The examined introduction and literature review provide numerous valuable insights into the problem of obesity. I believe that the greatest strength of the paper is the large number of analyzed sources and the accurate identification of relevant themes. However, I noticed that while the introduction describes the theory of goal attainment proposed by Imogene King, the literature review does not elaborate on the topic and focuses specifically on obesity management.
Main body
I would like to see a more described connection between the goal attainment theory and obesity. For instance, the doctoral dissertation by Ezenwugo (2021) concentrates on a clinical experiment on how to mitigate the problem of being overweight, using Imogene Kings theory as a theoretical background. It is also possible to find helpful information in articles that focus on general health outcomes via the goal attainment model. For example, Zhu et al. (2023) discuss how patient-nurse collaboration and goal-oriented approach have a positive impact on the health status of people with coronary heart disease, many of whom are overweight. Therefore, I believe that adding more keywords, such as goal attainment and Imogene King, might be beneficial for the project because it specifies the theory introduced in the paper.
Conclusion
Lastly, while I think that incorporating many credible articles from various sources is a great idea, it is essential to focus on some particular topics more. For instance, since the introduction concentrates on obesity management frameworks with active nurse involvement, it is more significant to examine research related to weight loss strategies via patient-practitioner relationships. Some of the analyzed sources in the literature review confirm the high effectiveness of controlled and goal-oriented programs compared to self-monitored approaches. I think it might be more beneficial for the project to focus on these articles more to find the exact causes of health improvement.
References
Ezenwugo, T. E. (2021). Improving Overweight and Obesity in a Primary Care Setting: A Quality Improvement Project (Doctoral dissertation, Grand Canyon University).
Although there are many commonalities between normative ethics and applied ethics, the latter focuses on more specific dilemmas that are already present in real-world circumstances. In contrast, the former focuses on the rationale behind making a decision and uses comparable theories in terms of its rationalization. Specifically, applied ethics examines the moral choices faced in everyday situations, such as attitudes toward consuming livestock, abortion, and theft. Theories that lay out broad principles for right and wrong conduct, such as Utilitarianism, are the primary emphasis of normative ethics.
Rawlss original position is an agreement scenario in which neither party has access to knowledge that would allow them to craft principles of justice more amenable to their particular interests (Rawls & Kelly, 2001). For example, neither party can learn about the others societal position or specific complete ideology in the original position. Within the typical range, they are unaware of a persons racial or cultural background, sexual orientation, or innate abilities like strength or intellect (Rawls & Kelly, 2001). However, the veil of ignorance is a moral thinking device that prevents biased judgment calls by shielding decision-makers from knowledge about who will profit most and least from the choices on the table (Rawls & Kelly, 2001). Naturally, the veil of ignorance implies that the parties in the original position do not have access to specific knowledge, but those establishing justice as fairness do.
It is essential to ensure that moral judgments do not attribute a persons misconduct to moral luck. To give someone credit or blame for their actions, one must first assume they had some degree of agency over them. The reason for this is that it is not fair to judge someone ethically for something that was not their negligence or was caused by circumstances beyond their authority. Do you concur that there would be no such concept as moral accountability for ones deeds if moral luck is not taken into account?
Nurses would be neutral, creating a new society with their own justice under the veil of ignorance. Thus, access to quality care would be fair irrespective of race, gender, income, schooling, image, or sexual identity. The original position would inform a sustainable distribution of transparency and autonomy for nurses, where patients decide how much diagnostic knowledge they want; nurses utilize clinical judgment to share it in the most considerate way.
Reference
Rawls, J., & Kelly, E., I. (2001). Justice as fairness: A Restatement (2nd ed.). Belknap Press: An Imprint of Harvard University Press.
In all fields, nursing, in particular, one can identify theory for every activity. Theory can be described as the basic reason with the intent of accounting for something (Cohen, 2000). Whereas theory may be present in several fields the significance of theory may only be particularly obvious in a select few. In nursing, theories are utilized in the everyday situation as nurse practitioners relate with patients (Andrews, 2008). The manner in which a nurse practitioner practices can significantly have an effect on the result of the patient (Leininger, 1978). In this regard, nursing practices focused on rationales and perceptions should be studied. The process to use rationales, studies and ideas to form premises generally starts with an idea or principle and is recurring in nature, since each constituent may result in the other. In the nursing field, a number of model-based premises direct both practice and research.
The aim of this paper is that of selecting and analyze one of the numerous nursing premises that exist. The rationale of the premise and its development will be discussed. Also, the motivational aspect behind the creation of the premise and the theorists theoretical principles and ideas will, in addition, be explored. Then, ideas of the identified premise will be linked to the activities of a family nurse practitioner. The nursing premise that will be explored in this assignment is the Interpersonal Relationship premise, developed by Madeleine Leininger. Before I continue delving into how significant Leiningers premise evidently is to my day-to-day application of medical care, let me foremost explain who Leininger was and what her premise is all about.
Background
Madeleine Leininger is broadly appreciated as the original author of social premise in nursing (Cohen, 2000). Leininger started writing in the 1970s and her premise of Social Care Variety and Generality also referred to as intercultural nursing, has turned out to be an influential theory in the sector and has been broadly utilized in research. As Andrews (2008) proposes, Intercultural nursing has taken action and is changing nursing and family care in a number of countries globally (p. 13). Leiningers premise has not only advanced her own theory but has supported the creation of many later frameworks that have led to its continued utilization today (Stout & Downey, 2006).
In the 1970s, nurse practitioners in the United States of America started to generate and utilize organized nursing premises. Such premises provided nurse practitioners with an innovative approach to awareness of family care and offered a way of methodically ordering, analyzing and interpreting data and, by doing so, turned out to be an apparatus via which family nurse practitioners might examine their philosophy and reflect on their practice in nursing (Pearson, 2007). A nursing premise like that of Leiningers plays many roles. It is utilized in explaining, guiding and structuring concepts and it facilitates the support of a specific action with an aim of enriching the practice of nurse practitioners. Family Care Variety and Generality was documented in the style of a mid-range nursing premise of the time and the theorist used the notions of individual, surroundings, nursing and healthcare common with theorists (Leininger, 1978). Among the premises from the United States of America, Leiningers premise of healthcare is one that has gotten considerable attention during research and regular efforts have been made with an intention of establishing its utilization outside its place of origin. Therefore, in identifying and distinguishing the contribution that Leiningers nursing premise might have had for family nurse practitioners, it is imperative to look at the premise.
Theory description
The theorist was the first nursing practitioner to officially examine the relation between patients and patients diverse cultural backgrounds. Leininger realized that a patients background had the capability of impacting on health and sickness. She suggested that nurse practitioners might be more helpful in their action if they created an awareness of the relation between culture and health. The theorist portrays herself as a nurse and a psychologist. She holds a doctor of philosophy in Cultural Psychology and developed her premise while researching in that sector. In 1969 she developed the initial concept in cultural nursing and in 1977 started the first postgraduate and doctor of philosophy courses especially in that sector (Leininger, 1978).
Leiningers premise was established in a particular socio-cultural environment that of the United States of America. Assessment and documentation happens in a specific socio-cultural context that represents the culture and setting of the theorist and this setting will have an effect on the nature of concepts establishment. When Leininger started her nursing career in the 1960s, the United States civil society association was just starting to take hold. The United States of America has an up to date history of settlement by foreigners from United Kingdom. As a result, socio-cultural traditions, principles and standards basically came to support the USA cultural organization and control its social institutions such as healthcare. Social isolation of the African-American people had just ended in 1950s. The black societies of past African slaves (entered America 200 years before) became gradually eloquent regarding civil rights and were no longer pleased to assume a passive socio-economic position. Such a black society started to claim an influence as citizens born in the United States of America and at liberty to all the human rights and gains this entailed. In addition, during the 1970s and 1980s, foreigners from less cultural origin communities like the Hispanic and Asiatic groups were settling in the United States of America in large numbers. The initial principle of the melting pot tradition, where immigrants to the United States of America were anticipated to relinquish current norms and cultures and integrate into the American culture, was coming under attack (Pearson, 2007). Such minority groups gradually obtained considerable significance in promoting the cultural the USA, so joining them were the Native American Individuals, initially culturally dislodged and disempowered during those periods of immigration and migration, and who in addition desired to be represented in the modern civil rights group and claim equal rights with conventional Americans (Daly & Jackson, 2003). The cultural era in which Leininger was initially documenting was one where cultural adjustment was quickly happening and there was a sharp and increasing knowledge of civil rights. This has aspect of an equivalent with the quick cultural adjustment on an international level that the nurse practitioners are facing today.
Leininger initially worked as a childrens nurse in a psychiatric context and realized that among the young people who came from different social origins like Afro-American & their obvious characters undoubtedly varied (Leininger, 1978, p. 21). Such findings lead Leininger to have a desire in psychology. Leiningers goal was that of investigating her belief that patients ethnicity greatly influenced their knowledge of sickness and healthy living, which in turn defined the kind of healthcare needed by people. Leininger (1978) argued that nurse practitioners were likely to depend on social expert norms which are greatly described from our dominant American healthcare traditions and thus not suited for utilization in the nursing of individuals from other ethnic backgrounds (p. 11).
The theorist came to understand that belief structures from other ethnic backgrounds required to be evaluated and recognized in order for the mainly Anglo-American nurse practitioners of United States of America to make forecasts regarding the health principles, and so predict the healthcare needs, of people from traditions other than their culture. From Leiningers research in psychology, her premise of cultural healthcare was published in 1960s and over a 50 year period it has been further advanced and improved. Consequently, the premise of Social Healthcare Variety and Generality surfaced. As Daly and Jackson (2003) argue: the premise was to identify what is general and what is variety as far as healthcare norms, ethics and concepts are concerned (p. xii). This resulted in what is referred to as the intercultural nursing guideline, which Leininger regards as ethno-nursing and the type of a study method known as ethno-science was created to gather social information. Ethno-science offered a way of obtaining local or native individuals views, perspectives and norms regarding nursing or the styles of healthcare attitudes and procedures of the selected ethnic group for utilization to provide healthcare to that specific group (Leininger, 1978, p. 15).
In her previous work, Leininger (1970) utilized a comprehensive description of ethnicity, in the culture of psychology, which included the whole composite of material things, instruments, concepts, institutions, and non-material factors associated with peoples survival (p. 11). Leininger (1993) advanced this previous description of ethnicity to become more inclusive of norms and ethics and she in addition started to consider the taught, common and transmitted norms, ethics and traditions of a specific grouping that direct their tradition, choices and activities in modeled manner (p. 9).
Evaluation
The background to this theory was developed in a fundamental manner from, and is based on, psychology and the idea of healthcare is based on nursing. Leininger (1970) appreciated the influence of psychology on her theory when she argued that nursing and psychology are united in a single particular and unitary whole. The theorist felt that psychologys most significant contribution to healthcare was to offer an underpinning for the argument that health and sick conditions are mainly defined by the ethnic background of a person (Leininger, 1978). Leiningers premise is in line with the psychological frameworks that dominated in the 1970s when the theorist initially started research in America, a research which she still continues to acknowledge some 5 decades later. Particularly, intercultural nursing premise refers to the unified multicultural nursing models and assumptions which consider individual and shared nursing actions, norms and traditions determined by their social needs, with an intention of providing efficient and fulfilling healthcare to patients; and if such caring strategies fail to identify cultural elements of human needs, there will be certain symptom of less efficacious healthcare strategies and certain undesirable repercussions to those being served. The theorist has long argued that the particular ethnic norms or what she considered being the general nursing care norms, traditions and strategies utilized by diverse cultural groupings have to be understood and utilized as a link by the nurse practitioner with an intention of providing culturally suitable healthcare (Leininger, 1978, p. 33).
In developing the body of knowledge in multicultural care, the ethno-science method was utilized. Leininger (1978) argued that the knowledge of cultural strategies is best identified by obtaining and researching the native (insider) opinions (p. 35). In multicultural nursing, diverse social institutions are researched in an extremely particular manner so that the researchers then becomes very well-informed or a leader on diverse social groupings values and ethics. Nurse practitioners can then utilize this data to make forecasts regarding a specific cultural groupings views and perspectives as far as health is concerned. This in turn assists the provision of suitable and ethnically particular healthcare (Leininger, 1978).
Leininger (1970) argues that the aim to use the ethno-science method is that of reducing chaos so that the theory precisely shows the native individuals viewpoints and offers a high level of reliability and legality regarding these individuals. The following section delves into how significant Leiningers premise evidently is to my day to day application as a family nurse practitioner.
Conclusion
The goal of multicultural nursing is that of providing ethnically harmonious, responsive and competent nursing care. Utilizing the information from the theory, I will be able to understand the viewpoint of the native and foreign culture and utilize that in modifying or varying family nursing care, modifying it and making it more suitable. The family nurse practitioners work is advanced by the utilization of the multicultural evaluation, in which the practitioner is involved to identify and appraise the trends, behaviors and smallest elements of social behavior as a framework for nursing care strategies and intervention methods. Culturally matching healthcare happens when there is an important and fulfilling link between the nursing norms, ethics and beliefs of the individual and the behavior of the family nurse practitioner. As a family nurse practitioner, based on the concepts presented by the theory, I have to preserve, maintain or amend family healthcare behaviors with the aim to satisfy the needs of patients.
References
Andrews, M. (2008). Global leadership in transcultural practice, education and research. Contemporary Nurse, 28(2), 13-16.
Cohen, A. (2000). Signifying Identities: Anthropological perspectives on boundaries and contested values. London: Routledge.
Daly, J. & Jackson, D. (2003). Transcultural health care: Issues and Challenges for nursing. Contemporary Nurse, 15(3), xiii-xiv.
Leininger, M. (1970). Nursing and Anthropology: Two worlds to blend. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Leininger, M. (1978). Transcultural nursing: Concepts, theories, research and practices. Columbus, Ohio: McGraw Hill.
Leininger, M. (1993). Some transcultural nursing definitions of concepts/constructs. Journal of transcultural Nursing, 6(2), 10-26.
Pearson, A. (2007). Editorial: exploiting the potential of international collaboration in nursing. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 13(2), 69-73.
Stout, M. & Downey, B. (2006). Nursing, indigenous people and cultural safety: So what? Now what? Contemporary Nurse, 22(2), 327-332.
Critical evaluation involves examining the agencys commitment to trauma-informed care and including its principles in its organizational structure and day-to-day operations. It lays out the organizations commitment to offering high-quality care to people whose lives have been damaged by trauma (Najavits, 2017). There is a clear leadership structure in place, and it is taking an active role in both the development of trauma-informed care practices and the implementation of these practices. The organization has also developed a comprehensive training program to ensure staff members are appropriately prepared with the knowledge and abilities required to provide trauma-informed treatment. This program provides the essential training to ensure that staff members are adequately prepared to undertake trauma-informed treatment. Additionally, the organization facilitates access to a vast array of knowledge and tools that make trauma-informed treatment implementation more manageable.
Suggested Strategy for Improvement
To deepen the agencys commitment to trauma-informed care and incorporate the concepts and practices of trauma-informed care within agency operations. The following steps should be taken:
Develop an annual training program for staff that focuses on understanding the impact of trauma on individuals served.
Develop a comprehensive policy outlining the agencys commitment to trauma-informed care and the expectations for staff to adhere to these principles.
Implement a peer support system for staff to increase their understanding and comfort with providing trauma-informed care.
Create a feedback loop for staff to regularly update the agency on implementing trauma-informed care.
Provide regular opportunities for staff to participate in collaborative learning and dialogue on the impact of trauma on individuals served.
Ensure that all staff can access tools and resources to help assist in the agencys introduction of trauma-informed care.
Essay
Fundamental Principles to Consider When Adopting a Trauma-Informed Care Approach
Trauma-informed care is a set of practices that put scientific knowledge of the neurological and cognitive mechanisms by which the brain processes trauma into practice. It is founded on evidence-based clinical practice. These approaches are referred to collectively as trauma-informed care. These methods are utilized to give treatments that alleviate the symptoms that directly result from traumatic experiences (CCSA, 2014). It is essential to keep in mind three fundamental concepts when working toward the development of a strategy for providing care to those who have been affected by the aftereffects of trauma. The following is an explanation of each of these principles: In this list are several guiding principles, some of which are protection, reliability, freedom of choice, teamwork, and reciprocity.
Any approach to providing care that considers the impact of trauma must begin by putting the patients safety as the primary concern. It involves cultivating an atmosphere in which the individual not only has the perception of being safe and secure but also is afforded the utmost priority in terms of physical protection at all times (Tkach, 2018). The priority may include physical safety and emotional and psychological well-being. In addition, it is necessary to acknowledge and respect the boundaries that the individual has set for themselves and offer the individual the opportunity to articulate any criteria they may have made for themselves. In addition, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that procedures or treatments are carried out according to the individuals autonomy and respect their right to choose for themselves. The precondition is necessary before any treatment or operation is performed.
While developing a strategy for providing trauma-informed treatment, trustworthiness and providing patients with options are two essential factors that need to be taken into consideration. It demands the establishment of an environment that is characterized by trust and mutual respect; an environment in which individuals feel comfortable addressing their needs and expressing their feelings; and an environment that is conducive to open communication (Fallot & Harris, 2009). While providing care, it is necessary to keep in mind how important it is to take into consideration the choices and preferences of the one who is getting the care. Some of the issues that should be taken into consideration include giving patients the opportunity to have a say in the medical care they receive, allowing them to make their own decisions, and supplying them with the assistance and knowledge they need to make decisions based on accurate information.
Teamwork and mutual support are essential components of any trauma-informed care strategy that will be implemented, and both must be present. Creating an environment where all individuals involved in the care process are open to cooperating and listening carefully to what each individual has to say is required to accomplish this goal (Covington & Bloom, 2018). It also requires developing a culture in which the needs and preferences of the care recipient are considered, and each person who is part of the care process is respected and valued. Also, it is vital to make sure that all parties involved in the provision of care cooperate to reach the same goal: improving the individuals health condition. Cooperation is the overarching goal that must be accomplished to succeed.
Putting these ideas into practice will likely run against several roadblocks at various points. A lack of resources to provide needed care is one of them. Another is a lack of provider awareness and comprehension of trauma-informed care (Poole et al., 2014). Finally, there is a lack of patient engagement and trust in the care provider. In addition to this, there is a deficiency in the availability of resources for medical care. Moreover, there is a lack of financing, which makes it impossible to provide the necessary treatment or hire additional people to provide the necessary level of care. The stigma attached to mental illness and past traumatic experiences is another barrier that can make it difficult for individuals to get the required assistance. Last but not least, there might not be enough assistance available for providers attempting to put these ideas into practice, making it challenging to do so effectively and put these ideas into reality.
There are three fundamental principles that should be kept in mind while striving to deliver treatment that is influenced by the impacts of trauma. Protection, reliability, freedom of choice, collaboration, and reciprocity are some examples of these principles. It is vital to provide protection in order to establish an atmosphere in which the person feels safe, respected, and secure. Also, it is crucial to recognize and respect the limits that a person has established for themselves. Providing the person with the chance to communicate any needs that they may have is an essential component of dependability. The person must have the ability to make their own choices about their care, and this requires them to have the freedom to choose how they are cared for. To establish a climate in which all parties concerned are receptive to the idea of cooperating with one another and listening to one another, there must be an atmosphere of cooperation and reciprocity.
When implementing a strategy for trauma-informed care, there may be several roadblocks that present themselves. These include a lack of resources, provider awareness, patient engagement, trust, financial constraints, and the stigma associated with mental illness and past traumatic experiences. It is essential to have sufficient resources, personnel, and support in order to be able to put these ideas into practice successfully.
Conclusion
Furthermore, it is essential to ensure that all involved parties are working together and cooperating to reach the same goal, which is the improvement of the individuals condition of health. Ultimately, implementing a strategy for trauma-informed care should be approached with the three core values of protection, dependability, and freedom of choice in mind and with an understanding of the potential challenges that may arise.
Covington, S., & Bloom, S. L. (2018). Moving from trauma-informed to trauma-responsive: A training program for organizational change. Facilitator guide. Hazelden Publishing.
Fallot, R. D., & Harris, M. (2009). Creating cultures of trauma-informed care. Washington DC: Community Connections. Web.
Najavits, L. M. (2017). Recovery from trauma, addiction, or both: Strategies for finding your best self. Guilford Publications.
Poole, D., Chieregato, A., Langer, M., Viaggi, B., Cingolani, E., Malacarne, P., Mengoli, F., Nardi, G., Nascimben, E., Riccioni, L. and Turriziani, I. (2014). A systematic review of the literature and evidence-based recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis in trauma: results from an Italian consensus of experts. PloS one, 9(11), e113676.
Tkach, M. J. (2018). Trauma informed care for substance abuse counselling. Butler Center for research. Hazelden Betty Ford Graduation school of addiction studies. Saatavilla . Web.
Collaboration with the community increases the overall contribution to medicine. In the context of improving care for Native American people who are ill, an important challenge is to address disparities in attention to ethnicity. Moreover, attitudes and access to health care in these societies are often underdeveloped, requiring a range of skills to remedy the situation. Collaboration with communities and tribes can help understand the issues and improve the health status of this cultural and ethnic stratum.
Health Beliefs
Many Native American peoples view health as a holistic indicator and link spiritual, emotional, and bodily states together. Nature has traditionally been viewed as a source and assistant in healing, which does not promote medicine or trust in outsider practices. Moreover, the unification of spirit and body is largely religious and may interfere with necessary healing practices, even when a persons life is threatened.
Health Practices
The use of medicinal plants, their properties, and their beliefs on par with ceremonial procedures is common in indigenous community beliefs. Nature is often considered by them as the main source of healing and life, which enhances the ecological nature of their worldview and implies the preservation of the environment for future generations. Moreover, such attitudes may contribute to the ancestral transmission of distrust of modern medicine.
Family Patterns
This culture values family and family relationships very highly, effectively dividing already small communities into clans. Most decisions cannot be made without the participation of respected family members and elders. Such family networks promote cohabitation and the genetic preservation of certain weaknesses (Blue Bird Jernigan et al., 2020). Cultural traditions enter into important points in the worldview of Native Americans, regardless of tribe, and influence patient behavior.
Communication Style
Indirect communication styles, quite common in Native American communities and environments, include body language, tone of voice, and other nonverbal cues. Moreover, metaphorical language and the use of pauses can contribute to misunderstandings among people who are communicating with this cultural stratum for the first time (Warne & Wescott, 2019). Showing respect and sensitivity to the patients culture and utterances can help establish the necessary level of relationship in the patients care process.
Space Orientation
For members of this ethnic background, it is especially important to respect their right to personal space. Moreover, in some cases, unreasonable touch can be seen as a personal insult. In interacting assertions of individuality and privacy with religion, interesting patterns have emerged that often imply the importance and spirituality of any interaction (Carter et al., 2019). Much of this requires the presence of family members or respected representatives of elders to ensure ones peace of mind.
Time Orientation
For representatives of this cultural community, concentration on what is happening with parallel references to analogies of the past is very important. Given the belief in ancestral spirits and the importance of their previous generations, there is a noticeable tendency to repeat others deeds or beliefs within the boundaries of their tribes legends (1). Accepting death or illness as part of the cycle can be detrimental to healing and contribute to ones opposition.
Nutritional Patterns
The food habits of the communities in question significantly impact the identity of these communities and the development of their culture. Food can be seen as a way of expressing cultural identity in addition to the means of subsistence (Warne & Wescott, 2019). Moreover, in many tribes, certain foods or plants are inextricably linked to notions of healing and ritual socialization (Warne & Wescott, 2019). This is why many Native Americans prefer natural foods and do not like to eat alone.
Pain Responses
Traditional treatments for pain attacks may include herbalistic, meditative, and physiological practices. Each persons experience is very important to Native Americans and should be considered in treatment in medical settings. Specifics of marking and demonstration rules may also vary greatly by tribe and location. Indigenous peoples have historically viewed pain as an expected part of the natural course of life.
Childbirth
In Native American culture, giving birth and assisting in the perinatal process is often considered a sacred rite of passage. Having a partner at childbirth as an aid or midwife and using phytotherapy is still very common. Moreover, due to the negative experiences of the past, some modern isolated communities prefer to avoid state and professional childbirth assistance, which does not benefit the process.
Perinatal Care
Because of mistrust, Native American communities have much lower infant weights and high mortality rates. Moreover, the closed nature of such communities limits access to public health resources and provokes higher rates of maternal morbidity (Blue Bird Jernigan et al., 2020). Commitment to traditional practices contributes to delays in seeking routine medical care and can be detrimental to the health of newborns and women in labor.
Death and Dying
Death is a natural part of the life process in many Native American cultures. Traditional rituals and customs are often highlighted in the care and burial of the dying, and such ceremonies should not take place in a hospital setting. Such cultural sensitivities in caregiving must be understood in order to show respect and provide peace of mind to the relatives of the dying person.
Spirituality, Religion, and Faith
Spirituality is in many ways synonymous with Native American culture and implies that they are developed in this regard. Their beliefs include animalism, connection to nature, and adherence to centuries-old customs. Much of this can manifest itself in their superstition and refusal of certain medical procedures at certain times. In order to establish a trusting relationship, the interests of any patient must be considered, and the necessary level of spirituality must be maintained.
Prayer and Meditation
These practices are often the standard in continental indigenous cultures and are designed to promote healing in all aspects of the human condition. In many ways, they can be used in parallel with traditional therapies, phytotherapy, and modern, advanced medicine. Moreover, such practices are very important to patients, especially older patients, and should be respected by anyone interacting from the outside.
New Knowledge about the Group
The enormous diversity within the Native American group becomes evident when studying them in detail. However, it is possible to highlight common factors which were listed earlier. Spirituality, traditionalism, commonality, and distrust of the descendants of colonialists are among the unifying indicators of this cultural and ethnic group. In order to comply with the information received and to approach any patient appropriately, it is necessary to be aware of their spiritual and cultural practices and to give each person the right to their beliefs (Cultural diversity, 2021).
The Knowledge Impact on the Cultural Group Care
The change in attitudes toward this cultural group could only have occurred in the deepening direction, as all ethnic groups are entitled to equal respect. The understanding of traditionalism and spirituality was reinforced, and the high birth of rituals and ceremonies in the lives of many group members was examined. The legacy of historical trauma, which may have distorted some perceptions and diminished trust in medicine, should not be forgotten. Moreover, basic knowledge about Native Americans emphasizes the depth of each individual and the need for more research on a case-by-case basis with the utmost respect and tolerance.
The 6Cs of nursing is a healthcare strategy developed by the National Health Service (NHS) of England in 2012 as a response to declining quality of care and concerns about the lack of care and compassion between healthcare providers and staff to their patients. The strategy was first developed for nursing, care staff, and midwives, but has since been expanded to all staff including caterers, doctors, and chief executives. The 6Cs consist of care, compassion, courage, communication, commitment, and competence, making up the general strategy of Compassion in Practice. The aim was to implement these values into practice and interactions with patients, with support or actionable goals that various positions could act upon to enact the 6Cs (Baillie, 2017). The strategy has since seen tremendous success and been adopted in some form across the Commonwealth countries.
Surgery is often a highly invasive procedure which requires patients to experience challenging recoveries. There can be a range of complications ranging from discomfort and pain to more serious such as hemorrhage, infection, or venous thromboembolism. Post-op care generally requires greater attention to patients, focus on providing appropriate care (such as cleaning wound site, changing bandaging and catheter, and medication adherence, among others), and compassionate care as post-op patients are in a often in a more vulnerable and fragile state (Stephenson et al., 2020). The first aspect of care should be delivered as appropriate, ensuring that the patient is checked-up on and all procedures are done at the correct time. The concept of competence goes together with care, as competence in post-op care is critical often to ensure stable recovery and even safety of the patience. Competence in post-op care includes specific knowledge of the patient and their condition and risk factors, working proactively with the provider team to provide safe and high-quality care (Dahlberg et al., 2022).
Compassion in post-op care and management can take on many forms. Oftentimes, healthcare staff, including nurses, are highly overwhelmed. One way that compassion delivery can be optimized for health professionals is to take a targeted approach, meaning acknowledging the patient and their needs, and seek to focus their efforts on addressing the most important needs of the patient. The better these needs and expectations are met, the more it is generally correlated with increased satisfaction (Heinze et al., 2020). Compassion and subsequent satisfaction are important in post-op care, as it is associated with better patient outcomes and faster recovery and discharge.
Commitment in nursing is more abstract, commonly defined as both loyalty and responsibility to the profession as well as the commitment to provide optimal patient care. Due to the various complex nature of post-op care management, commitment is required, meaning that nurses cannot simply relax or let things go. With post-op patients, nurses must be in check, consistently providing monitoring, supportive care, and react to any arising complications based on their training and protocols regardless of any potential challenges that may arise. Finally, the last aspect is communication, which is critical at any stage of the healthcare process but hold significant importance for post-op care. When the nursing team is present, provides coherent information, and offers holistic communication, combining both technical knowledge and emotional support, patients report a feeling of being cared for and satisfaction in post-op (Sugai et al., 2013). Post-operative patient education and strong communication leads to better health outcomes such as lower pain scores and reducing the use of narcotics, along with faster recovery.
Stephenson, C., Mohabbat, A., Raslau, D., Gilman, E., Wight, E., & Kashiwagi, D. (2020). Management of Common Postoperative Complications. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(11), 25402554. Web.
Sugai, D. Y., Deptula, P. L., Parsa, A. A., & Don Parsa, F. (2013). The importance of communication in the management of postoperative pain. Hawaii Journal of Medicine & Public Health, 72(6), 180184. Web.
The nurses analysis in the intensive care unit in the General Hospital will provide a clear reflection in its nursing licensing examination practices relating to the environmental changes and demands of the care givers. The analysis utilizes methods such as interviews, questionnaires, and observation. The selection of the essential method for job analysis requires exploring the advantages and disadvantages to provide an effective tool helpful to the hospital.
Firstly, the interviewing method assesses the nurses to establish their working experience, challenges faced, the type of skills utilized in accomplishing a certain task, and the insecurities generated within the working environment. This technique helps the supervisor establish the nurses thoughts about the job and the roles involved (Kunak, 2017). The generation of reflective feedback requires good decision-making on the included questions to eliminate errors.
Secondly, the observation method involves the supervisor monitoring the nurses closely and noting the accomplished and unaccomplished tasks, met and unmet duties and responsibilities, techniques, skills, and ways of performing roles. The analysis also measures emotional and mental ability to handle risks and challenges. The difficulty arises from the variation in how individuals observe situations because of reasoning differently (Kunak, 2017). Overcoming this requires the training of the analyst or the individuals involved with the process.
Lastly, the questionnaire techniques are utilized by the supervisor analyzing the nurses job. Questionnaires are administered to the nurses, who are required to fill them appropriately. The formulation of questions for the questionnaire needs great care. The method is affected by bias at a personal level, and therefore, it is essential to communicate the importance of the collected need to the nurses (Kunak, 2017). The supervisor should not apply the data against them in any way.
Job Purpose
The post holder assesses service seekers requirements, plans collaboratively, implements and evaluates the care provided, and facilitates record maintenance related to the process. Similarly, he or she is required to co-ordinate service users care in liaison with the team members of the multidisciplinary group if necessary. The post holder will perform nursing steps to a level facilitating effective and safe care complying with the nursing professional code of conduct.
Working Relations and Communications
Frequency of communication.
Service users and givers: Daily.
Professional workmates: Daily.
Supervisors: At least weekly.
Facts and Figures
The intensive care unit (ICU) is a provision specialty aiming at investigating and offering treatment packages to patients requiring intensive care. It consists of 36 beds acquired for intensive care facilities. There are three different multidisciplinary groups for care services and requirement roles of the intensive care nurse.
Key Responsibilities
To assess the need, plans, implementation, and monitoring care in association with the service users, givers, and multidisciplinary group.
To utilize the care providing mental, spiritual, social, and psychological requirements of the service users, givers are crucial to culture, age, gender, race, sexuality, social class, and disability.
Job Specification
Essentials
Education/ Qualifications: Masters degree in critical care
Experience
Skill to assess, implement, plan, and care evaluation. Possess skills to develop the therapeutic association.
Knowledge
An understanding and knowledge of the requirement of individuals with intensive care needs.
Abilities and Skills
Demonstrate the skill to develop the social association.
Skills to represent information either orally or written with effective communication skills.
Flexibility in intervention approaches.
Desirables
Education
Mentorship Training.
Experience
Skills of coordinating shifts.
Skills of mentoring and supervising students.
Abilities and Skills
Clinical intensive care post applied skills.
Future Changes Affecting the Job
Due to the increased use of advanced technology in the ICU, the hospital needs to change its employees skills to suit the shifting trend and shorten its existing techniques. The healthcare advancement in technology requires nurses to possess relevant skills for operating the systems. The nurses will have to seek the expertise needed to help the patients and also the other health practitioners in the intensive care unit section.
Reference
Kunak, D. V. (2017). The critical event technique in job analysis. Recent Developments in Job Analysis, 43-52. Web.
One key aspect of nurse informaticists work in my organization is ensuring that data is accurately collected, organized, and stored in electronic health record (EHR) systems. This requires collaboration with healthcare providers to understand their needs and workflows and to design user-friendly EHR systems that integrate seamlessly with clinical workflows (Kleib et al., 2021). Nurse informaticists and data or technology specialists also work closely with healthcare providers to develop and implement clinical decision support tools, providing clinicians with real-time patient care information and guidance. This requires collaboration with clinical experts to identify the most relevant data and clinical guidelines and with software developers to design and implement the tools.
Enhancing communication and collaboration is one way to improve contacts between nurse informaticists, data or technology specialists, and other medical practitioners. One specific way to do this is through interprofessional education and training programs. Interprofessional education and training programs bring together professionals from different disciplines to learn about each others roles, perspectives, and skills (Monsen et al., 2019). The clinical workflows and requirements of healthcare professionals can be better understood by nurse informaticists, data specialists, and technology specialists thanks to these programs. For example, a nurse informaticist might participate in a training program with clinical staff to learn about the day-to-day challenges of working with EHR systems. The learning can provide guidance on how to optimize these systems to support clinical procedures such as surgery or pediatric care.
The continued evolution of nursing informatics as a speciality and the emergence of new technologies can significantly impact professional interactions in healthcare. These developments have the ability to completely transform the way healthcare is provided in a variety of capacities, including improved patient outcomes and safety and increased efficiency (Khezri & Abdekhoda, 2019). These modifications could help medical professionals give patients with better treatment.
In conclusion, nurse informaticists are essential to the collection, management, and preservation of reliable data in electronic medical records. The development of clinical decision support tools and the design of user-friendly EHR systems require close cooperation with healthcare providers. Relationships between nurse informaticists, data or technological specialists, and other healthcare professionals can be further improved by fostering interaction and working together through interdisciplinary education and training programs. Healthcare delivery could change as a result of the development of nursing informatics as a profession and the introduction of new technology, but this transformation will require adaptation and training for new roles and abilities.
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (glucose) due to the bodys inability to utilize insulin properly. This results in insulin resistance, where the bodys cells become resistant to insulin, and the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin to compensate. Type 2 diabetes is typically associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and poor dietary habits, but genetics and other factors can also contribute (Brown et al., 2002). It is a non-curable but manageable condition that requires lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and exercise, and may also require medications to help regulate blood sugar levels. Failure to manage type 2 diabetes properly can lead to various complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and nerve damage.
Affected Physiological Systems
Insulin resistance, decreased insulin production, and aberrant glucose metabolism are only a few of the pathophysiological pathways involved in the complex metabolic condition known as type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes has insulin resistance as a major contributing factor. As the bodys cells lose their sensitivity to insulin, it causes a reduction in glucose uptake and an increase in glucose synthesis in the liver (Brown et al., 2002). As a result, there are elevated blood sugar levels, which can cause diabetes.
Aim of the Paper
This paper explores the analytical, cultural, ethical, and economic issues related to this global health problem. Analytically, the essay will examine the pathophysiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes, including the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion and the risk factors and prevalence. The essay will examine how culture affects the management of diabetes, including how cultural beliefs, norms, and practices influence dietary behaviors, medication compliance, and health-seeking behavior (Brown et al., 2002). The essay will take into account the moral ramifications of managing diabetes, such as the requirement for explicit consent, respect for autonomy, and consideration for different cultures in treatment choices. The essay will look at the financial implications of diabetes, including how much it costs to maintain, how it affects healthcare systems, and how it affects productivity. By addressing these concerns, the article will further knowledge of type 2 diabetess complicated and multidimensional nature and offer suggestions for how to avoid, manage, and manage this chronic condition.
Analytical Issues
Pathophysiology
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and impaired insulin secretion. The pathophysiology of T2DM involves multiple metabolic abnormalities that interact to promote the development and progression of the disease (Liu et al., 2015). Insulin resistance is a hallmark of T2DM and is characterized by reduced sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, resulting in impaired glucose uptake and utilization. Insulin resistance arises from genetic and environmental factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, aging, and chronic inflammation. The inadequate insulin secretion in T2DM results from a progressive decline in the function of pancreatic beta cells, which are responsible for producing and releasing insulin in response to glucose. Chronic exposure to high levels of glucose, free fatty acids, and other metabolic stressors can lead to beta cell dysfunction and, ultimately, cell death, reducing the ability of the pancreas to produce and secrete insulin.
In addition to insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, T2DM is associated with abnormalities in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. In T2DM, glucose production by the liver is increased, leading to elevated fasting glucose levels, while glucose uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues are impaired, contributing to postprandial hyperglycemia (Liu et al., 2015). Dyslipidemia is also common in T2DM, with elevated levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Chronic inflammation is also a feature of T2DM, with high levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, contributing to insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction.
Epidemiology
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a global health problem affecting millions worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 422 million persons had diabetes in 2014, and that number is anticipated to increase to 642 million by the year 2040. (Patel et al., 2015). The frequency of T2DM varies greatly amongst populations and nations, with low- and middle-income nations having the greatest rates. T2DM affects more than 25% of the adults in the United States in some places, including Pacific Island nations. However, in some regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa, the majority is significantly lower but growing quickly (Patel et al., 2015). Specific populations are also at higher risk for T2DM, including those with a family history of diabetes, those who are overweight or obese, those who are physically inactive, and those with specific ethnic backgrounds, such as South Asian, African, and Hispanic populations.
T2DM is also associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, and amputation. In 2016, diabetes was estimated to have caused 1.6 million deaths worldwide, with over 75% occurring in low- and middle-income countries (Patel et al., 2015). In addition to its human toll, T2DM has a significant economic impact, with direct and indirect costs estimated to be in the hundreds of billions globally (Patel et al., 2015). These costs include expenses related to diabetes management, such as medications, monitoring, and hospitalization, as well as lost productivity due to disability and premature death.
Cultural Issues
Cultural beliefs play an essential role in type 2 diabetes self-management and treatments. They understand a persons culture, including the part of a family, medication beliefs, social norms, and dietary habits. Issues with diabetes include understanding and addressing barriers to research, such as analyzing the impact of patents on genes related to diabetes or statutes that restrict certain types of new diabetes-related technologies through government approval (Hayward et al., 2005). Understanding cultural beliefs about diabetes is vital to helping people understand and manage their illnesses. Therefore, if a healthcare provider understands a persons culture to anticipate the proper outcome of the patients medical care and their ability to understand, manage, and cope with the course of an illness.
The meaning of a diagnosis and the consequences of medical treatment will dictate the outcome of a patients health. British South Asians, especially the older first generation, believe God controls their diabetes. Medical groups take different medical approaches regarding the diverse cultural and ethical aspects of type 2 diabetes, depending on the specific culture or moral belief (Hayward et al., 2005). Doctors, nurses, and medical personnel distinguish between what is considered right or wrong at a given time in a given culture.
Medical ethics are concerned obligations of doctors and the healthcare team of professionals in a hospital or medical setting to the patient. Their perceptions of illness and death, beliefs about causes of disease, approaches to care, how illness and pain are faced and expressed, where patients seek help, and the types of treatment they prefer. To help people get diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, knowing their cultural beliefs about the disease is essential to teaching and educating them in their language and culture (Hayward et al., 2005). They must be educated on how to monitor blood glucose levels, the diet to follow, and the routine of exercising like seven days a week; introduce drugs that can range from pills of injectable insulin that will help them to improve the disease by incorporating cultural health beliefs. Sickness is perceived differently depending on cultural beliefs.
Another cultural issue that relates to type 2 diabetes is the role of food and diet. Certain cultures may have traditional foods high in fat, sugar, and salt, which can contribute to weight gain and increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, cultural traditions around food can also be an asset in promoting healthy eating habits (Dadbinpour et al., 2013). Healthcare providers can work with patients to identify culturally appropriate foods and recipes that are healthy and diabetes-friendly. Additionally, the perception of disease and illness can impact its diagnosis and treatment. In some cultures, diabetes may be seen as a punishment or a result of personal weakness or failure. This can lead to shame or guilt and may prevent individuals from seeking medical care or adhering to treatment regimens. Healthcare providers can address these cultural beliefs by emphasizing the role of genetics and environmental factors in developing type 2 diabetes and the importance of self-care and adherence to treatment.
Cultural issues can also affect the communication between healthcare providers and patients. Language barriers, cultural differences in nonverbal communication, and limited health literacy can all contribute to misunderstandings and barriers to care. Healthcare providers can address these issues by using trained interpreters, providing patient education materials in multiple languages, and using plain language and visual aids to explain medical concepts. Moreover, these concerns can affect the access to and availability of healthcare resources to prevent and manage type 2 diabetes (Dadbinpour et al., 2013). In some cultures, there may be stigmas or taboos around certain health conditions, preventing individuals from seeking care or disclosing their diabetes status to others. Additionally, cultural differences in healthcare practices and beliefs may affect the treatments and interventions available or acceptable to patients. Healthcare providers can address these issues by working with community leaders and organizations to promote diabetes awareness and education and tailoring care plans to meet patients cultural needs and preferences.
Ethical Issues
Disease Management Approach
Additionally, doctors face in managing T2DM is whether to start costly and intensive therapy with expensive human insulin to prevent future complications or to continue traditional treatment, which could lead to early complications. The use of human insulin therapy is more costly than conventional therapy, which may not be affordable for some patients. Doctors must balance the potential benefits of intensive therapy with the cost of treatment and the patients ability to pay for it (Sridhar & Madhu, 2002). Another ethical issue is the potential harm from starting intensive therapy too late, which may lead to irreversible complications, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, or blindness. This can be a difficult decision for doctors, who must weigh the risks and benefits of intensive therapy and consider the patients quality of life, financial situation, and potential for adverse effects from the treatment (Sridhar & Madhu, 2002). Additionally, doctors must also consider the impact of their decisions on the patients autonomy and informed consent. Patients have the right to decide about their care, and doctors must provide sufficient information to make informed decisions.
Access to Care
Access to care is a significant ethical issue in managing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), particularly in low- and middle-income countries where resources for diabetes prevention and treatment are often limited. The World Health Organization estimates that more than 80% of deaths from diabetes occur in low- and middle-income countries, highlighting the need to address this issue (Sridhar & Madhu, 2002). The lack of access to care is compounded by the fact that T2DM disproportionately affects vulnerable and marginalized populations, including those living in poverty, ethnic and racial minorities, and those with limited healthcare services. This results in a significant disparity in diabetes prevention and treatment, with those most in need having the least access to care.
Addressing the issue of access to care requires a commitment to universal healthcare coverage and increasing access to diabetes prevention and treatment services for all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status. This includes focusing on community-based care models to deliver diabetes prevention and treatment services to underserved populations (Reasner & Defronzo, 2001). It also requires the development of sustainable healthcare financing models to ensure high-quality diabetes prevention and treatment services in low- and middle-income countries. These efforts will require significant investments in healthcare infrastructure, workforce development, technology, and partnerships between governments, the private sector, and civil society organizations. Addressing access to care is not only a moral imperative but also a public health necessity, as effective diabetes prevention and treatment can help reduce the diseases burden and improve health outcomes for individuals and communities.
Informed Consent
Informed consent is a critical ethical issue in managing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Patients with T2DM must be fully informed about their condition and treatment options to make informed decisions about their care. This includes providing patients with accurate and understandable information about the risks and benefits of various interventions, including lifestyle changes, medication, and surgery (Ahumada-Canale et al., 2019). Healthcare providers must ensure that patients have the necessary knowledge and skills to manage their condition effectively and are fully aware of the potential consequences of their decisions.
Informed consent is essential in T2DM research, including clinical trials of new diabetes treatments. Patients must clearly understand the purpose of the study, the potential risks and benefits, and their rights as research participants. Researchers must ensure that patients are not coerced or unduly influenced to participate in the research and that patients have the option to withdraw from the study at any time (Ahumada-Canale et al., 2019). Informed consent also requires ensuring that patients are fully aware of the implications of the research results, including any potential impact on their health outcomes.
Addressing issues related to informed consent requires clear communication between healthcare providers and patients, including ensuring patients have access to information in a language and format they can understand. This includes providing information in plain language and ensuring patients can access interpretation services if needed (Ahumada-Canale et al., 2019). Healthcare providers must also ensure that patients have the necessary knowledge and skills to manage their condition effectively and are fully aware of the potential consequences of their decisions. Addressing these issues is critical to ensuring that patients with T2DM receive the care they need to manage their condition effectively and improve their health outcomes.
Privacy and Confidentiality
Patients with T2DM must share sensitive personal information with healthcare providers, including medical history, blood sugar levels, and treatment plans. This information is critical to effectively managing T2DM, but it also requires high confidentiality to protect patient privacy (Ahumada-Canale et al., 2019). Patients must be confident that their health information will be kept confidential and used only for their care. Maintaining patient privacy and confidentiality requires adherence to strict data privacy and protection policies. This includes measures such as encryption of electronic health records, secure storage of physical health records, and ensuring that only authorized individuals have access to patient health information (Ahumada-Canale et al., 2019). Healthcare providers must also ensure that patients are aware of their rights related to their health information and how their data will be used. This includes obtaining patient consent for collecting, using, and disclosing their health information and providing patients with access to their health records.
In addition to ensuring patient privacy and confidentiality, healthcare providers must also navigate the tension between privacy and public health. In some cases, public health considerations may require the disclosure of patient health information to public health authorities, such as in the case of a disease outbreak (Ahumada-Canale et al., 2019). Healthcare providers must carefully balance these competing concerns and ensure that patient health information is disclosed following relevant laws and regulations and with the patients consent whenever possible. By maintaining strict data privacy and protection policies and balancing the need for privacy with public health concerns, healthcare providers can ensure that patients with T2DM receive high-quality care while protecting their privacy rights.
Equity
Despite advances in diabetes prevention and treatment, there are significant disparities in access to care, quality of care, and health outcomes for individuals with T2DM, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and marginalized populations. These disparities are often related to social determinants of health, including poverty, racism, and lack of access to education and healthcare services (Marceau et al., 2021). Addressing these disparities requires a commitment to social justice and ensuring all individuals have access to high-quality diabetes prevention and treatment services, regardless of socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, or other demographic factors.
One of the significant ethical challenges related to equity in T2DM management is ensuring that all individuals have access to diabetes prevention and treatment services. This includes addressing disparities in access to healthcare services and resources, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where resources for diabetes prevention and treatment are often limited. It also includes addressing disparities in access to information and education about T2DM prevention and management, particularly in marginalized communities with limited health information and resources (Marceau et al., 2021). Addressing these disparities requires a commitment to universal healthcare coverage and increasing access to diabetes prevention and treatment services for all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status or other demographic factors.
Another ethical issue related to equity in T2DM management is ensuring that all individuals have access to high-quality diabetes prevention and treatment services. This includes addressing disparities in the quality of care received by individuals with T2DM, particularly in marginalized communities with limited access to healthcare services or lower-quality healthcare services (Lundqvist et al., 2014). It also includes addressing disparities in health outcomes related to T2DM, such as complications and mortality rates, particularly in vulnerable and marginalized populations. Addressing these disparities requires a commitment to improving the quality of care delivered to individuals with T2DM, ensuring that healthcare providers have the necessary training and resources to provide high-quality care.
Economic Issue
Cost of Treatment
The cost of treating Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most significant economic issues associated with the condition. T2DM is a chronic disease that requires ongoing management, including regular medical check-ups, lifestyle modifications, and medications. The cost of these treatments can be substantial and a significant burden for individuals with T2DM, particularly those in low-income households (Lundqvist et al., 2014). The cost of diabetes medications and supplies, including insulin, blood glucose meters, test strips, and lancets, can be prohibitively expensive for some individuals, resulting in reduced access to care and poor health outcomes.
In addition to the direct costs of diabetes treatment, the condition is also associated with indirect costs, such as lost productivity and reduced economic opportunities. People with T2DM may need time off work to attend medical appointments or manage their symptoms, leading to reduced productivity and lost income (Basu & Sharma, 2018). The financial burden of diabetes can also result in reduced economic opportunities, particularly for people in low-income households who may not have the financial resources to invest in education and training or start their businesses. As a result, T2DM can exacerbate economic inequality, making it more challenging for people to break out of the cycle of poverty and achieve financial independence.
Reduced Productivity
Reduced productivity is a significant economic issue related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that can have many consequences for individuals, employers, and the economy. T2DM is associated with complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease, which can impact an individuals ability to work and reduce productivity (Basu & Sharma, 2018). Neuropathy can cause numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet, making it difficult to perform tasks requiring fine motor skills (Harrison et al., 2003). Retinopathy can cause vision loss, making it difficult to read or perform tasks requiring visual acuity. Cardiovascular disease can cause fatigue and shortness of breath, limiting an individuals ability to perform physical tasks.
Reduced productivity can have significant economic consequences for individuals and employers. Individuals with T2DM may need to take time off work for medical appointments or to manage their symptoms. Employers may need to make accommodations for employees with T2DM, such as providing flexible work hours or modifying job duties, which can result in increased costs and reduced productivity (Haga, 2009). Reduced productivity can also impact the economy as a whole, leading to reduced economic growth and increased economic inequality.
Increased Health Costs
T2DM is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and treatment. The cost of treatment for individuals with T2DM can be a significant financial burden, particularly for those in low-income households. Additionally, with blood glucose monitoring supplies, and medical appointments, T2DM is associated with a range of complications that require medical intervention, such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, and kidney disease (Haga, 2009). These complications can increase healthcare costs significantly, particularly in the long term. For example, individuals with T2DM are more likely to require hospitalization, which can be expensive and result in lost income for the individual and their family.
Moreover, healthcare systems face increased healthcare costs due to the rising prevalence of T2DM. In many countries, T2DM is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and healthcare systems are struggling to cope with the demand for diabetes prevention and treatment services. The cost of managing diabetes and its associated complications significantly strains healthcare systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where resources are limited (Patel et al., 2015). As a result, governments and healthcare providers are faced with the challenge of providing high-quality diabetes prevention and treatment services while also managing the associated costs. This requires a multi-pronged approach that addresses the direct costs of T2DM management and the underlying socioeconomic factors contributing to the diseases development and progression.
Economic Burden on Healthcare Systems
The increasing prevalence of T2DM globally has significantly strained healthcare systems, resulting in an economic burden. The rising number of individuals with T2DM puts pressure on healthcare facilities, leading to overcrowding, longer wait times, and increased demand for services. This expanded demand results in the need for additional resources, such as personnel, equipment, and infrastructure, which can be costly for healthcare systems (Patel et al., 2015). Moreover, managing T2DM involves various services requiring significant resources, including medical consultations, diagnostic tests, medications, and specialist care.
The economic burden on healthcare systems is also evident in the long-term costs of managing T2DM complications. For example, diabetes-related complications, such as kidney disease, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease, require ongoing management and can result in costly medical procedures, including dialysis, transplantations, and surgeries (Harrison et al., 2003). The high costs of treating these complications can significantly burden healthcare systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where resources are often limited (Patel et al., 2015). In addition, the burden of T2DM extends beyond the healthcare system, impacting individuals, families, and communities. Thus, it is crucial to develop strategies that address the economic burden of T2DM on healthcare systems and society.
Inequitable Access to Care
Inequitable access to care is a significant economic issue related to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) that affects many individuals in low-income households and marginalized populations. This issue can result in reduced access to necessary medications, medical care, and diabetes prevention services, leading to poor health outcomes and increased healthcare costs in the long term (Patel et al., 2015). There are various reasons for inequitable access to care, including socioeconomic factors, cultural beliefs, and systemic barriers to healthcare services.
Socioeconomic factors, such as poverty and low educational attainment, can limit access to healthcare services, including diabetes prevention and treatment services. Individuals from low-income households may lack the financial resources to pay for medical care and diabetes medications, resulting in reduced access to necessary care (Patel et al., 2015). Additionally, individuals with low levels of education may lack the knowledge and skills required to manage their diabetes effectively, leading to poor health outcomes and increased healthcare costs.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Summary
Type 2 diabetes is a severe global health problem that requires a multidisciplinary approach to prevent and manage. The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and abnormal glucose metabolism, leading to high blood glucose levels and various complications. The essay has explored the analytical, cultural, ethical, and economic issues related to type 2 diabetes. Analytically, the paper has examined the diseases underlying mechanisms and risk factors. Culturally, the essay has highlighted the impact of cultural beliefs, norms, and practices on diabetes management. Ethically, the essay has considered the ethical implications of diabetes management, emphasizing the importance of informed consent, patient autonomy, and cultural diversity in treatment decision-making. Economically, the essay has discussed the economic burden of diabetes, including the cost of management and the impact on healthcare systems and productivity.
Recommendations
In light of the analytical, cultural, ethical, and economic issues related to type 2 diabetes, it is imperative to take a multidisciplinary approach to prevention, management, and treatment. To start, healthcare providers should prioritize education and prevention efforts, including public health campaigns that promote healthy lifestyles and early screening and detection of the disease. This can be achieved through collaborations between healthcare providers, public health professionals, community organizations, and policymakers. In addition, healthcare providers should tailor treatment plans to individual patients needs and cultural backgrounds, considering factors such as medication beliefs, social norms, and dietary habits. This requires a patient-centered approach that respects patients autonomy, promotes shared decision-making, and emphasizes the importance of informed consent. Healthcare providers should also prioritize equity in access to care, ensuring all patients have equal access to quality care regardless of their socioeconomic status or geographic location.
Liu, X.-ming, Liu, Y.-jian, Zhan, J., & He, Q.-qiang. (2015). Overweight, obesity and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Epidemiology, 30(1), 3545. Web.
Reasner, C. A., & Defronzo, R. A. (2001). Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A rational approach based on its pathophysiology. American Family Physician, 63(9), 1687-8, 1691-2, 1694. Web.
Older adults lives can be more in need of adaptable, well-designed infrastructure in their local communities for comfortable living. The current assessment will analyze the present neighborhood and evaluate its characteristics based on older residents lifestyles and needs. Such parameters as accessibility, safety, the opportunity to live independently, and entertainment facility variety and availability will be assessed. The condition of these elements will be further analyzed by their practical implications for older adults mental and physical health.
Accessibility
Older adults comfort and wellness heavily depend on the neighborhoods characteristics. As more older people tend to live alone or without all-time available to help younger family members, supporting a contented way of living becomes more difficult (Gillick, 2020). Every-day activities and needs might not be age-friendly, complicating older adults lifestyles. The present community under assessment can be considered to fulfill most of those requirements: all of the commonly-visited destinations are present in the neighborhood, and most are within walkable distance or accessible transportation. The local area can be traversed with the help of well-paved, not highly elevated, sidewalks during warm seasons (Sidewalks, 2016); however, walking can be a risk in winter due to poorly-managed ice buildup (Wang, 2022). Due to this, even such short walks to significantly important places as the hospital or dentist can prove to be challenging or even result in serious injury.
Independence
Being independent in movement and accessibility is an essential factor in older adults lives. Maintaining a daily routine or a house alone can become more difficult the older the person gets (Gillick, 2020). In such cases, the present neighborhood can be considered suitable for an independent lifestyle. The nearby pharmacy and the grocery store offer delivery services, which are useful when a person is unable to travel. An older adult may also request assistance from housecleaning or mowing offices, providing excellent help with maintaining a house. However, the neighborhood is not age-friendly to people with pets since the nearest dog park is not within walkable distance, and pet supplies do not offer delivery.
Safety
Safety is an essential characteristic of a local community that needs to be present for anyones comfortable living. However, unlike other demographic groups, older adults safety includes not only crime and emergency but injury probability as well (Gillick, 2020). As stated above, the presently assessed neighborhood is suitable for safe walking during warm seasons; the abundance and low elevation of sidewalks create a risk-free environment. During winter, the lack of a proper drainage system results in a much less safe ability to walk (Wang, 2022). Denvers crime rates are generally low, excluding property rate of 23.3 and car theft of 8.3 crimes per 1,000 residents (The Denver Post, n.d.). These offenses are the highest among others, and they can be considered the most dangerous for older adults since they spend more time at home and are likely to get injured. In case of such emergencies, police may take a longer time to arrive since the closest police station is 5.6 miles away. However, the fire station and EMT are near, within 0.6 and 1.7 miles. As such, the neighborhood may not be very safe for older adults.
Entertainment
Entertainment is a crucial element affecting the quality of life, especially of older adults. The present community offers only two leisure facilities for older citizens. The senior center, where visitors can dine, golf, or dance, is located 3.3 miles away, which is not a walkable reach; however, the system of public transportation provides a sufficient opportunity to traverse the distance. Excluding the center, the only other entertainment an older adult might indulge in is walking the dog in the nearest dog park, which is not close enough for walking, being located 2.7 miles away. Seniors that do not own a pet are not offered an adequate variety of leisure activities in the community.
Physical and Mental Health Implications
Based on the characteristics listed above, the present neighborhood can be assessed in the way it affects the mental and physical health of local older adults. Han et al. (2018) state that crime rates, perceived safety, and park availability significantly affect residents mental health. Since the assessed communitys crime rates are higher among offenses relevant to older adults, and no parks are located within walkable distance, local seniors may develop signs of depression and anxiety. On the contrary, the neighborhoods overall attributes may contribute to healthier aging. According to Cerin et al. (2018), both public transportation and pedestrian infrastructure positively impact the residents well-being. Since these environmental attributes are available in the local community, alongside accessible various medical facilities, older adults may notice a significant improvement in health-related issues. However, winter season risk of injury, park and entertainment availability, and overall safety are in need of addressing.
Conclusion
The current assessment analyzed the present community to support comfortable and healthy living for older adults. As a result, several major beneficial and disadvantageous elements were identified. The neighborhood is mostly accessible to older residents and provides an opportunity for an independent lonely life. The pedestrian-friendly local infrastructure can contribute to the citizens physical health. However, the area is not entirely safe for older adults due to the crime rates and high risk of injury during cold seasons. A lack of a sensible variety of entertainment and park availability, together with safety issues, may negatively affect the older residents mental health.
References
Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Barnett, A., Cain, K. L., Owen, N.,& & Sallis, J. F. (2018). Objectively-assessed neighborhood destination accessibility and physical activity in adults from 10 countries: An analysis of moderators and perceptions as mediators. Social Science & Medicine, 211, 282-293.
Gillick, M. R. (2020). The caregivers encyclopedia: A compassionate guide to caring for older adults. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Han, B., Cohen, D. A., Derose, K. P., Li, J., & Williamson, S. (2018). Violent crime and park use in low-income urban neighborhoods. American journal of preventive medicine, 54(3), 352-358.