Negligence is an important part of most personal injury lawsuits, where an injury results from another persons recklessness. It is defined as failing to maintain a reasonable standard of care that endangers another person. The basic defenses against negligence are contributory, comparative, and assumption of risk. For instance, contributory negligence occurs where both complainant and defendant are held liable for the cause of injury. The main damages against negligence are nominal, compensatory damages, and punitive damages. Therefore, this paper will explain the defenses and damages against negligence and how loco parentis plays a role in post-secondary and K-12 education tort cases.
The Types of Damages and Defenses Against Negligence: the Defenses Against Negligence
Contributory negligence, comparative negligence, and assumption of risk are the three basic defenses against negligence. Contributory negligence arises when a complainant fails to exercise reasonable safeguards, which, when combined with the defendants negligence, causes the complainant to sustain injuries (Goudkamp & Nolan, 2019). In this instance, it is assumed that if the plaintiff had not been careless, the injuries would not have occurred. Comparative negligence reduces a complainants reimbursement by the degree of blame they bear for the occurrence that resulted in the injuries (Levmore, 2019). It impedes the defendant from being exonerated just because the plaintiff similarly failed to exercise due care. The assumption of risk refers to a circumstance in which the plaintiff assumes the risk if they willingly entered a dangerous position while fully aware of the risks involved (Best et al., 2018). The three negligence defenses describe different circumstances of action against negligence.
The Damages Against Negligence
The major damages against negligence are nominal, compensatory, and punitive damages. Nominal are damages awarded to a plaintiff when the court determines that the plaintiff experienced a legal violation but suffered no actual pecuniary loss (Best et al., 2018). Such events, however, are uncommon because negligence cases frequently require proof of injury. Compensatory are monetary awards made to a plaintiff to repay for damages, injuries, or other losses incurred (Votruba, 2019). It is awarded in civil court cases if a loss occurred as a result of another partys negligence or criminal activity. Punitive are given if the defendants actions are proved to be reckless. This means that the defendant completely disregarded another persons safety (Murphy, 2019). Thus, the mentioned damages for negligence are court-ordered compensation for personal injuries and linked expenses.
The other damages against negligence can also be divided into economic and non-economic damages. To begin with, a complainant is granted economic damage to compensate them for the financial losses incurred as a result of their injury (Kuttenkuler, 2020). The purpose of economic reparations is to alleviate some or all of the plaintiffs financial burden. They are estimated based on the current fair market value at the time of the incident. It includes lost wages, medical bills, rehabilitation costs, and costs associated with specific house construction projects if the individuals demands need them (Levmore, 2019). Noneconomic damages are difficult to quantify because they can entail general pain and suffering (Kuttenkuler, 2020). These losses are less tangible than economic losses. Future losses will be incurred as a result of the loss of income and any future medical care that may be required. Therefore, the damages to negligence are economic and non-economic.
Role of In Loco Parentis in Tort Cases, Post-Secondary Education and K-12 Schools
In loco parentis is the act of standing in to care for a child in the absence of a parent. When a child is entrusted with an educational institutions care, the educator acts as the parent. In addition, as an acting parent in schools, educators are responsible for whatever happens to the students in their care (James, 2020). In post-secondary schools, loco parentis necessitates the development of a safe learning environment for students as well as the protection of those pupils from foreseeable dangers to their safety. Post-secondary schools are required to enforce a standard of care by informing and reminding students of morals and behavior. In K-12 schools, teachers must act on behalf of the parents to attain their common goal of teaching and to discipline them to the required behavior and performance (James, 2020). In loco parentis enables teachers to instill discipline among students.
Conclusion
Negligence is a key component of most personal injury claims that occur as a result of another persons recklessness. It is the most common type of tort that arises when an individual fails to act carefully. Contributory, comparative, and assumption of risk negligence are the most common defenses to carelessness. Contributory negligence, for instance, happens when both the complainant and the defendant are held accountable. Nominal damages, compensatory damages, and punitive damages are the most common types of damages in cases of carelessness. A breach of in loco parentis is a form of negligence usually reported in learning institutions where parents donate part of their responsibilities to educators. Therefore, it is important to act with caution to avoid lawsuits and damages that come with negligence.
References
Best, A., Barnes, D. W., & Kahn-Fogel, N. (2018). Basic tort law: Cases, statutes, and problems (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
Goudkamp, J., & Nolan, D. (2019). Contributory negligence in the twenty-first century. Oxford University Press.
James, B. (2020). Restorative justice liability: School discipline reform and the right to safe schools: Part III: External reforms and the duty to protect. University of Memphis Law Review, 51, 613.
Kuttenkuler, J. (2020). No pay no play: Not okay? Analyzing the constitutionality of Missouris no pay no play statute following Jiles v. Schuster Co. Business, Entrepreneurship & Tax Law Review, 4, 316.
Levmore, S. (2019). Richard Posner, the decline of the common law, and the negligence principle. The University of Chicago Law Review, 86, 1137-1156.
Murphy, J. (2019). Contemporary Tort Theory and Tort Laws Evolution. Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, 32(2), 413-442.
Votruba, A. M. (2019). Dividing responsibility: The role of the psychology of attribution. DePaul Law Review, 69, 721.
Policy-making is an essential factor that directly correlates with the state of the healthcare industry, the well-being of the population, and the work environment for medical personnel. Namely, Registered Nurses (RNs) and Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) are not only affected by the policies that are being implemented but also can participate in the decisions that will later be integrated into the system. However, while such implications are useful not only for the patients but the nurses themselves, low participation can cause adverse outcomes such as ineffective interventions and strategies that are unfit for the medical environment. In this paper, two opportunities for participation will be exemplified, namely, contacting local authorities and expressing evidence-based opinions and joining a professional association or board.
As exemplified prior, impacting local policy-making may be obtained by contacting local authorities in regards to a proposal. Thus, the nurses may disagree with a policy that has been shown to correlate with negative effects. As a result, local authorities are to be informed in order for the policy to be altered. An example is the Affordable Insulin Now Act, which implies a reduction in out-of-pocket costs for insulin (2022). Nurses working with patients diagnosed with diabetes are well-aware of how high prices on life-and-death medication can negatively impact health plan adherence, which is why they can suggest implementing an act addressing the issue. A limitation can be the authorities disregard of such recommendations, which can be mitigated through cooperation with significant nursing associations and organizations. Another strategy is joining such associations and boards since the boards directly govern policies while the associations suggest policies. As a result, both entities promote nurse participation in policy-making. However, joining such organizations may require extensive effort and time resources, which are limited for a lot of RNs and APRNs. In order for the challenge to be minimized, leaders are to encourage such aspirations. Thus, team leaders may suggest enrolling in associations and boards as it correlates with positive effects.
Two strategies can be implemented to advocate for nurses opportunities to participate in policy-making decisions. Namely, policy-making is to be addressed when nurses are in the process of receiving an education. Researchers point out that educating nurses on how to approach such concepts is essential during academic programs (Lewinski & Simmons, 2018). In order for opportunities to be advocated upon, it is crucial to adhere to nurse educators. The second strategy correlates with the work environment itself, as it is one of the main disruptors when it comes to low nurse participation (Hajizadeh et al., 2021). It is vital to inform leaders on the importance of encouraging nurses to partake in policy-making processes both locally and on a federal level. Thus, leaders are to provide workers with resources on who to contact in case implementation is to be addressed, how to join nursing associations and boards, and similar concepts.
Encouraging nurses to be active when it comes to health-related policies can drastically improve work environments. Thus, the solutions have to do with encouragement on an educational and organizational level. Educators will highlight the nuances of policy in nursing and provide the needed information on how to approach such issues and the essential role of nurses in terms of implementation. The second solution refers to the team leaders who are to offer guidance, support, and recommendations on writing official letters, joining boards and associations, and participating in state and federal policy-making processes. For example, a leader signing a letter written by the nursing team to the local authorities on the need for work hour reduction is more likely to be considered when policies are being established.
As in the US, 80 more classes of over-the-counter (OTC) medication are raged as weight loss products from medicines (Will et al.,2019). These medications are most effective for public treatment without the consolidation of health professionals. Most OTC is classified as pain relievers, antihistamines, and cough suppressants. However, they are on the shelves of pharmacies organized on the various symptoms they treat due to the illness experience.
Most of the OTC drugs are prescribed to have undergone the over-the-counter switch. They are also named the Rx-to-OTC. Therefore, they were said to be previously available sometime before with a prescription. However, as of now, they can only be bought or sold as nonprescribed products. As an example, stomach acid blockers and proton pump inhibitors are said to can both treat heartburn. In addition, they were used to make Rx-to OTC switches (Marathe et al.,2020). Many pharmacies in the US have increased the availability of emergency contraceptive pills on their age-restricted shelves.
OTC drugs also contain classes on which the medications are classified and are more restricted. Most OTC, as the pharmacists consider them, are likely found behind the counter due to their age restrictions. Some products, however, require unique identification with a signature as they are highly abused, for example, pseudoephedrine (Wang et al.,2022). Naloxone is said to reverse depression in breathing and sedation when opioids overdose; therefore, it is classified as a life-saving drug.
Even though prescriptions are not required, these drugs can also carry risks. Most risks are said to be experienced when drugs are excessively used. Consumers, therefore, are advised to consult their clini8cal officers before consuming the drug. Drug labels should be read keenly to avoid misunderstanding. On the other hand, pregnant women are advised to consult their clinicians before medicating. However, anatomy and physiology are compromised by many layers combined by Saladin to help students manage the introductory course (Kenneth, 2020). In conclusion, drug usage in the workplace has reduced productivity, thus affecting evolution criteria.
References
Kenneth, S. S. (2020). Anatomy & physiology: The unity of form and function. McGraw Hill.
Marathe, P. A., Kamat, S. K., Tripathi, R. K., Raut, S. B., & Khatri, N. P. (2020). Over-the-counter medicines: Global perspective and Indian scenario. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 66(1), 28.
Wang, G., Bai, X., Chen, X., Ren, Y., & Han, J. (2022). Development of a Genus-Universal Nucleotide Signature for the Identification and Supervision of Ephedra-Containing Products. Molecules, 27(7), 2342.
Will, Y., Shields, J. E., & Wallace, K. B. (2019). Drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity in the geriatric population: challenges and future directions. Biology, 8(2), 32.
Significance of Clients History of Marfan Syndrome
Marfan syndrome is genetically transmitted from one person to another, although a small percentage of people get it through gene mutation and not heredity. Symptoms usually vary and may affect several body parts, including arms and fingers, heart, and lungs. Thus, taking the clients history of Marfan Syndrome allows physicians to determine the cause whether genetic or mutational (Carteron, 2017). The past recording also provides data regarding the patients unique signs as they vary from one person to another. The details can then inform the Licensed Practicing Nurse (LPN) on appropriate treatment approaches.
Vital Signs of Marfan Syndrome and Reason
The LPN should report the lower back pain as it is persistent and could indicate more internal structures complications as symptoms of the illness. Blood pressure of 174/90 is also very high and should be immediately reported for appropriate services to lower it. Monitoring of the heart rate can prevent heart and aorta issues that can block blood flow. The nurse should inform the pulsatile mass in the mans abdomen. The symptom would indicate internal organ damage that may need emergency treatment.
Significance of Pulsatile Mass
The pulsation mass is an indicator of the condition of adjacent organs. Hence, the lump can be an essential symptom for the affected body organs (Carteron, 2017). LPB can diagnose the bump physically or interview the client about his condition. The details can further information on appropriate interventions to manage the situation. Treatment approaches can focus on options to decrease potential damage to the affected organ.
The Purpose of IVs and Bot IV Fluids
IVs were used to lower pressure on the heart and blood vessels by blocking some hormones such as adrenaline in the nervous system. The hormones are also responsible for increased blood pressure. High blood pressure would be an indication of released adrenaline in preparation for exertion.
The Resolution of Lowering Blood Pressure
Lowering the blood pressure prevents damage to the blood vessels and heart, which can be life-threatening. Lowering blood pressure can also allow the nurses to rule out other conditions causing the infection. BP is also considered a vital emergency sign as it involves the hearts activities.
Contraception is an important part of the life of any modern woman. In 2013 88% of sexually active women reported using at least one contraceptive method (Teal & Edelman, 2021). The use of oral contraceptives and long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods account for more than 23% together (Kavanaugh & Jerman, 2018). In the last two decades, there has been an upward trend in the use of LARC, including intrauterine devices (IUDs) (Kavanaugh & Jerman, 2018). This is, on the one hand, due to the development and improvement of LARC technologies, and on the other hand, due to the growing concern of women about the health impact of oral contraceptives.
Unfortunately, at present, female contraceptive methods have several side effects, including the development of a tendency to thrombosis and the appearance of blood clots. Therefore, doctors constantly monitor the statistics of the occurrence of adverse effects and strive to develop more reliable and safe methods of contraception. This work aims to study the relationship between the practice of contraception and the occurrence of blood clots. The main issue is to estimate if healthy women aged 25-40 who use oral contraceptive pills have a greater risk of thrombosis versus women who use IUDs for contraception within a 5-year span.
Background of the Studies
Articles Contraception selection, effectiveness, and adverse effects 2021 and Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of combined oral contraceptives on the risk of venous thromboembolism 2018 were used for this paper. Both of these articles are a meta-analysis of the relationship between oral contraceptives and thrombosis, based on a large amount of research on this topic. These papers analyze about a hundred studies on female contraception published in the last 20 years.
These studies examined the effect of contraceptives on healthy women who do not have concomitant diseases. The review included studies of various durations, including observations for 5-7 years, which is the period of interest. However, the articles do not offer clear information about the age category of the women on whom the study was conducted. The reports provide information about adolescents and women under 21 separately, concentrating on women from 21 and older (Teal & Edelman, 2021; Oedingen et al., 2018). The upper age limit of the studied women is 50 years old (Teal & Edelman, 2021; Oedingen et al., 2018). Thus, the age range of the studied women is broader than in this work.
Article Contraception selection, effectiveness, and adverse effects describes the difference in the effect of oral contraceptives (COCs) and hormonal and non-hormonal LARS on thrombosis. This comparison is important for the purpose of this study to identify a safer method of contraception. These data can help a nursing practice provide the patient with a total amount of information, familiarize him with the risks and monitor his condition and indicators associated with the harmful effects of contraception.
Article Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association of combined oral contraceptives deeply explores and reveals the relationship between the influence of specific female hormones on the development of blood clots. Even when using hormonal COCs, undesirable effects can be reduced by paying attention to the dosage of hormones and knowing the mechanisms of their action. For research, this is important not only from a practical medical point of view but as confirmation of the thesis about higher risks associated with hormonal contraception than with non-hormonal.
Method of the Studies
Both studies are reviews of other studies on the topic but have different selection criteria. In their research, Teal & Edelman included randomized clinical trials, other systematic reviews, and guidelines (Teal & Edelman, 2021). Oedingen et al. (2018) only original studies with a case-control or cohort design were used in the paper. Thus, the second article is based on more reliable primary sources. Meta-analysis and system review benefit is in a large amount of processed data that was collected in different places and over a long period of time. Therefore, there is no question of the reproducibility of the results, as many similar studies are being reviewed. The disadvantages and limitations of this method include the creation of an inaccurate sample, errors and coarsening in the data analysis, the researchers bias, and the lack of detail.
Results of the Studies
Key research findings have shown that there is indeed a strong relationship between progesterone and estrogen-containing contraceptives and an increased risk of thrombosis in healthy women. Oedingen et al. (2018, p.68) concluded that the COC with the lowest possible dose of estrogen, levonorgestrel, and ethinylestradiol should be prescribed to minimize adverse effects associated with blood clots appearance. The Teal & Edelman (2021, p. 2507) study supports these findings, indicating that estrogen-containing contraceptives raise the risk of venous thrombosis from 2 to 10 venous thrombosis per 10000 woman-years to 7 to 10 . Moreover, copper-containing IUDs are a more effective method of contraception than COCs, providing pregnancy rates are 1% per year (Teal & Edelman, 2021). This confirms the original assumption of a higher risk of thrombosis in women who take COCs than those who use IUDs.
Ethical Considerations
A meta-analysis is a type of study that is considered free from ethical issues related to patient interests. The review is carried out at a high level of abstraction and uses other studies in which patients consent to the processing of personal data has already been obtained. However, such scientific work has significant ethical issues with the research attitude. First, researchers must evaluate their sample bias, availability bias, citation bias, etc. Secondly, the authors of such studies can select data that confirm their position that has already been formed without having sufficient data for this.
In both of these articles, the authors address research limitations and point out insufficient data in some cases. For example, Teal & Edelman (2021, p. 2516) admin that the quality of summarised evidence was not evaluated, and some COC benefits were not covered. The authors of the articles drew attention to the detailed description of the sampling criteria for the study. Oedingen et al. (2018) give a detailed list of sample exclusion criteria, including any comorbidities and drugs that may interfere with the analysis. The authors facilitate the work of other researchers by indicating the selection methodology. Additionally, they independently designate parts of the work that require rechecking or additional research.
Conclusion
In this paper, we evaluated two articles investigating the effect of oral contraceptives and IUDs on developing thrombosis in women of reproductive age. The womens age category in the selected articles was broader than in the study but still representative, as healthy women 21-49 years old were selected for analysis. Selected papers support the claim that non-hormonal contraceptives have a significantly lower risk of developing blood clots. Hormone-containing COCs do have a chance of developing thrombosis in young and adult women. Nevertheless, it must be considered that both studies are systematic reviews and meta-analyses, which entails possible limitations.
A healthcare provider needs to know a patients race to avoid medical implications that may occur in certain races. Moreover, learning a patients race prevents interference with cultural traits that may affect the role of a nurse to get accurate information from the patient. In our case, the newly Registered Nurse (RN) has encountered a situation where a patients medical record, the space for racial classification has been left blank. This situation is beyond the nurses control limit, but they have to treat the patient with or without race details. Due to this situation, she is confused about the terms to use while addressing the patient. Looking closely, at the patients appearance, the nurse might assume that he is African American, but she has no idea where his ancestors might have lived. In this case, the nurse might be very careful with their language to address the patient to avoid any conflicts. Assumptions should be avoided in this case since some languages might interfere with the patients responses.
This is a challenging task for the nurse, but they can handle the situation without annoying the patient and gathering information about their race. One of the ways that the nurse can use this is by avoiding assumptions. It is essential for a nurse not to make assumptions about a culture they are not familiar with. In case of assumptions, it might lead to trust breakdown and interfere with treatment acceptance. Since the racing space is blank, the nurse should consider asking a few questions to help understand the patients race. Most people are proud of their cultures, and they are willing to educate others about their practices. The nurse should also use respectful and understandable language to everyone when seeking information. The language barrier is one of the causes of poor treatment and poor choice of language. The nurse might miss so much information because of the assumptions they make. Body language should communicate openness and intent to hear what the patient is saying. Nurses should also practice active listening when gathering information from the patient. This ensures that the patient does not get distracted and gives them the confidence they require to give out information.
Different terminologies are used to best address patients of color. Rather than ignoring race or taking a race-neutral stance, dismantling racism requires an anti-racist approach to every patient (Haeny et al., 2021). The best language to use is a racialized person or group instead of a racial minority, a person of color, or non-white. Racialized group or person term is considered to be respectful and not harsh. When addressing people of color, it should not sound like they are being separated from other citizens. Still, instead, they should be addressed as part of society by using terms that associate with them. In other words, they create the probability of discrimination which might interfere with the ethical way of providing healthcare (Adamson & Smith, 2018). Sometimes it is difficult to make specific addresses, but the terms used should create tension in any situation. Everyone has the right to be addressed appropriately and with respect. Having details on the patients race is very important for a healthcare provider. This information helps nurses identify the specific language they are supposed to use without offending the patient or offending their culture. The interest of a nurse is to ensure that patients are well treated and get back their health. Failure to know the origin might result in conflicts and the inability to offer the intended treatment.
References
Adamson, A. S., & Smith, A. (2018). Machine learning and health care disparities in dermatology. JAMA dermatology, 154(11), 1247-1248.
With the rapid progress of the pandemic and its painfully long staying power, a range of changes have been introduced into the social setting. Among the key requirements reinforced by healthcare services, wearing masks has become by far the most difficult standard to reinforce, mostly due to the negative responses among the U.S. population (Howard et al., 2020). Although having masks mandated as a part of the state regulations might seem slightly drastic and is unlikely to change peoples perceptions, yet it will lead to a shift in behaviors, which is a doubtlessly positive outcome.
A range of measures has been produced to shield people from the pandemic. However, to date, the use of masks remains one of the core strategies for controlling the coronavirus, as the study by Howard et al. (2020) proves. Specifically, the study insists that wearing masks will serve as the means of containing the disease and preventing its spreading to other people, therefore, becoming both the shield for the healthy demographic and the barrier for those who carry the coronavirus. Therefore, there are sufficient reasons to mandate wearing masks.
However, the suggested changes in the state policies are likely to cause discontent in some of the most ardent proponents of rejecting masks. Therefore, to avoid further confrontations between the general public and the state authorities, an active health literacy campaign must be performed. Namely, community members will be provided with the statistical data from trustworthy health organizations regarding the success of fighting the pandemic and controlling its spreading due to wearing masks (Howard et al., 2020). Specifically, the information about the effects that masks have, particularly, their functions as barriers, will have to be provided to convince the target demographic.
It also seems that some groups tend to lean a particular way in regard to the issue of wearing masks. However, it is worth noting that the people that refuse warming masks do not represent a monolithic population, which makes it quite difficult to persuade them to change their behaviors. Specifically, since wearing masks has gradually become not only a health concern but also a political issue, the people that do not support left-leaning populations are likely to refuse to use masks (Taylor & Asmundson, 2021). Likewise, different age groups show a difference in attitudes toward wearing masks, older people being more reluctant to accept them (Howard et al., 2020). Therefore, removing the political component from the issue and providing a mass health literacy campaign will be required to convince the reluctant demographic to use masks.
While some countries seem to have progressed from denying the significance of wearing masks to accepting it, the U.S. is unlikely to undergo the same change naturally. Due to the introduction of the political issue into the discussion, the issue has become inevitably polarized (Taylor & Asmundson, 2021). As a result, an awareness campaign should be seen as an impetus strong enough to launch a series of changes in peoples attitudes and behaviors.
Even though making the requirement of wearing masks a state policy implying repercussions for a failure to comply could be seen as a slight infringement upon the freedoms of the public, making masks mandatory is likely to lead to more people using them. As a result, the extent and rate of the pandemic within the target area will be contained and, possibly, reduced. However, the described change is unlikely to happen to the U.S. in the future without additional interventions. With a policy that will introduce repercussions for failing to wear a mask as the protection against the coronavirus and the means of keeping others safe, the chances for the pandemic to continue will be minimized.
References
Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimal, V., Westhuizeng, M., van der, Delft, A. von, Price, A., Friedman, L., Tang, L. H., Tanbg, V., Watson, G. L., Bax, C. E., Shalikh, R., Questler, F., Hernandez, D., Chu, L. F., Ramirez, C. M., & Rimoin, L. W. (2021). An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(4), 1-12.
The Affordable Care Act, which was adopted back in the 20th century, is one of the leading tools for implementing the concept of accessibility for all people. The work of a nurse is an important component of the healthcare system because it has significant human resources. Additionally, nurses trained for a doctorate have real capabilities to meet the needs of affordable medical care. Currently, the nursing staff is a valuable health resource, especially in volunteer organizations. Through working in free organizations, nurses fully meet the populations needs for effective care. This experience is necessary for their practice if they plan to get a doctorate.
The main problem of medicine and society as a whole is the lack of a doctor responsible for the health of a particular person. People move from one doctor to another throughout their lives: first, a pediatrician observes, then a teenage doctor, then a therapist (Andrew et al., 2018). Moreover, everyone is monitored, as a rule, during illness. Healthy people are of little interest to doctors; everyone treats according to their profile, not always considering concomitant pathology. These problems require improving the provision of primary health care to the population. It is necessary to increase the influence on the activities of the medical sphere and general medical practice for candidates for doctors (Andrew et al., 2018). The effectiveness and quality of the health care system depend on the state of primary health care, especially on the work of nurses.
Nurses are transforming the idea of affordable medical care by reducing the cost of its implementation, improving the quality of services, and removing barriers. Nurses have expanded their influence beyond the patients bed, working in free medical organizations. They translate their practice into political initiatives, preparing themselves for a doctorate. Their work impacts not only organizations but also communities of people. It is time for the nurse to use this opportunity to promote their initiatives and conduct qualitative research focused on the patient.
References
Andrew, W. M., Tadeja, G., & Kenneth, F. (2018). Associations between the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Medicaid primary care payment increase and physician participation in Medicaid. JAMA internal medicine, 178(8), 1042-1048.
The cardiotocography training development project focuses on addressing the major issue in the hospital through the assessment of the problem and determination of a solution. Recently, the clinic received additional new nurses to enhance the pool of employees and boost the operations. However, the managerial team noticed a challenge based on the diversified profile framework for the hospital involving the insufficient interpretation of CTG results by the new nurses. CTG outcome fosters the insight concerning the health of the woman and the fetal growth process. Different ideologies foster the impact of pain amid patients and mainly entail perception. The prominent solution to the excruciation experience among the victims of heart diseases includes the development of psychoeducation self-management skills as an empowerment tool for improving the quality of living. It is a multidimensional phenomenon that integrates certain concepts as a cognitive-behavioral framework and the approach of self-help informational interventions. Therefore, the training program evaluates the needs of the pregnant women, CTG functionality, and the means of improving expertise among nurses in the hospital.
This study involves the quantitative and qualitative analysis of data in a hospital in Saudi Arabia among nurses concerning the optimal utilization of the cardiotocography machine. In this case, the researcher evaluates the variables during the development of a training plan for the nurses. Apart from the assessment, the researcher integrates the trickle-down effect relative to the health index among the infants based on proficient prenatal care.
Background of the Study
Cardiotocography is a practice that highly affects the health index of a mother and the unborn child. It involves measurement of the fetal heart rate in addition to the contractions of the uterus. The initiative fosters a significant monitoring perspective of entities while determining the labor intensity to the woman. One of the key challenges hindering the efficiency among nurses in the hospital includes the misinterpretation of the cardiotocographic results. The problem stems from the essence of diversity among the staff from different countries with dynamic skill set and working cultural background. The main reason enshrines the distinction concerning the professional practice and ideological overview. Visual and computerized analysis stimulates the derivation of crucial information based on the welfare and the effect of certain habits. I will develop a CTG nurses training project for the sufficient observation of the fetal development while in the womb while determining the best birthing strategy. The advancement of computerization in the department demands the acquisition of necessary skill set for the nursing project in utilizing cardiotocography.
Statement of the Problem
The nursing sector received a report from Department of Risk Management articulating that certain issues negatively attribute the utilization of CTG insights. The issue poses the hindrance towards the determination of factors affecting the health index among the women and fetus. One of the major challenges among medical practitioners involves the insufficient supply of expertise in the maternal department (Sowmya et al., 2013). The electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation is an essential factor during prenatal care due to the provision of insights to integrate during the birth process and monitoring high risk of pregnancy. Discerning the CTG performance outlier contributes in the intensification of big data for in-depth evaluation of pregnant women. It is crucial to evaluate the major problem of misinterpretation of CTG outcomes due to the new practitioners from different countries and practicing distinct philosophical constructs. As a result, women encounter complications from the untimely manner among the professionals in performing an informed service delivery aspect.
Research Questions
What are the key indicators of the maternal health index?
What is the necessary skill set for nurses while handling pregnancy-based issues?
What is the appropriate intervention program towards promoting training and development among the medical practitioners regarding antenatal care?
Description of the Training Development Project
The training project engulfs empowering the nurses with proficient skillset regarding the operability of CTG. It is an initiative that enhances the adoption of healthy practices between the personnel while intensifying the pool of knowledge. It is crucial to establish the key variables involving the cardiotocography to elevate the interdependent relationship. The derived insights further establish the significant gaps in the field that affect the service delivery system and the solution towards integrating technology with profound perspectives.
Significance of the Study to Nursing Practice
The study provides an in-depth analysis of training development among nurses on using dynamic technological tools amid pregnant women. The determination of a practical approach fosters the prominent aspect of improving healthcare services. Learning the optimal use of cardiotocography renders a significant advancement of service provision across the maternal department to elevate the quality of living.
Training Development
Topic
Based on the background information, it is crucial to establish a training program enhancing the skill set between the nurses concerning the use of cardiotocography. Understanding the utilization of the tool fosters the derivation of timely and actionable details among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia during clinical checkups. The training plan focuses on developing a scheduling aspect upon the integrative use of results on heartbeat rate, uterus contractions, and frequency for the unborn and the female counterpart. Various software and platforms facilitate the supervisory exercise, such as clinical decision, executive, and decision support systems for profound productivity (Salam & Al-Kharif, 2020). The utilization of dynamic components fosters improved performance among staff in delivery due to the ability to provide in-depth and objective details regarding the alternative solutions to specific pregnancy-related problems (Subashi et al., 2020). The main objective encapsulates contributing to the prevention of any undesired outcomes.
Significance in Nursing Practice
Record keeping in healthcare is an essential factor in monitoring patients performance and improvement based on the treatments. On the one hand, the documentation empowers professionals in the medical field with data focused on the effect of certain therapeutical aspects. On the other hand, the registration of medical conditions among pregnant women contributes in the development of a pathway for optimal correlation with the CTG results (Rahman et al., 2020). Technology rendered an optimal impact to the sufficiency in the investigation of emergent matters such as the increasing rate of lifestyle diseases and the alternatives to the disparities in accessibility of the services.
Incorporating information systems fosters the prominent management of details based on the easy accessibility of patients records across the institution. On the one hand, the technology provides a platform utilized in the administration of a clinic. It is an initiative that empowers employees with adequate knowledge and skills during service delivery due to sufficient insights. On the other hand, the structures formed a foundation for the concept of marginalized care regarding the balance between client interaction and the feeding of records (Alsaiari et al., 2019). Shepherd et al. (2019) argue that cultural multiplicity among nurses initially poses a barrier to optimal productivity. The healthcare industry spans disparate specialists whose role contributes to effective treatment strategies in hospital (Said & Ali, 2020). Although the controversy lies in the service experience, incorporating the clinical and administrative information systems enhances the optimal therapy among the participants, mainly under the spectrum of metaparadigm nursing (Brown, 2020). As a result, it is vital to assess the effectiveness of the arbitration strategies to improve the treatment and recovery process among pregnant women and the optimal fetal growth.
Purpose
The projects purpose engulfs the development of a plan intensifying the expertise among nurses regarding the optimal use of cardiotocography. It is essential to establish the necessary measures to improve the standards of operations among medical practitioners during prenatal and maternal care. The conception process is a susceptible framework and demands the use of dynamic insights, mainly heartbeat rate and uterus contractions to assess the normal condition of the parties. The efficient exploitation of electrocardiography fosters the prevention of emergent complications.
Program
Problem and Needs Assessment
The studys primary objective involves establishing the solution mainframe regarding the inefficiency among nurses in rendering prenatal care services among pregnant women. One of the significant aspects during checkups includes correct CTG interpretations and identifying any risks. However, nurses lack the necessary skill set to offer assistance to doctor during the examinations. Therefore, it is the responsibility of relevant stakeholders to develop a plan on empowering counterparts with the expertise as a strategy alleviating such conditions complicating the care due to wrong interpretation of the CTG results. Research by Alsaiari et al. (2019) indicates that Saudi Arabian parents highly appreciate certainty from the gathered insights on antenatal outcomes. This study aims at integrating the accelerating and decelerating techniques for the project training evaluation. Apart from training the professionals on computer tools, the Framework addresses the limits of engagements and interaction with patients.
Data Collection
The determination of an effective training development program enshrines the prominent use of dynamic initiatives satisfying the needs of patients. The sources of information encompass an intrinsic and extrinsic overview of approaches regarding diversity of policies on the use of cardiotocography (Rahman et al., 2020). However, the tools lack of utilization also exposes the medical practitioners towards unethical practice during conception. The main reason entails lack of adequate and actionable information. In this case, the training project steers the collection of data from primary and secondary materials to enhance objectivity and alleviate the bias margin.
Evaluation
The efficiency of training regards the use of scheming maps to establish the dynamic improvement in operations standards. In research by Cahapay (2021), learning is a process and essential tool within the healthcare sector cause of the trickle-down effect to optimal medical care. Apart from the questioning session, the nurses enhance the expertise through practice with assistance from the doctor in the readings and coherent interpretations. The application of the training knowledge will be followed up immediately after the end of the theoretical construct and taken through systematic tours of nursing quality department targeting the trainees.
Feedback
One of the key indicators of efficiency between nurses is the reflection of job performance through the increased prenatal and neonatal care among pregnant women. In this case, it is crucial to decide the integral approach on determining the effectiveness based on patients satisfactory remarks and competence of the medical practitioners. The primary role of nurses entails protecting the life of sick individuals (Cahapay, 2021). As a result, attaining feedback through distinct pillars renders proficient influence of the mainframe on the empowerment entity.
Used Training Development Theory
The utilized training development theory engulfs optimal assessment of induction approach involving the mentorship of distinct stakeholders. The construct involves incorporating dynamic strategies empowering personalities with critical initiatives for optimal improvement of performance outlier. Therefore, workers follow the established procedural Framework while on duty to boost their expertise. The mainframe attributes the vital insight among nurses on the exploitation of cardiotocography and the ideological care of the fetal and the woman while in maternal department.
Financial
The hospital persistently faces financial difficulties due to the demand for extra equipment and medication. The scarcity of resources negatively affects the quality of healthcare services among entities, hence incorporating the empowerment tool. Intensifying the expertise among medical practitioners fosters the spectrum on optimal management of available elements for highly competent standard operations. The main objective for the activity involves improving expertise among new employees while intensifying the efficiency within the hospital. The training project seeks to use a distinct formula to determine the budgetary costs and the outcomes. Using the tool that will be adopted for calculating costs, the equation involves calculating the training cost per employee equivalent to the total training cost divided by the total number of trainees. The low expense renders the strength of the project as a feasible study process across the industry. The total number of trainees comprises 5 while the training cost is $3,500.
Training cost per employee = $3,500/5 = $700
Eligibility Criteria
The eligible personnel for training include all nurses and employees in the maternity department within the hospital. Non-eligible individual comprises of the unqualified medical practitioners within the institutions. A significant percentage of the global population migrate from one region to another and the trend persists to the current date since 1800s (Alsadaan et al., 2021). In this case, it is vital to establish the inherent value of involving persons from diverse backgrounds, such as immigrant professionals, in the data collection process. In a different aspect, the trainers qualification enshrines at least five years of working experience within the maternity department and operating the cardiotocograph machine.
Timeline Table
Term
action
Outcomes
1 day
Assess participant background and current knowledge throw pertest exam among the new nurses.
Training program aimed to train the new staff under four different groups with each team taking one month for theoretical and practical tutelage.
1week
Conduct theoretical analysis affirming the prevalent situation on inadequate skill set among nurses and the effect to prenatal and neonatal care.
Training program renders the insight concerning the key issue of new employees in the hospital and the inefficiency in CTG results interpretation. The process takes one week in the comparison of previous studies.
2 week
Workshop and training + post-test focuses on the implementation of the strategies to enhance performance among the nurses.
The trainees offer assistance to the professional physicians conversant with the machinery while practically learning.
3 weeks
Work under supervision to assert the inherent state of proficiency and alleviating misinterpretation of CTG results.
Training program enhances the skills among nurses regarding the interpretation of the CTG results and the efficiency in the care process among pregnant women.
4 week
Work without supervision with full competency + participant feedback
Training program elevates the knowledge and skills among new nurses while considering the increasing productivity within the hospital.
4 months
Monitoring and feedback from the practice
Training program intensifies the expertise among nurses and the coordination with doctors for better prenatal and neonatal care for pregnant women while using the CTG technological tool.
Literature Review
Alsadaan, N., et al. (2021). Challenges facing nursing profession in Saudi Arabia: An integrative review.
Problem:There is a significant percentage of unqualified medical practitioners in Saudi Arabia.
Purpose:To assess the major issues among Saudi Arabian nurses and establish critical solutions, such as training programs.
Data collection methodology:The researcher utilized secondary sources for the analysis of the challenge and ultimate remedy.
Theory/framework:The researcher did not use any mainframe for the study. Sample: A centralized overview. Major findings: The alternative spectrum to the poorly skilled physicians entails incorporating empowerment initiatives steering the skill set among the personnel.
Alsaiari, E. M., Magarey, J., & Rasmussen, Ph. (2019). An investigation of needs of Saudi parents of preterm infants in neonatal intensive care unit.
Problem: The inadequate insights regarding the well-being of pregnant women in Saudi Arabia due to lack of efficient expertise.
Purpose: To establish essential needs of patients in Saudi Arabia regarding prenatal, antenatal, and neonatal procedures.
Data collection method: Surveillance.
Theory/Framework: None was utilized.
Sample: The researcher used quantitative and qualitative analysis for collected data.
Major findings: The outcome indicates that a significant percentage of pregnant women seek in-depth information about conception and health status from the tests using a cardiotocography.
Amin, B., Salama, A. A., El-Henawy, I. M., Mahfouz, K., & Gafar, M. G. (2021). Intelligent neutrosophic diagnostic system for cardiotocography data.
Problem:The increased marginal error in clinical operations, mainly during prenatal care, fostered the importance of automated systems to enhance efficiency.
Purpose:To assess the productivity of integrating technological tools with healthcare activities to boost the quality of services.
Data collection method:qualitative and quantitative analysis was utilized to evaluate efficiency scale for a neutrosophic diagnostic system for cardiotocography.
Theory/Framework:Artificial intelligence system.
Major Findings:Incorporating the computerized tool within the framework practice steered the effectiveness and productivity among the nurses. It is an approach that intensifies the quality of services amid Saudi Arabian female parents during conception. The provision of actionable knowledge based on the heartbeat rates contributes to the determination of the birth strategy and the childs health. One of the institutions that demand participation of employees in establishing alternative aspects is the healthcare sector due to the essence of effective recovery outlier. It is the responsibility of the medical practitioners to protect the life of the clients. Therefore, the personnel should focus on utilizing available resources to determine the best and effective treatment process. The nurses access the database to attain insight based on the best options to exploit objectively while enhancing the quality of recovery provided to the patients.
Sowmya, M. N., Priya, G., Ramesh, C., & Jothi, K. (2013). Effectiveness of Cardiotocography Training Program on knowledge and skill among nurses working in maternity units.
Problem: The insufficient knowledge and skills among nurses poses minimal effect to the optimal utilization of CTG results.
Purpose: To enhance the interconnectivity between expertise and the effective service delivery system.
Data collection method: The researcher focuses on experimental studies based on pretest and posttest analysis of primary responses.
Theory/Framework: The concept enshrines assessing the impact of CTG training among nurses in maternity units.
Sample: Inferential and descriptive analysis of the components.
Major findings: One of the major outliers enshrines the lack of association between demographic distribution of nurses and the level of expertise. Effective training depends on the proficiency among parties involved and significantly affects the efficiency process. It is the responsibility of the professionals to establish the critical necessity of coordinating physicians towards improving the standard of operations.
Permission Considerations
Cardiotocography is a medical practice that highly affects the health index of a mother and the unborn child. The nursing department has sent a proposal for the training program to the Academic Affairs department for approval through continuing nursing education.
Summary and Conclusion
The training program takes four months for completion of the activity within the hospital. The study encompasses an integration of the theoretical and practical data to establish the outcome from the analysis. Therefore, the vital outlines from the training project include the acquisition of skills on cardiotocography utilization and the ability to interpret results to a patient independently. The aspect renders significant advancement in the standards of operations across the healthcare institutions, either public or private.
Rahman, S. U., Abdulghani, M. H., Al Faleh, Kh., Khalil, M., Mustafa, M. M., Anabrees, J., Mansour, M. Ya., Mirza, A., Mousafeiris, K., Mubarak, M., Kamal, M. (2020). Perinatal mortality in Saudi Arabia: Profile from a private setup.Journal of Clinical Neonatology, 9, 8-12.
Our school district consists of students from diverse communities. We looked at Peoria county in Illinois, with an average population of 107 321. Trends indicate that it is currently declining in people with an average rate of -9.5% annually. The towns annual household income stands at $74, 900 with a poverty rate of nearly 20%. The median rental cost for most households in the county is estimated to be $817 per month, with a household value of $127 900 (Chicago IL Demographics, 2022). This county has an average age of 35.2 years, with males living up to 33.6 years and 36.7 years for females.
The Peoria unified school district is situated in Glendale, Peoria, and has the leading schools in Arizona. Hanna city is a town found in Peoria county with two public schools that serve a population of about 1300 people. It means a public school per 600 people and one per square mile (Peoria Population, 2022). The following statistics represent demographics for Hanna city, located within Peoria county:
Population 1347
Poverty rate 7.1%
Median household income $54, 138
Racial diversity, white 94%, Hispanic 5%, other races 1%
Political leaning is conservative
It is difficult to access affordable dental services in Hanna City, Illinois, since most facilities are private-owned and run by dentists. However, residents still have alternatives because of the presence of non-profit and government programs that can cater to their dental needs. These programs offer caps, check-ups, cleanings, braces, and dentures (Illinois Free Dental Clinics). Several nursing and convalescent homes in Hanna city offer quality care to residents. However, many low-cost homes cater to the aged owing to the towns demographics which tend towards retirees. The Hanna Health Centre offers various counselling services, including mental health, child, and community services. These services cater to children, youth, and adults with addiction problems and mental health needs. Residents are served by several clinical counsellors who are found in mental health facilities.
The following data was collected from the 2020 annual report card for the Peoria unified school district.
Student per teacher ratio at high school is 16: 1
The student-teacher ratio at elementary school is 17:1
93.1% of teachers are white, 1.2% blacks, and 1.2 % Hispanics
The racial diversity of students 93.7 are white, 2.2 % Hispanic, and 2% others.
38% of students are low-income, 13% have IEPs, and no data is available for English learners.
The district has a 94.3% graduation rate (Farmington Central, 2022).
Resource Evaluation
The table below shows the communitys needs and the available resources.
Community Needs
Available Resources
Public transport
Mass transport in the form of Citylink operates bus routes
Local dentists do not accept Medicaid insurance
Non-profit and government programs to cater the needs of the needy
Government programs do not reach a majority of people for vaccinations
Individuals need to have information about the programs from relevant government authorities. Most of them need to travel long distances to access the service from designated locations
Mental health clinical counsellors are not enough leading to inadequate service provision.
Traveling some distances to access clinical counsellors in their designated locations
The CVS operates only five days a week with limited hours of operation.
It was commuting to a larger facility with flexible operations hours and operated daily.
Lack of low-income housing
Availability of affordable homes for the poor, the aged, and the sick
Inadequate after-hours healthcare facilities
After-hours healthcare services are offered by a more significant community center far from most patients reach.
Collaboration
There are gaps in the communitys needs, including healthcare, housing, and population. These needs are common to most small-town communities and require forming stakeholder partnerships. The community has an underdeveloped transportation system that requires a lot of resources. Apart from Citylink, different organizations also need to come up and invest in the transport sector to ease the cost of doing business.
The town does not have sufficient resources to enable smooth service operations. It has a poor transport infrastructure that does not support the free movement of people and goods. Other resources that are not sufficient in the town include after-hours healthcare facilities, fewer low-income houses, fewer hours and days of CVS operations, and limited number of clinical health counsellors, among others. There are several gaps in the resources available to the community. The community will need to improve hours of operations of its healthcare facilities to cater for the growing health needs of the population. There is also need to improve and expand means of transport and stop overreliance on bus transport by increasing and diversifying vehicles. Various stakeholders need to be involved in providing solutions, especially concerning matters concerning transport.
Access to vaccination services for individuals with Medicaid was also a big challenge to this community. Stakeholders should collaborate with the health department to explore alternatives to offering such benefits closer to the people to meet their needs. Another option would be the provision of mobile clinics, which can be used to bring vaccination services closer to the people.
The main health priorities for the community in this area include the upgrading of current health facilities, improvement of transport infrastructure, and making access to health facilities easier. The county is faced with various health problems including substance use, mental health, healthy living, and cancer. These are problems that need to be addressed by providing quality healthcare services that is affordable and easily accessible. These problems are due to high poverty rate and an aging population.
Conclusion
In short, school nurses need to do community assessments in their area of operation to identify their needs and come up with the resources to address them. Hanna city is a town in Peoria county in Illinois, facing several challenges due to limited resources. It has inadequate healthcare facilities, personnel, and poor infrastructure. These needs can be addressed by developing practical solutions to help the community improve its welfare.
References
Chicago, Illinois Population 2022. Chicago, Illinois Population 2022 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs). Web.