannot control, such as competition, technological developments, and changes in the market. Healthcare and non-healthcare facilities have different SWOT analyses to reflect their respective goals (Jessee, 2023,). Healthcare facilities typically focus on strengths such as qualified staff, specialized equipment, and collaborative partnerships with other healthcare organizations. At the same time, weaknesses could include lacking resources or personnel, limited technology, and outdated processes. Non-healthcare facilities, on the other hand, typically focus on strengths such as brand recognition, customer loyalty, and cost-effectiveness. At the same time, weaknesses could include a lack of innovation, a limited customer base, and competition from other businesses.

A SWOT analysis is a tool used to analyze internal and external factors that can influence a business or organization. It is used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the organization and to identify potential opportunities and threats. For healthcare facilities, the SWOT analysis may focus on factors such as the quality of care and services, patient safety, staff qualifications, and technology (Gandolf, 2021). It can also consider political/legal factors such as government regulations and funding sources. The SWOT analysis of a non-healthcare facility may focus on factors such as customer service, pricing, product quality, and competition (Gandolf, 2021). It should also take into account factors such as technology, demographics, and economic trends.

Marketing objectives are goals that a business or organization sets for its marketing efforts. For healthcare facilities, marketing objectives may include increasing patient satisfaction, building relationships with healthcare providers, and improving the quality of care. Non-healthcare facilities may have objectives such as increasing customer loyalty, increasing sales, and increasing brand awareness (Baghoiri, 2020). It is important for both healthcare and non-healthcare facilities to consider factors such as political/legal, ethical, quality, technology, demographics, and for-profit/not for profit status when developing their marketing objectives.

Political and legal factors can significantly impact both healthcare and non-healthcare facilities. Healthcare facilities must comply with federal and state healthcare regulations, while non-healthcare facilities must adhere to applicable business laws. Healthcare facilities must adhere to high standards to protect patient privacy and provide quality care (Baghoiri, 2020). Non-healthcare facilities are expected to conduct business ethically and comply with anti-trust laws. Quality is a major concern for both healthcare and non-healthcare facilities. Healthcare facilities must provide quality care to their patients, while non-healthcare facilities must provide quality products and services to their customers.

Technology is increasingly important in healthcare and non-healthcare facilities. Healthcare facilities use technology to improve patient care, while non-healthcare facilities use technology to improve their products and services. Demographics can majorly impact both healthcare and non-healthcare facilities. Healthcare facilities must consider the needs of their patients, while non-healthcare facilities must consider the needs of their customers. For-profit and not-for-profit organizations have different goals and objectives. Healthcare facilities are typically not-for-profit organizations, while non-healthcare facilities can be either for-profit or not-for-profit.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the development of mission statements, SWOT analyses, and marketing objectives for healthcare and non-healthcare facilities can differ significantly. Healthcare facilities typically have mission statements that emphasize their commitment to providing quality care and services to patients, while non-healthcare facilities focus on services and products they provide. In addition, the SWOT analyses of healthcare and non-healthcare facilities differ in the factors they consider. Finally, the marketing objectives of both types of facilities should take into account factors such as political/legal, ethical, quality, technology, demographics, and for-profit/not for profit status.

References

Baghoiri, S. M. (2020). A step-by-step guide to SWOT analysis in healthcare [2023]. Unnus. Web.

Gandolf, S. (2021). SWOT: The high-level self exam that boosts your bottom line. Healthcare Success. Web.

Jessee, T. (2023). How to do a SWOT analysis in healthcare. Clear Point Strategy. Web.

First and foremost, the nurse must be familiar with the rules of first aid in the event of an unexpected crisis. The human brain may become handicapped in about six minutes owing to a lack of oxygen. Nurses providing first aid should have sufficient knowledge and experience to ensure that the appropriate ways of providing medical help are used. In such a case, an unskilled nurse who is unable to assess and respond to the immediate requirement swiftly will be useless. The severity of an emergency can be reduced if the appropriate care is provided.

The two main things I need to know in order to help Mr. Jones are the time of the last injection of painkillers and when he last took the necessary medication. Of course, it is important to know when he last took insulin. It will also be essential to know if he has contraindications to painkillers and other necessary medicines.

Nurses must look at the patients medical history to see if diabetes is present, as well as their lifestyle, cultural, psychological, and economic aspects, and the impact of diabetes on their functional level. This includes the patients lifestyle, cultural, psychosocial, and economic factors, a history of symptoms related to diabetes diagnosis, blood glucose monitoring results, adherence to prescribed dietary, pharmacologic, exercise regimens, adherence to prescribed dietary, pharmacologic, and exercise regimens. It is critical to know how to assess ones physical condition. To diagnose orthostatic disorders, take the patients blood pressure when sitting and standing and their BMI and visual acuity. Type 2 diabetes patients feet, skin, nerve system, and mouth must be evaluated by nurses. Laboratory tests are also necessary. HgbA1C, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, microalbuminuria test, serum creatinine level, urinalysis, and ECG are all tests that must be scheduled and completed.

As an additional nursing diagnosis, I would single out domain 9  coping, stress, and post-trauma responses. Moreover, as well as domain 2  nutrition, and metabolism, as a result of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Factors in the form of a car accident and diabetes led me to this kind of diagnosis. I also consider the patients age, which can also make psychological recovery difficult. In addition, it is essential to take into account the natural slowdown of age and metabolic disorders complicated by diabetes.

It is critical for nurses to know if a patient uses suitable diversional activities and relaxing techniques. A patient describes pain management as adequate at a certain level (for example, less than 3 to 4 on a rating scale of 0 to 10) baseline values for a pulse, blood pressure, respirations, and relaxed muscle tone or body posture show that the patient is feeling better. A patient employ both pharmaceutical and nonpharmacological pain management techniques. The patients mood or coping abilities have improved.

Moral emotions are an essential component of human morality. In the process of caring, emotions play a significant part. In emergency scenarios, decision-making and evaluation are complicated, and they usually result in conflicting emotions and feelings among healthcare workers. Moral sentiments can therefore assist nurses in recognizing conditions that allow them to encourage improvements in patient care in severe scenarios. They can moreover serve as a springboard for personal and professional development and a shift toward person-centered treatment. However, I try to ignore such emotional or cultural issues, leaving my focus primarily on ethics and empathy for the patient. Professionalism lies in empathy only, not emotional attachment, because in the end, this can harm both the patient and the nurse. Being dominated by the emotional gaze is also detrimental to the nurses performance, especially in such dire situations as with Mr. Jones.

Antibody detection and identification involve analyzing the blood for the absence or presence of a specific antibody or the amount of the antibody present in the blood. Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins that are part of the bodys immune system, whose primary role is to protect the body against bacteria, chemicals, viruses, or toxins. Antibody identification is meant to achieve various objectives, including diagnosing an allergy, monitoring the autoimmune process, evaluating protection level, and diagnosing an autoimmune condition. This paper provides a reflection on antibody detection and identification including the hardest and easiest concepts to grasp.

Learning the concept of antibody detection and identification has been very exciting. Initially, I had the impression that antibody detection would be a complex concept to grasp. However, after closely studying and considering the assignments, I have learned several concepts, including that an antibody consists of two or three group O reagents with known antigen phenotypes. A positive antibody implies that a specific or unexpected antibody is present in the patients serum. Further, if the antibody screen is positive, the antibody is identified through performing an antibody panel.

During antibody identification, three main techniques that one can use. The techniques include traditional tube methods, Hemagglutination, solid phase, and gel. After determining the right technique, the other essential process is antibody exclusion. An exclusion procedure is undertaken by observing the antigens present on the reagent cells with which the sera did not react. In other words, the patients antibodies are not directed against the antigens present on the cells.

The Solid Phase Technique is a valuable and simple method for antibody identification, especially when the test sample is limited in quantity. Moreover, the Solid-phase technique does not require a lot of skills to do the reading. The reading is straightforward because distinguishing positive reactions from negative reactions is easy. On the other hand, Hemagglutination is relatively hard to perform. First, it requires complex agents such as paramyxoviruses, serum, and hemagglutinate erythrocytes. The serum is added to the sample and then erythrocytes. To determine the agglutination between the test cells and panel cells, you require being someone with incredible skills.

Although antibody identification can be a complex process depending on the method and the purpose, reading online materials, tutorials, and assignments have helped build my confidence. Increased confidence is essential as it gives one a clear perspective on different problem-solving techniques. However, even with the numerous notes and assignments, I still have some questions regarding antibody identification.

However, learning such a concept would not leave some questions behind. One of the questions revolves around the flawed science of antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 immunity. During the initial usage of the technology, experts believed that they would use it to ease lockdowns and restore normalcy to peoples livelihoods. However, with time, it became apparent that the immunity resulting from having Covid-19 antibodies was not guaranteed (Xiang et al., 2020). Why do health experts seem to be against the idea of individuals testing to see if they have reacted to the vaccine or developed immunity?

Antibody identification is one of the most interesting concepts to learn in the medical field. Although it might sound complex and intimidating during the initial phases, the truth is that with determination and extensive studying, anyone can easily grasp the concept. Moreover, considering the critical role of antibody detection, it is an essential concept for anyone in the medical field to learn. With the availability of tutorials and online resources, that should not be a complex concept to understand.

Reference

Xiang, F., Wang, X., He, X., Peng, Z., Yang, B., Zhang, J.,& & Ma, W. L. (2020). Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(8), 1930-1934. Web.

Introduction

The paper tackles several health-related subjects, including Staphylococcus aureus identification, carriers, nosocomial infections, chronic infections, their relationship to cancer, and cancer screenings for early neoplasm detection. The literature places a strong emphasis on maintaining good hygiene, using infection control procedures, and having regular tests to look for potential malignant growths early on. These factors can help patients recover more quickly. Ultimately, the essay emphasizes the value of taking precautions to stop the spread of diseases and the necessity of early discovery in the treatment of many illnesses, including cancer.

A laboratory method called the Gram stain is used to categorize bacteria according to the properties of their cell walls. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are distinguished using crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin (Tripathi & Sapra, 2022). Due to their thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane, gram-negative bacteria do not retain the stain and turn red or pink after being counterstained with safranin. Gram-positive bacteria, on the other hand, do so because of the thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls that gives them their purple appearance under the microscope. Antibiotics are a class of drugs that either stop the growth of bacteria or completely eradicate them (Stokes et al., 2019). They function by attacking bacterial cell components vital to the bacteriums survival, such as the cell wall or the machinery responsible for protein synthesis. Antibiotics stop germs from reproducing and spreading by destroying these elements.

Carriers have germs in their bodies but dont exhibit any disease signs, thus resulting in an unintentional spread of infections. Pathogens pass from carriers to other people through direct touch or contaminating surfaces with which other people come into contact. The challenge is to control the disease spread since some carriers may be asymptomatic and unaware that they share an infection. Humans frequently have S. aureus germs on their skin and nasal passages. While it is usually not harmful, it can result in several illnesses, such as endocarditis and sepsis (Kwiecinski & Horswill, 2020). Treating MRSA, a strain of S. aureus resistant to numerous drugs is tough. Jan most likely picked up the MRSA infection while residing in the rehab center, where she might have encountered the germs. Antibiotics are frequently used with other strategies to prevent the infection from spreading. The other strategies may entail isolation precautions and wound care.

Nosocomial Infections

Nosocomial infections are diseases patients acquire at healthcare facilities but do not distress them when they are admitted. The main transmission channels are direct touch, indirect contact, droplet transmission, airborne transmission, and vector-borne transmission (CDC, 2021). Direct contact is when an infected and susceptible person comes into contact. Contact with contaminated items like bed linens and medical equipment is indirect contact. Airborne transmission happens when infectious agents hang about in the air for some time, while droplet transmission is the release of respiratory droplets during coughing or sneezing. When infectious agents are spread from one person to another by vectors like mosquitoes, this is a vector-borne transmission.

Healthcare professionals must practice good hand hygiene, use personal protective equipment when necessary, and properly disinfect surfaces and equipment to prevent nosocomial infections. Infection control policies and procedures, patient and staff education, and surveillance to spot outbreaks and track infection rates are all things that hospitals may do. Nosocomial infection rates are significantly higher in poorer nations for three reasons: poor infrastructure and insufficient resources, a lack of appropriate infection control techniques and equipment, and a lack of information and training for patients and healthcare professionals. The five factors that increase the nosocomial infection risk include invasive medical devices like catheters, extended hospital stays, immunosuppression, contact with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and a lack of commitment protocols by medical staff (Haque et al., 2018). Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as the elderly or those suffering from long-term conditions, are also more vulnerable. Healthcare professionals can lower the prevalence of nosocomial infections and improve patient outcomes by taking the proper preventive measures.

Cancer: Neoplasm, Tumors, Chronic Infections, and Screenings

An abnormal development of cells known as a neoplasm can be either benign or malignant. A benign tumor is a neoplasm that is non-cancerous and does not spread to other areas of the body, but a malignant tumor is a neoplasm that invades tissues and spreads through the bloodstream or lymphatic system (Patel, 2020). By cell damage and the promotion of genetic abnormalities that may result in aberrant cell growth, persistent infections have been linked to cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses, HIV, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are four chronic illnesses that can result in cancer. Cervical, anal, and head and neck cancers are significantly more likely to develop with HPV infection. Liver cancer can result from hepatitis B and C viruses (Maucort-Boulch et al., 2018). A kind of skin cancer called Kaposis sarcoma, and lymphomas are more likely to occur in people with HIV infection. Nasopharyngeal cancer and Hodgkins lymphoma are both linked to EBV infection.

Mr. and Mrs. Brown should get screenings to identify potential malignant growths early. Prostate, colon, and lung cancer screening are commonly recommended for men, while breast, cervical, and colon cancer screening are advisable for women. Prostate-specific antigen testing and a digital rectal exam help in prostate cancer screening. For colon cancer screening, fecal occult blood tests and colonoscopies are useful (Ahlquist, 2019). For those with a history of heavy smoking, a low-dose computed tomography (CT) scan is helpful for lung cancer screening. Mammography applies to breast cancer screening, while an HPV test or Pap smear works for cervical cancer screening. These tests aid in the early detection of cancer when it is most curable.

Colorectal Cancer, Cervical Cancer, Warning Signs, and A Possible Diagnosis

Due to many reasons, colorectal cancer is the most prevalent cancer in Western nations. A few variables contributing to the rising prevalence of colorectal cancer include sedentary lifestyles, aging populations, and increased consumption of processed and red meat. There has been a decrease in the incidence and death of cervical cancer given the increased cervical cancer screening and immunization programs for the HPV, a significant risk factor for the disease. Cervical cancer can be avoided with regular Pap tests and HPV vaccines while lowering death rates relies on early detection and treatment (Drokow et al., 2021). Nonspecific cancer warning symptoms can be difficult to identify because some illnesses might bring them on. Unexpected weight loss may indicate the presence of several malignancies, including colon, lung, and pancreatic cancer. Leukemia, lymphoma, and colon cancer, among others, can all show signs of fatigue. In persistent discomfort, ovarian, testicular, and bone cancers are palpable, while skin changes may indicate skin malignancies. Nevertheless, these vague symptoms might be brought on by a wide range of illnesses, making it imperative to seek medical advice for an accurate diagnosis.

Aaron may have Hodgkins lymphoma, cancer associated with EBV infection, given the symptoms of a large lymph node in his neck and night sweats. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation are among the treatment options for Hodgkins lymphoma (American Cancer Society, 2018). The particular course of treatment will depend on several variables, including the patients general health and cancer stage. The main treatment for Hodgkins lymphoma is chemotherapy, where radiation therapy in high-energy medications destroys cancer cells and shrinks tumors. Patients for whom chemotherapy does not suffice may benefit from stem cell transplantation as a treatment option. It entails adding healthy stem cells to the patients damaged bone marrow.

Conclusion

The different themes linked to human health and sickness have been covered in this essay. It has examined the usage of antibiotics to stop bacterial illnesses as well as the taxonomy of bacteria using the Gram stain method. It has also been discussed the idea of carriers and nosocomial infections, emphasizes the significance of good hygiene standards in healthcare institutions to stop the transmission of diseases. The study also covered several cancers, their causes, and the value of screening for early detection. Prioritizing preventative measures is essential if you want to stay healthy and stop diseases from developing or getting worse. People can lower their chance of contracting diseases and enhance their overall quality of life by staying informed and implementing the proper preventive steps. To guarantee the greatest results for their patients, healthcare professionals must also be diligent and up-to-date on the latest methods for illness prevention and treatment.

References

Ahlquist, D. A. (2019). Stool-Based Tests vs Screening Colonoscopy for The Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 15(8), 437-440. Web.

American Cancer Society. (2018). Hodgkin lymphoma stem cell transplant & high dose chemo. Web.

CDC. (2021). Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 1  Section 10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web.

Drokow, E. K., Effah, C. Y., Agboyibor, C., Sasu, E., Amponsem-Boateng, C., Akpabla, G. S., Ahmed, H. A., & Sun, K. (2021). The Impact of Video-Based Educational Interventions on Cervical Cancer, Pap Smear and HPV Vaccines. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. Web.

Haque, M., Sartelli, M., McKimm, J., & Abu Bakar, M. B. (2018). Health Care-Associated Infections  An Overview. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 2321-2333. Web.

Kwiecinski, J. M., & Horswill, A. R. (2020). Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections: Pathogenesis and Regulatory Mechanisms. Current Opinion in Microbiology, 53, 51-60. Web.

Maucort-Boulch, D., De Martel, C., Franceschi, S., & Plummer, M. (2018). Fraction and Incidence of Liver Cancer Attributable to Hepatitis B and C Viruses worldwide. International Journal of Cancer, 142(12), 2471-2477. Web.

Patel, A. (2020). Benign vs Malignant Tumors. JAMA Oncology, 6(9), 1488. Web.

Stokes, J. M., Lopatkin, A. J., Lobritz, M. A., & Collins, J. J. (2019). Bacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Efficacy. Cell Metabolism, 30(2), 251-259. Web.

Tripathi, N., & Sapra, A. (2022). Gram Staining. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Web.