Category: Globalization

Introduction

Ecocide is a neologism that refers to the act of intentional destruction or degradation of the environment (Broswimmer 1). In other words, ecocide is the collective sum of ecocidal actions that have led to the current, disastrous loss of species worldwide. Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin refer to the current loss of species as Sixth Extinction. The ongoing global obliteration of habitat has significant impacts on humanity. Thus far, the principal value of the planets enduring ecosystems remains affronted and under-studied. Today, humanity is yet to identify a big part of the projected multiplicity of life. Some scientists claim that there are at least 5 million species globally. Other researchers contend that the number of species ranges between 30 million and 50 million. Scientists are yet to agree on the estimate of the number of species. Despite the disagreement on the number of species, the scientists agree that the Earth is losing its species at an alarming rate. Broswimmer posits, The standard trickle rate of extinction has become a gushing hemorrhage as 100 species, or more disappear every day (1). The present trend of destruction is paralleled only by the three great catastrophic mass extermination of the far-off ecological past.

The Phases of Mass Extermination

The Earth has witnessed three phases of mass extermination of species. The first phase of mass annihilation occurred 250 million years ago and had devastating effects on both the land and shallow water environments. The crisis marked the end of the Permian era (Brisman and South 63). Being the oldest phase, many people have little knowledge of this period. Hence, a majority of its repercussions are yet to be resolved. Paleontologists argue that this crisis came as a result of alteration of sea level and climate change that arose during the merger of the continents. The tectonic forces that led to the detachment of the continents led to the annihilation of over 90% of the earths species (Renner 132). The massive extermination swept away a majority of the land and living marine species. The extermination brought to an end a 200 million-year-long evolutionally history that geologists have named the Paleozoic era (Brisman and South 65).

The second phase of the extinction happened 200 million years ago. The crisis occurred after the global bionetworks reordered themselves into a chain of stable earthly and aquatic communities. Before the colossal extermination, the land fauna comprised some mammal-like reptiles, gigantic crocodile-like animals, and a variety of evolving dinosaurs (Brisman and South 66). A majority of these animals vanished from the planet, together with many shelled ammonites and coral reefs (Brisman and South 67). A chain of environmental calamities that occurred in close succession is blamed for this massive extermination. One of the calamities was the collision between the Earth and a huge meteor, which led to the death of many dinosaurs. The crash resulted in a volcanic eruption and subsequent lava flows that led to the death of the land-living animals.

The third immense mass annihilation occurred 65 million years ago. The cataclysmic phenomenon resulted in the extermination of the terrestrial dinosaurs together with many land and marine species. Like the past catastrophes, this event came as a result of numerous factors. The factors include sudden alteration of sea level and climate changes. Nevertheless, the conclusion of this mass annihilation, and by far its most dramatic element, took place when a giant, 6-mile-wide asteroid or comet crashed into the surface of the Earth near the Yucatan peninsula (Broswimmer 2). The crash resulted in a fire explosion that gutted a big portion of the face of the planet. Immense volumes of toxic gas and massive tidal waves accompanied the crash. The comets impact resulted in the darkness that engulfed the planet for a couple of months. Massive tons of extraterrestrial and earth debris blazed upward and blocked the sunlight, producing an endless ecocidal night (Broswimmer 2). Many plants died both in the ocean and on land. A majority of the animals that relied on these plants for food were left hungry, leading to their death. More than 50% of the creatures on Earth died.

In the past 65 million years since the last mass extinction happened, the animals that survived the extermination and their offspring have reproduced to levels of diversity unobserved in the previous eras (Broswimmer 6). However, with the onset of behaviorally contemporary beings, a latest major calamity of mass annihilation came up. The adversity has been ongoing for millennia, and it is discernible without sophisticated computer modeling or urbane imagery. Even though man has been on the Earth for 130,000 years, he has caused immense devastation on the planets biodiversity. It can take between 10 million and 25 million years for the natural process of species evolution to rectify the devastation (Bryant 81). The human-triggered changes to the world ecosystem are unparalleled. They include the global disturbance of biochemical cycles, extensive desertification, colossal soil erosion, and brisk climate change.

The Human Social Evolution

The Human Odyssey

One cannot understand the current ecocide without having a historical background of how humanity evolved. The humans ability as a social species to transform nature dramatically increased during the early phase of human social evolution due to the development of language (Broswimmer 12). The establishment of language and the analogous growth of humans social and symbolic organizational capabilities served as an essential turning point in the social and biological advancement. During this period, humans became a major threat to the survival of a majority of the species. The period marked an era of humanitys global expansion. Besides, humanity took control of all vital ecosystems and began to innovate (Lytton 75). Farming and gardening later followed the evolution. The interaction between humans and animals changed tremendously. The contemporary humanity of the late Pleistocene gained unparalleled knowledge as a game hunter.

Homo sapiens began to isolate particular species that they used as food. One of the food historians alleges, big game hunting was historys first, but not last war on subsistence (Tattersall 102). Humans came up with unique material culture and inventively designed tools for hunting. The tools included fish gorges, harpoons, and bows, and arrows. Moreover, Homo sapiens invented pit traps, an arrow poison, and deadfalls to facilitate hunting. The Homo sapiens became socially organized to the extent that they could kill and share the carcasses of large mammals like wooly mammoths. Besides, they could surround a vast number of animals and force them to go over a precipice. As a result, they would kill so many animals and fail to consume all of them, resulting in wastage.

The annihilation of the megafauna during the Pleistocene period is regarded as the initial precursor of the extended transformative abilities of contemporary humans on the Earths ecosystems and species. The word megafauna refers to big herbivores like mastodons, cave bears, mammoths, wooly rhinoceros, and huge ground sloths, among others (Dudley and Woodford 589). Moreover, it refers to carnivores that preyed on the herbivores like saber-toothed cats and dire wolves. This pre-industrial ecocide served as an overture to what was to follow under the auspices of the present industrial period.

The Problematic Society

The changeover from hunting and scavenging to farming is one of the significant phenomena in human history. The transition resulted in remarkable changes in the correlation between people and nature. The difference is referred to as the Neolithic revolution and encompassed numerous changes that occurred in different regions and times. The scarcity of wild animals led to humans adopting an intensive and sedentary mode of farming (Foster 36). By assuming a sedentary mode of agriculture, humans began to change the ecosystem in ways that would eventually prove more devastating than megafaunas extermination and just as irrevocable. A contemporary observer could not have perceived the destructive potential of small groups of people settling in one place to cultivate species of plants that would come to be known as crops (Foster 39). Initially, people tried to domestic plants in small ventures and were not successful. By the time people embarked on large-scale farming, the human-governed system had substituted an expansive strip of natural systems in Asia, Europe, and America (Lytton 78). The human-directed system is also referred to as an agro-ecosystem. The course of crop domestication through farming resulted in the destruction of the environment through habitat dislodgment and intensified predation (Foster 39).

The Contemporary Attack on Nature

The beginning of the sixteenth century saw the growth of capitalism as a new model of social organization. The rise of capitalism led to the emergence of technological and scientific theories about the world that promoted the abuse of the ecosystem. The civilization period saw the environment as the lifeless and perfunctory world, a stance that made people see ecological units and their inhabitants as sheer assets for human exploitation (Meiksins-Wood 37). Technological manipulation took the center stage in the process of removing plants, minerals and animals from their natural habitat with an aim to comprehend the principle behind their behavior (Meiksins-Wood 37). The rise of technological and scientific philosophy intensified the commercial exploitation of various species. It resulted in unparalleled environmental effects on humans. The demand for fur resulted in the overexploitation and annihilation of fur animals. Besides, capitalism and growth of commercial activities resulted in massive slaughter of the Americas bison (Greider 117). The emergence and proliferation of industrial whaling led to a significant decline of marine species. In other words, the growth of capitalism resulted in the hastening of biodiversity loss. The world saw a transition from commercial overexploitation of land and aquatic creatures to extensive habitat destruction.

The Earth as a Sacrifice Zone

From the seventeenth century, humans instigated legal and political maneuvers that led to the enclosure of public land. The move resulted in changes in economic relations between people and the ecosystem, therefore opening a room for urban and industrial growth. The rich people started to exploit the poor (enclosure movement) and dislodged them from their lands (Athanasiou 22). The enclosure movement gained popularity across the globe. From Oceania and Australasia to Africa and the Americas, aboriginals were displaced from the ancestral lands through lawful and unlawful maneuvers. People ceased to fear and revere biodiversity and started to perceive it as a collection of exploitable resources. The privatization and commoditization of the Earth elevated humanity from servant to sovereign and made nature an object of pure commercial exchange (Athanasiou 24).

The industrial revolution intensified the rate of world ecological destruction. Indeed, industrial revolution signifies a landmark in the account of environmental and ecocide degradation. The industrial revolution culminated in the industrial arms race. In return, industrialization warfare surfaced as a socially and environmentally injurious institutional characteristic of civilization (Miley 42). People began to use mechanized warfare to protect commercial interests. The arms race resulted in the environmental holocaust that had distressing impacts on the ecosystem. Environmentalists allege that the armed forces are the leading agents of environmental pollution. They contribute to over 10% of the global environmental pollution (Joksimovich 147). Every aspect of war preparation entails ecological harm. Today, most militarized areas in North America and Central Asia are inhabitable. Researchers of ecocide argue that population growth contributes to the decline of species. The increase in population has resulted in immense pressure on the ecosystems. Increase in food production and deforestation is rendering many areas biologically unproductive. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization warns that if this trend continues, the entire planet will be made barren in less than 200 years (Karlinger 62).

Ecocide and Globalization

The current chapter of ecocide aligns with the official conclusion of the rega age of capitalism. The developed states have embarked on a neo-liberal program of world marketization and deregulation referred to as globalism (Steger 187). Globalism has led to the emergence of global mega-corporations that are quite autocratic and unaccountable. The mega-corporations wield a lot of power such that they engage in ecological activities that are exceedingly damaging. The activities of the mega-corporations have brought the planet to the verge of environmental and social crumple. The corporations evade and violate the environmental conservation policies, therefore hastening the obliteration of the biodiversity and ecosystems. Neo-liberal globalization has left a majority of the people in the global south in abject poverty (Schnaiberg 79). The high level of impoverishment has resulted in environmental dilapidation and ecocide in the region. Poor people have embarked on unsystematic food production and livestock rearing leading to the loss of numerous species.

Conclusion

The current rate of environmental depletion is alarming. The Earth is losing a big number of its land and marine species at a high rate. The world ought to take action to stop the extinction of species before it is too late. The Earths continued existence has become vague that no species, not even humanity is assured of the future. A majority of the factors that have contributed to the current level of environmental degradation are man-made. The introduction of farming and sedentary agriculture contributed to the loss of a significant number of megafauna. Moreover, it led to climatic changes that had devastating effects on marine species. The onset of capitalism and the related technological and scientific reasoning led to commercial exploitation of both land and aquatic species. Capitalism led to the mass exploitation of fur animals and North American bison. The rise of the enclosure system led to humans seeing the ecosystem as a set of useful resources. The industrial revolution and production of military weapons intensified environmental degradation. The present neo-liberal globalization has led to the growth of mega-corporations that pose significant threat to the ecosystem.

Works Cited

Athanasiou, Tom. Divided Planet: The Ecology of Rich and Poor, Boston: Little, Brown, 1996. Print.

Brisman, Avi, and N. South. Green Cultural Criminology: Constructions of Environmental Harm, Consumerism, and Resistance to Ecocide, New York: Routledge, 2014. Print.

Broswimmer, Franz. Ecocide: A Short History of the Mass Extinction of Species, London: Pluto Press, 2002. Print.

Bryant, Peter. Biodiversity and Conservation: A Hypertext Book, California: University of California Press, 2003. Print.

Dudley, Joseph and Michael Woodford. Bioweapons, Biodiversity, and Ecocide: Potential Effects of Biological Weapons on Biological Diversity. Bioscience 52.7 (2002): 583-592. Print.

Foster, John. The Vulnerable Planet: A Short History of the Environment, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004. Print.

Greider, William. One World Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006. Print.

Joksimovich, Vojin. Militarism and Ecology: NATO Ecocide in Serbia. Mediterranean Quarterly 11.4 (2000): 140-160. Print.

Karlinger, Joshua. The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization, San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1997. Print.

Lytton, Christopher. Environmental Human Rights: Emerging Trends in International Law and Ecocide. Environmental Claims Journal 13.1 (2009): 73-91. Print.

Meiksins-Wood, Ellen. Democracy against Capitalism: Renewing Historical Materialism, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.

Miley, Michael. Against Nature: The Ideology of Ecocide. Propaganda Review 11.1 (2004): 38-69. Print.

Renner, Michael. Fighting for Survival: Environmental Decline, Social Conflict, and the New Age of Insecurity, Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2006. Print.

Schnaiberg, Allan. The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.

Steger, Manfred. Globalism: The New Market Ideology, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. Print.

Tattersall, Ian. The Human Odyssey: Four Million Years of Human Evolution, New York: Prentice Hall, 2003. Print.

Introduction

Globalization refers to the growing economic interdependence of countries through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services; international capital flows; and rapid and widespread diffusion of technology (Ritzer 15). Globalization is mainly facilitated by advancements in transportation, communication, and information technologies, which eliminate impediments to human integration.

Globalization promotes rapid economic development in various parts of the world through free trade and technological transfers. However, rapid economic growth and market integration have led to high competition for scarce resources and pollution across the globe. Consequently, environmental degradation is one of the major negative externalities of globalization. This paper will present a discussion on the ecological effects of globalization. It will also shed light on the factors that are likely to worsen the impacts of globalization on the environment. Finally, it will present recommendations for reducing the negative ecological effects of globalization.

Ecological Impacts of Globalization

Globalization facilitates environmental conservation by promoting efficient use of natural resources and increasing awareness concerning environmental degradation. Advancements in communication technologies have enabled people in different parts of the world to share information concerning strategies for reducing environmental pollution (Hamilton 42). In addition, multinational corporations promote the invention and diffusion of new technologies that minimize the adverse effects of human activities on the environment. This involves conducting research in order to develop new technologies that reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and disposal of toxic substances into the ambient environment. For example, hybrid cars that are produced in developed countries are currently being used in various parts of the world to reduce carbon dioxide emission.

Despite this positive impact, globalization has also led to serious negative ecological effects through export-oriented destruction of the environment. The main negative ecological effects include the following. First, globalization leads to overuse of resources in various parts of the world. In particular, it has increased the demand for various natural resources such as minerals, timber, land, fossil fuels among others (Opdebeeck 111-120).

These resources are increasingly being used to sustain economic growth in both developed and developing countries. However, the uncontrolled extraction of these resources destroys the environment. For instance, increased use of timber in construction and manufacturing of furniture has led to high deforestation, especially, in developing countries. Approximately, eleven million acres of trees are cut every year for commercial purposes (Maslin 36). This leads to expansion of deserts and destruction of the habitats of the animals that live in forests.

Globalization has also led to over-fishing in oceans as countries open-up their fisheries to international firms. Similarly, high demand for minerals in developed countries has led to over-mining in developing countries (Bevan and Gitsham 435-447). Research shows that the negative effects of resource overuse in one country are likely to be felt in other countries. For example, increased desertification in one country due to deforestation can lead to powerful dust storms, which pollute the air and cause respiratory diseases in neighboring countries. In addition, activities such as copper mining lead to pollution of water bodies such as rivers that are shared by several countries.

Second, globalization accelerates global warming (Maslin 13). Global warming refers to the gradual rise in the temperature of the atmosphere of the earth. It mainly occurs due to the increase in the number of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases include carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone among others. The emission of greenhouse gases is mainly caused by the use of fossil fuels in factories and cross-border transportation of goods. Industrial production and transportation activities account for nearly 25% and 30% of carbon dioxide emission respectively in the world (Maslin 47).

Global warming is undesirable because it leads to climate change, rising sea level, and frequent occurrence of natural catastrophes such as high-intensity hurricanes and storms. Regardless of their levels of greenhouse gas emissions, nearly all countries experience reduced agricultural production due to climate change. Moreover, extreme climatic conditions often cause the extinction of various plant and animal species. Coastal regions are increasingly facing the risk of being submerged as the sea level rises due to global warming. In this regard, the massive destruction of property in various coastal regions around the world is likely to occur in the future. In addition, coastal populations are likely to be forced to move inland, thereby increasing competition for land.

Third, globalization is one of the major causes of trans-boundary pollution of air, land, and water. Air pollution mainly occurs through the emission of toxic gases such as sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere (Maslin 66). These gases usually move from the countries in which they are produced to other countries through strong winds. In the last three decades, several developed countries have focused on buying land in developing countries to dispose of their solid wastes and toxic chemicals (Opdebeeck 111-120).

This leads to high pollution of large pieces of land in developing countries. Additionally, pollution leads to increased accumulation of toxic substances in the crops that are produced in the polluted areas. This leads to poor health, especially, if the crops are used for human consumption. Reduced regulation of international water bodies has also led to an increase in the disposal of wastes and toxic substances in the high seas. The resulting increase in water pollution negatively affects the maritime and coastal biodiversity. For example, coral reefs have been destroyed in various oceans, thereby causing the extinction of several maritime plant and animal species and a decline in the stock of fish.

Finally, the negative ecological effects of globalization contribute to reduced agricultural production. This decline mainly occurs through climate change, an increase in pathogens, and introduction of exotic crop species (Maslin 51). As stated earlier, globalization leads to global warming, which in turn causes adverse climatic conditions. These include insufficient rainfall, extreme temperatures, floods, and strong winds among others. These conditions are unfavorable for agricultural production because they lead to the destruction of crops. Globalization has also facilitated the introduction of exotic plant and animal species in various countries.

The resulting increase in invasive species and pathogens cause massive and expensive destruction to various crops. Global warming, pollution, and climate change are trans-boundary environmental problems whose effects are felt in more than one country (Maslin 68). However, their effects tend to be more severe in developing countries than in developed countries. This is because developing countries lack the funds and technologies to adapt to the effects of trans-boundary environmental problems. Moreover, most developing countries depend on agriculture, which is often affected negatively by trans-boundary environmental problems.

Concerns for Future Environmental Degradation

The factors that are likely to worsen the ecological effects of globalization in the future include rapid population growth and urbanization. The population of humankind is increasing at a steady rate of 1.17% annually or approximately 60 million people per year (Hamilton 112). Under globalization, a rapid increase in population will increase the movement of goods and people from one region to another. In this regard, increased transportation activities will result in high emission of greenhouse gases and global warming. Moreover, rapid population growth will increase the demand for food, as well as, the raw materials that are used to manufacture various consumer goods. In this case, environmental degradation will occur through overuse of natural resources such as fossil fuels.

Over 60% of the world population is expected to live in urban areas by 2030. The urban population is expected to reach 6.3 billion people by 2050 (Hamilton 116). Consequently, providing adequate food, shelter, health care, and infrastructure for the urban population is expected to increase the demand for scarce natural resources. For example, deforestation is expected to increase as land use shifts from forestry to real estate development in order to provide adequate housing for the urban population. Moreover, the accumulation of wastes in urban areas is likely to rise, thereby causing increased environmental degradation.

Recommendations

The following recommendations can be adopted in order to reduce the ecological impacts of globalization. First, a global environmental governance system (organization) should be established to manage the environment. In particular, the system should adopt a federal form of governance by being in charge of decision-making, capacity building, regulation, and harmonization of environmental policies or laws at the global level (Opdebeeck 111-120). Apart from formulating and enforcing environmental laws, the global governance system should provide financial and technical support to developing countries so that they can adapt easily to the ecological impacts of globalization. A global governance system will ensure that international environmental laws are observed by all countries. In addition, it will be possible to hold heavy polluters responsible for trans-boundary pollution.

Second, there should be a change of cultural and religious values that influence peoples views concerning their environment (Bevan and Gitsham 435-447). Concisely, people must view their natural environment as a limited resource that must be preserved in order to ensure sustainable development. Consequently, extreme capitalism and overexploitation of natural resources should be avoided. Finally, various countries should focus on using energy-efficient technologies in transportation and industrial production in order to reduce pollution. Moreover, social change should focus on the development of green cities and the reduction of population growth in order to prevent environmental degradation.

Conclusion

The aim of this paper was to highlight the ecological impacts of globalization. Generally, the negative environmental effects of globalization exceed the positive ones. The negative effects include global warming, climate change, reduced agricultural production, and increased pollution. However, globalization has also led to the diffusion of the technologies that promote environmental conservation. The ecological effects of globalization are difficult to manage because they transcend the boundaries of individual countries. In this regard, the negative effects of globalization on the environment should be addressed by a global organization that not only enforces environmental laws but also manages natural resources. Also, individuals in various parts of the world should adopt values that promote environmental protection.

Works Cited

Bevan, David and Matthew Gitsham. Context, Complexity and Connenctedness: Dimensions of Globalization Revealed. Corporate Governance 9.4 (2009): 435-447. Print.

Hamilton, Sara. Globalization. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2008. Print.

Maslin, Mark. Global Warming: Causes, Effects, and the Future. London: Palgrave, 2007. Print.

Opdebeeck, Hendrik. Responsibility in a Globalized Environment: A Charter of Human Responsibilities. Journal of Global Responsibility 3.1 (2012): 111-120. Print.

Ritzer, George. Globalization: The Essentials. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.

Introduction

Outsourcing stands as the major factor in determining business success in the modern world. In its meaning, outsourcing simply refers to the utilization of resources that lie from without an organization hence found within other countries or companies.

The traditional notion of industrialization was centered on the use of many workers to join forces in the production process. In that system, each unique part of the final product was as result of different workers in different areas.

In the end, one complete product to the customer without any details of specialization would emerge. More over the idea of business alliance between organizations formed the basis for manufacturing companies.

In other areas, there has been an increased use and need for the third participator in the general business functions due to complexity in modern information exchange and globalization.

Background information

This paper will look at the process of globalization in the flattening world. Core in this paper is to discern, understand and explain to what extent the world has become flat.

In his book, Friedman, (2007) equates the process of outsourcing as the key pillar to globalization. He observes that this is a system that pushes the modern engines of the world forward and therefore lack of understanding its impact and advantages means lagging behind.

By using the analogy of Columbus, his story becomes clear and interests the reader who other wise would have dismissed it as the normal rhetoric about globalization.

This essay supports Friedmans theory (2007) that the world is somewhat flat. By looking at the various efforts pulled by governments and organizations in outsourcing one can understand Friedman (2007) in a better way.

The advancement of globalization is based solely in the great leaps made in technology. As opposed to Columbus period, and as revealed by Columbus, the IT technology combined by the worldwide net forms the bulk of outsourcing.

The exchange of information from one place to another or put in another way, the transfer of that information, requires a computer, some software, internet, and human skill.

Friedman (2007), observes that the fall off the Berlin wall, the invention of worldwide internet and work flow software are the necessary foundations.

Mann, (2002) in her study clearly brings out the issue that the IT sector is the major root cause of globalization since it presents the organization with new ways in terms of information on how to continually change the products or even services offered.

She observes that investment in IT has transformed big business firms that have been stuck in the old tradition way of doing business. The rate of affordability of the IT hardware and software on the other hand pushed the need for its adoption of the process and hence the realization of the economic gains that had become elusive.

In return such companies gained improved productivity output growth as well as reduced cost of labor while on the other end leading to employment.

As a fact detailed by Mann (2001) of the US economy, has challenges to continuous development in the information technology in form of disjointed and mismatched skills and services.

As the world learns and exchanges more from each other the tastes and preferences of the customer change to suit modernity. In addition, due to the ease to replicate the production of processes through information technology in almost all parts of the world, a country like US and any other must toe the line in outsourcing in order to gain competitive advantage.

The factor of globalization changes the trade picture since issues like skills, education and policies become the limelight of the new economic forum. At most this has demanded the creativity side of the economy in order to beat the mad rush.

The advance in technology, policy changes as well as changes in business and customer attitudes have seen the need for new perspective in reducing transportation costs and functional integration.

In this sense, every country is faced with the need to outsource through globalization. Further, the creation of technological linkages hand in hand with telecommunications networks and computers has reduced the need for hardcopies hence making digitization the epitome of the new economy.

This in turn has led to new business and professional services hence leading to codification of information. This process on the other hand allows the ordering of information which in turn leads to less need for specific skills since systems can be followed to do such task without much expertise.

This has allowed the world to become very competitive and complicated for those who do not recognize that complex financial reports and even presentations can be done by non expert by analysis software.

Somewhere one may think it is unprofessional but this anti globalization in Friedmans (2007) view stands to suffer since the world is not stopping at any point to concentrate on such arguments.

All said about the factors advancing globalization, arises an important fact that businesses have areas where they are able to outsource. Such areas do not form core parts of the business and at the same time others become core areas of the business that can not be left to any outsider.

At the same time, the potential for development of new products occurs in the process hence becoming advantageous. This process therefore, has the meaning that other organizations must read from the same script if they have to compete favorably in the market scene.

Outsourcing benefits and disadvantages

The advantages of outsourcing are numerous if the processes are managed wisely. They may have a positive or even a negative impact depending on the management.

It is unfortunate many decision and policy makers in organizations take the idea of outsourcing in terms of placement of computers and technology as the infrastructure for outsourcing.

As noted above, it is an effort developed by the management to determine areas that require outsourcing, reinforcing the idea of effective management and wise analytical and decision making skills.

It is important to note that effects of outsourcing vary in terms of the sector or industry of concern as well as the purpose of the undertaking.

Outsourcing has observable effects on the quality of products and services in terms of quality. In addition, an increase and decrease in turnaround time is possible which may mean improved or declined service to customer.

The following are some advantages of outsourcing, better revenue realization and enhanced returns on investment, lower labor cost and increased realization of economics of scale, tapping in to a knowledge base for better innovation, frees management time, enabling companies to focus on core competencies while not being concerned about outsourced routine activities, increases speed and the quality of delivery of outsourced activities and reduces cash outflow as well as optimizing resource utilization (Alberto & Burbules, 2001 ).

On the other hand the following are the disadvantages of outsourcing, possible loss of control over a companys business processes, problems related to quality and turnaround time, sluggish response times coupled with slow issue resolutions, and lower than expected realization of benefits and results.

It follows that then outsourcing may have more advantages than demerits and thus this is a clear support on Friedman theory that the world is flat (2007).

Ethics in Outsourcing

Considerable attention to universal requirements of outsourcing is worth space in this paper. Despite off shoring becoming a major turn around instrument in business functions, issues concerned with security as ethics in outsourcing must be taken into considerations.

The privacy of information which is crucial should be guaranteed by the vendor just as issues concerning the environment. A vendor is required to conduct business in an environment that is recommended by international standards and one that does not damage the whole process.

In this case audits on the vendor locations are important to ensure that stringent standards are followed to maintain the right work environment which in turn has effect on the quality of the service. It is therefore very important that ethics are addressed in order to provide quality service.

The Jobs threat Issue

As the world gravitates to more and more outsourcing, issues on loss of jobs to the citizens of a country become rife. Outsourcing taps on a knowledge base and skills that are not probably situated in the local country.

These must come at affordable rates and the extent of finding such a base nationally may be lacking. This translates to overseas search for such hence there are issues and policies that allow governments as well as organizations engage in outsourcing.

Mann, (2002) observes that key developing countries beat the major developed countries in providing skills in a global scale through policies that enhance globalization better. In this sense, therefore citizens may feel left out and demoralized.

However, Friedman (2007), offers a remedy on this case observing that Americans just like other nations needs to improve the system in terms of education and acquisition of skills.

If the number of skills and knowledge fall behind then the environment and the system fails in providing leadership into the future. Friedman, (2007) notes that the contest for the future lies in higher learning skills that are in right step to build the brain-skills on knowledge that is duplicated by a computer.

At this level, he observes that the future generation must be ready to compete favorably at the global level where everybody scrambles for a share in the means to survival (Friedman, 2007).

Education, Culture, Environment and Global warming policies

As a necessary structure, the call for political support and reinforcement of systems and structures that support globalization should be done by politicians.

This is a favor to their nations and should include the process of upgrading, training employees which in turn translates to increased productivity. In modern practices, this has translated to a number of observable features in education and political responsibilities.

Globalization has allowed the development of international education forums full of international students and education program exchanges.

There are massive studies conducted in different countries by different universities of the world in the process of understanding the world.

The education process and forums have been made easy through globalization which in turn becomes useful for outsourcing purposes in the different countries.

Globalization has also led to the need to tailor education to international standards to the system to become self sufficient through perpetuating those ideal that support its survival.

On other levels, the free exchange of information between nations and people has led to increased promotion of tourism and thus exportation of culture.

The existence of wonderful features of the world has been brought onto the world stage through information sharing on a global platform. This has increased the chances of the exchange of culture as well as learning of the need to appreciate the diversity of each part of the world.

The world is different starting from languages spoken to other general and specific features and therefore globalization can connect these different issues on one platform that the average difference is brought to a minimum low.

Due to globalization, advancement in photography brings the rest of the world in virtual reality hence presenting a chance to sort and help the areas that need help like the sub Sahara Africa.

Strength in globalization lies therefore in a nations enhancement of its productive force through right education systems that engage the right skills. In addition, the political will in a nation to encourage and identify with the flat world bears fruits that see the raised standards of living in developing nations.

Globalization is also a key player in the issues regarding global warming. The sharing of information from different parts of the world in form of data and tabulations is very pertinent to help in understanding the required measures needed to curb global warming.

The need for green economies as a new slogan identifies that the world nations have a chance to right what has gone wrong in the past millennia.

Due to increased rate of information exchange developed nations and developing regions have partnered with other regions through trade links and foreign direct investment. This has resulted to set up of manufacturing as well other public and private services that have an apparent effect to the environment.

This is contrast to the ethics of outsourcing and should be stopped by the world together as a whole since it concerns human kind. The amount of waste materials produced and even the type of such materials become an international concern.

It is thus a proof that the world is flat since efforts to coordinate all strategies against global warming require a flat world to succeed. In the new modern business strategy, the need for going green has been advanced as the best business model that allows the world a chance to deal effectively with global warming.

The issues revolve around using clean energy rather than traditional sources like oil and coal. The use of hybrid cars and the need to change the living lifestyles in a flattened world should help in going green as means to the end.

This should be extended even to the way the world consumes food since there are measures that can be taken to help global warming be kept at bay.

There exists a strong and positive relationship to global warming and globalization based on the fact that improved technology may help to create new and efficient ways of using clean energy.

These measures should be focused on by developed nations to act as examples to the rest of the world. This is only possible through globalization which is still the culprit in the same process.

By recognizing and only working with organizations that toe the line on the required carbon footprints then the message to the world is clear and objective for humanity to be saved (Friedman, 2007).

The opposite face of the coin

However, the flattening of the world is not complete based on the fact that still there are nations and regions left behind in the process.

Friedman (2007) observes that these nations are riddled with diseases, HIV/AIDS as well as non performing governments that are headed by non visionary leaders. In this part the paper justifies the claim that the world is somewhat flat since people still die, suffer and lose property due to lack of information.

These nations are poor in terms of infrastructure, technology and communication a situation aggravated by poor policy implementation and absence of political will.

It is at these nations that corruption of the deepest sense occurs and the subjects live in abject poverty from fear instilled by rogue leaders or through dictatorship.

The demographics are skewed in such nations and efforts to globalize fizzle right in front of their eyes due to the lack of capacity in almost all levels. For these, regions like parts of Africa, poor agricultural practices are the order of the day and the system is characterized by continuous cycles of inadequacies.

These nations form the main problem in standardization of global measures that form the platform for going green and other strategies like millennium goals in education as well as human rights.

It is the responsibility of governments and the people in such nations to take control of their future and seek guidance from the flat world in order to survive (Soliman, 1999).

The situation in these nations is different and laughable when compared to developed markets where the government supports failed private sectors. For the purposes of national alignment in the economy a government has the right to offer a bailout to any sector in its economy.

If such sectors fail in the name of being private chances of loss of credibility may spiral to lack of trust even in the public markets forum of such governments.

Further, due to globalization, public and private markets are interconnected in multi networked systems that include the flat world as a whole. It becomes therefore necessary for the government to intervene in order to achieve benefits from the whole interconnection.

Conclusion

In conclusion therefore this paper recognizes that the world is somewhat flat. At one side of the coin barriers to standardizations, communication and transport have been transformed to improved international services, cultural exchange and a united world that tackle issues like global warming collectively.

On the other the world the case poverty and a myriad of complex economy slowing issues steal the benefits of globalization leading to unnecessary suffering and death.

References

Alberto, C., & Burbules. N. (2000). Globalization and education: critical perspectives. New York: Routledge.

Friedman, L., T., (2007). The World is Flat: a Brief History of the Twenty-First Century. New York: Picador/Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Mann, C., L., (2001). International Internet Governance: Oh What a tangled web we could weave! Georgetown Joournal International Affairs.

Mann, C., L., (2002). Balance Overlap in the Global Electronic Marketplace: The UCTIA Example. Washington University Journal of Law & Policy (Summer).

Solimano, A., (1999). Globalization and national development at the end of the 20th century: tensions and challenges. New York:World Bank Publications.

Leaders in the contemporary world face many challenges that affect the environment and society. The global conflicts, managing the post-pandemic world, and the need to navigate the social injustices to ensure equality for all are among the most pressing ones. The greatest challenge currently facing the world is global climate change. One cannot simply address climate change in a single nation, which is the problem with it. This paper will address the most significant challenges, mainly global climate change and social injustices.

Climate change was chosen as a global issue because the detrimental consequences of the carbon emissions from one country and those from another cannot be distinguished. Sea levels and temperatures increase on a worldwide scale. Due to this, the only way to address climate change is through the globalization of climate policy. The global community cannot ignore the inherent inequity of climate change when highlighting globalization. The need to cooperate is a significant challenge for global leaders.

Industrialized and developed countries need to understand that their consumption of the earths resources and the emissions from this usage has a negative impact on not only the populations of their own countries but also countries around the world. Moreover, 50% of the worlds population lives in poverty (Rissanen, 2020). For many people at a younger age, the global climate catastrophe is a source of frustration. According to scientists, if the global community continues on its current course, climate change will become an existential concern by the year 2050 (Rissanen, 2020).

Moreover, a lot of young climate activists express concern about being abandoned on a dying planet with no way to stop it. The leadership of the global community is not doing everything possible to ensure a livable environment for future generations. Solutions to the climate crisis are intertwined with policies governing energy use, food security, and many other issues. When considering climate solutions on a global scale, these are all issues that must be taken into consideration.

Apart from climate change, another pressing issue is the social injustice that people in the modern world continue to face. Leaders must be culturally competent if a diversity and inclusion plan is to be genuinely global. To do this, they must be familiar with the politics, economics, and legal systems of the locations in which their companies operate. More generally, they should focus less on exporting strategies that may be relevant or ineffectual in other regions and more on cultivating a global mindset and an international viewpoint. Diversity workers need to interact with people outside of their own country and comfort zone in order to build a global movement.

Taking diversity and inclusion global is not about the export of individual initiatives but about developing a movement and pouring energy into a worldwide corporate value system that holds diversity and inclusion as a fundamental component. The leadership must find a way how to maintain the distinctiveness of ones national culture while addressing the common aim of integrating diversity and inclusion into daily operations is a crucial problem.

In summary, global climate change and diversity are the most significant issues affecting the global community. The issue with it is that one cannot just solve climate change in one country. The global climate calamity is a cause of frustration for many people who are younger. The global communitys leaders are not doing everything they can to guarantee a livable environment for future generations. With the diversity issue, there is a need to create a social movement that emphasizes respect for others.

References

Rissanen, S. (2020). A reflection on overcoming challenges in the globalization of the environment. Web.

Introduction

The concept of globalization represents a powerful aspect of the new world system and may be considered one of the most influential forces determining our planets future course. The globalization process is continuous and involves the integration of regional economies with the international economy using trade, technology transfer, migration and injection of capital (Intriligator, 2004).

Some of the notable developments attributable to globalization in the recent past include the massive reduction in costs of devices such as computers. This paper seeks to discuss globalization within the context of operations, corporate strategy and acquisitions, competitive advantage and differences in management roles in domestic and global operations.

Impact of Globalization on Global Operations

Due to globalization there has been a marked increase in trade between countries not only in goods but also in exchange of currencies. This case is evident when considering the volume of international financial transactions estimated at $1.2 trillion daily through currency markets in New York (Intriligator, 2004). In similar fashion the volume of international stock market transactions have risen and exceed the enormous amount international currency transactions.

Another impact of globalization is evident in the marked increase of trade liberalization currently being witnessed world over. The process began in the last century but progress has been rapid in recent years with the result that there have been significant reductions in tariffs and similar barriers to trade (Intriligator, 2004). These reductions have acted as catalysts and caused trade between countries to increase dramatically over very short periods.

Owing to globalization the nature of institutions has also experienced changes. The organizations now have a wide reach due to technological advancement and are able to focus on a larger market allowing for the rise of multi national and international entities.

These changes have led to an increase in power, profitability and productivity of firms (Intriligator, 2004). The globalization phenomenon has had many effects but those mentioned constitute the main impacts on a global scale.

Corporate Strategy: Global Acquisitions

In attempts to grow and increase coverage or revenues business entities often will buy other companies in the same country or other countries. This process is largely influenced by the corporate strategy adopted by the organization. The lack of skilful strategies can hamper growth of companies and limit their ability to progress in the competitive business environment of today.

According to Useem (1998), the executives must be able to provide the strategy to stock analysts and, in addition, share value to money managers. This is true due to the fact that the globalization of equity markets provides firms with opportunities to reduce information and agency costs, hence contributing to higher firm values and lower capital costs (Randoy, Oxelheim and Stonehill, 2001).

This above fact is represented in the case actions of Hafslund Nycomed, a Norwegian pharmaceutical company. In 1992, the company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and made a $74.7 million equity issue. At this time the company represented the equivalent of 11% of the share value on the Oslo Stock Exchange. This issue improved the companys visibility and developed a reputation with US institutional investors.

In the same year this strategy paved the way for a $400 million takeover of its main rival in the US, Sterling Winthrop. This fact would posit that the relation between corporate strategy and financial strategy were pivotal to this success (Randoy, Oxelheim and Stonehill, 2001). This example clearly elicits the importance of corporate strategy in an organization.

Globalization and Competitive Advantage

Through the borderless business environments that are characteristic of a globalized economy several participating countries and their economies have gained immensely from globalization. This fact is corroborated by the data from countries that rely on export trade and increases in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the developing world (Levy, 2007).

This FDI is influenced by factors such as political stability and macro economic conditions. In 2003, China received 8.2% of the worlds total FDI and in the following year had become the sixth largest global economy (Levy, 2007). The increased investment in China has resulted in transfer of technology which in turn has allowed the country diversify in products and generate increased revenue.

Firms can also utilize strategies such as international expansion to gain a competitive advantage in the globalized economy of today. This international expansion is likely to reduce labor and transportation costs as well as avoid taxation (McCloskey et al., 2006). This would entail a firm making strategic decisions that include acquisitions to enable it achieve these objectives.

In the developed world labor is very costly and as such goods produced in countries where labor is cheaper will allow a firm to gain much needed competitive advantage. Another useful and successful strategy that has been utilized in the era of globalization to gain a competitive advantage is that of franchising. A franchise is a developed business concept and operational guidelines that is sold for a fee.

This concept is common in fast food restaurants and has been widely successful in many parts of the globe. The result is the company running the franchise gains a serious competitive advantage that can generate significant revenues (Teegen, 2000). The above mentioned are just a few examples of how globalization can provide a competitive advantage in relation to both domestic and international rivals.

Differences in Management Roles

In a business context management is a process of bringing people together to accomplish desired objectives. Management in a domestic and global environment would be quite similar with a few exceptions. First, in a domestic environment management planning would focus on the existing local competition which would not be the case in the global environment.

As such, a firm that would operate in other locations would be required to consider the standards that exist in various locations. For example, the standards associated with fast food outlets in the US will be different with those same outlets in sub Saharan Africa. As earlier mentioned a competitive advantage may be gained by international expansion of a business entity.

This expansion is done mainly to capitalize on the advantages that can be gained from reduced labor or transport costs in other countries. This would posit that management in global operations requires collection of data on where or to invest to gain maximum benefits. In addition, the fact that globalization would increase interaction with foreign organizations, allows the assumption that management practices would require additional understanding.

It would be important to understand the cultures of related parties and adjust practices to ensure no hurdles are encountered through communication breakdown. In line with this the increased interaction would suggest the need to understand laws of different regions.

References

Intriligator, M.D. (2004). Globalization of the World Economy: Potential Benefits and Costs and a Net Assessment. Journal of Policy Modeling, 26, 485-498.

Levy, B. (2007). The Interface between Globalization, Trade and Development: Theoretical Issues for International Business Studies. International Business Review, 16, 594-612.

McClosekey, A., McIvor, R., Maguire, L., Humphreys, P &ODonnell, T. (2006). A User Centered Corporate Acquisition System: A Dynamic Fuzzy Membership Functions Approach. Decision Support Systems, 42, 162-185.

Randoy, T., Oxelheim, L & Stonehill, A. (2001). Corporate Financial Strategies for Global Competitiveness. European Management Journal, 19(6), 659-669.

Teegen, H. (2000). Examining Strategic and Economic Development Implications of Globalizing through Franchising. International Business Review, 9,497-521.

The world is constantly changing, and the majority of these changes are hard to explain, comprehend, and predict. People have to deal with a number of issues in order to avoid the challenges and undesirable adjustments. However, when globalization turns out to be the reasons for new urban inequalities and misunderstandings, people are stuck with their inabilities. Each new wave of globalization is characterized by many changes based on the economic well-being of citizens, increased social diversity, and neighborhood characteristics that cause some negative attitudes of ordinary citizens (Low, 2001; Wilson, 1996).

Globalization has a double nature. On the one hand, globalization may be considered as a chance to improve incomes and the quality of life in general. On the other hand, the benefits that can be observed as a result of globalization are not always available to everyone, and the number of losers can exceed. Wacquant (1999) admits that the new urban marginality results not from economic backwardness, sluggishness, or decline but from rising inequality in the context of overall economic advancement and prosperity (p. 110).

Therefore, though globalization may be considered as a chance to change something and enjoy the improvements, there are many groups of people, who continue suffering and staying invisible behind the tremendous success of globalization. There are many politicians and economists, who have already approved the presence of such burning problems as urban inequality and poverty, but they fail to offer appropriate solutions to solve such problems and provide people with concrete ideas (Florida & Garlock, 2013). Such facts prove another negative aspect of globalization in regards to the inequalities in todays largest cities. People are aware of the problems and their possible outcomes. Still, the development of new urban inequalities is hard to track because of the presence of benefits that make the majority of people blind.

Economic and urban inequalities may gain different forms, and one of them can be expressed through growing rent burdens. Ray, Ong, and Jimenez (2014) identify these challenges as an important long-standing problem that has to be solved because low-income renters and unexplainable tight housing market conditions put many people in danger of being broke and unable to rent houses. Ritzer and Dean (2015) raise the importance of ethical and moral concerns. It is possible to combine these challenges with housing trends and come to the conclusion that it is still possible to promote policies and change the situation. Affordable housing production has to be accelerated so that people can use the urban change to buy rather than just rent. Rent burden that many people suffer from today can be defined as some portion of income that is spent on the payment of gross rent (rent payment) that is hard to analyze at all regions (Ray, Ong, & Jimenez, 2014).

There are people, who cannot or do not want to pay cash rent. There are also the groups of people, who do not receive any income or have a negative history of incomes but have to pay rent anyway. Globalization and the current Internet progress and opportunities may help to hide incomes and deprive people of the possibility to pay rent. In other words, the new urban inequalities may influence the general housing rent due to the possibility to hide incomes and inabilities to declare true rental payments that have to be registered and controlled by the government. In other words, all people are free to earn the ways they can. Still, poor people remain to be poor, and rich people can use poor people to enrich themselves and do not pay any price.

References

Florida, R. & Garlock, S. (2013). Why its so incredibly difficult to fight urban inequality. City Lab. Web.

Low, S.M. (2001). The edge and the center: Gated communities and the discourse of urban fear. American Anthropologist, 103(1), 45-58.

Ray, R., Ong, P., & Jimenez, S. (2014). Impacts of the widening divide: Los Angeles at the forefront of the rent burden crisis. Center for the Study of Inequality, UCLA Luskin School of Public Affairs. Web.

Ritzer, G. & Dean, P. (2015). Globalization: A basic text. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.

Wacquant, L. (1999). Logics of urban polarization: The view from below. In R. Crompton, F. Devine, M. Savage, & J. Scott (Eds.), Renewing class analysis (107-119). Oxford: Blackweel.

Wilson, W.J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Vintage Books.

Globalization in education entails the high mobility of students and teachers across the globe, creating the need for inclusivity for educators. Globalization is essential as it enhances students ability to gain and utilize knowledge in various settings. Additionally, globalization in education allows learners to assess, adapt and apply lessons learned in multiple contexts besides helping them think independently, especially during judgment exercises. In this case, globalization in education will be analyzed using the lens of the social sciences, which focuses on how people act in their social environment, such as schools and universities (Sachs, 2020).

In globalization in education, students interact with foreign individuals who form a society. Since the lens of the social sciences focuses on evaluating social interchange, the methods of interactions, communication, and relationships of students in the school setting can be determined using this lens.

Globalization in education impacts institutions, including politics, family, economy, and learning. Globalization in education allows students to interact with systems of various countries, allowing them to adopt essential aspects. For instance, democratization may occur in students who study in countries that have developed methods of democracy. In addition to affecting politics, globalization in education causes the separation of most families, especially when learners from the same household travel to different parts of the globe. The ultimate result is the disintegration of family ties and community aspects such as traditions as learners adopt foreign cultures. In learning, education globalization erodes critical practices such as language (Walter, 2021).

For instance, schools and universities that host foreign learners tend to use a universal language instead of the indigenous one, which would have been used in the absence of alien students. Lastly, globalization in education allows market-driven companies, such as those producing stationery, to increase manufacturing to cater to the expanded market, ultimately improving the economy.

One element that can benefit from the change is inclusivity among international students in all aspects of school work. Currently, there are countries where international students experience discrimination and racism, especially in the type of education and resources they can access. For example, students of Asian descent, especially the Chinese, face anti-Asian racism in the US. The two main approaches that can be used to combat this type of discrimination include multicultural education and the encouragement of cultural competence (Segal, 2019). Both of these competencies will allow the locals to appreciate foreigners experiences, values, and contributions. Teachers, lecturers, and other instructors can partake in cultural competence training to avoid being racially biased during their knowledge dissemination periods.

While various individuals and organizations might promote globalization, addressing it has benefits and challenges. Two main advantages are associated with analyzing globalization, including understanding how new cultures are accessed and how innovation and technology are spread. By addressing globalization, one can appreciate how new cultures are acquired, such as the adoption of foreign foods, clothes, and even music by foreigners. Additionally, globalization analysis can track the spread of innovation and technology since they get information about how people move from one country to another with new knowledge and innovative ideas. Conversely, the most challenging aspects of addressing globalization include foreign worker exploitation and loss of cultural identity (Sachs, 2020). Most foreign workers are paid wages below stipulated standards and are often overworked. Additionally, individuals lose their cultural identity by adopting new traditions such as clothing, foods, and even music.

Globalization influences social practices, including communication, caregiving, and governance. In communication, globalization has provided a direct and real-time link between individuals of one country with those of another. A person residing in America can share information with those living in Asia when they interact in universities or schools on either of the continents. In caregiving, globalization has negative and positive impacts, as those who live in their countries live with their parents without caregivers. Still, the elderly in most destination states are left with multiple onlookers. Lastly, globalization creates peace and stability by spreading new technologies and ideas, ultimately improving a countrys governance.

References

Sachs, J. D. (2020). The ages of globalization. In The Ages of Globalization. Columbia University Press.

Segal, U. A. (2019). Globalization, migration, and ethnicity. Public Health, 172, 135-142.

Walter, S. (2021). The backlash against globalization. Annual Review of Political Science, 24(1), 421-442.

Introduction: Entering the New World of Economic Possibilities

The world has entered a new stage of development, which has also affected the economical aspect of many countries. In the today world, the key principle of successful business venture lies mostly in whether the product is well-promoted and recognizable enough. The latter can be achieved by the cooperation of several partners, which the corporate entrepreneurship presupposes. Making the product or the services famous worldwide and at the same time enlarging the company to the size of an international venture, corporate entrepreneurship helps an enterprise strive in the new business and economical environment.

However, the impact of the corporate entrepreneurship on the development a new products or services is still not quite obvious, and the effects of the new approach are yet to be seen. Therefore, analyzing the basic features of the theory and checking the results of its practical application, one can offer certain suggestions about the effect of globalization on the development of new products and services.

The New Definition of Globalization and What It Means for Entrepreneurship

Globalization is quite a complicated phenomenon. It is rather hard to nail it down with one hundred percent accuracy. According to Myint, There is no universally agreed upon definition of globalization. However, it is generally understood that globalization is one of the major forces shaping the future of nation-states, as well as the future of a state-centric world order (Myint, 2011, p. 396).

Globalization embraces a lot of other issues. The latter fact makes globalization a complex phenomenon. Moreover, it is impossible to understand globalization process without knowing its every aspect. As Myint explains, every single issue of globalization must be embraced to give a full-fledged definition:

It conveys different meanings in different contexts because the fundamental ideas of globalization are not born out of theory or philosophy; they are rooted in the evolutional and historical events and aspirations of the people of the world (Myint, 2011, p. 397).

Thus, it is necessary to incorporate several issues. First, as Myint assures, globalization denotes a process of denationalization (Myint, 2011, p. 397). It is necessary to add that causes and consequences of globalization are motivated by and associated with the common good and bad of humanity and human aspiration (Myint, 2011, p. 398).

Key Factors of a Global Product Success: Putting Some Effort

When dealing with the globalization issues, one has to take account of all the possible factors that make the economical mechanism going, as well as all of those which prevent the economical growth. In the given case, there are a number of globalization-induced factors which stimulate the economic growth and the ones which slacken it. Pointing to each of these, one can figure out whether the offered strategy of the corporate entrepreneurship helps develop the company or, on the contrary, slows it down.

Although the above-mentioned factor contributes to the success of a new venture considerably there are other equally essential elements that enhance the company efficiency and lead to the top. According to what Wind & Mahajan (1997) claim, these factors are: the different strategic orientations of a company, organizational memory, integration among marketing and R&D, managerial controls, and relational norms influences new product success (Wind a& Mahajan, 1997, p. 2). Indeed, the company must be ready to undertake certain steps and make important decisions, which different strategic orientations allow to do. With the help of organizational memory, more efficient distribution of responsibilities among the staff becomes possible. As for the integration between the research and development staff and the marketing team and managerial controls, these help to make the business run more smoothly. Finally, the relational norms help make the new product up to the existing standards.

Globalization, Corporate Entrepreneurship Theory and Changes in the Product Development

One of the key effects which globalization has had of the new products and services development is the invention and application of the corporate entrepreneurship theory. The corporate entrepreneurs have reinvented a number of elements to make the process more efficient and the result more prominent. Thus, it can be clearly seen that the theory of the corporate entrepreneurship changes the landscape of business and economics, slowly turning it into a more cohesive, integrated mechanism.

However, there are certain differences in the development ofnew products and new services. Products are less apt to changes, which is why the theory does not work as efficiently with the latter. As Shleimer & Shulman (2011) noticed,

Whilst in NSD there is a constant need for modified and new organizational routines and communication investments as old ones become quickly obsolete, in NPD product features are not as easily changed due to the characteristics of a product, such as its physical nature (p. 523).

The globalization process triggers a change in the corporate policy. Thus, it can be assumed that the services are going to be changed irreversibly, while products development will stay the same in its core. Only the insignificant elements of goods production are going to be changed. Meanwhile, the concepts are going to stay the same.

Key Innovations in Product Development

Like any other trend in the field of economy, the corporate entrepreneurship ideas and concepts are groundbreaking milestones for the further progress to begin. Outlining the main innovations which the given strategy brings into the world of economics, one can understand the significance of the phenomenon and figure out its potential.

It is worth keeping in mind, though that taking the track of solely the positive aspects will bring little to no result. For a full observation of the phenomenon of corporate economics as it is, a more detailed examination of innovations is required. Thus, not only the positive, but also the negative aspects of corporate economics are going to be brought up. With the help of the further analysis of the drawbacks and the advantages of the suggested system, it will become possible to fully evaluate the corporate entrepreneurship system and figure out if it is going to help develop business.

The positive innovations: running enterprise like clockwork

As for the positive aspects of the new method of developing the company and promoting new products during the globalization, the ability to develop and introduce new products in a timely manner (Bong Lee & Wong, 2010, p. 28) must be mentioned. Indeed, assigning certain parts of the job to the corresponding company affiliates and departments, one can manage the time more efficiently and produce new services without considerable delays.

In addition, as Bong Lee and Wong assert, the production proficiency is bound to rise considerably, since the responsibilities are distributed more evenly. According to the latter, Successful new products emerge from a combination of the firms existing capabilities, skills, and resources (Bong Lee & Wong, 2010, p. 31).

It is also important that the given theory provides the foil for professional growth. Offering people to develop their abilities and acquire new skills, the theory makes both the corporation development and staff growth possible: Policymakers can encourage entrepreneurship in firms by providing training and development entrepreneurial behaviour workshops. Education and training plans are integral components of a socioeconomic infrastructure that encourages organisations and their members to become more entrepreneurial (Gomez-Haro, Aragon-Correa & Cordon-Pozo, 2011, p. 168).

The negative elements: when the new theory backfires

However, like any other innovative system, the corporate entrepreneurship idea also has its flaws. Among the existing negative aspects, the one concerning the development speed shows up in a too obvious manner. As Chen, Reilly and Lynn (2012) pointed out, this is the case of too much of a good thing (p. 288). Ion the one hand, producing new services and objects at a fast pace is a seeming advantage. On the other hand, when the process turns into overproduction, certain reasons for concern appear. As the authors explain, However, faster may not always be better. In fact, there are different views of the effects of speed (Chen, Reilly & Lynn, 2012, p. 288).

The newly developed system is not tested well enough. As time passes, one can offer certain conclusions about the corporate economics efficiency, yet right now this is mostly a theory, with a few exceptions of practical application. As Chen, Reilly & Lynn (2012) claim, the key reason why the development must be slowed down is the fact that corporate workers might not be ready for the rapid change: The limits of information-processing capability also occur at the organizational level. (p. 291). Nevertheless, compared to its benefits, the drawbacks of the offered system are rather insignificant.

The Impact of Corporate Entrepreneurship on the Economics

Like any other innovations, corporate entrepreneurship must have both the positive and the negative effects on the world economics and on the economics of a certain state, as Shleimer & Shulman (2011) have proven. According to the latter, The intensity levels along each of the dimensions of collaboration have different impacts on innovation outcomes and these impacts vary depending on the innovative context (NSD versus NDP) in which they occur (p. 532).

It is also worth mentioning that the effects of collaborative entrepreneurship are quite hard to predict, since there is an element of uncertainty in the new strategy. As Chen, Reilly & Lynn (2012) assume, uncertainty is the natural element of the new product development in the environment of the corporate entrepreneurship:

Uncertainty is defined as unpredictability of the environment, inability to predict the impact of environmental change, and inability to predict the consequence of a response [&] Therefore, uncertainty is highly linked to the amount of information related to decision making and the constraints of the absorptive capacity of individuals, teams, or organizations (Chen, Reilly & Lynn, 2012, p. 292)

As Kuratko, Montagno and Hornsby (1990) explained, the implementation of the corporate entrepreneurship ideas will demand that companies move to a different level of responsibility. Therein lies the impact of corporate entrepreneurship  it sets the relationships between companies and their affiliates to a different level.

Conclusion: The New Opportunities and the Issues to Be Explored

It can be concluded that the globalization is both a promising and a challenging environment for the products and services. Globalization brings both the benefits and the drawbacks to the sphere of product and services development. Knowing the positive and the negative about the globalization, one can improve the product/service development considerably.

For the product development, globalization is more significant. Since globalization does not presuppose the change of the procedure, it is only the speed that changes. Thus, for a product development, globalization processes are the most favorable. With globalization, the amount of the produced goods will grow. Thus, globalization will boost product development.

However, globalization also plays a great role in the service development. In contrast to product development, the development of services is unlikely to change greatly. Also aimed at satisfying the customer, the service development will presumably stay the same. With several minor changes, service development will remain mostly as it used to be.

When dealing with the product/service development at the time of globalization, one has to remember about the new forms of managing the products and the business. With the new forms of entrepreneurship, the procedures of product/service development are going to change. As for the product development, it is going to be more coordinated from within the organization. As for the service development, it will be better coordinated from the company affiliates. Thus, the era of corporate entrepreneurship means new approaches to the product/service development.

Reference List

Bong Lee, K & Wong, V 2010, New product development proficiency and multi-country product rollout timeliness, International Marketing Review, vol. 27 no. 1, pp. 28-54.

Chen, J, Reilly, R R & Lynn, G S 2012, New product development speed: too much of a good thing? Journal of Product Innovation and Management, vol. 229 no. 2, pp. 288-303.

Gomez-Haro, S, Aragon-Correa, J A & Cordon-Pozo, E 2011, Differentiating the effects of the institutional environment on corporate entrepreneurship, Management Decision, vol. 49 no. 10, pp. 1677-1693.

Kuratko, D F, Montagno, RV & Hornsby, J S 1990, Developing an intrapreneurial assessment instrument for an effective corporate entrepreneurial environment, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 11, pp. 49-58.

Myint, T 2011, Globalization and the institutional dynamics of global environmental governance, Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, vol. 18 no. 1, pp. 395-420.

Shleimer, S C & Shulman, A D 2011, A comparison of new service versus new product development: configurations of collaborative intensity as predictors of performance, Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 521-535.

Wind, J & Mahajan, V 1997, Issues and opportunities in new product development: an introduction to the special issue, Journal of Marketing Research, vol. 34 no. 1, pp. 1-12.

Globalization is characterized by the increased movement of capital, information and people across international borders in an unprecedented manner. In this regard, globalization is being experienced widely in manufacturing, information technology and export industry such as tourism. For instance, tourism has had a profound impact on hospitality sector in most countries.

This is because it involves enormous cross-border movements of capital and people (Cline, 2010). Moreover, it allows for increased trade in foreign currency and employment of large numbers of people. In the course of interaction between people from diverse backgrounds, cross fertilization of cultures and transfer of ideas often take place.

Thus, people from different backgrounds from across the globe are physically or virtually brought together in a global community. The physical and/or virtual intermingling of people from diverse backgrounds culminates in a melting pot of ideas of which companies build and utilize their intellectual capital by applying globalization practices.

The nature of hospitality industry involves frequent travels to overseas countries, exchange of a variety of foreign currencies, exposure to different social and political systems, customs, cultures, regulatory frameworks, long distance communication in foreign languages to name just a few (Cline, 2010). It would be imperative for companies in such industry to understand the current and future trends. There are some issues that have been reshaping hospitality companies in a global scale.

These include increased international expansion with common brand and product position, Support of operations through cross border employee training, utilizing global capital markets to obtain funds and implementing organizational structures that facilitate global delivery with a localized operational control. These trends indicate clearly that any company in the hospitality industry aspiring to gain competitive advantage must come up with strategies to enhance its operations in offshore markets.

The emergence of Asian markets naturally adds to the already stiff competition in the U.S. and the European markets (Thierauf, 2009). Thus, it is not only hospitality companies that need to adjust their globalization practices but any other organizations such as multinationals and those in IT industry that operate internationally.

Foreign markets offer opportunities for growth and expansion that do not exist in local market due to overcrowding of related companies. Moreover, a hospitality company such as a hotel that aspires to benefit from the economies of scale would find it easier to achieve this end by spreading its operations across international borders.

Thus, the management of such a company would have to organize its operations in a global context. However, it would be difficult for a small company that has not achieved the critical mass to grow and develop in an international scale.

A small company that finds itself in the situation mentioned above can apply several globalization practices in its endeavor to sustain future growth and development. This is because more and more brands and products are increasingly being marketed in a global scale. Companies are finding it appropriate to separate management from marketing and ownership from management.

Alliances and local partnerships might help a small company improve its chances of partnering with foreign counterparts (Stewart, 1997). This is because it becomes much easier to persuade the foreign company of the success that such a structure has had at home which can be replicated globally upon forming a partnership. Hotel Intercontinental is one such company.

Technology has brought about numerous changes in places such as home, work and school environments which are quantifiable in terms of intellectual capital. Apparently, technological advancements have facilitated learning and knowledge building process for most companies as exemplified in online learning environment. In this environment, intellectual capital is composed of the learners, support staff and the instructional staff.

All these contribute to the future growth and development of the industry. Intellectual capital is classified in to three categories namely human, structural and customer capital (Mcshane & Von Glinow, 2012). Hotel companies focus mostly on structural capital. However, human capital is most important in an online learning company.

With this in mind, management for online learning providers strive to develop their human capital by offering quality training for current and new instructors (Barret, 2011). Apart from teaching, instructors in an online environment offer guidance and answer questions to customers.

Technological advancements have led to the evolution of distance learning into online (virtual) learning environments (Montano, 2005). The spread of technology across the globe has led to the emergence of a new type of student population. This population differs from traditional learning environment in that it consists of more women, older people, disabled people and people from all walks of life.

Such demographical changes in student population have led to the formation of an online community that whose learning needs can no longer bet met through traditional learning methods. Thus, there are certain adjustments that instructors ought to make in their course offerings and teaching styles. This is for the sake of accommodating students from diverse cultural backgrounds in the virtual environment. Technology has provided the requisite infrastructure to help bring together the business world and online learning institutions.

The benefits of online learning are attracting the attention of more and more people from around the world. In this regard, companies have undertaken the initiative of investing in their intellectual capital by taking advantage of the virtual learning environment. To facilitate the movement of a company towards global expansion and ventures, global branding of its goods and services is necessary.

The quality and acceptance of a companies brand will depend on how well the cultural differences of the target market are reflected. The virtual learning communities have inevitably created a new type of global branding of education by bringing together people from diverse backgrounds across the world (Daniel, et.al, 2003). Companies in the online learning industry are utilizing a global brand of management information systems to cater for the needs of the students in the online learning communities.

The online communities help individuals learn and grow from each others experiences. When this is coupled with technology, knowledge is created within an individuals group and in the organization thus improving companys goals (Mann, 2008). The knowledge revolution that took place at the turn of the century has seen people shift focus from traditional economic assets such as labor, capital and land into intangible assets such as knowledge.

Microsoft is a knowledge based company that focuses more on intangible assets (Mann, 2008). Most of the profits made by the company come from intangible assets. The company uses an extensive network of contracts that are both formal and informal and that include firms such as Sony, Intel to name just a few (Edvinsson & Malone, 2007). Innovation in Microsoft is facilitated by human mind which acquires knowledge through learning.

Data from the Federal Reserve indicates that U.S. based investors are increasingly investing in intangible assets. These assets include, intellectual capital of databases, methods of doing business, patents to name just a few. The value of intellectual capital as at 2011 is estimated to be $ 14.5 trillion (Barret, 2011). This is an indicator that the world is moving towards an idea based economy since investors are investing less in physical assets and more in intangible assets.

Organizational and technological innovations have been at the forefront in adding value to intangible assets and intellectual property. Companies operating in global markets make profits depending on the level of quality of their intellectual capital. With rapid globalization, competition in the area of intellectual capital goes up (Stewart, 1997). This is because advanced technology reduces the time a company has to market its innovation prior to entry of competitors.

In the contemporary world, borders no longer restrain international trade courtesy of advances in technology. More businesses have resorted to outsourcing with a bid of lowering costs for doing business (Merryfield, 2003). Outsourcing helps companies maximize revenues by providing them with a cheap source of labor. As companies venture into the global economy, it becomes imperative for them to seek for financing from global capital markets.

According to Cline (2010) the revolution in communications has placed financial markets at the focal point of globalization. Hence, hospitality products, intangible assets such as R & D and virtual products will be traded as commodities in securities markets in the near future. Any company aspiring to sustain profitability must ensure that its products are homogeneous like in the case of Coca cola.

References

Barret, B. (2011). Developing and implementing strategies to Enhance Intellectual Capital in the Online Learning Environment. Academic Publishing International, 5(7)211-218.

Cline, R. (2010) Hospitality Adjusts To Globalization. Ideas and Trends, 11(13), 12-14.

Daniel, B., Schwier, R., & McCalla, G. (2003). Social capital in virtual learning communities and distributed communities of practice. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 29(3), 113-139.

Edvinsson, L. & Malone, M. (2007). Intellectual capital: realizing your companys true value by finding its hidden brainpower. New York, NY: Harper Collins.

Mann, L. (2008). Globalization of I.T. Services and White Collar Jobs. International Economics policy briefs, 3(2), 891-903.

Merryfield, M. (2003). Like a veil: Cross-cultural experiential learning online. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 3(2), 146-171.

McShane, S. & Von Glinow M. (2012). Organizational Behavior (6^th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw Hill/Irwin.

Montano, B. (2005). Innovations of Knowledge Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Stewart, T. A. (1997) Intellectual Capital: The new wealth of organizations. New York, NY: Currency Doubleday.

Thierauf, R. (2009). Knowledge Management Systems for Business. Ardsley NY: Transnational Publishers.

Introduction

Globalization is the emerging incorporation of economies, as well as societies throughout the globe. Currently, almost every industry is experiencing globalization either directly or indirectly. A novel international energy economy that will create a rise in demand and supply and thus encourage the different regions in the globe to rely on each other is developing. A global widespread energetic reliance on energy resources, as well as networks is increasing in the international economy.

Economists have estimated that almost $22 trillion is needed to invest in the distribution of infrastructure, which would meet the expected demand up to 2030. The mobilization of the required resources and other factors are posing challenges to the future of the energy industry. This paper will discuss the challenges that face the energy industry, which is my future career, due to globalization.

Problems of Globalization in the future of the Energy Industry

One of the main problems that globalization has caused to the energy industry is energy security. Energy security refers to the availability of sufficient, cheap, and dependable quantity of energy. In addition, energy security has a close association with geopolitics, as well as regional security demands (Bradshaw 275-290) because sufficient, cheap, and dependable quantity of energy is an essential component of any contemporary community. The challenges in energy security come in a number of ways.

The economy of any nation relies on the abundant and affordable distribution of fossil fuels (Amineh and Guang 78). Moreover, the spatial formation of the international economy coupled with its elements and subsidiary organizations especially the transport sector only become a reality if there is a dependable source of low-cost energy.

Nevertheless, the nature of fossil fuel capitalism runs back to the industrialization epoch during its integration in the established market economies (OLoughlin and Staeheli 126). Researchers have underscored the fact that the exhaustion of hydrocarbons is always accompanied by externalities, which come in the nature of effluence and environmental dilapidation, a price that is rarely paid by consumers or producers.

This price is left in a remarkably low condition primarily because of its pivotal role in economic development. This economic reluctance has been crucial in maintaining the stability of energy services, but it is currently generating an unpredictable danger to the planetary ecosystem (Bradshaw 275-290).

For decades, industries from both capitalist and socialist backgrounds have been overlooking the abundant and cheap distribution of energy majorly due to the consumption of the ever-rising quantity of energy mainly in the nature of fossil fuels. As the effects of industrialization stretched because of imperialism, and currently through globalization, so did fuel dependence. Nonetheless, several factors are challenging the existence of fossil capitalism (Preda 170-176).

The initial factors associate with the results of alteration of ownership as well as regulation of energy resources. The popular nationalization of the energy trade, as well as the formulation of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) terminated the domination of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the International Oil Companies (IOCs) (Bradshaw 275-290). This move transformed the balance of power between countries that exported oil and those that were importing the commodity.

Although many individuals have the perception that OPEC governs the oil prices in the world, the fact is that international market has a flimsy and instable equilibrium between supply and demand. The fact that the oil industry has been modified to a profit-oriented industry makes it difficult since both the speculation and the rising corporeal demand for energy are liable for inflation in the current oil prices (OLoughlin and Staeheli 132).

In the past years, the IOCs governed international oil and had a license for most of the reserves; however, this ceased when the National Oil Companies took a share of 52 per cent for international energy production and owned two thirds of the reserves (Preda 170-176).

This has involuntarily forced IOCs to settle on risky environments such as the water offshore, and a consequence of this action is the recent oil accident witnessed in Mexico. For countries with abundant energy supply, dictating the payments produced by their energy exports is a main concern (Bradshaw 275-290). This aspect has made nations such as Russia to utilize their energy affluence in influencing the formulation of foreign policy targets.

In retaliation, countries that import oil have criticized this action naming it resource nationalism. Several people have agreed that the evolving tension between oil-exporting and oil-importing countries in the ever-escalating demand for energy will create an era of resource wars. In the era resource wars, nations that consume energy will start fighting for domination over the energy-producers. This depicts a harsh future on the relationship amongst countries if such sentiments are not rectified soon (Preda 170-176).

Anthropogenic alterations in the climate have pressurized the relevant authorities to include the issue of carbon dioxide (CO2) discharges on their policy outlines. Energy is a focal issue when creating climate change policies because the use of hydrocarbons to distribute energy is the main source of CO2 emanations. Therefore, climate change policy must minimize the combustion of fossil fuels to provide energy. The policy must assert the need to establish a new low-carbon energy source (Amineh and Guang 108).

This quest has led to another energy paradigm of establishing an energy policy with security as well as minimal effect on the climate, which leaves consumers with only a single option of being optimistic that they do not retain an affordable source of energy. Furthermore, the increasing oil demands make it difficult to apply such policies because substantial investment is needed to alter the immense domination that oil has in the energy market (Bradshaw 275-290).

The sum of the quantity of hydrocarbons on earth is contemporarily the resource base. However, this quantity is not similar to the verified reserve. Verified reserve refers to the hydrocarbons that the geological study reveals, which can be recuperated from known reserves at any time of the economy. Presumably, in the future these reserves can be overexploited when the increasing demand of oil surpasses that of supply of oil. Consequently, this would lead to the end of any inexpensive source of energy (Bradshaw 275-290).

Conclusion

Globalization has positive and negative impacts in any sector of the economy. Likewise, in the energy industry, globalization is undeniably changing how the producers and consumers of energy interact. The expanded market created by globalization has increased demand for energy and hence a rise in the production of oil.

The increased supply implies that energy insecurity as well as a rise of CO2 emission will soon develop. If such events last, then the world will continue experiencing climate changes as well as environmental degradation. Therefore, the energy industry should formulate policies that will prevent or regulate the dangers that globalization will introduce into the industry in the future.

Works Cited

Amineh, Mehdi, and Yang Guang. The Globalization of Energy: China and the European Union. Netherlands: BRILL, 2010. Print

Bradshaw, Michael. Global energy dilemmas: A geographical perspective. The Geographical Journal 176.4 (2010): 275-290. Print.

OLoughlin, John and, Lynn Staeheli. Globalization and Its Outcomes. New York. Guilford Press, 2004. Print.

Preda, Mihaela. Globalization and the New Energy Challenges. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series 17.1 (2008): 170-176. Print.